Sport and Physical Education in Germany Sport and physical education represent important components of German national life, from school and community participation, to elite, international level sport. This unique and comprehensive collection brings together material from leading German scholars to examine the role of sport and PE in Germany from a range of historical and contemporary perspectives. Key topics covered include: • Sport and PE in pre-war, post-war and re-unified Germany; • Sport and PE in schools; • Coach education; • Elite sport and sport science; • Women and sport; • Sport and recreation facilities. This book offers an illuminating insight into how sport and PE have helped to shape modern Germany. It is fascinating reading for anyone with an interest in the history and sociology of sport, and those working in German studies. Roland Naul is Professor of Sport Science and Sport Pedagogy, Essen University. He is ICSSPE Regional Director for Western Europe and Vice- President of ISCPES. Ken Hardman is a Reader in Education at the University of Manchester. He is a former president of ISCPES and a Fellow of the UK Physical Education Association. International Society for Comparative Physical Education and Sport Series Series Editor: Ken Hardman University of Manchester Other titles in the series include: Sport and Physical Education in China Edited by James Riordan and Robin Jones Sport and Physical Education in Germany Edited by Roland Naul and Ken Hardman International Society for Comparative Physical Education and Sport London and New York First published 2002 by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group This edition published in the Taylor and Francis e-Library, 2005. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” © 2002 Roland Naul and Ken Hardman, selection and editorial matter; individual chapters the contributors All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Sport and physical education in Germany / edited by Roland Naul and Ken Hardman. (International Society for Comparative Physical Education and Sport) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Sports–Germany–History. 2. Physical education and training–Germany–History. I. Naul, Roland. II. Hardman, Ken, 1938- III. ISCPES book series. GV611 .S635 2002 2001048825 796'.0943–dc21 ISBN 0-203-99523-6 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0–419–25390–4 (hbk) ISBN 0–419–24540–5 (pbk) Contents List of illustrations vii Notes on contributors ix Foreword xi Series editor’s preface xii Acknowledgement xiv List of abbreviations xv Maps xix 1 Context for sport and physical education in Germany 1 KEN HARDMAN 2 History of sport and physical education in Germany, 1800–1945 15 ROLAND NAUL 3 Sport and physical education in the two Germanies, 1945–90 28 KEN HARDMAN AND ROLAND NAUL 4 Sport and physical education in re-unified Germany, 1990–2000 77 ROLAND NAUL AND KEN HARDMAN 5 Physical education in schools 87 ROLAND NAUL 6 Physical education teacher training 99 ROLAND NAUL vi Contents 7 Coach education and training 113 ARND KRÜGER 8 Elite Sport 132 MARTIN-PETER BÜCH 9 Sport for all: system and policy 153 ILSE HARTMANN-TEWS 10 Sport for women 165 GERTRUD PFISTER 11 Sport facilities 191 FRIEDER ROSKAM Further reading 204 Index 214 Illustrations Tables 6.1 Structure of teacher training 103 6.2 Structure of teacher training studies 103 6.3 Structure of PE teacher studies 104 6.4 Exercises and instruction in physical activities and sports 105 6.5 Study of natural sciences 105 6.6 Study of social sciences and humanities 105 6.7 PE teaching studies 106 7.1 DHfK coach education programme 125 7.2 Theory courses at the Coaches’ Academy, Cologne 126 7.3 Interdisciplinary courses at the Coaches’ Academy, Cologne 126 9.1 Increase of membership, clubs and proportion of females within the German Sports Federation 1950–2000 162 11.1 Guidelines for the provision of recreational games and sports facilities 193 11.2 Development in basic-level sports facilities from 1955 to 1988 195 11.3 Sports facility balance sheet 197 11.4 Cost of basic-level sports facilities 198 Figures 1.1 The uniform system of education in the German Democratic Republic 9 1.2 Education system in the Federal Republic of Germany 13 8.1 Structural relationships between athletes, associations and specific competitive sport institutions 137 8.2 System and structure of competitive sport in the former GDR 139 9.1 Structure of the sports system in Germany 156 11.1 Athletics and soccer ground (1967) 200 11.2 Multi-facility complex (1990) 200 viii Illustrations 11.3 Indoor swimming pool (1965) 201 11.4 Landscaped aquatic centre (1994) 201 11.5 Sports facility development planning 202 Contributors Martin-Peter Büch took a doctoral degree in economics after graduating in economics, law and psychology. He has experience as a coach and in sports management. He has lectured in sport economics at the Sport University in Cologne and the University of Saarland. From 1978 to 1994 he served in the Federal Ministry of the Interior in the area of sport issues, and since 1995 has been Director of the Federal Institute of Sport Science (BISP). Ken Hardman is a Reader in Physical Education at the University of Manchester. He is a member of several international committees, including the International Committee of Sport Science and Physical Education, the International Committee for Sport Pedagogy, and the Physical Education Curriculum Development Committee of the European Network for Sports Science Institutes of Higher Education, and is a former President of the International Society for Comparative Studies in Physical Education and Sport. He is also a member of a recently established Council of Europe Working Group on ‘Access to physical education and sport’. Ilse Hartmann-Tews is Professor and Chair of Gender Studies in the Institute of Sport Sociology at the German Sport University, Cologne. She studied in the area of social sciences at the Universities of Cologne and Essex. She obtained her Ph.D. in sociology in 1989, and in habilita- tion in the sociology of sport in 1995. Her main areas of teaching and research are: processes of social differentiation in sport in the interna- tional perspective, focusing on changing patterns of demand and supply in leisure sport in European countries; graduate careers in sports sciences and physical education; professionalisation and gender hierar- chies in sport; and media and the construction of gender in sport. Arnd Krüger is Professor of Sport Science at the George-August University in Göttingen, where he is also Head of the Society and Training section of the Sport Science Department. He has served as Dean of the Social Science Faculty of his university. After his studies in History, Philosophy, x Contributors English and Sport, he received a B.A. (UCLA, 1967) and a Ph.D. (Cologne, 1971) before he worked for the Elite Sport section of the German Sport Federation. He started his university career as a lecturer in Physical Education at the Berlin Teacher Training College, and was then Professor of Coaching Science at the University of Hamburg. He is Vice- president of the European Committee for the History of Sport, and Chairman of the Lower Saxony Institute for Sport History. He was a semi-finalist at the 1968 Olympics (1,500 metres) and is active in many types of endurance sport. He has authored or edited more than 30 books and 250 articles. Roland Naul is Professor of Sport Science and Sport Pedagogy at Essen University, and is Director of the Willibald Gebhardt Research Institute. He is a long-standing member, and currently Vice-president, of the International Society for Comparative Physical Education and Sport, and is a former president of the International Committee for Sport Pedagogy. His major research and teaching interests are the history of European physical eduaction, comparative physical education, youth sport and Olympic education. He has written over 200 papers and has published 18 books. Gertrud Pfister is currently a Professor at the Institute for Sport and Sport Science at the University of Copenhagen. She studied Latin, physical education, history and sociology in Munich and Regensburg. She has doctorates in history (University of Regensburg 1976) and sociology (Ruhr University, Bochum). From 1981 to 2001 she was Professor of Sport History at the Free University in Berlin. She holds a number of international offices, including President of the International Society for the History of Physical Education and Sport, Vice-president of the German Gymnastic Federation, and Head of the Scientific Committee of the International Association for Physical Education and Sport for Girls and Women. She has published several books and more than 200 journal articles. Her main area of research is in the domain of gender and sport. She loves all kinds of sports activities, but particularly skiing, tennis and long distance running. Frieder Roskam is an architect and landscape architect as well as a phys- ical education teacher.