Australia and the Olympic Games

The Olympics 1936 Historical Context

Changing 1932‐1936

Focus:

• How and why did Germany change during 1932‐1936? • What effect did these changes have on sport and the Berlin Olympics for 1936?

After the defeat in Germany had been forced in 1919 to become a democratic republic, the Weimar Republic. Germany lost the war and was burdened with a range of financial fines and military and territorial restrictions. This destabilized the German political system as well as the economy.

Adolph Hitler had become the leader of the National Socialist German Workers Party (NAZI) in 1921 and had tried to seize power in Munich in 1924 but failed. He was imprisoned for nine months and used the time to write his political and social guide for Germany, Mein Kampf, and determined to use the political system to achieve power legally. He was marginalized and unsuccessful until the Great Depression. With about 4 million unemployed, hyper‐inflation, reparation payments for losing World War I hindering economic development his party offered a new Germany – a Third Reich. The price for this change was a dictatorship and the nazification of the state.

Once the Enabling Act (March 1933) was passed Hitler began such changes as:

• the organized persecution of ‘enemies of the state’, particularly Jewish citizens, gypsies and Catholics. • a boycott of Jewish businesses. • the dismissal of non‐Aryan civil servants and prohibition of non‐Aryans and spouses from any government employment. • identification of ‘racial flaws’ which would compromise racial purity. • establishment of concentration camps for ‘enemies of the state’.

The Nazi Party became the only party in Germany (July 14, 1933). This was a different Germany to the one which had been awarded both the Winter and Summer Olympic Games for 1936.

Sport and the Nazi state

From a sports and Olympic perspective there were changes which had to be considered by the IOC.

Dr. and Carl Diem had worked on the German Olympic Committee for some decades and were instrumental in Germany getting the 1936 Olympic Games. A few days after the first meeting of the successful Olympic Committee Hitler had become the new Chancellor of Germany. He had previously opposed the Olympics as a Jewish event but now saw a chance to promote his new Reich to the world. It was the original prejudice which could jeopardize Berlin keeping the 1936 Olympics. The German Olympic Committee had to report to the IOC in Vienna in early June 1933. Australia and the Olympic Games

The Berlin Olympics 1936 Historical Context

Lewald was also president of the Reich Department of Physical Education and Diem the Secretary‐ General. But two factors arose to change the organization of sport in Germany and highlighted the Jewish issue. Hitler appointed Von Tschammer und Osten to run German sport in the Ministry of the Interior. And Lewald and Diem had an underlying factor which would prejudice their positions. Lewald had a Jewish grandmother and Diem’s wife’s grandmother was Jewish. Their Reich Department of Physical Education was dissolved and their positions and von Tschammer und Osten became the President of the German Olympic Committee. Even Hitler realized Leward had influence with the IOC and he had to leave Lewald as president of the Olympic Organising Committee or risk losing the Olympics.

Sport became a part of the Nazi ideology. The Nazi Government idea of sports was to strengthen the Aryan race and to prepare the German youth for war. Hitler decided that the state would name all the Olympic sporting teams and competitors not sporting associations or clubs. At a local and national level the Reich Sports leader made sure all , gypsies and non‐Aryans were excluded from sporting clubs and associations. So some German champions suddenly lost their training facilities and the opportunity to compete for Olympic selection. And had German sport become more professional than amateur?

As for the Jewish problem, the journal Der Sturmer expressed a popular sentiment on 1 August 1933: “Jews are Jews, and there is no place for them in German sport. Germany is the Fatherland of Germans and not Jews. Germans have the right to do what they wish in their own country."

Harry Gordon, Australia and the Olympic Games, Queensland University Press, 1996, (3rd edition), p148.

The US IOC delegates in particular threatened to support the blocking of Berlin as host city because of all these issues within Germany in 1933.

At the IOC meeting in Vienna it was Lewald who guaranteed Germany would enforce the Olympic Rules of Qualification.

Germany was confirmed to have the Olympic Winter Games in February 1936 and the Summer Games would be confirmed or not at another IOC meeting.

Podcasts:

A month before the 1936 Olympic Games champion German high jumper Gretel Bergman (now Margaret Lambert) was excluded from the German team. http://www.ushmm.org/museum/exhibit/focus/antisemitism/voices/transcript/?content=20080410 http://www.ushmm.org/museum/exhibit/online/olympics/detail.php?content=exclusion_jews&lang =en#audio Australia and the Olympic Games

The Berlin Olympics 1936 Historical Context

Her story has been made into a feature film called : http://www.corinthreleasing.com/Berlin_36/berlin_olympics.html http://www.corinthreleasing.com/Berlin_36/index.html