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THE INTERNATIONAL OLYMPIC ACADEMY A HISTORY OF AN OLYMPIC INSTITUTION Copy-editor: Thetis Xanthaki DTP, filmset: ûANAGRAMMAý Printed by: Petros Ballidis & Co. Graphic Arts May 2011 ø International Olympic Academy 52,D.VikelasStreet, 152 33 Halandri, Athens, Greece ISBN: 978 - 960 - 9454 - 09 - 4 INTERNATIONAL OLYMPIC ACADEMY THE INTERNATIONAL OLYMPIC ACADEMY A HISTORY OF AN OLYMPIC INSTITUTION Foreword SPYROS CAPRALOS ISIDOROS KOUVELOS President of the HOC President of the IOA { NIKOS FILARETOS Ex-President of the IOA 8 Editors CHRISTINA KOULOURI Professor of Modern History, Panteion University, Athens KONSTANTINOS GEORGIADIS Professor of the History of Olympism, University of the Peloponnese 8 Contributors CHRISTOS LOUKOS Professor of Modern History, University of Crete VASSILIKI TZACHRISTA Archaeologist, IOA ROULA VATHI MA in Byzantine Studies, IOA Y¸ANNIS MOUTSIS MA in History (University of London) 8 Translation GEOFFREY COX 8 Second Edition ATHENS 2011 The 50th anniversary of the International Olympic Academy (IOA), in addition to being an important milestone in the his- tory of the Olympic Movement, is also an opportunity for all of us to reflect, once again, on the nature, the history and activities of a cultural institution with an international presence and reputation. The International Olympic Academy enjoys the privilege of being the first international educational Olympic Centre, whose main purpose is to study, propagate and apply the prin- ciples of Olympism and sport all over the world. Since its inception and to this day, the Academy's signifi- cant contribution to the promotion of Olympic education has been recognized by the International Olympic Committee, National Olympic Committees, National Olympic Academies and by the sports communities in many countries. This recognition and the fact that the International Olym- pic Academy is located at the Hellenic Olympic Committee's premises in Ancient Olympia, where history meets magic and where legends blend with legacy, are the foundations which should underpin its future. In order to move into the new era, however, we need to understand what has already been achieved and learn about the IOA's work during these 50 years. The book you hold in your hands will be extremely helpful in this respect. It can be a valuable tool for discover- ing aspects of its activities that were not widely known, a source of ideas and information for future students of the Olympic Movement; it can bring inspiration to world youth and further promote the ideology and philosophy of the Olympic Games. We should not forget that excellent knowledge of the past opens the way to a better future. The Hellenic Olympic Committee will continue to fund, assist and support the IOA in all its efforts to propagate the principles of Olympism and develop Olympic education. SPYROS CAPRALOS President of the Hellenic Olympic Committee This new edition of the History of the International Olympic Academy, part of the celebration of its 50th anniversary, allows the Academy to affirm its scientific identity and academic ex- pertise in the field of sports history. This book, written by Greek historians, makes full use of the Academy's abundant historical and photographic archives, whilst building on primary research sources that cover various aspects of Olympia's history as well as the social, cultural and scientific aspects of the IOA's human and geographical environment. We owe the first edition of this book to the foresight of the late Nikos Filaretos, President of the IOA and IOC member for Greece, who understood the importance of promoting the IOA's history and showcasing its archival material, which had re- mained in obscurity for years. This was indeed a remarkable achievement that was only completed thanks to the support of the International Olympic Committee. This new edition highlights my own personal obligation and responsibility to an endeavour that contributes to the pluralism of scientific thinking and recognizes the Academy's high scientific potential. The IOA's scientific publications and educational work, far from striving for self-promotion, clearly represent a contribu- tion of great intellectual value and should be paid the respect they deserve. In evaluating a work which first drew attention to the great historical value of the International Olympic Academy's archives, I recognize how much it has achieved and welcome this third edition of the IOA's publication, accompanying the inventory and research of the HOC and IOA archives. I hope that this book, which I commend for its thoroughness and its contribution to the promotion of the International Olympic Academy, will be loved by those who read it and win a place in the hearts of all Olympic readers rather than simply gather dust like so many other history books on some cold library shelf. ISIDOROS KOUVELOS President of the International Olympic Academy and of the National Olympic Academy When, in September 1974, after the fall of the Junta, I took up the duties of General Secretary of what was then called the Olympic Games Committee (OGC), I found myself faced with atruly chaoticsituati on. The action which I immediately took was aimed at the restoration of the battered prestige of the OGC in international Olympic and sport circles (International Olym- pic Committee, International Sport Federations, National Olympic Committees, and sport authorities). In the long term, however, I set the following aims: (a) the recording and cataloguing of the OGC archives and the publica- tion of a book on them; (b) research and publication of a book on the `Intermediate Olympics' of 1906 öunheard-of for manyö which managed to save the institution of the Olympic Games after their ill-judged involvement with the fairs of the Internatio- nal Exhibitions of Paris in 1900 and Saint Louis in 1904; (c) the publication of a study of the history of the International Olympic Academy (IOA), which was founded in 1961 and has functioned without interruption since then, spreading Olympic education to the ends of the earth. Many years had to pass ö28, to be preciseö until, in 2005, the first study öArchives and History of the Hellenic Olympic Committeeö was published, after many adver- sities, difficulties and questionings. Two years later, in 2004, the second study, entitled Athens, Olympic City 1896-1906 came out. Today, at last, we have the pleasure of welcoming the publication of the third of these studies, on the history of the Interna- tional Olympic Academy. All these publications have been produced by the International Olympic Academy. But they would never have become a reality without the huge and invaluable contribution of Ms ChristinaKoulouri, Professor of History atthe University of the Peloponnese, and her team of researchers and associates, of whom I must mention particularly the archae- ologist Ms Vassiliki Tzachrista and her colleague, the historian Mr Yannis Yannitsiotis. In spite of this, again the publication of these studies would not have been achieved without the generous sponsorship of the Olympic Solidarity Committee of the Interna- tional Olympic Committee. I must at this point pay tribute to the ideal collaboration, understanding and inestimable contribution of the Director of Olympic Solidarity, Mr Pere MiroÂ, his personal assistant, Ms Nicole Girard-Savoy, and their associates. Without these, nothing would have been done at all, because, the experience which I have acquired in these matters shows that these subjects did not particularly commend them- selves to sponsors in Greece. In the 45 years of its history, the IOA can point to a vast achievement in the field of the dissemination of Olympic education at a world level. This work enjoys immense regard and acceptance on the part of international Olympic circles, the IOC,Olympic Committees, and local National Olympic Academies which have been inspired by the work of the IOA. It is typical that, whereas in the first 25 years of the IOA's history there were only 16 National Olympic Academies in operation, in the last 20 years, 90 more have been set up, inspired by the work done on the premises of the IOA at Ancient Olympia. Sadly, the work of the IOA has been ignored by many in Greece for various reasons. This publication serves to fill this gap. { NIKOS FILARETOS Former President of the IOA CONTENTS INTRODUCTION: THE ACADEMY OF OLYMPISM . 15 CHRISTINA KOULOURI The history of Olympism and the IOA ......................... 18 Olympism and education: the pedagogic `symphony' of Coubertin ............. 20 Inspirers and founders ................................ 22 International or Greek? The IOA under the aegis of the IOC ................ 31 The crisis of 1968-1971 ............................... 39 Two critical stances: the Siperco memorandum and the MacAloon research ......... 47 The physiognomy of the IOA: from the regulatory texts to lived experience ......... 50 The `pilgrims of history' ............................... 58 In the footprints of antiquity ............................. 63 ANCIENT OLYMPIA: THE PLACE AND THE PEOPLE . 67 CHRISTOS LOUKOS ö VASSILIKI TZACHRISTA From Antiquity to the Twentieth Century ....................... 67 The village ..................................... 83 Tourism ...................................... 89 The residents .................................... 92 GERMANY MEETS OLYMPIA: ARCHAEOLOGY AND OLYMPISM . 109 YIANNIS MOUTSIS The archaeological excavations ............................ 112 Philhellenism and `archaeolatry' ............................ 112
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