Report on the Monitoring of Radionuclides in Fishery Products (March 2011 - January 2015)

Home , Acanthogobius flavimanus, Alcichthys elongatus

April 2015 Fisheries Agency of Japan

Table of Contents

Overview…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 8

The Purpose of this Report………………………………………………………………………………9

Part One. Efforts to Guarantee the Safety of Fishery Products………………………………………..11 Chapter 1. Monitoring of Radioactive Materials in Food; Restrictions on Distribution and Other Countermeasures………...…………………………………………………………………11 1-1-1 Standard Limits for Radioactive Materials in Food………………………………………...……11 1-1-2 Methods of Testing for Radioactive Materials………………………………………...…………12 1-1-3 Inspections of Fishery Products for Radioactive Materials…………………………...…………14 1-1-4 Restrictions and Suspensions on Distribution and Shipping ……………………………………..18 1-1-5 Cancellation of Restrictions on Shipping and Distribution………………………………………20 Box 1 Calculation of the Limits for Human Consumption……..………………………………………23 Box 2 Survey of Radiation Dose from Radionuclides in Foods Calculation of the Limits…………….24 Box 3 Examples of Local Government Monitoring Plan………………………………...…………….25

Chapter 2. Results of Radioactive Cesium Inspections for Fishery Products…………………………26 1-2-1 Inspection Results for Nationwide Fishery Products in Japan (in total)…………………………26 1-2-2 Inspection Results for Fukushima Prefecture Fishery Products (all)…………………………….27 1-2-3 Inspection Results for Fishery Products (all) from Outside Fukushima Prefecture……………...30 1-2-4 Trends within Fish Species……………………………………………………………………….32 1-2-5 Inspection Results for Main Target Fish Species of Fishing and Farming by Fiscal Year……….42 1-2-6 Radioactive Material Concentrations within Fish within 20 km of the Fukushima Daiichi NPS.46 Box 4 Fukushima Fishing Trials………………………………...……………………………………...47 1-2-7 Screening Test by Prefectural and Municipal Governments……………………………………..48

Chapter 3. Inspection for Radionuclides Other Than Radioactive Cesium……………………………49 1-3-1 Inspections for Radioactive Strontium etc. by the Fisheries Research Agency…………………49 1-3-2 Survey of Radionuclides Mentioned in the CODEX Guidelines………………………………...55 Box 5 Why weren’t Radioactive Strontium and Plutonium Targeted in the Survey?...... ……………...59

Part Two. The State of Radionuclides Released into the Environment………………………………..62 Chapter 1. Movement of Radioactive Cesium Released into the Environment……………………….62 2-1-1 Intake and Excretion by Fish [35]………………………………………………………………..62 2-1-2 Movement within the Environment………………………………………………………………63

- 2 - Chapter 2. The Leakage of Contaminated Water into the Fukushima Daiichi NPS Port……………...65 2-2-1 Impact of Contaminated Water Leakage and Countermeasures………………………………….65 Box 6 Quantity of Radioactive Material Leaked into the Ocean (Est.).....…………………...………...67 2-2-2 Concentrations of Radioactive Cesium in Fishery Products …………………………………...... 68

Chapter 3. Monitoring of Radionuclides in the Ocean………………………………………………...74 2-3-1 Results from Ocean Water Monitoring (Figure 45, Figure 46)…………………………………..74 2-3-2 Results from Marine Soil Monitoring (Figure 45, Figure 47)……………………………………78

Part Three. Research on the Mechanism by which Radionuclides are Transferred to Fishery Products…….……….……………………………………………………………………..81 Chapter 1. Relationship with Prey Organisms and Ecology of Fish Species……………………….…81 3-1-1 Research on Radioactive Materials within Prey Organisms……………………………………..81 3-1-2 Research on Ecology of Fish Species and the Timing of Radionuclide Transfer………………..83 3-1-3 Conclusion and Future Research…………………………………………………………………85

Chapter 2. Urgent Research on the Cause of Contamination of Highly Contaminated Fish (Fat Greenling)……….………………..………………………………………………………...86 3-2-1 Frequency of Appearance Highly Contaminated Fat Greenlings………………………………...86 3-2-2 Determining the Time of Contamination through Autoradiography Experiment………………..87 3-2-3 Study on the Migration Ecology and Habitat History of the Fat Greenling……………………..87 3-2-4 Estimate of Contamination Source by Contamination Model for the Fat Greenling Sample……88 3-2-5 Conclusion and Measures…………………...……………………………………………………89

Chapter 3. Evaluation of Radioactive Cesium Migrating from Seafloor Soil to Marine Organisms based on a Breeding Experiment…………………………………………………….…90

Chapter 4. Radioactive Material Concentrations and Territories of Fish Species……………………93

Chapter 5. Quantitative Evaluation of Contamination Risk from Radioactive Material in Fishery Products…………………………………………………………………………………...96

Chapter 6. Understanding the Mechanism by which Radioactive Cesium is Absorbed into the Soil..100 Box 7 Radioactive Cesium in Bottom Fish.....…………………………………...…………...…...…..102

Part Four. Efforts to Address Unfounded Reputational Damages and Misinformation Present Domestically and Overseas….…………...………………………………………………..103 Chapter 1. Domestic Situation Regarding Unfounded Reputational Damages and Misinformation...103

Chapter 2. Enhanced Provision/Dissemination of Information, Domestically and Internationally….104

- 3 - Chapter 3. Response to International Issues………………………………………………………….107 4-3-1 Response to Import Restrictions Imposed by Foreign Countries and Regions……………….107 4-3-2 Response to the Certificates Demanded by Other Countries and Regions……………………112 4-3-3 Examples of Radioactive Material Detected in Fishery Products after Exportation from Japan.114 4-3-4 IAEA Evaluation of Food Monitoring…………………………………………………………..117

Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………………………119

References………………………………………………………………………………………………121

Appendix Radioactive Material Analysis Flowcharts………………………………………………...127

Appendix Table Inspection Results for Radioactive Cesium Concentrations in Fishery Products (March 2011 – January 2015)…………….…………………………………………135

- 4 - Tables Table 1 Outline of the Fact-Finding Survey on Sampling……………………………………………...14 Table 2 Inspection Frequency and Target Items (Marine Fish) based on the “Guidelines”……………16 Table 3 Screening Test by Prefectural and Municipal Governments…………………………………...48 Table 4 Inspection Results for Radioactive Strontium in Fishery Products……………………………50 Table 5 No.10 Calculation of Effective Dose in Rockfish (Sebastes cheni)……………………………54 Table 6 No.11 Calculation of Effective Dose in Ishikawa Icefish……………………………………..54 Table 7 CODEX’s Guideline Levels……………………………………………………………………56 Table 8 Radioactive Material Concentrations in Fishery Products for Radionuclides Noted in the CODEX Guidelines….…………………………………………………………………………58 Table 9 Comparison of Radioactive Cesium in Fishery Products Between Two Periods……………...70 Table 10 Comparison of Radioactive Cesium in Fishery Products Between Two Periods (Results of statistical test)…………………………………………………………………………………70 Table 11 Comparison of Radioactive Cesium Concentrations Before and After the Contaminated Water Leakage Controversy……..……………………………………………………………72 Table 12 Comparison of Radioactive Cesium Concentrations Before and After the Controversy over the Leakage of Contaminated Water (Results of statistical test)…….…..……………………73 Table 13 Radioactive Cesium Concentration within Benthos Sampled at the Mouth of the Abukuma River…….……………………….…………………………………………………………….82 Table 14 Results of the Korean Lugworm Breeding Experiment………………………………………91 Table 15 Results of the Still-Water-Tank Breeding Experiment………………………………………..91 Table 16 Probability of Exceeding 100 Bq/kg as of April 1, 2015, based on Model Analysis…………97 Table 17 Import Regulations Imposed by Main Importing Countries and Regions against Japanese Fishery products……….…….………………………………………………..……………...108 Table 18 Sampling Standards………………………………………………………………………….113 Table 19 Results of Import Inspections by Foreign Countries and Regions for Japanese Food and Fishery Products…………….………………………………………………..……………...115

Figures Figure 1 The Fishery Products Monitoring Framework………………………………………………..15 Figure 2 Process of the Enactment and Cancellation of Restrictions and Suspensions on Shipping and Distribution (Marine fish)…….……………………………………………………………….19 Figure 3 Relationships Between the Various Government Organizations……………………………..19 Figure 4 The Cancellation of Restrictions on the Olive Flounder, Miyagi Prefecture [12]…………….21 Figure 5 The Cancellation of Restrictions on the Pacific Cod, Aomori Prefecture [13]……………….21 Figure 6 The Cancellation of Restrictions on the Pacific Cod, Offshore Fukushima Prefecture [14]….21 Figure 7 The State of Distribution Restrictions and Suspensions in Japan (as of March 31, 2015)……22 Figure 8 Nationwide Fishery Products Inspection Results (in total) (Mar. 2011- Jan. 2015)………….27 Figure 9 Nationwide Fishery Products Inspection Results (in total) (by fiscal year)…………………..27

- 5 - Figure 10 Inspection Results for Fukushima Prefecture Fishery Products (all) (>100 Bq/kg readings in 3-month periods)………………………..……………………………………………………28 Figure 11 Inspection Results for Fukushima Prefecture Fishery Products (all) (by fiscal year)……….28 Figure 12 Inspection Results for Fukushima Prefecture Marine Fish Species (>100 Bq/kg readings, by 3-month periods) …….…...………………………………………………………………29 Figure 13 Inspection Results for Fukushima Prefecture Marine Fish Species (by fiscal year)………...29 Figure 14 Inspection Results for Fukushima Prefecture Freshwater Species (>100 Bq/kg readings, by 3-month periods) …...………….…………………………………………………………30 Figure 15 Inspection Results for Fukushima Prefecture Freshwater Species (by fiscal year) …………30 Figure 16 Inspection Results for Non-Fukushima Prefecture Fishery Products (all) (>100 Bq/kg readings, by 3-month periods)………….……………………………………………………31 Figure 17 Inspection Results for Non-Fukushima Prefecture Fishery Products (all) (by fiscal year)…31 Figure 18 Inspection Results for Non-Fukushima Prefecture Marine Fish Species (>100 Bq/kg readings, by 3-month periods)…….…………………………………………………………31 Figure 19 Inspection Results for Non-Fukushima Prefecture Marine Fish Species (by fiscal year)…...32 Figure 20 Inspection Results for Non-Fukushima Prefecture Freshwater Fish Species (>100 Bq/kg readings, by 3-month periods)…….…………………………………………………………32 Figure 21 Inspection Results for Non-Fukushima Prefecture Freshwater Fish Species (by fiscal year)……………………………………….…………………………………………………32 Figure 22 Inspection Results for Surface-layer Fish, Migratory Fish, Squid, and Octopus……………33 Figure 23 Nationwide Inspection Results for Surface-layer Fish (Japanese sandlance, Whitebait (juvenile anchovy)) (by fiscal year)……….…………………………………………………34 Figure 24 Nationwide Inspection Results for Chub mackerel and Southern mackerel (by fiscal year)..34 Figure 25 Inspection Results for Seabass (by fiscal year)……………………………………………...35 Figure 26 Inspection Results for Crabs, Shrimp, Shellfish, and Seaweeds…………………………….36 Figure 27 Nationwide Inspection Results for Shellfish (Japanese littleneck clam, Common orient clam, Surf clam, Oysters, Abalones, Japanese whelk) (by fiscal year)..…….….……………36 Figure 28 Inspection Results for Shallow-bottom Flounders (Marbled flounder and Stone flounder) (by fiscal year)….…………………….……………………………………………………...37 Figure 29 Inspection Results for Littlemouth Flounder (by fiscal year)……………………………….38 Figure 30 Inspection Results for Deep-bottom Flounders (Flathead flounder, Roughscale sole and Willowy flounder) (by fiscal year)………….………………………………………………..38 Figure 31 Inspection Results for Olive Flounder (by fiscal year)……………………………………...39 Figure 32 Nationwide Inspection Results for Pacific Cod (by fiscal year)…………………………….39 Figure 33 Nationwide Inspection Results for Alaska Pollock (by fiscal year)…………………………40 Figure 34 Nationwide Inspection Results for Red Seabream…………………………………………..40 Figure 35 Inspection Results for the Rockfish Family (Goldeye rockfish, Rockfish (Sebastes cheni), Fox jacopever) (by fiscal year)……….….…………………...………………………………41 Figure 36 Inspection Results for Whitespotted Char (wild) and Land-locked Salmon (wild) (by fiscal year)…….….………………………………………………………41 Figure 37 Inspection results for Main Target Species of Fishing and Farming (by fiscal year)……….42

- 6 - Figure 38 Changes in Radioactive Cesium Concentrations within Fish Sampled within 20 km of the Fukushima Daiichi NPS………….………………………………………………...... 46 Figure 39 Sampling Sites……………………………………………………………………………….53 Figure 40 Intake of Radioactive Materials by Fish……………………………………………………..63 Figure 41 Progression of Contamination due to the Nuclear Accident………………………………...64 Figure 42 Results of Radioactive Cesium Monitoring in Sea Water off the Coast of Fukushima [37]...64 Figure 43 Results of Radioactive Cesium Monitoring in Marine Soil off the Coast of Fukushima [38]………………………….………………………………………………………………..64 Figure 44 Impact of Contaminated Water Leakage into the Fukushima Daiichi NPS Port………….…66 Figure 45 Sampling Points in the Vicinity of the Fukushima Daiichi NPS…………………………….75 Figure 46 Changes in the Radioactive Material Concentrations in the Vicinity of the Fukushima Daiichi NPS and Coastal Ocean Waters……………………………………………………..76 Figure 47 Radioactive Materials Concentrations in Marine Soil in the Vicinity of the Fukushima Daiichi NPS and Coastal Sea Area…...……….……………………………………………..79 Figure 48 Chronological Trend of Cs-137 Concentration within Zooplanktons……………………….81 Figure 49 Chronological Trend of Radioactive Cesium Concentration within Benthos Sampled offshore Fukushima in May 2013……...…………………………………………………….82 Figure 50 Chronological Trend of Radioactive Cesium Concentration within Pacific Cod Sampled offshore Fukushima……………………….…………………………………………………83 Figure 51 Olive Flounder, by Birth Year Class: Relationship between the Number of Days Elapsed Since the Fukushima Daiichi NPS accident and Radioactive Cesium Concentrations….…..84 Figure 52 Relationship between the Length of and Radioactive Cesium Concentration in Olive Flounder, by Birth Year Class……….……………………………………………………….84 Figure 53 Radioactive Cesium Concentrations within Fat Greenlings offshore Fukushima…………...86 Figure 54 Analysis of the Fukushima Daiichi NPS port Brassblotched Rockfish Otolith……………..87 Figure 55 Analysis of the Highly-Contaminated Fat Greenling’s Otolith……………………………...87 Figure 56 Simulation Model of Radioactive Cesium Concentrations within Fat Greenling…………...88 Figure 57 Simulation on Changes in Radioactive Cesium Concentrations within Olive Flounder….…94 Figure 58 Decrease in Radioactive Cesium Concentrations within Japanese Amberjack of Iwate Prefecture and Ocellate Spot Skate of Fukushima Prefecture…………………….…………99 Figure 59 Collective Structural Changes Induced by Cs+ Absorption to Vermiculite clay……...……100 Figure 60 Absorption of Cesium One after Another like “Domino Toppling” and Schematics of Structural Change of Vermiculite……….……….………………………………………….101 Figure 61 Labelling of Harvest Area in the Pacific off the East Coast of Japan [68]…………………105 Figure 62 Publishing Inspection Results and Q&As on the Fisheries Agency Website………………106 Figure 63 Briefing Sessions for Foreign Press, etc……………………………………………………106 Figure 64 Inspection for Radioactive Cesium with Gamma Ray Spectrometry………………………113 Figure 65 Review by the IAEA [71]…………………………………………………………………..118

- 7 - Overview

Since the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station (NPS) operated by the Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO) in March 2011, the Government of Japan, concerned local governments, and concerned organizations have joined forces to ensure the safety of fishery products by, for example, monitoring fishery products and restricting shipments when limits are exceeded. This report provides a comprehensive evaluation of the results of monitoring radioactive materials in fishery products in the years after the accident at TEPCO’s Fukushima Daiichi NPS. This evaluation found that, although in the immediate aftermath of the accident a considerable number of fish species, primarily off the coast of Fukushima, were found to contain radioactive cesium in quantities exceeding the limit of 100 Bq/kg, these concentrations decreased with the passage of time, and now, four years after the accident, almost no species are found to exceed the 100 Bq/kg limit. That said, “shipping and distribution restrictions” that are based on the “Concepts of Inspection Planning and the Establishment and Cancellation of Items and Areas to which Restriction of Distribution and/or Consumption of Foods concerned Applies” issued by the National Emergency Response Headquarters remain in place for some regions and species. Accordingly, these regions and species remain out of the market. Regarding radionuclides in fishery products other than radioactive cesium, 80 samples were inspected for radioactive strontium and 18 samples were tested for plutonium between the time of the accident and May 2015. It was discovered that, in all but two of the samples for strontium and all of the samples for plutonium, concentrations were extremely low, and at pre-accident levels. Further examination of the two samples in which radioactive strontium was detected revealed that the effective dose of radioactive strontium was sufficiently low, relative to the effective dose of radioactive cesium detected. Moreover, testing of 13 samples that centered on commonly exported fish species in FY2014 found that radioactive strontium and plutonium were at pre-accident levels in all cases. For these reasons, it is possible to say that the assumption made in the calculation of the limits (i.e., the hypothesis that, in fishery products, the effective dose of other radionuclides would be equal to the effective dose of radioactive cesium) sufficiently takes safety into account. TEPCO announced the leakage of contaminated groundwater into the area inside the port in July 2013. TEPCO further announced in February 2015 that contaminated rainwater had been flowing to the area outside the port since April of 2014. However, the monitoring results found no effect of these leakages upon ocean waters outside the port or upon fishery products there in terms of food safety. In order to secure the safety of fishery products and establish the trust of consumers, the Government of Japan will continue, as its responsibility, to monitor the levels of radionuclides in fishery products. It will also endeavor to shed light on contamination mechanisms so that it can explain the factors behind the occurrence of contaminated fish, and develop predictions concerning reductions of such contaminations in fish to fishery operators and consumers. The Government of Japan will also disseminate accurate information concerning the safety of fishery products in Japan and abroad while also working to address unfounded concerns about fishery products and relax and lift import restrictions by other countries and regions.

- 8 - The Purpose of this Report

The Great East Japan Earthquake and tsunami on March 11, 2011, caused a nuclear accident at the TEPCO’s Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station (NPS). This accident resulted in the emission of radioactive cesium (Cs-137) at a quantity estimated at 8 to 37 PBq (1 PBq = 1015 Bq) [1]. Since March 2011, the Government of Japan, local governments and relevant organizations have monitored the levels of radioactive materials in fishery products in a concerted manner. The monitoring has been carried out in accordance with “Concepts of Inspection Planning and the Establishment and Cancellation of Items and Areas to which Food Distribution and/or Consumption Restriction concerned Applies” [2] of the Nuclear Emergency Response Headquarters, and the results of this monitoring show that at present, four years since the accident, the proportion of fishery products containing radioactive cesium in excess of the limit of 100 Bq/kg has greatly decreased in all prefectures monitored, including Fukushima. However, although it has been four years since the accident, restrictions based on the aforementioned “concepts” and suspensions remain in effect on the distribution of certain fish species in prefectures ranging from Iwate to Chiba and in Gunma. Commercial fishing operations off Fukushima in particular are suspended, and operations are limited to fishing trials on species and in ocean areas that have been confirmed as safe, meaning that fishing activities are very limited compared to those before the accident. Moreover, the Fukushima Daiichi NPS accident brought about considerable consumer unease, both domestically and internationally, with respect to the safety of fishery products, and even products from regions that were not subject to distribution restriction orders continue to be avoided by consumers due to unfounded reputational damages or misinformation. Concerns over radioactive contamination of fishery products in the Fukushima area reemerged in July 2013, when TEPCO announced the leakage of contaminated water. In response, the Consumer Affairs Agency and other related government agencies joined with local governments, consumer groups, and others to engage in “risk communication” and a nation-wide dialogue on the topic of radioactive materials within foods among specialists, consumers, operators and the Government [3]. In May of 2014, the Fisheries Agency conducted a comprehensive analysis of monitoring data collected over the course of three years following the accident in order to make them useful to not only general consumers, local governments, and overseas governments but also analyses by scientists. It published a report showing trends revealed in the results of the three-year monitoring and an explanation of the data’s significance. However, regularly conducted consumer surveys by the Consumer Affairs Agency reveal unfounded reputational damages or misinformation. Specifically, the percentage of consumers stating that they “hesitate to buy food products made in Fukushima because they wish to buy food that does not contain radioactive materials” was 19.4 % in February 2013 (compared to the total), 17.9 % in August 2013, 15.3 % in February 2014, 19.6 % in October 2014, and 17.4 % in February 2015. Thus, it is apparent that concerns remain among some consumers [4]. Further, according to a questionnaire survey conducted

- 9 - between November 2014 and January 2015 by the Fisheries Agency on the state of recovery from the Great East Japan Earthquake in the marine product processing industries of Aomori, Iwate, Miyagi, Fukushima, and Ibaraki Prefectures, 31 % of respondents said that “unfounded reputational damages and misinformation and securing sales channels” is a major “problem in reconstruction efforts”. This figure matched that shown in a previous survey (conducted at the end of FY2013). This outcome demonstrates that, although four years have passed and radioactive material concentration levels within fishery products have fallen, misinformation continues to cause damage [5; 6]. After the accident, many countries and regions imposed import restrictions that included requiring radioactive-material inspection certification for exports of Japanese fishery products and banning imports of fishery products from certain regions. Although more and more countries are relaxing or lifting their regulations with the passage of time, some countries and regions, such as China (banning of imports from ten prefectures) and Taiwan (banning of imports from five prefectures), continue to maintain them. Additionally, after TEPCO announced in July 2013 that contaminated groundwater had leaked into a port area, the Republic of Korea in the following September strengthened its import regulations by banning imports of fishery products from eight prefectures. This was despite the fact that, according to monitoring results announced by the Government of Japan, no impact on seawater or fishery products was observed outside the port. Such developments suggest that countries and regions continue to have strong concerns vis-à-vis Japan’s fishery products. Four years since the accident, concentrations of radioactive material in fishery products have declined even further, and radioactive cesium is not being detected at all or in only extremely low concentrations in nearly all fish species and regions. This is evidenced, for example, by the lifting of shipping restrictions even on Pacific cod (a species that had previously exceeded limits over a broad area) in all prefectures, including Fukushima Prefecture. By conducting an analysis that incorporates new data and presenting new investigative research conducted since last year, the Fisheries Agency has updated and released this report for the purposes of disseminating accurate information on current concentrations of radioactive materials in fishery products and the safety of those products to people in Japan and abroad, addressing unfounded concerns, and achieving the relaxation or lift of import restrictions by other countries and regions.

- 10 - Part One. Efforts to Guarantee the Safety of Fishery Products

Chapter 1. Monitoring of Radioactive Materials in Food; Restrictions on Distribution and Other Countermeasures

After the Fukushima Daiichi NPS accident in 2011, standard limits were set on permissible amounts of radioactive materials in food. National and prefectural governments coordinated with relevant bodies to ensure, through monitoring and monitoring-based distribution restrictions, that only fishery products containing levels of radioactive cesium below the limit were allowed to distribute to market for consumption (Figiure 3). Additionally, after the accident, coastal fishing and bottom trawling in the waters surrounding Fukushima experienced suspensions of operations. Today, in the interest of carefully resuming fishing operations in the future, thorough inspections and gradual fishing trials are being undertaken only on fish species that have consistently demonstrated levels of radioactive materials below the limits. This chapter will explain these efforts being made to guarantee the safety of these fishery products.

1-1-1 Standard Limits for Radioactive Materials in Food After the Fukushima Daiichi NPS accident, the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare on March 17, 2011, established provisional regulation values for radioactive materials in food. (For fish and shellfish, the value for radioactive cesiuma was 500 Bq/kg [set March 17], and the value for radioactive iodine was 2,000 Bq/kg [set April 5]). The permissible dosage of exposure from food was, as an emergency response measure, set to an effective dosage of 5 mSv annually for radioactive cesium, and set to a thyroid equivalent dosage of 50 mSv annually for radioactive iodine. The provisional regulation values were enacted under emergency circumstances in accordance with Food Safety Basic Act Article 11, paragraph (1), item (iii), and hence did not receive a Risk Assessment of the Effect of Food on Health from the Food Safety Commission. Hence, on March 20 of the same year (April 6 for fish and shellfish containing radioactive iodine), in accordance with Article 11, paragraph (2) of the same law, the Minister of Health, Labour and Welfare submitted a request for Risk Assessment of the Effect of Food on Health to the Committee Chairman of the Food Safety Commission. On October 27, the Committee Chairman of the Food Safety Commission reported the following findings to the Minister of Health, Labour, and Welfare: “The Food Safety Commission has determined that radiation in food has an impact on health at quantities amounting to a lifetime accumulated effective dose of 100 mSv or more, ignoring normal radiation exposure experienced in everyday life.” [7]. Although food items that conformed to provisional regulation values had been generally judged to have no negative effects on health and to be safe, new limits were established after the Food Safety Commission report in order to achieve still greater food safety. These new limits were intended for the long-term established taking into the factors such as the guidelines proposed by the Codex Alimentarius a Values are set by taking into account the contribution of radioactive strontium.

- 11 - Commission bguidelines [8], which adopt the 1 mSv per annum intervention exemption levelc for food, and were intended for the long-term. Following review by the Radiation Council and the Pharmaceutical Affairs and Food Sanitation Council [9], the allowed dosage of radiation exposure from food was reduced to 1mSv per annum. New limits based on these developments were established on April 1, 2012. The new limits set radioactive cesium as the representative radionuclide, due primarily to its large effect on internal radiation exposure relative to other radionuclides considered (plutonium, strontium 90, and ruthenium 106). Therefore, if radioactive cesium concentrations are found by inspection to be within the limits, the food is considered to be safely distributed to market with the effect of strontium 90 and other radionuclides taken into account. The new limits on radioactive cesium are set for four food categories (drinking water, infant foods, milk, and general foods). Fishery products are classified as “general foods” and hence the limit is 100 Bq/kg. There is no set limit for radioactive iodine, which has a short half-life and has come to be undetectable.

1-1-2 Methods of Testing for Radioactive Materials For the gathering of samples, the Fisheries Agency has given guidance to local governments and other organizations that the sampling operators should gather approximately 5 kg or more of each fish species (as many individual fish as possible) and record the time and location that each sample was collected. Ensuring the fairness of sampling is necessary from the standpoint of maintaining testing objectivity. For this reason, the Fisheries Agency conducted a fact-finding survey on sampling in November 2014. The survey targeted local governments that conduct monitoringd. The results show that sampling is handled by employees of individual markets or fishery cooperatives. Moreover, it can be judged from the landed catches that sampling is being conducted in a fair and appropriate manner (Table 1). The methods by which radioactive cesium concentration is measured in fishery products include a gamma ray spectrometry radionuclide assay method that utilizes a germanium semiconductor detector, carried out in accordance with the Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare’s local government-oriented notification, “Testing Methods for Radioactive Materials in Food” (March 15, 2012) [10]. Another method is the NaI scintillation spectrometer method pursuant to the “Partial Revision of the Screening Methods for Radioactive Cesium in foods” (Partially revised on March 1, 2012) [11]. These notifications establish guidelines to ensure the credibility of radioactive material monitoring by establishing practices such as the daily measurement of background radiation, the periodic use of a standard radiation source for calibration, etc. Inspections and monitoring carried out in accordance with b The Codex Alimentarius Commission is an international intergovernmental body that was established by the FAO and WHO in 1963. Its purpose is to protect the health of consumers and ensure fair trade of food products. Among other activities, it develops international food standards (the Codex Alimentarius). Japan became a member in 1966. c “Intervention Exemption level” is the level at which no special measures are considered to be necessary. d The survey targeted and obtained responses from major local governments that conduct monitoring (Aomori Prefecture, Iwate Prefecture, Miyagi Prefecture, Fukushima Prefecture, Ibaraki Prefecture, and Chiba Prefecture). Monitoring is also conducted by other prefectures and fishing industry organizations.

- 12 - these reports help to establish the credibility of the results. In the case of the gamma ray spectrometry using a germanium semiconductor detector, there are limitations to how efficiently a large number of samples can be inspected, such as that it requires rare equipment available in limited numbers, or that relatively many samples are required. With these factors in mind, the screening method used in monitoring practices was established with the objective of detecting samples that have radioactive cesium concentrations that are clearly and definitively lower than the provisional regulation values. The Method was then amended when the newer limits were established. Under the new limits, the screening cut-off was applied to any reading over 1/2 (50 Bq/kg) the limit, with a measurement lower bound of 25 Bq/kg (1/4 the limit). If a sample’s reading exceeds the screening cut-off and it is impossible to determine with certainty that radioactive cesium concentrations are below the limits, the sample will undergo further analysis via gamma ray spectrometry using a germanium semiconductor detector, to more precisely determine concentrations.e This method is employed in Fukushima fishing trials, the fish market, and other settings.

e Information on inspection equipment suitable for this screening method can be found on the JRIA website: http://www.jrias.or.jp/products/info/706.html

- 13 - Table 1 Outline of the Fact-Finding Survey on Sampling

Question Aomori Prefecture Iwate Prefecture Miyagi Prefecture Fukushima Prefecture Ibaraki Prefecture Chiba Prefecture

In principle, the catch of a single boat is used. Do you consider one sample to However, if the catch is be the catch of a single boat or The catch of one boat is The catch of one boat is The catch of one boat is The catch of one boat is The catch of one boat is 1 small, we sometimes the combined catch of several used. used. used. used. used. combine it with the catch boats? of another operating in the same region.

Coastal fishery is We choose boats We choose boats We choose boats We choose boats that We choose boats that voluntarily suspended. A How do you choose the boats randomly without much randomly without much randomly in the market, 2 catch many fish of the catch many of the rotation of fishing boats you use for sampling? thought for particular thought for particular without much thought for standard size. targeted fish. takes turns going out to boats. boats. particular boats. collect samples.

If targeted fish species are We place priority on brought in using different fishing offshore trawl fishery We use fixed nets or the We put priority on the We use the method that Samples are handled by Samples are handled by 3 methods, how do you choose (because it allows method that catches the method that catches the catches the most fish. fishing method. fishing method. the methods to be used for accurately checking the most fish. most fish. sampling? catch locations)

If targeted fish species are caught and brought in from Yes different points in a surveyed We place priority on 4 Yes No Yes No Yes sea region, do you consider the using fish caught along points that the fish were caught the coast. when choosing samples?

Do you give priority to a We choose the size that We use typical sizes We choose the size that We use large fish (in Samples are made to 5 particular size when collecting can be landed in the (both large and small for can be landed in the We use typical sizes . consideration of safety) include various sizes. samples? largest quantities. specific species). largest quantities.

1) Yes, but only for fish species targeted by If you cannot obtain the sample intensified inspection. quantity needed for 1) Yes 2) We mix the catch 6 measurement, do you 1) submit 1) No such case thus far 1) No 1) No 1) No 2) It is joined with the with catches from other the sample and 2) if so, how do following day’s catch. boats or from later days, you submit the sample? but only when caught in the same sea region.

1) Freezing or 1) Ice storage or 1) Ice storage or How do you 1) store samples 1) Freezing 1) Ice storage 1) Ice storage refrigeration freezing freezing 7 and 2) send samples to 2) Parcel delivery 2) Parcel delivery 2) Parcel delivery 2) Parcel delivery 2) Parcel delivery 2) Parcel delivery inspecting organizations? service service service service or collection by service service local governments Samples are collected At least two people each by prefectural How many people are in charge Two or three people per 1 person in charge with One or two people per One or two people per 8 in major fish markets employees who handle of sampling? sea region. two people in support fishery cooperative fishery cooperative that conduct monitoring monitoring (2 or 3 per sea region).

Do people in charge of submitting samples receive Training and briefings 9 explanations or training on Training is provided. Briefings are provided. Briefings are provided. are organized by the Briefings are provided. Briefings are provided. methods for submitting prefecture. samples?

Have any changes been made Yes to the sample submittal 10 No No No The priority species No No process? If so, what changes were changed, etc. were made?

1-1-3 Inspections of Fishery Products for Radioactive Materials Since the Fukushima Daiichi NPS accident, the Fisheries Agency has coordinated with prefectural governments and fishing organizations to systematically monitor radioactive materials in fishery products, in accordance with the Nuclear Emergency Response Headquarters’ “Concepts of Inspection Planning and the Establishment and Cancellation of Items and Areas to which Restriction of Distribution and/or Consumption of Foods concerned Applies” (hereafter referred to as “Guidelines,” announced April 4, 2011; latest revision March 20, 2015) (Table 2) [2]. These Guidelines outline for local governments the basic concepts (target products, frequency of inspections, etc.) of monitoring practice. The Guidelines have been revised over time as needed, based on results and data accumulated since the Fukushima Daiichi NPS accident, in order to focus inspections on categories of items in which higher concentrations of radioactive cesium have been detected. To be more

- 14 - concrete, as with normal food, local governments take the lead and establish quarterly monitoring plans that detail target fish species, inspection frequency, and other topics. These plans are created with due consideration of the Guidelines and species of fish harvested. In accordance with these monitoring plans, marine fish areas are divided into various zones, and in each zone pre-shipment inspections of fish are conducted on a weekly basis on major fishery products in related prefectures and on specific fishery products that exceeded 50 Bq/kg in the previous year (Figure 1). In light of the fact that the number of fish species that exceeded 50 Bq/kg in FY2014 decreased significantly, the scale of inspections was reviewed when the Guidelines were revised on March 20, 2015 (Table 2). However, it was decided to maintain them at the same scale that was applied in the previous fiscal year, thereby including those species that did not exceed 50 Bq/kg, in order to ensure the safety of fishery products. Fishery species live in a wide variety of environments, including the ocean surface, midwater, and the bottom, at various stages of their life cycles, and undertake various kinds of migrations. Fishery species are also consumed differently, some eaten whole and some in fillet, differing from species to species. With these factors under consideration, sampling is taken of fishery species representative of each sea zone and habitat, and samples taken of the fish’s edible portions for readings (e.g., the muscular sections for large fish that are eaten in fillet, the entire body for small fish that are eaten whole, etc.). If, in the course of closely following the outcomes of the above monitoring processes in the relevant prefectures, one prefecture is discovered to have particularly high levels of contamination, neighboring prefectures are notified immediately and inspections are intensified on the fish species and other species living in similar habitats.

Figure 1 The Fishery Products Monitoring Framework

- 15 - Table 2 Inspection Frequency and Target Items (Marine Fish) based on the “Guidelines”

Date: March 20, 2014

Note: Classified based on maximum radioactive cesium concentration values from monitoring conducted between April 1,

2013, and February 28, 2014.

(Reference) Items from which more Items from which between 50 Items not exceeding 50 Bq/kg but attention is than 100 Bq/kg of Category and 100 Bq/kg of radioactive required based on the results of inspections radioactive cesium has cesium has been detected conducted on items in the same categories or been detected the past inspections on the items concerned Japanese scad Japanese scad

Halfbeak Halfbeak

Olive flounder Olive flounder Righteye flounders （habitat Marbled flounder; Stone Red tonguesole; Black cow‐ Flounder (Pleuronichthys japonicus ); Spotted zone is mainly shallower than flounder; Starry flounder tongue; Littlemouth flounder halibut; Ridged‐eye flounder depth of water 100 meters.) Righteye flounders (habitat Slime flounder; Shotted Barfin flounder; Willowy flounder; Flathead zone is mainly deeper than Roughscale sole halibut flounder depth of water 100 meters.) Fat greenling Fat greenling Rockfish (white colour); Rockfish, Jacopever and Black rockfish; Goldeye Scorpion fish（habitat zone is rockfish; Fox jacopever; Rockfish (black colour); Snowy rockfish mainly shallower than depth of Brassblotched rockfish; water 100 meters.) Scorpion fish Rockfish, Jacopever and Scorpion fish（habitat zone is Hilgendorf saucord Sea raven Matsubara's red rockfish mainly deeper than depth of water 100 meters.) Marine fishery Ocellate spot skate; Shark and Stingray Red stingray Spiny dogfish; Pitted stingray products Starspotted smooth‐hound

Pacific cod Pacific cod

Brown hakeling Brown hakeling Spiny red gurna, Poacher (saburo), Japanese prickleback, Spiny red gurnard Poacher (saburou) Japanese prickleback; Nibe croaker Nibe croaker Largehead hairtail Largehead hairtail Japanese black porgy, Striped Japanese black porgy Striped mullet Japanese surfperch mullet, Japanese surfperch Japanese seabass Seabass Puffer Vermiculated puffer Finepatterned puffer; Panther puffer

Conger eel Congrid eel; Beach conger

Bartail flathead Bartail flathead

Japanese sandlance (adult) Japanese sandlance Northern sea urchin Northern sea urchin Japanese littleneck clam Japanese littleneck clam

- 16 - Table 2 Inspection Frequency and Target Items (Marine Fish) based on the “Guidelines” (cont.)

Date: March 20, 2015

Note: Classified based on maximum radioactive cesium concentration values from monitoring conducted between April 1,

2014, and February 28, 2015.ed based on maximum radioactive cesium concentration values from monitoring conducted

between April 1, 2013, and February 28,

Olive flounder Olive flounder Righteye flounders （habitat Red tonguesole; Black cow‐ tongue; Littlemouth Marbled flounder; Stone zone is mainly shallower than flounder; Spotted halibut; Ridged‐eye flounder; flounder; depth of water 100 meters.) Starry flounder Righteye flounders (habitat Flathead flounder; Shotted Roughscale sole; Barfin flounder; Willowy zone is mainly deeper than Slime flounder halibut flounder depth of water 100 meters.) Fat greenling Fat greenling Rockfish, Jacopever and Rockfish (white colour); Scorpion fish（habitat zone is Black rockfish; Rockfish (black colour); Snowy Goldeye rockfish; Fox Brassblotched rockfish mainly shallower than depth of rockfish; Scorpion fish jacopever water 100 meters.) Rockfish, Jacopever and Scorpion fish（habitat zone is Matsubara's red rockfish; Sea raven mainly deeper than depth of Marine water 100 meters.) fishery Shark and Stingray Ocellate spot skate Starspotted smooth‐hound; Pitted stingray products Pacific cod Pacific cod

Brown hakeling Brown hakeling Spiny red gurna, Poacher Spiny red gurna; Poacher (saburo); Japanese (saburo), Japanese prickleback, prickleback; Nibe croaker Nibe croaker Largehead hairtail Largehead hairtail Japanese black porgy, Striped Japanese black porgy Striped mullet; Japanese surfperch mullet, Japanese surfperch Japanese seabass Seabass

Puffer Panther puffer Conger eel Conger eel; Congrid eel; Beach conger

Bartail flathead Bartail flathead Japanese sandlance (adult) Japanese sandlance Japanese littleneck clam Japanese littleneck clam

- 17 - 1-1-4 Restrictions and Suspensions on Distribution and Shipping In cases where the same fishery products at multiple locations along a prefecture’s coast exceed the limits and other situations in which it seems that an item might exceed the limits across an entire region, the Act on Special Measures Concerning Nuclear Emergency Preparedness, Article 20, paragraph 2 dictates that that the head of the Nuclear Emergency Response Headquarters (i.e., the Prime Minister of Japan) will impose restrictions on the distribution and shipping of the food item. Should such restrictions be imposed, local governments issue appeals to fishing industry organizations and those affiliated with the market and distribution to prevent the target food items from reaching the market. The cancellation of these distribution/shipping restrictions requires that all inspections at multiple locations within the previous month be below the limits. Products exceeding the limits will be judged to be in violation of the Food Sanitation Act, collected, and discarded without reaching market (Figure 2). The standards of the above restrictions and their subsequent cancellation are set by the Nuclear Emergency Response Headquarters’ Guidelines. If fishery samples in multiple places in the same inspection zone are found to exceed the limits, it is regarded that the contamination is in the state of “regional spread”. Should one instance of limit-exceeding results appear within a sea zone, it will become the focus of subsequent inspections. However, in this case, there is a possibility of “regional spread” of contamination throughout the relevant zone, and therefore local governments appeal to fishing industry organizations to suspend shipping and distribution until safety has been determined through focused inspections, at which point the suspensions may be canceled. The term “suspensions” may seem to imply that these suspensions are somewhat voluntary, but the items subject to the suspension are announced publicly, and they are imposed with the cooperation of fishing industry organizations in the same manner as government-imposed restrictions. Hence, until the appeal for suspensions is canceled, relevant parties engage in preventing the target goods in the target zone from reaching the market. Specifically, through extensive publicity and leadership from the fisheries cooperatives toward fishermen, as well as the cooperation of companies affiliated with distribution and the market itself to cease handling the target product (or to clearly label those items of the same type but shipped in from other regions), this “suspension” truly is being implemented. The current situation of the distribution restriction and suspension is shown in Figure 7.

- 18 -

The items are listed in public, preventing it from being distributed in the market.

Figure 2 Process of the Enactment and Cancellation of Restrictions and Suspensions on Shipping and Distribution (Marine fish)

Figure 3 Relationships Between the Various Government Organizations

- 19 - 1-1-5 Cancellation of Restrictions on Shipping and Distribution Radioactive cesium concentrations have dropped since the Fukushima Daiichi NPS accident, and now restrictions on shipping and distribution are gradually being canceled. For example, in the case of Fukushima Prefecture, restrictions were lifted on two species (Flathead flounder and Alaska pollock) in FY2013 and on nine species (including littlemouth flounder, Pacific cod, and shotted halibut) in FY2014.f To apply for a cancellation of restrictions on shipping and distribution, local governments must demonstrate that their inspection results are consistently below the limits. Shipping and distribution restriction orders will not be canceled until this application for cancellation is judged to be appropriate. Moreover, at the time that restrictions on shipping and distribution are lifted, local governments must present post-cancellation shipping and distribution management plans and inspection plans. They must also continue practicing appropriate monitoring and management after the restrictions are lifted. Examples of applications made for restriction cancellation include the cancellation of restrictions on the olive flounder in Miyagi Prefecture on April 1, 2013. The inspection results for this application can be found in Figure 4 below. Since a reading of 140 Bq/kg emerged on September 4, 2012, the highest reading out of 110 inspected samples was 51 Bq/kg, with a median reading of 8.3 Bq/kg [12]. Another example is the cancellation of restrictions on the Pacific cod in Aomori Prefecture on October 31, 2012, the inspection results of which are shown in Figure 5. Since a reading of 130 Bq/kg emerged on August 9, 2012, the highest reading out of 78 inspected samples was 67 Bq/kg, with a median reading of 7.8 Bq/kg [13]. Another example is the cancellation of restrictions on the Pacific cod in the offshore area of Fukushima Prefecture on January 14, 2015, the inspection results of which are shown in Figure 6. Since a reading of 110 Bq/kg emerged on June 20, 2013, the highest reading out of 235 inspected samples was 70 Bq/kg, with a median reading of 8.0 Bq/kg [14]. In this way, only when readings are confirmed to be consistently below limits are the restrictions on shipping and distribution canceled. It should be mentioned that restrictions on shipping and distribution were also lifted for Pacific cod in the offshore area of Fukushima Prefecture on February 24, 2015. Pacific cod is a species for which restrictions were applied over a broad area stretching from Aomori Prefecture to Ibaraki Prefecture following the accident. However, at the present time, these restrictions are lifted in all prefectures.

f Restrictions have also been lifted for land-locked salmon, Japanese dace, and whitespotted char in some water systems of the prefecture.

- 20 - n = 110 Restriction enacted: May 30, 2012 Restriction canceled: April 1, 2013

Figure 4 The Cancellation of Restrictions on the Olive Flounder, Miyagi Prefecture [12]

n = 78 Restriction enacted: August 27, 2012 Restriction canceled: October 31, 2012

Figure 5 The Cancellation of Restrictions on the Pacific Cod, Aomori Prefecture [13]

140

120 Average 9.9 Bq/kg Median 8.0 Bq/kg 100 Standard Deviation 7.9Bq/kg 80 Number of samples n n= =235 235 60 Restriction enacted: June 22, 2012 40 Restriction canceled: January 14, 2015

0 0 102030405060708090100 Radioactive Cesium (Bq/kg) Number of Pacific cods (Offshore) according to the amount of cesium detected (From Jun. 24th, 2013)

Figure 6 The Cancellation of Restrictions on the Pacific Cod, Offshore Fukushima Prefecture [14]

- 21 -

Figure 7 The State of Distribution Restrictions and Suspensions in Japan (as of March 31, 2015)

- 22 -

(Box 1) Calculation of the Limits for Human Consumption In the calculation of the limits for human consumption [9], the regulated radionuclide types were, among those released in the Fukushima Daiichi NPS accident, all of the radionuclides on the Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency’s emissions trial calculation list that have a half-life of over one year (cesium-134, cesium-137, strontium-90, plutonium, ruthenium-106). The limits were not set for iodine, which has a short half-life, and uranium, which even at the site of the accident was detected in quantities comparable to naturally-occurring levels. Measurements of radionuclides other than radioactive cesium (plutonium, strontium-90, ruthenium-106) are time-consuming. Therefore, the transfer factor of each type of radionuclide was analyzed for each transfer path, and the contribution rate of radioactive cesium was calculated with respect to the food intake averages by sex, age group and food group. For land-made products, because the vast majority of contamination occurs through the intake of radionuclides from the soil, environment monitoring data (or, when there are no data available, the trail calculation values of the Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency (NISA)) are used for initial cesium-137 concentration values in calculations. For marine products, because there is a great deal of variety in habitats and environment monitoring data is relatively limited compared to land-made products, assumptions are set to be safe with a wide margin of error. Hence, radionuclides other than radioactive cesium are assumed in marine products to have a contribution rate as high as 50 %. As a result, in the age group of over 19-year-old, for example, radiation dosage from non-cesium radionuclides in food is estimated on the large side at approximately 12 %. It was further assumed that 50 % of the food products sent to market were contaminated with radioactive materials at the maximum amount under the limit. Based on the above food intake amounts by age group as well as the contribution rate conversion factors of other radionuclides were taken into account to set the limits for radioactive cesium that would keep dosage below the annual dosage allotted to exposure from food (i.e., the annual dosage upper bound of 1mSv minus the aggregate dosage allotted to drinking 10 Bq/kg of water for a year [approx. 0.1 mSv], resulting in an annual dosage from food of approx. 0.9 mSv). (The limit for food, minus drinking water) [in Bq/kg] = (The annual dosage allotted to food) [mSv/y] ÷ Σ (the total target-radionuclides dosage factor in each food classification) [mSv/Bq] x (annual intake of each food product in each food classification) [kg/y] x (the proportion of items sent to market that are contaminated) * The total target-radionuclides dosage factor (mSv/Bq) is a coefficient that expresses the total dosage of regulated radionuclides (mSv) per 1 Bq of radioactive cesium (134+137) in food. This coefficient is calculated by calculating the amount of Bq of each radionuclide is contained in a food unit with 1 Bq of cesium, then multiplying each radionuclide type by the dosage coefficient and taking the sum of those values. The result was to set the limit for radioactive cesium in food at 100 Bq/kg, such that the limit would be considered safe for any age group, based on the most severe (smallest) limit value of all the ages and demographics, 120 Bq/kg for 13- to 18-year-old boys. It should be noted that the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare is conducting scientific research to verify the validity of limits in concentration measurements for radioactive cesium and other nuclides in food. Although it has yet to be concluded, none of the data studied thus far points to a need to reexamine limits.

Drinking water Of the 0.9 mSv, approximately 88% is considered to be the influence of cesium and the remaining 12% the influence of Approx. 0.1 mSv Food Approx. 0.9 mSv radioactive materials other than cesium. 23

- 23 -

(Box 2) Survey of Radiation Dose from Radionuclides in Foods Calculation of the Limits

In Box 1, we have explained the concept of the limits for radionuclides in food. In accordance with the limits, testing of radionuclides in foods has been conducted, and measures such as distribution restriction of foods whose radiation level exceeds the limits have been implemented. The Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW) carried out surveys on dietary intake of radionuclides and resulting dose of radiation exposure. Two types of surveys have been carried out: (1) “market basket survey (MB survey)” and (2) “duplicate diet survey”. In the MB survey, “market basket samples” were prepared as national average portion of meal, using foods actually distributed in the market, and their radiation doses were measured. In the duplicate diet survey, duplicate portions of actual meals served in households were collected and mixed uniformly, and their radiation doses were measured. Eight surveys targeted radioactive cesium, and four surveys targeted radioactive strontium and plutonium (as of March 2015) [15; 16; 17; 18; 19; 20; 21; 22; 23; 24]. In the first survey after the F1NPS accident carried out from September through November 2011, targeting Miyagi Prefecture, Fukushima Prefecture (Naka-dori) and Tokyo, the radiation doses from radioactive cesium (Cs-134 + Cs-137) in foods were estimated to be 0.0021 - 0.019 mSv/year. In the following surveys, the estimated doses have not exceeded 0.01 mSv/year, in all areas targeted in the surveys. In the latest MB survey (carried out in February and March 2014), the estimated dose was 0.0019 mSv/year even in the region showing the highest value. These estimated doses were way below 1 mSv/year, which was used as a basis of establishing the current limits [24]. The same surveys also estimated annual doses from radioactive potassium (K-40) which naturally exists in foods. The results showed that estimated annual doses from radioactive cesium have been substantially lower than those from K-40 (0.14 - 0.2 mSv) [17; 18]. In MB survey etc. carried out in February to May 2012, September and October 2012, February and March 2013, and September and October 2013 in many parts of Japan, targeted Strontium-90 and plutonium (Pu-238, Pu-239+240). Strontium-90 was detected in some samples, but the value was within the range detected before F1NPS accident. Plutonium was not detected [16; 22; 23]. These results show that the management of radiation doses from foods has been functioning properly since the aftermath of F1NPS accident to today.

- 24 - (Box 3) Examples of Local Government Monitoring Plan

1. Example of the Morintaring Plan for the 4th Quarter of FY2014 (January to March 2015) for Miyagi Prefecture) [25] ○ Samples are secured in each sea zone and inspection began.

Sea zones: Divided into 7 sea zones Category # of Freq. of # of cities ①Northern Coastal Zone (Food items items inspection in which ②Central Coastal Zone ③Sendai Bay North-Central Zone inspected before samples ④Sendai Bay South Zone or at the time of collected ⑤Mt. Kinka North Offshore Zone ⑥Mt. Kinka South Offshore Zone distribution) ⑦Pacific Zone Marine fish 27 >1 a week Entire pref. (whenever necessary) Inland fish 5 >1 a week Entire pref. (Whenever Inspection frequency is increased necessary) if the detected level of radionuclides approach or exceed the limit

Inspected items (that are marine fish actually harvested in the planned period) A. Items in which radioactive cesium of over 1/2 the limit has been detected Olive flounder, flatfish (2 groups), fat greenling, rockfishs / scorpionfishs / marbled rockfishs (2 groups), sharks/ rays, Pacfic cod, brown hakeling, gurnard / poacher, Japanese black porgy / flathead mullet, seabass, puffers, conger eels, flathead, Japanese littleneck clam B. Major Items After Production Status Taken Into Account Horse mackerels, Alaskan pollock, monkfishes, croakers/drums/sailfin poachers, sea breams (except black porgy) / john dorys, surfperch, Japanese sandlance (adult), sea urchins, oriental weather loach, basses, Japanese sand lance (juvenile) / whitebait, icefishs, sardines, mackerels, amberjacks, Japanese gissus / greeneyes / jewfishes, hairtails, Japanese whiting, coho salmon, crustaceans, shellfish, seaweeds, squids / octopuses

2. Example of the Monitoring Plan for the 4th Quarter of FY2014 (January to March 2015) for Chiba Prefecture) [72] ○ Measurement at a rate of approx. 40 samples/week

Habitat January February March Sardines, mackerels, Sardines, mackerels, Sardines, mackerels, Surface layer horse mackerels, horse mackerels, horse mackerels, halfbeak halfbeak halfbeak Japanese amberjack, Japanese amberjack, red Japanese amberjack, red Intermediate red seabream, seabass, seabream, seabass, seabream, seabass, layer Japanese black porgy, Japanese black porgy, Japanese black porgy hairtail hairtail Olive flounder, flounder Olive flounder, flounder Olive flounder, flounder family, rockfish family, family, rockfish family, family, rockfish family, Bottom layer scorpion fish, gurnard, scorpion fish, gurnard, scorpion fish, gurnard, alfonsino alfonsino alfonsino Japanese littleneck Japanese littleneck clam, Japanese littleneck clam, clam, common orient common orient clam, common orient clam, Shellfish clam, Chinese mactra Chinese mactra clam, Chinese mactra clam, clam, hard clam, clam hard clam, clam (Meretrix hard clam, clam (Meretrix (Meretrix lamarckii) lamarckii) lamarckii) Squids & Common octopus Spear squid octopuses Seaweeds Laver Laver Laver, hijiki seaweed Inland waters Omitted

- 25 - Chapter 2. Results of Radioactive Cesium Inspections for Fishery Products

As explained in Chapter 1, radioactive materials in fishery products have been monitored continuously since immediately after the Fukushima Daiichi NPS accident. Further, 2-1-1 below explains the detail of intake and emission of radioactive materials by fish and other fishery products, and shows that cesium concentration in fishery products drop as cesium concentrations in the environment drop. This chapter will show inspection results with respect to region, changes with time (time-series), trends in different major fish groups, and other topics. Inspection results for other fishery products not discussed in this chapter are collected in an appendix table at the end of this report. As stated previously, inspections are, in principle, performed prior to shipping and distribution. If even one of the results of these inspections exceeds the limits, local governments appeal to fishermen in the relevant sea zone to cease shipping and distributing that type of fish. In situations where a regional spread of such limit-exceeding occurs, the director of the Nuclear Emergency Response Headquarters orders that a shipping and distribution restriction be placed on the relevant sea zone and/or fish species. Among the inspection results explained in this chapter are those currently under shipping and distribution restrictions. Therefore, the presence of such inspection results in this chapter does not mean that there are fishery products detected with over-the-limit radioactive cesium concentrations in active distribution in the market.

About the graphs: ・ Histogram: Concentrations on the horizontal axis; on the vertical axis, each concentration’s relative frequency calculated year-by-year. Suitable for examining overall distribution of concentrations and the changes therein. ・ Scatter plot: Time on the horizontal axis; radioactive cesium concentration on the vertical axis. Suitable for examining the trends of radioactive cesium concentration over time. ・ Figures 8 to 37 have been drawn based on data from fishery product radioactive material inspections published by the Fisheries Agency [26].

1-2-1 Inspection Results for Nationwide Fishery Products in Japan (in total) Figure 8 displays cumulative totals of all nationwide inspections to the present date. From the date of the Fukushima Daiichi NPS accident to end of January 2015, 66,511 samples have undergone inspection. Of these, 95.5 % (63,549) were found to have radioactive cesium concentrations within the current limit of 100 Bq/kg. In Fukushima Prefecture, 91.1 % (24,845 of 27,283) of samples were within 100 Bq/kg. Outside of Fukushima Prefecture, the figure is 98.7 % (38,704 of 39,228). Figure 9 displays aggregated inspection results by fiscal year. It is important to note that because the inspections focus on fish species and sea zones found in the previous year to contain high radioactivity values, the breakdown of each year is different and years cannot simply be compared to one another. However, in FY2014, the proportion of samples exceeding 100 Bq/kg has declined to 0.5 %. Thus, with the passage of time, the proportion of results exceeding 100 Bq/kg has dropped, and also, the overall

- 26 - distribution of concentrations has shifted to lower level (i.e., shifting to the left in the graphs). This trend, as explained in 2-2-1, is considered to show that as radioactive cesium concentrations drop off in sea water that once produced high readings, radioactive cesium concentrations drop off in fishery products as well. The details are described below. Although there are differences in levels of contamination and the rate at which readings drop off from fish species to species, the trends are the same for all of them.

（Samples） 63,549 Other prefectures (39,228) 60,000 Fukushima (27,283)

50,000 2,000 1,650 (38,704) 1,500 (383) 40,000 1,000 (67) (1,267) 526 378 (27) 30,000 500 249 (25) 159 (22) (459) (351) 0 (224) (137) 20,000 101～200 201～300 301～400 401～500 Morethan (24,845) 500 10,000

0 100 or less 101～200 201～300 301～400 401～500 Morethan 500 （Bq/kg）

Figure 8 Nationwide Fishery Products Inspection Results (in total) (Mar. 2011- Jan. 2015)

Nation wide Nation wide Nation wide Nation wide (2011.3～2012.3) (2012.4～2013.3) (2013.4～2014.3) (2014.4～2015.1) 90.3% 95.4% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% (18,695) 100.0% (16,868) 76.3% (14,921) 80.0% 58.5% 80.0% 80.0% 80.0% (5,017) 60.0% 60.0% 60.0% 60.0%

40.0% 40.0% 40.0% 40.0% 17.2% 12.8% 12.1% 6.8% 4.6% (1,476) 5.6% 5.7% 20.0% (1,101) 20.0% (2,369) 3.7% 2.3% 20.0% 1.5% 0.9% 1.5% 20.0% 2.6% 0.9% 0.5% 0.5% (585) (397) (1,093) (1,184) (731) (451) (319) (195) (302) (464) (160) (92) (91) 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% ～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～ Bq/kg Bq/kg Bq/kg Bq/kg

Figure 9 Nationwide Fishery Products Inspection Results (in total) (by fiscal year) (The numbers in parentheses show number of samples)

1-2-2 Inspection Results for Fukushima Prefecture Fishery Products (all) Figure 10 displays the number of samples in Fukushima Prefecture inspections that exceeded 100 Bq/kg in 3-month periods, as well as its ratio relative to the total number of inspections (hereinafter, “excess ratio”) in that period. Figure 11 shows this same data displayed by fiscal year. In Fukushima Prefecture, 53.0 % of samples taken in the period immediately following the Fukushima Daiichi NPS accident (April – June 2011) were over 100 Bq/kg; however, in the single year after the accident, that proportion dropped by half. Since FY2012, the focus of inspections was shifted to the specific fish species that over 50 Bq/kg were detected during one year after the accident, but even still the proportion of samples exceeding 100

- 27 - Bq/kg continued to decline. In October to December 2014, the figure dropped to 0.4 %. Coastal fishing and bottom trawling operations in the waters around Fukushima were subject to suspensions after the accident in March 2011. However, after thorough inspections, trial fishing and sales resumed in June 2012 for species that consistently demonstrated radionuclide levels below the limits, followed by gradual increase of target fish species and expansion of allowed fishing areas. Information on the species subject to trial fishing and sales, developments on allowed fishing areas and fishing methods, and the results of inspections performed during trial fishing and sales are all published on the Fukushima Prefectural Federation of Fisheries Co-operative Associations website.a

More than 100Bq/kg Total総検体数：：27,283 samples 検体福島県の検査結果（H27年1月末日時点） More than 27,283 100Bq/kg or less More than100Bq/kg 100Bq/kg超の検体数：： 2,438 samples2,438検体 (Samples) 100Bq/kg 100Bq/kg or less：24,845 samples （検体） Excess ratio 100Bq/kg以下の検体数：24,845検体（超過率） 3,0003,000 100%100% 4444 1515 2,5002,500 1010 4242 4747 3535 2,0002,000 114114 53.0%53.0% 141141 162162 1,500 217217 50% 1,500 359359 50% 39.1%39.1% 2,651 34.9%34.9% 2,651 2,4992,499 326 2,1372,137 2,0562,056 2,3552,355 326 2,101 1,0001,000 26.4%26.4% 1,9891,989 2,101 404404 22.1%22.1% 1,713 1,5801,580 1,713 2 346346 1,4811,481 2 500 12.8% 500 909909 12.8% 9.3%9.3% 7.6%7.6% 754754 1,2641,264 5.4%5.4% 663 539539 2.2%2.2% 1.9%1.9% 1.7% 663 174174 1.7% 1.6%1.6% 0.6%0.6% 0.4% 0.4% 0.3%0.3% 154 00 154 0%0% 20112011 20112011 20112011 20122012 20122012 20122012 20122012 20132013 20132013 20132013 20132013 20142014 20142014 20142014 20142014 20152015 AprApr‐Jun‐JunJulJul‐Sep‐SepOctOct‐Dec‐DecJanJan‐Mar‐MarAprApr‐Jun‐JunJulJul‐Sep‐SepOctOct‐Dec‐DecJanJan‐Mar‐MarAprApr‐Jun‐JunJulJul‐Sep‐SepOctOct‐Dec‐DecJanJan‐Mar‐MarAprApr‐Jun‐JunJulJul‐Sep‐SepOctOct‐Dec‐Dec JanJan Figure 10 Inspection Results for Fukushima Prefecture Fishery Products (all) (>100 Bq/kg readings in 3-month periods)

Fukushima (2011.3～2012.3) Fukushima (2012.4～2013.3) Fukushima (2013.4～2014.3) Fukushima (2014.4～2015.1) 87.5% 93.6% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% (7,453) (7,710)

80.0% 80.0% 64.3% 80.0% 80.0% (4,449) 60.0% 60.0% 60.0% 60.0% 32.6% 34.7% 40.0% (1,176) (1,250) 40.0% 40.0% 40.0% 13.6% 11.2% 12.4% 12.7% 8.0% 6.3% 5.4% 20.0% (489) (404) 20.0% (861) 4.3% (879) 20.0% 2.6% 1.7% 2.8% 20.0% 3.4% 1.4% 0.8% 0.9% (287) (433) (464) (295) (221) (145) (238) (278) (114) (66) (71) 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% ～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～ Bq/kg Bq/kg Bq/kg Bq/kg

Figure 11 Inspection Results for Fukushima Prefecture Fishery Products (all) (by fiscal year)

Figure 12 through Figure 15 show the number of Fukushima Prefecture samples exceeding readings of 100 Bq/kg and the excess ratio relative to the total number of samples, separated into marine and

a Fukushima Prefectural Federation of Fisheries Co-operative Associations website http://www.jf-net.ne.jp/fsgyoren/

- 28 - freshwater fish species, and aggregated in 3-month and fiscal year periods. For marine fish, as displayed in Figure 13, 64.8 % of samples in FY2011 were within 100 Bq/kg. However concentrations declined in the passage of time, with 99.4 % of samples in FY2014 being within 100 Bq/kg. As explained in 2-1-1, the function by which marine fish eject salts from their bodies is considered to explain why radioactive cesium concentrations drop in fish bodies as they simultaneously also drop in the marine water itself. For freshwater fish, as displayed in Figure 15, 68.3% of samples were within 100 Bq/kg in FY2011, but by FY2014, 97.1% of results were within 100 Bq/kg. Although overall concentrations of radioactive cesium have decreased, the rate of decrease is slower than that of marine fish. This is thought to be due to the function by which freshwater fish retain salts within their bodies, making it more difficult for them to discharge radioactive cesium compared to marine fish.

(Samples) More than 100Bq/kg 3,000 100Bq/kg or less 100% Excess ratio 2,500 25 10 9 34 33 2,000 57.7% 84 30 135 41.0% 154 1,500 202 50% 37.3% 300 2,369 2,153 278 2,001 1,984 2,149 1,000 1,751 1,921 380 25.1% 21.6% 1,302 1,453 1,625 2 299 13.4% 500 9.6% 7.7% 4.6% 651 120 828 1,092 1.5% 1.7% 1.6% 1.0% 0.5% 0.4% 0.3% 430 638 0 88 0% 2011 2011 2011 2012 2012 2012 2012 2013 2013 2013 2013 2014 2014 2014 2014 2015 Apr‐Jun Jul‐Sep Oct‐DecJan‐MarApr‐Jun Jul‐Sep Oct‐DecJan‐MarApr‐Jun Jul‐Sep Oct‐DecJan‐MarApr‐Jun Jul‐Sep Oct‐Dec Jan

Figure 12 Inspection Results for Fukushima Prefecture Marine Fish Species (>100 Bq/kg readings, by 3-month periods)

Fukushima, marine species Fukushima, marine species Fukushima, marine species Fukushima, marine species (2011.3～2012.3) (2012.4～2013.3) (2013.4～2014.3) (2014.4～2015.1) 95.5% 88.8% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% (7,037) (6,959) 80.0% 80.0% 64.8% 80.0% 80.0% (4,058) 60.0% 60.0% 60.0% 60.0% 35.2% 30.3% (1,077) 40.0% (928) 40.0% 40.0% 40.0% 14.3% 12.0% 12.2% 12.6% 8.2% 6.1% 5.0% 20.0% (437) (368) 20.0% (767) 4.2% (791) 20.0% 2.5% 1.4% 2.3% 20.0% 2.5% 0.9% 0.5% 0.6% (251) (385) (391) (262) (194) (113) (181) (183) (63) (38) (46) 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% ～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～ Bq/kg Bq/kg Bq/kg Bq/kg

Figure 13 Inspection Results for Fukushima Prefecture Marine Fish Species (by fiscal year)

- 29 - (Samples) More than 100Bq/kg 500 100Bq/kg or less 100% Excess ratio 400 5 19 300 45.0% 30 50% 37.2% 15 17 1 200 30.1% 59 24 8 8 346 25.5% 238 282 47 17.1% 6 180 100 48 172 179 136 2 206 54 7.7% 127 11.2% 8.6% 6.3% 109 116 5.9% 6.4% 5.6% 66 81 2.7% 1.4% 0.5% 0% 0 0 88 72 12 0% 2011 2011 2011 2012 2012 2012 2012 2013 2013 2013 2013 2014 2014 2014 2014 2015 Apr‐Jun Jul‐Sep Oct‐DecJan‐MarApr‐Jun Jul‐Sep Oct‐DecJan‐MarApr‐Jun Jul‐Sep Oct‐DecJan‐MarApr‐Jun Jul‐Sep Oct‐Dec Jan

Figure 14 Inspection Results for Fukushima Prefecture Freshwater Species (>100 Bq/kg readings, by 3-month periods)

Fukushima, freshwater Fukushima, freshwater Fukushima, freshwater Fukushima, freshwater species (2011.3～2012.3) species (2012.4～2013.3) species (2013.4～2014.3) species (2014.4～2015.1)

100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 77.2% 72.3% (673) 80.0% 80.0% 59.8% 80.0% (494) 80.0% 45.5% (391) 60.0% 60.0% 60.0% 60.0% (248) 31.7% 40.0% (173) 40.0% 40.0% 40.0% 14.4% 9.5% 13.5% 10.7% 10.9% 6.6% 6.6% 7.3% 5.0% 8.3% 5.8% 20.0% 20.0% (94) (88) 20.0% 4.0% 4.7% 20.0% 3.2% 2.9% (52) (36) (36) (48) (73) (57) (95) (33) (27) (32) (51) (28) (25) 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% ～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～ 12345 Bq/kg Bq/kg Bq/kg Bq/kg

Figure 15 Inspection Results for Fukushima Prefecture Freshwater Species (by fiscal year)

1-2-3 Inspection Results for Fishery Products (all) from Outside Fukushima Prefecture Figure 16 shows the number of non-Fukushima Prefecture samples exceeding readings of 100 Bq/kg and the excess ratio relative to the total number of samples, aggregated into 3-month periods. Figure 17 shows the same data summed up by fiscal year. As Figure 16 demonstrates for areas outside of Fukushima Prefecture, even in the March to June 2011 period after the accident, 93.5 % of samples were within the 100 Bq/kg. Excess ratio dropped even further over time, with 99 % of samples reading within 100 Bq/kg in the October to December 2012 period; and 99.9 % of samples within 100 Bq/kg in October to December 2014. Figure 18 through Figure 21 show the number of non-Fukushima Prefecture samples exceeding readings of 100 Bq/kg and the excess ratio relative to the total number of samples, separated into marine and freshwater fish species, and aggregated in 3-month and fiscal year periods. As Figure 19 and Figure 21 show, results of FY2014 inspection reveals that all marine fish samples, with two exceptions, were within 100 Bq/kg (99.97 %), and 99.1 % of freshwater fish samples were within 100 Bq/kg. Further examination of the proportion of FY2014 samples over 50 Bq/kg shows that, 0.05 % of marine fish samples were over 50 Bq/kg, 4.5 % of freshwater fish samples exceeded that mark. Hence, radioactive cesium concentrations were slightly higher in freshwater fish samples than in marine fish samples.

- 30 - More than 100Bq/kg Total：39,228 samples 100Bq/kg or less More than 100Bq/kg：524 samples (Samples) Excess ratio 100Bq/kg or less：38,704 samples 4,000 100% 133 24 18 14 10 47 17 3,000 8 2 16 9

115 2,000 50% 42 3,536 3,367 3,168 2,868 3,049 2,976 2,538 3,464 2,627 2,732 2,775 1,000 2,025 0 34 1,567 35 6.5% 5.0% 5.4% 2.6% 3.7% 1.6% 860 0.5% 0.6% 0.7% 0.4% 0.6% 0.4% 0.3% 0.3% 0.1% 0% 0 500 652 0% 2011 2011 2011 2012 2012 2012 2012 2013 2013 2013 2013 2014 2014 2014 2014 2015 Apr‐Jun Jul‐Sep Oct‐DecJan‐MarApr‐Jun Jul‐Sep Oct‐DecJan‐MarApr‐Jun Jul‐Sep Oct‐DecJan‐MarApr‐Jun Jul‐Sep Oct‐Dec Jan Figure 16 Inspection Results for Non-Fukushima Prefecture Fishery Products (all) (>100 Bq/kg readings, by 3-month periods)

Other prefectures Other prefectures Other prefectures Other prefectures (2011.3～2012.3) (2012.4～2013.3) (2013.4～2014.3) (2014.4～2015.1) 92.3% 97.1% (9158) 100.0% 77.3% 100.0% 82.8% 100.0% (11,242) 100.0% (3,841) (10,472) 80.0% 80.0% 80.0% 80.0%

60.0% 60.0% 60.0% 60.0%

40.0% 40.0% 40.0% 40.0% 12.3% 11.9% 4.5% 5.9% 20.0% (612) 3.6% 2.2% 20.0% (1,508) 2.4% 1.2% 1.7% 20.0% 0.8% 0.4% 0.5% 20.0% 2.0% 0.5% 0.3% 0.2% (226) (720) (181) (110) (298) (156) (214) (98) (50) (64) (186) (46) (26) (20) 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% ～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～ Bq/kg Bq/kg Bq/kg Bq/kg

Figure 17 Inspection Results for Non-Fukushima Prefecture Fishery Products (all) (by fiscal year)

More than 100Bq/kg (Samples) 100Bq/kg or less 9 3,000 Excess ratio 100% 27 6 3 2,500 12 2 1 1 0 3 1 2,000 45 34 1,500 2,893 50% 2,671 2,345 2,241 2,280 2,269 2,087 2,336 1,000 2,260 2,189 1,727 2,539 0 22 11 1,509 500 784 2.2% 2.5% 4.7% 1.9% 1.1% 0.5% 0.3% 0.1% 0.2% 0.1% 0.1% 0.04% 0.04% 0.05% 0% 0% 0 451 575 0% 2011 2011 2011 2012 2012 2012 2012 2013 2013 2013 2013 2014 2014 2014 2014 2015 Apr‐Jun Jul‐Sep Oct‐DecJan‐MarApr‐Jun Jul‐Sep Oct‐DecJan‐MarApr‐Jun Jul‐Sep Oct‐DecJan‐MarApr‐Jun Jul‐Sep Oct‐Dec Jan

Figure 18 Inspection Results for Non-Fukushima Prefecture Marine Fish Species (>100 Bq/kg readings, by 3-month periods)

- 31 - Other prefectures, marine Other prefectures, marine Other prefectures, marine Other prefectures, marine species (2011.3～2012.3) species (2012.4～2013.3) species (2013.4～2014.3) species (2014.4～2015.1) 99.6% 85.1% 94.0% (7,447) 100.0% 81.3% 100.0% 100.0% (8,973) 100.0% (3,555) (8,454) 80.0% 80.0% 80.0% 80.0% 60.0% 60.0% 60.0% 60.0% 0.05% 40.0% 40.0% 40.0% 40.0% 12.1% 11.8% 5.5% 20.0% (531) 2.9% 1.1% 2.6% 20.0% (1,174) 1.8% 0.7% 0.5% 20.0% 0.3% 0.1% 0.1% 20.0% 0.4% 0.03% 0.03% (526) (127) (49) (112) (181) (72) (51) (26) (12) (12) (27) (2) 0.0% (2) 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% ～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～ Bq/kg Bq/kg Bq/kg Bq/kg

Figure 19 Inspection Results for Non-Fukushima Prefecture Marine Fish Species (by fiscal year)

More than 100Bq/kg (Samples) 100Bq/kg or less 1,200 Excess ratio 100% 1,000 106 18 12 9 800 35 7 600 14 50% 9 13 2 70 925 865 888 780 400 21.0% 23.0% 8 645 716 523 12.1% 19.0% 474 438 200 10.3% 297 439 23 298 4.7% 2.9% 2.0% 2.6% 2.6% 13 8 1.9% 1.3% 1.1% 1.1% 0.5% 0% 0 0 49 77 58 76 0% 2011 2011 2011 2012 2012 2012 2012 2013 2013 2013 2013 2014 2014 2014 2014 2015 Apr‐Jun Jul‐Sep Oct‐DecJan‐MarApr‐Jun Jul‐Sep Oct‐DecJan‐Mar Apr‐Jun Jul‐Sep Oct‐DecJan‐MarApr‐Jun Jul‐Sep Oct‐Dec Jan

Figure 20 Inspection Results for Non-Fukushima Prefecture Freshwater Fish Species (>100 Bq/kg readings, by 3-month periods)

Other prefectures, freshwater Other prefectures, freshwater Other prefectures, freshwater Other prefectures, freshwater species (2011.3～2012.3) species (2012.4～2013.3) species (2013.4～2014.3) species (2014.4～2015.1) 87.4% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 86.4% 100.0% 74.3% (2,269) (1,711) 80.0% 80.0% (2,018) 80.0% 80.0% 48.0% 4.5% 60.0% (286) 60.0% 60.0% 60.0%

40.0% 19.1% 40.0% 40.0% 40.0% 13.6% 9.1% 10.2% (114) 12.3% 4.3% 6.0% 7.4% 8.1% 20.0% (81) (61) 20.0% (334) 3.1% 20.0% 2.7% 1.4% 2.0% 20.0% 2.2% 1.3% 0.9% (54) (163) (194) (159) (117) (84) (72) (38) (52) (44) (26) (18) 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% ～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～ Bq/kg Bq/kg Bq/kg Bq/kg

Figure 21 Inspection Results for Non-Fukushima Prefecture Freshwater Fish Species (by fiscal year)

1-2-4 Trends within Fish Species Differences in radioactive cesium concentrations among various fish species and sea zones become apparent through monitoring. The feeding habit and living habitat type of each species is thought to be relevant to the difference. As the differences between marine and freshwater fish have already been explained, this section focuses on the differences among the main fish species.

- 32 - (1) Surface-layer fish As shown in Figure 22 (leftmost chart) and Figure 23, there were samples of Japanese sandlance (juvenile) and whitebait (juvenile anchovy) in the immediate post-accident period that exceeded provisional regulation values of 500 Bq/kg, but the levels of radioactive cesium concentration quickly dropped off. Except for one sample of halfbeak harvested in February 2013 in the waters off Fukushima Prefecture, there have been no surface-layer fish since autumn 2011 with readings that exceeded 100 Bq/kg.

(2) Migratory fish Inspection results for saury and chum salmon, migratory fish species, are displayed in Figure 22 (center graph). The levels of radioactive cesium have never exceeded 100 Bq/kg. They have been within 50 Bq/kg. Samples for skipjack and other tuna species have also never exceeded 100 Bq/kg.

(3) Squid and octopus Inspection results for spear squid and north pacific giant octopus are displayed in Figure 22 (rightmost graph). There were some high readings immediately after the accident in 2011, but afterward there was a precipitous drop in radioactive cesium concentrations that was even more rapid than with surface-layer fish like Japanese sandlance and whitebait (juvenile anchovy). Today, no sample has been found to be beyond 50 Bq/kg. As with crustaceans and shellfish discussed later, salts are exchanged freely in and out of marine invertebrates’ bodies and the sea water. Therefore, it is thought that if radioactive cesium concentrations in the water drop, then concentrations inside marine invertebrates’ bodies will also quickly drop.

Bq/kg Bq/kg Nationwide Surface‐level fish Bq/kg Nationwide Migratory fish Nationwide Squid and octopus 10,000 10,000 10,000 Japanese sandlance Saury Spear squid whitebait (juvenile anchovy) Chum salmon North pacific giant octopus 1,000 1,000 1,000

n= 1024 n= 1430 n= 1074 100 100 100

10 10 10

1 1 1 2011/3/1 2012/3/1 2013/3/1 2014/3/1 2011/3/1 2012/3/1 2013/3/1 2014/3/1 2011/3/1 2012/3/1 2013/3/1 2014/3/1

Figure 22 Inspection Results for Surface-layer Fish, Migratory Fish, Squid, and Octopus

- 33 - Nationwide, Japanese Nationwide, Japanese Nationwide, Japanese Nationwide, Japanese sandlance and Whitebait sandlance and Whitebait sandlance and Whitebait sandlance and Whitebait

(2011.3～2012.3) 100.0% (2012.4～2013.3) 100.0% (2013.4～2014.3) 100.0% (2014.4～2015.1) (237) (361) (234) 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 64.1% 80.0% 80.0% 80.0% 80.0% (116) 60.0% 60.0% 60.0% 60.0%

40.0% 21.0% 40.0% 40.0% 40.0% (38) 7.2% 5.0% 2.8% 20.0% (13) 20.0% 20.0% 20.0% (9) (5) 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% ～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～ Bq/kg Bq/kg Bq/kg Bq/kg

Figure 23 Nationwide Inspection Results for Surface-layer Fish (Japanese sandlance, Whitebait (juvenile anchovy)) (by fiscal year)

(4) Intermediate-layer fish (Chub mackerel and Southern mackerel) Figure 24 displays inspection results for chub mackerel and southern mackerel mainly caught offshore. None of the radioactive cesium readings exceed either the post-accident provisional regulation values of 500 Bq/kg (in place until year-end FY2011) or the limits of 100 Bq/kg (in place since FY2012). Moreover, no sample has been found to be beyond 50 Bq/kg since FY2012.

Nationwide, Chub mackerel Nationwide, Chub mackerel Nationwide, Chub mackerel Nationwide, Chub mackerel and Southern mackerel and Southern mackerel and Southern mackerel and Southern mackerel (2011.3～2012.3) 100.0% (2012.4～2013.3) 100.0% (2013.4～2014.3) 100.0% (2014.4～2015.1) 86.7% (290) (310) (275) 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% (169) 80.0% 80.0% 80.0% 80.0%

60.0% 60.0% 60.0% 60.0%

40.0% 40.0% 40.0% 40.0% 7.2% 4.1% 0.5% 1.5% 20.0% (14) 20.0% 20.0% 20.0% (8) (1) (3) 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% ～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～ Bq/kg Bq/kg Bq/kg Bq/kg

Figure 24 Nationwide Inspection Results for Chub mackerel and Southern mackerel (by fiscal year)

(Seabass) Monitoring of seabass living in coastal waters has been reinforced, as levels exceeding limits have been observed over a large area, there are great disparities in concentrations, and, while infrequent, cases of extremely high values have been observed. Looking at inspection results for Fukushima, 57.4 % percent of samples exceeded the limit in FY2011, while 27.9 % exceeded it in FY2012 and 14.4 % exceeded it in FY2013. Thus, the decline in concentration was slow compared to other fish species. However, the percentage exceeding the limit fell significantly to 2.5 % in FY2014. As for seabass from other prefectures, a small percentage of samples exceeded the limit in FY2013; however, the percentages of such samples have been falling conspicuously since then. Previously, it had been thought that the high concentrations of cesium detected in seabass were due in part to their use of rivers and estuaries. However, the latest research has not found a clear relationship

- 34 - between cesium concentration and use of rivers. It is therefore thought that their use of rivers is not a factor in the high concentrations of cesium in seabass [27].

Fukushima, Seabass Fukushima, Seabass Fukushima, Seabass Fukushima, Seabass (2011.3～2012.3) (2012.4～2013.3) (2013.4～2014.3) (2014.4～2015.1) 88.7% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% (94)

80.0% 57.4% 80.0% 80.0% 61.0% 80.0% (35) (72) 60.0% 60.0% 60.0% 60.0% 28.8% 27.9% 40.0% 19.7% 40.0% 40.0% 40.0% (30) 17.3% (29) 14.4% 14.4% 11.5% 11.5% (12) 13.5% 12.5% 9.3% (18) (17) (17) 5.1% 20.0% (7) (7) 20.0% (14) (13) 20.0% (11) 0.8% 20.0% 0.8% 1.7% 2.5% (6) 0.0% (1) (1) (2) (3) 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% ～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～ Bq/kg Bq/kg Bq/kg Bq/kg

Other prefectures, Seabass Other prefectures, Seabass Other prefectures, Seabass Other prefectures, Seabass (2011.3～2012.3) (2012.4～2013.3) (2013.4～2014.3) 98.1% (2014.4～2015.1) 86.2% (472) 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% (431) 80.0% 80.0% 80.0% 80.0% 48.6% 60.0% 60.0% (187) 60.0% 60.0% 32.4% 29.6% 40.0% (22) 22.1% 40.0% 40.0% 40.0% 16.2% 16.2% (114) 13.2% (15) 11.7% 11.8% (11) (11) 5.7% 20.0% (9) 20.0% (45) 4.4% 20.0% (59) 0.6% 1.0% 0.4% 20.0% 1.4% 0.2% 0.2% (22) (17) (3) (5) (2) (7) (1) 0.0% (1) 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% ～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～ Bq/kg Bq/kg Bq/kg Bq/kg

Figure 25 Inspection Results for Seabass (by fiscal year)

(5) Crabs, Shrimp, and other Crustaceans Inspection results for horsehair crab, snow crab, and north pacific krill are displayed in Figure 26 (leftmost chart). Readings since the 2011 accident have not exceeded 100 Bq/kg, with absolutely no readings beyond 50 Bq/kg.

(6) Shellfish Inspection results for shellfish (Japanese littleneck clam/common orient clam, surf clam, and oysters) are displayed in Figure 26 (center graph) and Figure 27. There were some samples that exceeded provisional regulation values of 500 Bq/kg immediately following the 2011 accident, but since FY2012 all readings have been within 100 Bq/kg, with almost no readings beyond 50 Bq/kg.

(7) Seaweeds Inspection results for seaweed（wakame seaweed [raw and salted], laver [dry laver], sea tangle [raw and salted]）are shown in Figure 26 (rightmost chart). Although there were some samples that exceeded provisional regulation values of 500 Bq/kg immediately following the 2011 accident, radioactive cesium concentrations rapidly dropped off, and there are no more readings beyond 50 Bq/kg.

- 35 - Crabs and Shrimp Shellfish Seaweeds 10,000 10,000 10,000 Japanese littleneck clam, Horsehair crab, Snow crab Common orient clam Wakame seaweed North Pacific krill Surf clam (raw and salted) 1,000 Laver (dry laver) 1,000 1,000 Oysters n = 647 n = 1121 n = 1392 100 100 100

10 10 10

1 1 1 2011/3/1 2012/3/1 2013/3/1 2014/3/1 2011/3/1 2012/3/1 2013/3/1 2014/3/1 2011/3/1 2012/3/1 2013/3/1 2014/3/1

Figure 26 Inspection Results for Crabs, Shrimp, Shellfish, and Seaweeds

Nationwide, Shellfish Nationwide, Shellfish Nationwide, Shellfish Nationwide, Shellfish (2011.3～2012.3) 97.3% (2012.4～2013.3) 99.8% (2013.4～2014.3) 100.0% (2014.4～2015.1) (285) (446) (637) 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

80.0% 64.2% 80.0% 80.0% 80.0% (111) 60.0% 60.0% 60.0% 60.0%

40.0% 20.2% 40.0% 40.0% 40.0% 8.1% (35) 3.5% 4.0% 2.7% 20.0% (14) 20.0% 20.0% 0.2% 20.0% (6) (7) (8) 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% (1) 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% ～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～ Bq/kg Bq/kg Bq/kg Bq/kg

Figure 27 Nationwide Inspection Results for Shellfish (Japanese littleneck clam, Common orient clam, Surf clam, Oysters, Abalones, Japanese whelk) (by fiscal year)

(8) Bottom fish Among the bottom fish that inhabit the area near the ocean floor are some species in Fukushima that still demonstrate radioactive cesium levels that are above the limit; however, the proportion of such fish is shrinking.

The trends among bottom fish vary significantly among species; specifically: ・ Even in FY2014, some samples of shallow-bottom flounders (Figure 28) and rockfish family (Figure 35) in areas near Fukushima Prefecture exceeded the limits. ・ Some samples from species such as olive flounder (Figure 31) and Pacific cod (Figure 32) displayed slightly high concentrations across a wide area from FY2011 to FY2012; however, those concentrations decreased dramatically from FY2013. ・ Such fish species as Alaska pollock (Figure 33) and red seabream (Figure 34) have produced almost no readings above 50 Bq/kg since the 2011 accident.

In FY2014, no samples for olive flounder and Pacific cod exceeded the limits, while the number of samples for some flounder family species decreased, thus clearly demonstrating that concentrations are falling. On the other hand, although concentrations in the rockfish family are falling, some samples exceed limits in areas near Fukushima.

- 36 - (Flounder family) Flounders show different trends depending on whether they inhabit shallow bottom areas or deeper bottom areas. Figure 28 shows inspection results for shallow-bottom flounders that live at depths of less than 100 meters (marbled flounder and stone flounder). The inspection results for Fukushima Prefecture show that 56 % of samples exceeded 100 Bq/kg in FY2011; however, this percentage fell to 27.2 % in FY2012, 3.3 % in FY2013, and 2 % in FY2014. Overall concentrations of radioactive cesium are also clearly falling. As for other prefectures, although 8.6 % of samples exceeded 100 Bq/kg in FY2011, absolutely no such samples have been observed since FY2013. Figure 29 shows inspection results for littlemouth flounder, which is a type of shallow-bottom flounder. Although the results for this species show a trend that resembles those of marbled flounder and stone flounder in Figure 28, no samples for littlemouth flounder that exceed 100 Bq/kg have been seen since FY2013 in Fukushima Prefecture and since FY2012 in other prefectures, thus demonstrating an early decline. Figure 30 shows inspection results for deep-bottom flounders that live at depths of 100 meters or more (flathead flounder, roughscale sole and willowy flounder). Since FY2012, all nationwide samples, including those for Fukushima Prefecture, have been within 100 Bq/kg and only very few have exceeded 50 Bq/kg.

(Shallow-bottom flounders）

Fukushima, Marbled flounder Fukushima, Marbled flounder Fukushima, Marbled flounder Fukushima, Marbled flounder and Stone flounder and Stone flounder and Stone flounder and Stone flounder (2011.3～2012.3) (2012.4～2013.3) (2013.4～2014.3) (2014.4～2015.1) 87.6% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 76.3% 100.0% (331) (302) 80.0% 56.0% 80.0% 80.0% 80.0% (131) 60.0% 60.0% 60.0% 60.0% 27.5% 25.9% 27.2% 40.0% 16.7% 15.8% 40.0% (101) (95) (100) 40.0% 40.0% 7.7% 11.7% 7.6% 11.4% 7.6% 3.8% (39) (37) 5.6% 3.5% 3.3% 1.0% 1.3% 2.0% 20.0% (18) 20.0% (43) (28) 20.0% (45) 20.0% (30) (9) (22) (14) (13) (4) (5) (8) 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% ～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～ Bq/kg Bq/kg Bq/kg Bq/kg

Other prefectures, Marbled Other prefectures, Marbled Other prefectures, Marbled Other prefectures, Marbled flounder and Stone flounder flounder and Stone flounder flounder and Stone flounder flounder and Stone flounder (2011.3～2012.3) (2012.4～2013.3) (2013.4～2014.3) (2014.4～2015.1) 86.8% 100.0% 100.0% (395) 100.0% 98.7% 100.0% 99.7% 66.7% (442) (294) 80.0% (140) 80.0% 80.0% 80.0% 60.0% 60.0% 60.0% 60.0%

40.0% 19.0% 40.0% 40.0% 40.0% 8.6% 9.7% (40) 3.3% 2.4% 2.6% 20.0% (18) 20.0% (44) 0.9% 20.0% 1.1% 0.2% 20.0% 0.2% (7) (5) (12) 0.0% (4) (5) (1) 0.0% 0.0% (1) 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% ～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～ Bq/kg Bq/kg Bq/kg Bq/kg

Figure 28 Inspection Results for Shallow-bottom Flounders (Marbled flounder and Stone flounder) (by fiscal year)

- 37 - Fukushima, Fukushima, Fukushima, Fukushima, Littlemouth flounder Littlemouth flounder Littlemouth flounder Littlemouth flounder (2011.3～2012.3) (2012.4～2013.3) 94.3% (2013.4～2014.3) 98.8%(2014.4～2015.1) (256) 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% (282) 100.0%

80.0% 80.0% 57.6% 80.0% 80.0% (117) 60.0% 60.0% 60.0% 60.0% 27.4% 29.1% 26.4% 21.7% 40.0% (29) (28) 15.1% 40.0% (59) 40.0% 40.0% 9.4% (23) 7.9% 5.4% (16) 3.0% 2.5% 0.3% 1.0% 20.0% (10) 20.0% (16) 20.0% (16) 20.0% (6) (5) (1) 0.0% 0.0% (3) 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% ～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～ Bq/kg Bq/kg Bq/kg Bq/kg

Other prefectures, Other prefectures, Other prefectures, Other prefectures, Littlemouth flounder Littlemouth flounder Littlemouth flounder Littlemouth flounder 100.0% (2011.3～2012.3) 94.3% (2012.4～2013.3) (2013.4～2014.3) 100.0% (2014.4～2015.1) (68) (58) 100.0% 100.0% (83) 100.0% 100.0% 70.8% 80.0% (34) 80.0% 80.0% 80.0%

60.0% 60.0% 60.0% 60.0%

40.0% 14.6% 40.0% 40.0% 40.0% (7) 6.3% 4.2% 4.2% 5.7% 20.0% (3) 20.0% (5) 20.0% 20.0% (2) (2) 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% ～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～ Bq/kg Bq/kg Bq/kg Bq/kg

Figure 29 Inspection Results for Littlemouth Flounder (by fiscal year)

(Deep-bottom flounders)

Nationwide, Flathead flounder, Nationwide, Flathead flounder, Nationwide, Flathead flounder, Nationwide, Flathead flounder, Roughscale sole and Willowy Roughscale sole and Willowy Roughscale sole and Willowy Roughscale sole and Willowy flounder (2011.3～2012.3) flounder (2012.4～2013.3) flounder (2013.4～2014.3) flounder (2014.4～2015.1)

100.0% 80.0% 100.0% 92.8% 100.0% 97.9% 100.0% 99.0% (172) (425) (524) (504) 80.0% 80.0% 80.0% 80.0%

60.0% 60.0% 60.0% 60.0%

40.0% 40.0% 40.0% 40.0% 12.6% 4.2% 5.5% 20.0% (27) 2.3% 0.9% 20.0% 1.3% 0.4% 20.0% 1.5% 0.6% 20.0% 0.6% 0.2% 0.2% (25) (9) (5) (2) (6) (2) 0.0% (8) (3) 0.0% 0.0% (3) (1) (1) 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% ～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～ Bq/kg Bq/kg Bq/kg Bq/kg

Figure 30 Inspection Results for Deep-bottom Flounders (Flathead flounder, Roughscale sole and Willowy flounder) (by fiscal year)

(Olive flounder) Figure 31 shows inspection results for the olive flounder. Looking at the results for Fukushima Prefecture, 52 % of samples exceeded the limit in FY2011 and 21.1 % exceeded it in FY2012. However, a dramatic decline in this percentage has been evident since FY2013; in fact, all samples were within 100 Bq/kg in the inspection results for FY2014. In other prefectures, with one exception, all samples have been within 100 Bq/kg since FY2013.

- 38 - Fukushima, Olive flounder Fukushima, Olive flounder Fukushima, Olive flounder Fukushima, Olive flounder ～～～ (2011.3 2012.3) (2012.4 2013.3) (2013.4 2014.3) 94.5% (2014.4～2015.1) (360) 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 78.6% 100.0% (324) 80.0% 80.0% 80.0% 80.0% 52.7% 60.0% (136) 60.0% 60.0% 60.0% 34.1% 40.0% 40.0% (132) 23.0% 21.2% 40.0% 40.0% 16.7% 14.7% 12.8% (89) 13.4% (82) (43) 8.3% 10.4% 6.3% 20.0% 3.1% (38) (33) 20.0% (52) 20.0% 2.9% 1.7% 20.0% 3.9% 0.7% 0.5% (32) (43) (26) (8) (12) (7) (16) (3) (2) 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% ～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～ Bq/kg Bq/kg Bq/kg Bq/kg

Other prefectures, Other prefectures, Other prefectures, Other prefectures, Olive flounder Olive flounder Olive flounder Olive flounder ～～～～ (2011.3 2012.3) (2012.4 2013.3) 97.4% (2013.4 2014.3) 100.0% (2014.4 2015.1) 85.8% (744) (541) 100.0% 100.0% (640) 100.0% 100.0% 80.0% 55.4% 80.0% 80.0% 80.0% (118) 60.0% 60.0% 60.0% 60.0% 31.9% 40.0% (68) 40.0% 40.0% 40.0% 7.5% 10.9% 1.9% 3.3% 2.0% 0.7% 0.7% 1.8% 0.5% 20.0% (16) 20.0% (81) 20.0% 0.1% 0.1% 20.0% (4) (7) (15) (5) (5) (14) (4) (1) (1) 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% ～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～ Bq/kg Bq/kg Bq/kg Bq/kg

Figure 31 Inspection Results for Olive Flounder (by fiscal year)

(Pacific cod and Alaska pollock) Figure 32 displays the nationwide inspection results for pacific cod. Samples of Pacific cod actually exceeded the limits even outside of Fukushima Prefecture, producing high readings in a comparatively broad range of locations. This is thought to be because Pacific cod has a period in which it approaches relatively highly contaminated coastal areas, and then in migratory period, it travels comparatively long distances [28]. Today, concentrations of radioactive cesium have remarkably dropped off. Whereas 13.0 % of samples exceeded 100 Bq/kg in FY2011, all samples were within 100 Bq/kg in FY2014, with no readings beyond 50 Bq/kg.

Nationwide, Pacific cod Nationwide, Pacific cod Nationwide, Pacific cod Nationwide, Pacific cod (2011.3～2012.3) (2012.4～2013.3) 95.1% (2013.4～2014.3) 99.2% (2014.4～2015.1) (1904) (1275) 100.0% 100.0% 78.1% 100.0% 100.0% (1506) 80.0% 80.0% 80.0% 80.0% 55.2% 60.0% (203) 60.0% 60.0% 60.0%

40.0% 40.0% 40.0% 40.0% 13.9% 12.0% 13.0% 15.3% 6.0% (295) 20.0% (51) (44) (48) 20.0% 3.8% 1.6% 1.2% 20.0% 3.8% 0.6% 0.2% 0.2% 20.0% 0.5% (22) (73) (31) (24) (76) (13) (5) (4) (10) 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% ～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～ Bq/kg Bq/kg Bq/kg Bq/kg

Figure 32 Nationwide Inspection Results for Pacific Cod (by fiscal year)

Figure 33 shows the nationwide inspection results for Alaska pollock. Although it is in the same gadid family as Pacific cod, it displays a different trend. Except for one Alaska pollock sample off the coast of Fukushima in FY2012 which was found to have a reading of over 100 Bq/kg, there have been almost no high readings at all for this fish since FY2011.

- 39 - Nationwide, Alaska pollock Nationwide, Alaska pollock Nationwide, Alaska pollock Nationwide, Alaska pollock

(2011.3～2012.3) (2012.4～2013.3) 99.6% (2013.4～2014.3) 100.0% (2014.4～2015.1) 96.4% 94.5% (185) (280) (199) 100.0% 100.0% (275) 100.0% 100.0%

80.0% 80.0% 80.0% 80.0%

60.0% 60.0% 60.0% 60.0%

40.0% 40.0% 40.0% 40.0%

20.0% 1.0% 0.5% 2.1% 20.0% 3.8% 1.0% 0.3% 0.3% 20.0% 0.4% 20.0% (2) (1) (4) 0.0% (11) (3) (1) (1) (1) 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% ～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～ Bq/kg Bq/kg Bq/kg Bq/kg

Figure 33 Nationwide Inspection Results for Alaska Pollock (by fiscal year)

(Red Seabream) Figure 34 shows the nationwide inspection results for red seabream. There have been no readings in excess of 100 Bq/kg since the accident, and FY2013 saw absolutely no readings within 50 Bq/kg.

Nationwide, Red Seabream Nationwide, Red Seabream Nationwide, Red Seabream Nationwide, Red Seabream (2011.3～2012.3) (2012.4～2013.3) 100.0% (2013.4～2014.3) 100.0%(2014.4～2015.1) 87.1% (75) (96) 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 75.7% (81) 80.0% (28) 80.0% 80.0% 80.0%

60.0% 60.0% 60.0% 60.0%

40.0% 40.0% 40.0% 40.0% 16.2% 11.8% (6) 5.4% 20.0% 2.7% 20.0% (11) 1.1% 20.0% 20.0% (2) (1) 0.0% (1) 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% ～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～ Bq/kg Bq/kg Bq/kg Bq/kg

Figure 34 Nationwide Inspection Results for Red Seabream

(Rockfish family) Figure 35 shows the inspection results for the rockfish family (goldeye rockfish, rockfish (Sebastes cheni) and fox jacopever). In Fukushima Prefecture, 78.2 % of samples in FY2011 exceeded 100 Bq/kg, and high concentration levels were observed across the board. In FY2013, 27.7 % of samples exceeded 100 Bq/kg, while 9.7 % did so in FY2014. These percentages remain high and indicate that concentrations are taking more time to fall compared to other fish species. Nonetheless, concentrations are falling steadily. Particularly in the case of rockfish, initially high contamination and the species’ low mobility are thought to have been behind the observance of samples with high values exceeding the limit even in 2014; however, further investigation into the cause is required. As for the other prefectures, the inspection results show that 5.6 % of samples exceeded 100 Bq/kg in FY2011; however, this percentage fell to 1.3 % in FY2012. All samples have been within 100 Bq/kg from FY2013 onward.

- 40 - Fukushima, Goldeye rockfish, Fukushima, Goldeye rockfish, Fukushima, Goldeye rockfish, Fukushima, Goldeye rockfish, Rockfish and Fox jacopever Rockfish and Fox jacopever Rockfish and Fox jacopever Rockfish and Fox jacopever (2011.3～2012.3) (2012.4～2013.3) (2013.4～2014.3) (2014.4～2015.1) 100.0% 78.2% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% (61) 80.0% 80.0% 63.1% 80.0% 80.0% 62.3% (140) (124) 60.0% 60.0% 60.0% 40.3% 60.0% (83) 27.7% 40.0% 40.0% 20.3% 40.0% (57) 40.0% 11.5% 11.7% 11.7% 15.0% 6.4% (45) 7.7% 5.9% 8.7% 6.3% 5.3% 9.7% (9) 1.3% 2.6% 3.2% (24) (24) (31) 20.0% (5) 20.0% (17) 20.0% (18) 20.0% (13) (20) (1) (2) (13) (7) (11) 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% ～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～ Bq/kg Bq/kg Bq/kg Bq/kg

Other prefectures, Goldeye Other prefectures, Goldeye Other prefectures, Goldeye Other prefectures, Goldeye rockfish, Rockfish and Fox rockfish, Rockfish and Fox rockfish, Rockfish and Fox rockfish, Rockfish and Fox ～～～～ jacopever (2011.3 2012.3) jacopever (2012.4 2013.3) 97.9% jacopever (2013.4 2014.3) 100.0% jacopever (2014.4 2015.1) (94) (125) 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 70.7% 80.0% 80.0% (106) 80.0% 80.0% 44.4% 60.0% 60.0% 60.0% 60.0% (8) 27.8% 40.0% (5) 16.7% 40.0% 16.7% 40.0% 40.0% 11.1% (3) (25) 6.0% 5.3% 20.0% (2) 20.0% 1.3% 20.0% 1.0% 1.0% 20.0% (9) (8) 0.0% (2) (1) (1) 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% ～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～ Bq/kg Bq/kg Bq/kg Bq/kg Figure 35 Inspection Results for the Rockfish Family (Goldeye rockfish, Rockfish (Sebastes cheni), Fox jacopever) (by fiscal year)

(9) Freshwater fish Figure 36 shows inspection results for wild whitespotted char and wild land-locked salmon. For Fukushima Prefecture, 51.3 % of samples exceeded 100 Bq/kg in FY2011; however, this percentage fell to 18.5 % in FY2012, 10.6 % in FY2013, and 6.5 % in FY2014. Readings beyond 100 Bq/kg still observed, but there is a steady decline in radioactive cesium concentrations. As for the other prefectures, the inspection results show that 24.1% of samples exceeded 100 Bq/kg in FY2011; however, this percentage has subsequently fallen to an extremely low level, standing at 0.9 % in FY2014.

Fukushima, Whitespotted char Fukushima, Whitespotted char Fukushima, Whitespotted char Fukushima, Whitespotted char (wild) and Land‐locked salmon (wild) and Land‐locked salmon (wild) and Land‐locked salmon (wild) and Land‐locked salmon (wild) (2011.3～2012.3) (wild) (2012.4～2013.3) (wild) (2013.4～2014.3) (wild) (2014.4～2015.1)

100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 72.7% 66.5% (346) 80.0% 80.0% 80.0% (214) 80.0% 51.3% 48.0% 60.0% (58) 60.0% (135) 60.0% 60.0%

40.0% 19.5% 40.0% 18.5% 40.0% 40.0% 21.1% 13.3% 16.7% 15.2% (22) 8.8% 9.3% 10.6% (68) 8.7% 7.1% (47) 7.5% (52) (49) 4.7% 3.1% 4.0% 6.5% 20.0% (10) (15) 20.0% (26) 20.0% (34) 20.0% (28) (8) (21) (15) (10) (13) (21) 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% ～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～ Bq/kg Bq/kg Bq/kg Bq/kg

Other prefectures, Whitespotted Other prefectures, Whitespotted Other prefectures, Whitespotted Other prefectures, Whitespotted char (wild) and Land‐locked salmon char (wild) and Land‐locked salmon char (wild) and Land‐locked salmon char (wild) and Land‐locked salmon (wild) (2011.3～2012.3) (wild) (2012.4～2013.3) (wild) (2013.4～2014.3) (wild(2014.4～2015.1) 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 80.9% 100.0% 82.0% 69.9% (511) (341) 80.0% 80.0% (425) 80.0% 80.0% 60.0% 60.0% 60.0% 60.0% 37.2% 40.0% (71) 24.1% 40.0% 40.0% 40.0% 16.8% 12.6% (46) 13.0% 9.4% 10.0% 11.1% 7.3% (32) (24) (79) 4.4% 2.6% 4.0% 1.4% 2.7% 2.5% 1.1% 0.9% 20.0% (18) 20.0% (61) 20.0% (70) 20.0% (46) (27) (16) (25) (9) (17) (16) (7) (6) 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% ～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～ Bq/kg Bq/kg Bq/kg Bq/kg Figure 36 Inspection Results for Whitespotted Char (wild) and Land-locked Salmon (wild) (by fiscal year)

- 41 - 1-2-5 Inspection Results for Main Target Fish Species of Fishing and Farming by Fiscal Year Figure 37 provides inspection results by fiscal year for main target species of fishing and farming in the Pacific Ocean off of eastern Japan as well as species with relatively large export volumes (including those with large export volumes prior to the accident). The fish species mentioned here include some that had readings exceeding 100 Bq/kg immediately following the accident; however, those readings have currently fallen. Further, it is evident that many species have not posed a problem since the early days following the accident. It should be noted that some of the graphs provided in 1-2-4 have been reprinted here in the interest of showing trends of the main fish species together.

Surface layer

Nationwide, Japanese Nationwide, Japanese Nationwide, Japanese Nationwide, Japanese sandlance and Whitebait sandlance and Whitebait sandlance and Whitebait sandlance and Whitebait

(2011.3～2012.3) 100.0% (2012.4～2013.3) 100.0% (2013.4～2014.3) 100.0% (2014.4～2015.1) (237) (361) (234) 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 64.1% 80.0% 80.0% 80.0% 80.0% (116) 60.0% 60.0% 60.0% 60.0%

Nationwide, Anchovy and Nationwide, Anchovy and Nationwide, Anchovy and Nationwide, Anchovy and Japanese sardine Japanese sardine Japanese sardine Japanese sardine (2011.3～2012.3) 100.0% (2012.4～2013.3) 100.0% (2013.4～2014.3) 100.0% (2014.4～2015.1) 91.7% (220) (260) (131) 100.0% (199) 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 80.0% 80.0% 80.0% 80.0%

60.0% 60.0% 60.0% 60.0%

40.0% 40.0% 40.0% 40.0% 6.0% 0.9% 0.5% 0.9% 20.0% (13) 20.0% 20.0% 20.0% (2) (1) (2) 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% ～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～ Bq/kg Bq/kg Bq/kg Bq/kg

Intermediate layer

60.0% 60.0% 60.0% 60.0%

Figure 37 Inspection results for Main Target Species of Fishing and Farming (by fiscal year)

- 42 - Bottom layer

Nationwide, Japanese jack Nationwide, Japanese jack Nationwide, Japanese jack Nationwide, Japanese jack mackerel (2011.3～2012.3) mackerel (2012.4～2013.3) mackerel (2013.4～2014.3) mackerel (2014.4～2015.1) 93.3% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% (168) (187) (197) 100.0% 100.0% 62.7% 80.0% 80.0% 80.0% (74) 80.0% 60.0% 60.0% 60.0% 60.0% 40.0% 17.8% 40.0% 40.0% 40.0% (21) 9.3% 6.8% 6.1% 20.0% 3.4% 20.0% 0.6% 20.0% (11) (8) (11) 20.0% (4) (1) 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% ～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～ Bq/kg Bq/kg Bq/kg Bq/kg

Nationwide, Alaska pollock Nationwide, Alaska pollock Nationwide, Alaska pollock Nationwide, Alaska pollock

(2011.3～2012.3) (2012.4～2013.3) 99.6% (2013.4～2014.3) 100.0% (2014.4～2015.1) 96.4% 94.5% (185) (280) (199) 100.0% 100.0% (275) 100.0% 100.0%

80.0% 80.0% 80.0% 80.0%

60.0% 60.0% 60.0% 60.0%

40.0% 40.0% 40.0% 40.0%

60.0% 60.0% 60.0% 60.0%

Migratory fish

Nationwide, Japanese amberjack, Nationwide, Japanese amberjack, Nationwide, Japanese amberjack, Nationwide, Japanese amberjack, Greater amberjack, and Yellowtail Greater amberjack, and Yellowtail Greater amberjack, and Yellowtail Greater amberjack, and Yellowtail amberjack (2011.3～2012.3) amberjack (2012.4～2013.3) amberjack (2013.4～2014.3) amberjack (2014.4～2015.1) 99.3% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 74.4% (291) (219) (178) 80.0% (90) 80.0% 80.0% 80.0%

60.0% 60.0% 60.0% 60.0%

40.0% 15.7% 40.0% 40.0% 40.0% (19) 5.8% 20.0% 1.7% 2.5% 20.0% 0.7% 20.0% 20.0% (7) (2) (3) (2) 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% ～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～ Bq/kg Bq/kg Bq/kg Bq/kg

Figure 37 Inspection results for Main Target Species of Fishing and Farming (by fiscal year) (cont.)

- 43 - Nationwide, Skipjack tuna Nationwide, Skipjack tuna Nationwide, Skipjack tuna Nationwide, Skipjack tuna ～～～～ 99.0% (2011.3 2012.3) 100.0% (2012.4 2013.3) 100.0% (2013.4 2014.3) 100.0% (2014.4 2015.1) (97) (221) (159) (68) 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

80.0% 80.0% 80.0% 80.0%

60.0% 60.0% 60.0% 60.0%

40.0% 40.0% 40.0% 40.0%

20.0% 1.0% 20.0% 20.0% 20.0% (1) 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% ～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～ Bq/kg Bq/kg Bq/kg Bq/kg

Nationwide, Tunas and Nationwide, Tunas and Nationwide, Tunas and Nationwide, Tunas and Marlins* (2011.3～2012.3) Marlins* (2012.4～2013.3) Marlins* (2013.4～2014.3) Marlins* (2014.4～2015.1) 92.4% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% (85) (365) (144) (93) 80.0% 80.0% 80.0% 80.0%

60.0% 60.0% 60.0% 60.0%

40.0% 40.0% 40.0% 40.0% 7.6% 20.0% (7) 20.0% 20.0% 20.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% ～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～ Bq/kg Bq/kg Bq/kg Bq/kg

* Tunas and Marlins: bluefin tuna, bigeye tuna, yellowfin tuna, albacore, blue marlin, striped marlin and swordfish.

Nationwide, Chum salmon Nationwide, Pacific saury (2011.3～2015.1) (2011.3～2015.1) 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

80.0% 2011.3~2012.3 N=191 80.0% 2011.3~2012.3 N=109 2012.4~2013.3 N=163 2012.4~2013.3 N=131 60.0% 2013.4~2014.3 N=266 60.0% 2013.4~2014.3 N=70 2014.4~2015.1 N=277 2014.4~2015.1 N=73 40.0% Total N=997 40.0% Total N=383

20.0% 20.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% ～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～ Bq/kg Bq/kg

Main target species for farming in the Pacific Ocean off of eastern Japan

Nationwide, Common sea Nationwide, Scallop Nationwide, Pacific oyster squirt (2011.3～2015.1) (2011.3～2015.1) (2011.3～2015.1) 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

80.0% 2011.3~2012.3 N=4 80.0% 2011.3~2012.3 N=11 80.0% 2011.3~2012.3 N=13 2012.4~2013.3 N=3 2012.4~2013.3 N=56 2012.4~2013.3 N=26 60.0% 2013.4~2014.3 N=8 60.0% 2013.4~2014.3 N=20 60.0% 2013.4~2014.3 N=157 2014.4~2015.1 N=141 2014.4~2015.1 N=143 2014.4~2015.1 N=265 40.0% Total N=156 40.0% Total N=230 40.0% Total N=461

20.0% 20.0% 20.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% ～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～ Bq/kg Bq/kg Bq/kg

Figure 37 Inspection results for Main Target Species of Fishing and Farming (by fiscal year) (cont.)

- 44 - Squids, Octopuses and Shellfish

Nationwide, Squids Nationwide, Squids Nationwide, Squids Nationwide, Squids 98.0% (2011.3～2012.3) 100.0% (2012.4～2013.3) 100.0% (2013.4～2014.3) 100.0% (2014.4～2015.1) (244) (385) (475) (433) 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

80.0% 80.0% 80.0% 80.0%

60.0% 60.0% 60.0% 60.0%

40.0% 40.0% 40.0% 40.0%

20.0% 1.2% 0.4% 0.4% 20.0% 20.0% 20.0% (3) (1) (1) 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% ～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～ Bq/kg Bq/kg Bq/kg Bq/kg

Nationwide, Octopuses Nationwide, Octopuses Nationwide, Octopuses Nationwide, Octopuses 96.4% (2011.3～2012.3) 99.8% (2012.4～2013.3) 100.0% (2013.4～2014.3) 99.8% (2014.4～2015.1) (213) (456) (576) (405) 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

80.0% 80.0% 80.0% 80.0% 60.0% 60.0% 60.0% 60.0% 40.0% 40.0% 40.0% 40.0%

20.0% 2.3% 0.5% 0.9% 20.0% 0.2% 20.0% 20.0% 0.2% (5) (1) 0.0% (2) (1) 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% (1) 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% ～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～ Bq/kg Bq/kg Bq/kg Bq/kg

80.0% 64.2% 80.0% 80.0% 80.0% (111) 60.0% 60.0% 60.0% 60.0%

Crustaceans

Nationwide, Crabs Nationwide, Crabs Nationwide, Crabs Nationwide, Crabs (2011.3～2012.3) 99.1% (2012.4～2013.3) 100.0% (2013.4～2014.3) 100.0% (2014.4～2015.1) 86.7% (219) (208) (207) 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% (78) 100.0%

80.0% 80.0% 80.0% 80.0%

60.0% 60.0% 60.0% 60.0%

40.0% 40.0% 40.0% 40.0% 7.8% 4.4% 20.0% 1.1% 20.0% 0.9% 20.0% 20.0% (7) (4) (1) 0.0% (2) 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% ～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～ Bq/kg Bq/kg Bq/kg Bq/kg

Freshwater fish All samples of farmed whitespotted char and farmed land-locked salmon were within 100 Bq/kg.

Nationwide, Whitespotted char Nationwide, Whitespotted char Nationwide, Whitespotted char Nationwide, Whitespotted char (farmed) and Land‐locked salmon (farmed) and Land‐locked salmon (farmed) and Land‐locked salmon (farmed) and Land‐locked salmon (farmed) (2011.3～2012.3) (farmed) (2012.4～2013.3) (farmed) (2013.4～2014.3) (farmed) (2014.4～2015.1) 96.5% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% (139) 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% (247) (203) (173) 80.0% 80.0% 80.0% 80.0%

60.0% 60.0% 60.0% 60.0%

40.0% 40.0% 40.0% 40.0%

20.0% 3.5% 20.0% 20.0% 20.0% (5) 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% ～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～ Bq/kg Bq/kg Bq/kg Bq/kg

Figure 37 Inspection results for Main Target Species of Fishing and Farming (by fiscal year) (cont.)

- 45 - 1-2-6 Radioactive Material Concentrations within Fish within 20 km of the Fukushima Daiichi NPS Absolutely no fishing activity is taking place within the port of the Fukushima Daiichi NPS and within an area extending out 20 km from the station, and no marine organisms that inhabit these areas are being shipped or distributed to markets. Since April 2012, TEPCO has been monitoring fish species within a 20-km radius of the station and releasing the results [29]. Figure 38 presents results released by TEPCO that have been tabulated for individual years. Grasping detailed by-species trends is difficult due to the limited number of samples. However, 35.8 % of samples exceeded 100 Bq/kg in FY2012. This percentage stood at 14 % in FY2013 and 1.4 % in FY2014. Thus, concentrations of radioactive cesium in fish species are steadily decreasing with the passage of time, although at a rate that is slower than other marine areas. It can be seen that the percentage of samples exceeding 100 Bq/kg in FY2014 is extremely small.

Fish within 20 km of the NPS Fish within 20 km of the NPS Fish within 20 km of the NPS (2012.4～2013.3) (2013.4～2014.3) (2014.1～2015.1) 100% 100% 100% 82.1% (791） 80% 80% 60.2% 80% (654) 60% 60% 60% 33.4% 35.8% (341) 40% (318) 40% 15.1% 40% 9.8% 15.4% 14.0% 11.2% (144) 5.9% 10.7% 20% (147) 5.3% (133) 20% (107) 3.4% 2.1% 1.4% (93) (56) 20% (102) (50) (32) （20） (13） 0% 0% 0% ～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～～25 ～50 ～75 ～100 100～ Bq/kg Bq/kg Bq/kg

Figure 38 Changes in Radioactive Cesium Concentrations within Fish Sampled within 20 km of the Fukushima Daiichi NPS (Prepared by the Fisheries Agency based on materials released by TEPCO)

- 46 -

(Box 4) Fukushima Fishing Trials

Coastal fishing and bottom trawling operations in the waters around Fukushima prefecture were subject to voluntary suspensions after the accident in March 2011. However, after thorough inspections, trial fishing and sales resumed in June 2012 for species that consistently demonstrated radionuclide levels below the limits. Trial fishing was temporarily suspended after TEPCO announced a case of contaminated water leakage in July 2013. However, it was restarted on September 25, 2013, following confirmation from the results of seawater surveys conducted by Fukushima Prefecture that radioactive cesium concentration and all beta radioactivity values matched pre-accident values and, for fishery products, confirmation that no differences existed between inspection results obtained before and after TEPCO’s announcement. At the present time, Fukushima Prefecture is conducting monitoring surveys for radioactive cesium that involve taking 180 samples per week (i.e., thorough examination using a germanium semiconductor detector for all target species of fishing activity, including those for which restrictions on shipping and distribution apply). At the same time, with an eye to future sales, the prefecture is considering expanding sea areas and species for trial fishing and sales as it conducts screening surveys to confirm the safety of fishery products as an independent initiative by the prefecture and the Fukushima Prefectural Federation of Fisheries Co-operative Associations.

Trial fishing areas

Soma-Futaba fishery cooperative Note 1: Bottom trawling in areas (1) to (7) Soma-Haragama regional wholesale market

Note 2: Offshore crab pot fishery (July, August) in area north of

37° 18.9′ N in areas (6) and (7) Note 3: Boat seine fishery in areas A + B

Note 4: Fixed gill net fishery in area north of 37° 10.8′ N,

excluding the 20-km radius around the Fukushima Daiichi Loran 2400 NPS, and area B Hirono Power Station Note 5: Coastal basket fishery in areas A + B and their offshore

areas Hisanohama Note 6: Undersea fishery in area B

Note 7: Shellfish dredge net fishery in area B

Note 8: Drift net fishery in area north of 37° 10.8′ N, excluding the Iwaki city regional wholesale market 20-km radius around the Fukushima Daiichi NPS Onahama fish market

Targeted species (58 species (as of the end of March 2015)

34 fish species: greeneyes, flathead flounder, rosy seabass, Ishikawa icefish, black scraper, striped jewfish, dory, redwing searobin, monkfish,

thornhead, Japanese sandlance (juvenile), southern mackerel, roughscale sole, halfbeak, Japanese Spanish mackerel, whitebait (juvenile anchovy), chum salmon, Alaska pollock, sohachi flounder, crimson sea bream, blackfin flounder, Japanese amberjack, gurnard, Japanese jack mackerel, Japanese sardine, littlemouth flounder, chub mackerel, red seabream, John dory, Rikuzen flounder, Pacific barrelfish, willowy flounder, Hilgendorf’s saucord and Pacific cod 8 crustacean species: swimming crab, horsehair crab, snow crab, higoromo Shrimp, sand crab, red snow crab, botan shrimp and Alaskan pink shrimp

7 squid and octopus species: swordtip squid, Japanese dwarf squid, Japanese flying squid, common octopus, giant Pacific octopus, chestnut octopus and spear squid 8 shellfish species: abalone, double sculptured neptune, Japanese whelk, surf clam, paper whelk, whelks (Neptunea constricta, Beringius polynematicus and Neptunea arthritica arthritica) 1 other species: sea cucumber

- 47 - 1-2-7 Screening Test by Prefectural and Municipal Governments Prefectural and municipal governments conduct screening test apart from the inspections prescribed by the Guidelines. This screening test uses inspection equipment (NaI scintillation spectrometer) set up in a location like the marketplace and covers a substantial number of samples (Table 3). Except for one hilgendorf saucord caught in February 2014 during trial fishing in Fukushima, all samples inspected via these processes have been below the limits. These results act to support the credibility of the overall monitoring regime carried out by the prefectures. Coastal fishing and bottom trawling operations in the waters around Fukushima were subject to suspensions after the accident in March 2011. However, after thorough inspections, trial fishing and sales resumed in June 2012 for species that consistently demonstrated radionuclide levels below the limits, followed by gradual expansion of target fish species and allowed fishing areas. Information on the species subject to trial fishing and sales, developments on allowed fishing areas and fishing methods, and the results of inspections performed during trial fishing and sales are all published on the Fukushima Prefectural Federation of Fisheries Co-operative Associations website.b

Table 3 Screening Test by Prefectural and Municipal Governments

Ownership of Number of readings Prefecture the inspection Installation site Apr. 2013 - Apr. 2014 - Target species machinery Mar. 2014 Jan. 2015 Pacific cod, chub mackerel, Hachinohe City Hachinohe Fish Market 238 250 southern mackerel National Food Research Institute (Hachinohe City) Aomori Brand Research Center Aomori Japanese scallop, hen clam (Mutsu City) Aomori Pref. 108 28 and other shellfish, seaweeds Agriculture and Forestry Research and sea water etc. Center Agricultural Produce Processing Research Center Kesennuma Fish Market Pacific cod, oliver flounder and Minami-sanriku Town Fish Market other species with lifted Miyagi Miyagi Pref. Onagawa Fish Market 7,961 7,232 restrictions, fish in season and Ishinomaki Fish Market fish from before the opening of Shiogama Fish Market the fishing season Soma Haragama Wholesale Market Fish species caught during Fukushima Fukushima Pref. 803 1,539 Onahama Fish Market fishing trials Ibaraki Prefectural Fisheries Whitebait, anchovy, Japanese Ibaraki Pref. 97 55 Experimental Station sandlance (juvenile), etc. Ibaraki Sea bream, flounders and Kita-Ibaraki City Otsu Fishery Port － 250 other often-caught species Chiba Prefectural Fisheries Research Sardines, Japanese jack Agency mackerel, seabass、mackerels Chiba Pref. 288 138 and other species major to the 〃（Choshi office） prefecture Chiba Sardines, mackerels, Choshi Fisheries Cooperative Japanese jack mackerel, Choshi City 531 242 Association Japanese amberjack, saury and other often-caught species

b Fukushima Prefectural Federation of Fisheries Co-operative Associations website http://www.jf-net.ne.jp/fsgyoren/

- 48 - Chapter 3. Inspection for Radionuclides Other Than Radioactive Cesium

Apart from local governments’ monitoring of fishery products for radioactive cesium, the Fisheries Agency and the Fisheries Research Agency have been testing for radioactive strontium and plutonium since the accident. Additionally, in FY2014, the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries conducted inspections of some of the radionuclides listed in the Codex Alimentarius Commission’s guidelines on radioactive material in foods [8]. This chapter describes the results of these efforts.

1-3-1 Inspections for Radioactive Strontium etc. by the Fisheries Research Agency From the time of the accident until the end of March 2015, the Fisheries Agency and Fisheries Research Agency have announced the results of inspections they conducted for radioactive strontium (80 samples), plutonium (18 samples), and americium-241 (13 samples) that targeted a broad variety of fish species, including mackerel and Alaska pollock (Table 4). These samples were harvested from all of the representative sea zones around Japan (Figure 39). Monitoring of radioactive materials in fishery products date back to March 1954, when the Daigo Fukuryu Maru fishing vessel was exposed to radiation from nuclear weapons testing. This prompted the Fisheries Agency to begin conducting the survey. Other surveys include the monitoring of land and waters surrounding nuclear power facilities by relevant local governments and others since before the Fukushima Daiichi NPS accident. The historical data on radioactivity levels in the environment which include these and other studies undertaken with the cooperation of relevant ministries, prefectural governments, and others are stored in the Nuclear Regulation Authority’s Environmental Radiation Database. According to this database, up through the period of 2000-2010 prior to the Fukushima Daiichi NPS accident, in the fish, shellfish and algae in the sea zones around Japan contained strontium-90 in concentrations between 0.26 Bq/kg and below the detection limit. After the Fukushima Daiichi NPS accident, samples containing high concentrations of radioactive cesium such as rockfish (Sebastes cheni) (cesium-134+cesium-137: 970 Bq/kg, strontium-89: 0.45 Bq/kg, strontium-90: 1.2 Bq/kg) and Ishikawa icefish (cesium-134+cesium-137: 40 Bq/kg, strontium-90: 0.4 Bq/kg) contained somewhat high levels of radioactive strontium compared to pre-accident levels. However, except for these samples, levels of strontium were largely the same as pre-accident levels, with strontium-90 concentrations being between 0.21 Bq/kg and below the detection limit, and strontium-89 concentrations being below the detection limit. Referring back to the database, it provides data that shows that up through the period of 2000-2010 prior to the Fukushima Daiichi NPS accident, the fish and shellfish in the sea zones around Japan contained plutonium-238 in concentrations between 0.0016 Bq/kg and below the minimum detectable level. And, plutonium-239+plutonium-240 concentrations were detected between 0.073 Bq/kg and below the detectable level. Looking at the results for plutonium following the accident, the levels were around the same as pre-accident levels, with all samples being below the detection limit in the case of plutonium-238 and between 0.0022 Bq/kg and below the detection limit for plutonium-239+ plutonium-240.

- 49 - Additionally, looking at levels of americium-241, data for fishery products prior to the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi NPS are extremely scarce. However, it is reported in the literature [30] that shellfish (clams (Meretrix lamarckii, Gomphina melanegis) and Ezo abalone) sampled off the coast of Ibaraki (between Tokai Village and Oarai) had levels between 0.00048 and 0.0046 Bq/kg. As for the results of inspections for americium-241 following the accident, samples had levels between 0.0015 Bq/kg and below the detection limit, which is close to the pre-accident range cited in the literature. As stated in Box 1, the limits for marine products were calculated based on the assumption that the effective dose from radioactive cesium is the same as the effective dose from other radionuclides. This means that the value of effective dose of cesium-134 + cesium-137 is assumed for the same as the effective dose of strontium-90 + plutonium (Pu-238, 239, 240, and 241) + ruthenium-106. As shown in Table 5 and 6, in rockfish and Ishikawa icefish samples in which strontium was detected, as a presumed impact of the accident, the effective dose of the strontium radionuclides is significantly less than the effective dose of the radioactive cesium. Considering the plutonium and ruthenium emissions from the nuclear power station and concentrations in the surrounding sea water, their dosage is presumed to be considerably low and can be ignored for all intents and purposes [31]. For this reason, it is sufficiently safe to assume that the non-cesium radionuclides contained in marine products have an effective dose equal to that of the cesium radionuclides’ effective dose.

Table 4 Inspection Results for Radioactive Strontium in Fishery Products

Test Result (Unit: Bq/kg）

NO Species Sampling date Publication date Sr-89 Sr-90 Cs-134 Cs-137 I-131 Pt-238 Pt-239+240 Am-241 Ref. (analyzed part)

N.D. Japanese sardine Sr: Whole body 1 April 6, 2011 June 28, 2011 - (Detection limit: 4.4 4.1 4.9 - - - (Sardinops melanostictus) Cs & I : muscle 0.04) N.D. Japanese sandlance Sr: Whole body 2 April 8, 2011 June 28, 2011 - (Detection limit: 38 43 598 - - - (Ammodytes personatus) Cs & I : muscle 0.02) N.D. Japanese sandlance Sr: Whole body 3 April 12, 2011 June 28, 2011 - (Detection limit: 33 33 397 - - - (Ammodytes personatus) Cs & I : muscle 0.03) N.D. Anchovy Sr: Whole body 4 April 14, 2011 June 28, 2011 - (Detection limit: 3.8 4.1 N.D. - - - (Engraulis japonicus) Cs & I : muscle 0.04) N.D. 0.03 Pacific cod Sr: Whole body 5 April 21, 2011 August 30, 2011 (Detection limit: （Detection limit: 16 18 N.D. - - - (Gadus macrocephalus) Cs & I : muscle 0.04) 0.03) N.D. N.D. Flathead flounder Sr: Whole body 6 April 22, 2011 August 30, 2011 (Detection limit: (Detection limit: 1.5 1.8 N.D. - - - (Hippoglossoides dubius) Cs & I : muscle 0.03) 0.03) N.D. N.D. Swimming crab Sr: Whole body 7 May 26, 2011 August 30, 2011 (Detection limit: (Detection limit: 7.2 10.0 N.D. - - - (Portunus trituberculatus) Cs & I : muscle 0.03) 0.03) N.D. N.D. Japanese sardine Sr: Whole body 8 June 22, 2011 August 30, 2011 (Detection limit: (Detection limit: 8.2 11.0 N.D. - - - (Sardinops melanostictus) Cs & I : muscle 0.03) 0.03) N.D. N.D. Southern mackerel Sr: Whole body 9 July 1, 2011 August 30, 2011 (Detection limit: (Detection limit: 1.1 3.4 N.D. - - - (Scomber australasicus) Cs & I : muscle 0.04) 0.03)

Rockfish Sr: Whole body 10 December 21, 2011 March 9, 2012 0.45 1.2 390 580 N.D. - - - (Sebastes cheni) Cs & I : muscle

N.D. Shotted halibut Sr: Whole body 11 December 21, 2011 March 9, 2012 (Detection limit: 0.094 16 24 N.D. - - - (Eopsetta grigorjewi ) Cs & I : muscle 0.05) N.D. Southern mackerel Sr: Whole body 12 December 21, 2011 March 9, 2012 (Detection limit: 0.03 2.9 4.2 N.D. - - - (Scomber australasicus) Cs & I : muscle 0.04) N.D. Ishikawa icefish Sr & Cs: 13 January 18, 2012 May 10, 2012 (Detection limit: 0.4 18 29 N.D. - - - (Salangichthys ishikawae) Whole body 0.09) N.D. Rockfish Sr: Whole body 14 June 26, 2012 November 15, 2012 - (Detection limit: 18 33 N.D. - - - (Sebastes cheni) Cs & I : muscle 0.036) N.D. Alaska pollock Sr & Cs: 15 August 1, 2012 November 15, 2012 - (Detection limit: 0.17 0.38 N.D. - - - (Theragra chalcogramma) Whole body 0.025) N.D. Pacific saury Sr & Cs: 16 June 24, 2012 November 15, 2012 - (Detection limit: 0.44 0.78 N.D. - - - (Cololabis saira) Whole body 0.016) N.D. Chub mackerel Sr & Cs: 17 October 28, 2011 November 15, 2012 - (Detection limit: 11 15 N.D. - - - (Scomber japonicus) Whole body 0.025) 0.043 Conger eel Sr & Cs: 18 December 21, 2011 August 1, 2013 - （Detection limit: 8.7 13 N.D. - - - (Conger myriaster) Whole body 0.020) N.D. Southern mackerel Sr & Cs: 19 February 1, 2012 August 1, 2013 - (Detection limit: 0.73 1.1 N.D. - - - (Scomber australasicus) Whole body 0.015） N.D. Sakura shrimp Sr & Cs: 20 November 18, 2011 August 1, 2013 - (Detection limit: 0.047 0.096 N.D. - - - （Sergia lucens） Whole body 0.019） 50

- 50 - Table 4 Inspection Results for Radioactive Strontium in Fishery Products (cont.)

Test Result (Unit: Bq/kg）

NO Species Sampling date Publication date Sr-89 Sr-90 Cs-134 Cs-137 I-131 Pt-238 Pt-239+240 Am-241 Ref. (analyzed part)

N.D. Black scraper Sr & Cs: 21 February 19, 2012 August 1, 2013 - (Detection limit: 2.2 3.1 N.D. - - - (Thamnaconus modestus) Whole body 0.023） N.D. Blunthead puffer Sr & Cs: 22 February 21, 2012 August 1, 2013 - (Detection limit: 0.91 1.1 N.D. - - - (Sphoeroides pachygaster) Whole body 0.013） N.D. Southern mackerel Sr & Cs: 23 August 29, 2012 August 1, 2013 - (Detection limit: 0.18 0.45 N.D. - - - (Scomber australasicus) Whole body 0.013） N.D. Japanese sardine Sr & Cs: 24 August 20, 2012 August 1, 2013 - (Detection limit: 0.18 0.39 N.D. - - - (Sardinops melanostictus) Whole body 0.013） N.D. Mahi-mahi Sr & Cs: 25 September 3, 2012 August 1, 2013 - (Detection limit: 0.14 0.29 N.D. - - - (Coryphaena hippurus) Whole except edible part 0.029） N.D. Swimming crab Sr & Cs: 26 September 2, 2012 August 1, 2013 - (Detection limit: N.D. N.D. N.D. - - - (Portunus trituberculatus) Whole body 0.018） N.D. Japanese jack mackerel Sr & Cs: 27 August 29, 2012 August 1, 2013 - (Detection limit: 0.45 0.94 N.D. - - - (Trachurus japonicas) Whole body 0.018） N.D. Round herring Sr & Cs: 28 September 2, 2012 August 1, 2013 - (Detection limit: N.D. 0.10 N.D. - - - (Etrumeus teres) Whole body 0.018） N.D. Chum salmon Sr & Cs: 29 November 1, 2012 August 1, 2013 - (Detection limit: N.D. 0.13 N.D. - - - (Oncorhynchus keta) Whole body 0.018） N.D. Scallop Sr & Cs: 30 November 8, 2012 August 1, 2013 - (Detection limit: N.D. 0.048 N.D. - - - (Mizuhopecten yessoensis) Whole except shell 0.013） N.D. Southern mackerel Sr & Cs: 31 October 16, 2012 August 1, 2013 - (Detection limit: 0.14 0.34 N.D. - - - (Scomber australasicus) Whole body 0.017） N.D. Chub mackerel Sr & Cs: 32 December 12, 2012 August 1, 2013 - (Detection limit: 0.12 0.29 N.D. - - - (Scomber japonicus) Whole body 0.017） N.D. Black rockfish Sr & Cs: 33 November 5, 2012 August 1, 2013 - (Detection limit: 0.79 1.6 N.D. - - - (Sebastes schlegeli) Whole except edible part 0.032） N.D. Steller's sculpin Sr & Cs: 34 November 9, 2012 August 1, 2013 - (Detection limit: 0.40 0.71 N.D. - - - (Myoxocephalus stelleri) Whole except edible part 0.029） N.D. Neon Flying Squid Sr & Cs: 35 June 4, 2012 August 1, 2013 - (Detection limit: 0.050 0.15 N.D. - - - (Ommastrephes bartramii) Muscle part 0.011） N.D. Alfonsino Sr & Cs: 36 October 17, 2012 August 1, 2013 - (Detection limit: 0.49 1.1 N.D. - - - (Beryx splendens) Whole except edible part 0.023） N.D. Pacific granadier Sr & Cs: 37 August 6, 2012 August 1, 2013 - (Detection limit: 0.23 0.44 N.D. - - - (Coryphaenoides acrolepis) Whole except edible part 0.028） N.D. Giant Pacific octopus Sr & Cs: 38 July 21, 2012 August 1, 2013 - (Detection limit: 0.040 0.094 N.D. - - - (Paroctopus dofleini) Muscle part 0.016） N.D. Flounder Sr & Cs: 39 November 5, 2012 August 1, 2013 - (Detection limit: N.D. 0.12 N.D. - - - (Pleuronectes obscures) Whole except edible part 0.022） N.D. Flame snapper Sr & Cs: 40 November 15, 2012 August 1, 2013 - (Detection limit: N.D. 0.096 N.D. - - - (Etelis coruscans) Whole except edible part 0.023） N.D. N.D. Alaska pollock Sr & Cs: 41 October 28, 2012 October 25, 2013 (Detection limit: (Detection limit: 0.029 0.11 N.D. - - - (Theragra chalcogramma) Whole except viscera 0.039) 0.016） N.D. N.D. Alaska pollock Sr & Cs: 42 January 22, 2013 October 25, 2013 (Detection limit: (Detection limit: 0.030 0.13 N.D. - - - (Theragra chalcogramma) Whole except viscera 0.081) 0.014） N.D. N.D. Alaska pollock Sr & Cs: 43 February 15, 2013 October 25, 2013 (Detection limit: (Detection limit: 0.022 0.11 N.D. - - - (Theragra chalcogramma) Whole except viscera 0.11) 0.018） N.D. N.D. Alaska pollock Sr & Cs: 44 September 19, 2013 November 26, 2013 (Detection limit: (Detection limit: 0.058 0.19 N.D. - - - (Theragra chalcogramma) Whole body 0.12) 0.015） N.D. N.D. Alaska pollock Sr & Cs: 45 September 19, 2013 November 26, 2013 (Detection limit: (Detection limit: 0.032 0.16 N.D. - - - (Theragra chalcogramma) Whole body 0.059) 0.014） N.D. N.D. Alaska pollock Sr & Cs: 46 October 2, 2013 November 26, 2013 (Detection limit: (Detection limit: 0.036 0.16 N.D. - - - (Theragra chalcogramma) Whole body 0.034) 0.013） N.D. N.D. Alaska pollock Sr & Cs: 47 October 2, 2013 November 26, 2013 (Detection limit: (Detection limit: 0.031 0.094 N.D. - - - (Theragra chalcogramma) Whole body 0.094) 0.016） N.D. N.D. N.D. Scallop Sr, Cs and Pt: 48 October 7, 2013 January 23, 2014 (Detection limit: (Detection limit: 0.016 0.038 N.D. (Detection limit: 0.0011（Note 3） - (Mizuhopecten yessoensis) Whole except shell 0.053) 0.0089） 0.00053） N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. Alaska pollock Sr, Cs and Pt: 49 September 19, 2013 January 23, 2014 (Detection limit: (Detection limit: 0.058 0.19 N.D. (Detection limit: (Detection limit: - (Theragra chalcogramma) Whole body 0.092) 0.015） 0.00092） 0.00092） N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. Alaska pollock Sr, Cs and Pt: 50 September 19, 2013 January 23, 2014 (Detection limit: (Detection limit: 0.032 0.16 N.D. (Detection limit: (Detection limit: - (Theragra chalcogramma) Whole body 0.093) 0.016） 0.00093） 0.00093） N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. Alaska pollock Sr, Cs and Pt: 51 October 2, 2013 January 23, 2014 (Detection limit: (Detection limit: 0.036 0.16 N.D. (Detection limit: (Detection limit: - (Theragra chalcogramma) Whole body 0.085) 0.014） 0.00085） 0.00085） N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. Alaska pollock Sr, Cs and Pt: 52 October 2, 2013 January 23, 2014 (Detection limit: (Detection limit: 0.031 0.094 N.D. (Detection limit: (Detection limit: - (Theragra chalcogramma) Whole body 0.087) 0.015） 0.00087） 0.00087） N.D. N.D. 53 Laver December 19, 2013 February 5, 2014 (Detection limit: 0.069 (Detection limit: 0.084 N.D. - - - Whole body 0.52) 0.060） N.D. Wakame seaweed 54 December 19, 2013 February 5, 2014 (Detection limit: 0.055 0.040 0.082 N.D. - - - Whole body (Undaria pinnatifida) 0.40) N.D. N.D. N.D. Scallop Sr & Cs: 55 October 7, 2013 March 13, 2014 (Detection limit: (Detection limit: (Detection limit: 0.038 N.D. - - - (Mizuhopecten yessoensis) Whole except shell 0.098) 0.012） 0.017） N.D. Olive flounder Sr & Cs: 56 September 30, 2013 March 13, 2014 (Detection limit: 0.026 1.94 6.07 N.D. - - - (Paralichthys olivaceus) Whole body 0.34) N.D. N.D. Redwing searobin Sr & Cs: 57 September 30, 2013 March 13, 2014 (Detection limit: (Detection limit: 1.50 3.20 N.D. - - - (Lepidotrigla microptera) Whole body 0.45) 0.015） N.D. N.D. Stone flounder Sr & Cs: 58 November 24, 2013 March 13, 2014 (Detection limit: (Detection limit: 1.94 4.85 N.D. - - - (Kareius bicoloratus) Whole body 0.29) 0.015） N.D. N.D. Crimson sea bream Sr & Cs: 59 November 24, 2013 March 13, 2014 (Detection limit: (Detection limit: 1.22 2.96 N.D. - - - (Evynnis japonica) Whole body 0.43) 0.024） N.D. Rockfish Sr & Cs: 60 September 11, 2013 May 23, 2014 (Detection limit: 0.21 23.4 51.4 N.D. - - - (Sebastes cheni) Whole body 1.1) N.D. Olive flounder Sr & Cs: 61 July 29, 2013 May 23, 2014 (Detection limit: 0.018 2.15 5.01 N.D. - - - (Paralichthys olivaceus) Whole body 0.09) N.D. Olive flounder Sr & Cs: 62 July 29, 2013 May 23, 2014 (Detection limit: 0.016 0.97 2.64 N.D. - - - (Paralichthys olivaceus) Whole body 0.08)

- 51 - Table 4 Inspection Results for Radioactive Strontium in Fishery Products (cont.)

Test Result (Unit: Bq/kg）

NO Species Sampling date Publication date Sr-89 Sr-90 Cs-134 Cs-137 I-131 Pt-238 Pt-239+240 Am-241 Ref. (analyzed part)

N.D. N.D. Sr & Cs: 63 Krill June 30, 2012 May 23, 2014 (Detection limit: (Detection limit: 0.17 0.24 N.D. - - - Whole body 0.023) 0.0077） N.D. N.D. Pacific saury Sr & Cs: 64 June 26, 2014 November 27, 2014 (Detection limit: (Detection limit: 0.15 0.49 N.D. - - - (Cololabis saira) Whole except viscera 0.029) 0.0077） N.D. N.D. Spiny dogfish Sr & Cs: 65 June 26, 2014 November 27, 2014 (Detection limit: (Detection limit: 0.97 2.980 N.D. - - - (Squalus acanthias) Whole except viscera 0.043) 0.0087） N.D. N.D. Pacific cod Sr & Cs: 66 July 29, 2014 November 27, 2014 (Detection limit: (Detection limit: 0.95 2.91 N.D. - - - (Gadus macrocephalus) Whole except viscera 0.058) 0.011） N.D. N.D. Beach conger Sr & Cs: 67 July 9, 2014 November 27, 2014 (Detection limit: (Detection limit: 0.91 2.66 N.D. - - - (Conger japonicus) Whole except viscera 0.048) 0.011） N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. Red seabream 68 September 1, 2014 March 30, 2015 (Detection limit: (Detection limit: (Detection limit: 0.11 N.D. (Detection limit: (Detection limit: (Detection limit: Whole except viscera (Pagrus major) 0.023) 0.033) 0.036) 0.0023) 0.0024) 0.0018) N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. Common sea squirt Whole body 69 September 9, 2014 March 30, 2015 (Detection limit: (Detection limit: 0.042 0.12 N.D. (Detection limit: (Detection limit: (Detection limit: (Halocynthia roretzi) (edible part) 0.055) 0.0095) 0.00041) 0.00041) 0.00042) N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. Pacific saury 70 September 4, 2014 March 30, 2015 (Detection limit: (Detection limit: 0.029 0.13 N.D. (Detection limit: (Detection limit: (Detection limit: Whole body (Cololabis saira) 0.074) 0.010） 0.0011) 0.0011) 0.00079) N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. Red seabream 71 September 16, 2014 March 30, 2015 (Detection limit: (Detection limit: (Detection limit: 0.12 N.D. (Detection limit: (Detection limit: (Detection limit: Whole except viscera (Pagrus major) 0.021) 0.033） 0.034) 0.0027) 0.0023) 0.0013) N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. Alaska pollock 72 September 16, 2014 March 30, 2015 (Detection limit: (Detection limit: 0.057 0.27 N.D. (Detection limit: (Detection limit: (Detection limit: Whole except viscera (Theragra chalcogramma) 0.011) 0.017） 0.00086) 0.00081) 0.00070) N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. Scallop Whole body 73 September 18, 2014 March 30, 2015 (Detection limit: (Detection limit: 0.030 0.064 N.D. (Detection limit: (Detection limit: (Detection limit: (Mizuhopecten yessoensis) (edible part) 0.074) 0.012） 0.00063) 0.00063) 0.00041) N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. Common sea squirt Whole body 74 September 9, 2014 March 30, 2015 (Detection limit: (Detection limit: 0.017 0.070 N.D. (Detection limit: (Detection limit: (Detection limit: (Halocynthia roretzi) (edible part) 0.084) 0.013） 0.0010) 0.0010) 0.0011) N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. Southern mackerel 75 September 28, 2014 March 30, 2015 (Detection limit: (Detection limit: 0.024 0.13 N.D. (Detection limit: (Detection limit: (Detection limit: Whole except viscera (Scomber australasicus) 0.084) 0.016） 0.0013) 0.0013) 0.00067) N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. Southern mackerel 76 September 28, 2014 March 30, 2015 (Detection limit: (Detection limit: 0.031 0.16 N.D. (Detection limit: (Detection limit: (Detection limit: Whole except viscera (Scomber australasicus) 0.084) 0.015） 0.0012) 0.0013) 0.00063) N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. Common sea squirt Whole body 77 September 29, 2014 March 30, 2015 (Detection limit: (Detection limit: 0.029 0.10 N.D. (Detection limit: (Detection limit: (Detection limit: (Halocynthia roretzi) (edible part) 0.059) 0.011） 0.0015) 0.0013) 0.0012) N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. Scallop Whole body 78 October 15, 2014 March 30, 2015 (Detection limit: (Detection limit: (Detection limit: (Detection limit: N.D. (Detection limit: 0.0022（Note 3） 0.0015（Note 4） (Mizuhopecten yessoensis) (edible part) 0.048) 0.011） 0.022) 0.029) 0.00095) N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. Shortfin mako shark Whole except viscera 79 September 30, 2014 March 30, 2015 (Detection limit: (Detection limit: 0.19 0.90 N.D. (Detection limit: (Detection limit: (Detection limit: (Isurus oxyrinchus) and head 0.067) 0.013） 0.0011) 0.0011) 0.00042) N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. Shortfin mako shark Whole except viscera 80 September 30, 2014 March 30, 2015 (Detection limit: (Detection limit: 0.23 1.0 N.D. (Detection limit: (Detection limit: (Detection limit: (Isurus oxyrinchus) and head 0.057) 0.010） 0.00094) 0.00094) 0.00043) Note 1: Sample nos. 5 & 10-14 were harvested by the Fisheries Research Agency in the waters off of Fukushima, an area in which fishing operations are under suspensions, and hence samples like these will not reach the market. Note 2: According to the Nuclear Regulation Authority’s Environment Radiation Database, up through the period of 2000-2010 prior to the Fukushima Daiichi NPS accident, the fish, shellfish and algae in the sea zones around Japan contained strontium-90 in concentrations between 0.094 Bq.kg and below the minimum detectable level. Note 3: According to the Nuclear Regulation Authority’s Environment Radiation Database, up through the period of 2000-2010 prior to the Fukushima Daiichi NPS accident, the fish and shellfish in the sea zones around Japan contained plutonium-238 in concentrations between 0.0016 Bq/kg and below the minimum detectable level. Concentrations of plutonium-239+240 were between 0.073 Bq/kg and below the minimum detectable level. Note 4: The levels of Americium 241 observed in past study (Hashimoto et al., 2002 [30]) are: 0.0022 Bq/kg-wet (n=12, 0.0013 - 0.0043 Bq/kg-wet) for Clam (Meretrix lamarckii) (molluscous part), 0.0017 Bq/kg-wet (n=7, 0.0012 - 0.0029 Bq/kg-wet) for Clam (Gomphina melanegis) (molluscous part)、0.00094 Bq/kg-wet (n=16, 0.00048 - 0.0016 Bq/kg-wet) for Ezo abalone (muscle part), 0.0021 Bq/kg-wet (n=16, 0.00099 - 0.0046 Bq/kg-wet) for Ezo abalone (visceral part) . Note 5: Nos. 19, 20, 33, 34, 40 have undetermined harvest locations and are therefore not shown in the map. Note 6: Nos. 18 – 40 were provided by the FY2012 Project on Clarifying the Impact of Nuclear Substances Note 7: Nos. 41 – 47, 53 – 59 were provided by the FY2013 Project on Clarifying the Impact of Nuclear Substances. Note 8: Nos. 48 – 52 were provided by a research project commissioned by the FY2013 Radioactivity Research Fund. Note 9: Nos. 60– 80 were provided by a research project commissioned by the FY2014 Radioactivity Research Fund.

- 52 - (1) (2)

(3) (4)

(5) (6)

Figure 39 Sampling Sites

- 53 - Table 5 No.10 Calculation of Effective Dose in Rockfish (Sebastes cheni)

Effective Dose Coefficient radionuclides Bq/kg Dose Effective dose of radioactive Sr is (for adult) mSv approximately 1/430 of that of Cs-137 580 1.3 * 10 -5 7.5 * 10 -3 Cs-134 390 1.9 * 10 -5 7.4 * 10 -3 radioactive Cs. -6 -6 Sr-89 0.45 2.6 * 10 1.2 * 10 Note: Sr 89 was not included in Sr-90 1.2 2.8 * 10 -5 3.4 * 10 -5 the calculation of the limits

Table 6 No.11 Calculation of Effective Dose in Ishikawa Icefish Effective Dose Coefficient radionuclides Bq/kg Dose Effective dose of radioactive Sr (for adult) mSv is approximately 1/67 of that of Cs-137 29 1.3 * 10 -5 3.8 * 10 -4 Cs-134 18 1.9 * 10 -5 3.4 * 10 -4 radioactive Cs. Sr-90 0.4 2.8 * 10 -5 1.1 * 10 -5

- 54 - 1-3-2 Survey of Radionuclides Mentioned in the CODEX Guidelines The establishment of radioactive cesium limits in Japan based on consideration of the influence of other radionuclides was described in 1-1-1. Similarly, the Codex Alimentarius Commission also presents “guideline levels” for radioactive material in food in preparation for an emergency situation, such as a nuclear accident or intentional release [8]. Some countries and regions utilize these levels as limits for radioactive material or establish their own import food limits based upon them. Consequently, investigating radionuclide data that is provided in CODEX could be expected to strengthen international trust in the safety of Japanese food products and, as a result, lead to the relaxation or abolishment of import regulations. Given this, the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF) conducted a survey on these radionuclides in FY2014.

(1) Thinking behind the survey In FY2014, MAFF measured the concentrations of radionuclides noted in the CODEX guidelines (Table 7) in commonly exported fish species and main fish species inhabiting the Pacific Ocean off of eastern Japan. MAFF excluded from its scientific findings some radionuclides that are thought to be unnecessary for the purposes of the survey. MAFF measured a total of 44 samples of sardines, salmon, mackerel, saury, Alaska pollock, scallops, ascidians, and red seabream for nine radionuclides that can be measured with gamma ray spectrometry (americium-241 [Am-241], ruthenium-106 [Ru-106], iodine-131 [I-131], uranium-235 [U-235], cobalt-60 [Co-60], ruthenium-103 [Ru-103], cesium-134 [Cs-134], cesium-137 (Cs-137), and cesium-144 [Cs-144]). It also measured a total of eight samples of mackerel, saury, Alaska pollock, scallops, and red seabream for strontium-89 (Sr-89), strontium-90 (Sr-90), plutonium-238 (Pu-238), and plutonium-239+240 (Pu-239+240).

The following are the radionuclides that were not measured and the reasons why they were excluded from the survey. 1) Iodine-129 (I-129), carbon-14 (C-14), and technetium-99 (Tc-99) The half-lives of these radionuclides are long (roughly 15.7 million years for I129, 5,700 years for C-14, and 210,000 years for Tc-99). Thus, the per-hour doses of radiation emitted from them is low compared to radioactive cesium (2.1 years for Cs-134 and 30 years for Cs-137) and other radionuclides with short half-lives when the number of radionuclides is the same. Moreover, in the case of C-14, it is thought that the amount produced in a nuclear reactor is lower than that produced by the interaction of cosmic rays and nitrogen. Additionally, like tritium of 3) below, it is not thought to concentrate in the bodies of organisms. 2) Sulfur-35 (S-35) and iridium-192 (Ir-192) The half-lives of these radionuclides are short (87.51 days for S-35 and 73.831 days for Ir-192). Thus, given that four years have passed since the accident, it is thought that the number of radionuclides has decreased significantly since the accident and therefore no radioactive material originating from the accident can be ascertained.

- 55 - 3) Tritium (H-3) Because its effective dose coefficient per 1 Bq is small compared to radioactive cesium and other radionuclides and it is metabolized together with water and organic matter, it is quickly discharged from the body with almost no concentration remaining.

Table 7 CODEX’s Guideline Levels (Bq/kg) Foods other than infant Radionuclide Infant foods foods 238 239 240 241 Pu, Pu, Pu, Am 1 10

90 106 129 131 235 Sr, Ru, I, I, U 100 100 35S, 60Co, 89Sr, 103Ru, 134Cs, 137Cs, 1,000 1,000 144Ce, 192Ir

3 14 99 H, C, Tc 1,000 10,000

(Values are totals of each radionuclide group.)

(2) Survey results Table 8 shows the results of the measurements. Among the radionuclides measured for the survey, all were below the detection limit with the exception of one sample in which Pu-239+240 was detected at a level within the range detected for the same species in adjacent ocean areas prior to the accident (2001 to 2010, N.D. to 0.017 Bq/kg). The CODEX guidelines state that “the activity concentrations of each radionuclide within the same group should be added together”. Almost all of the radionuclide concentrations measured in the survey were below the detection limit. However, even when a concentration equaled the detection limit, it is thought that the concentration was not at a level that can influence concentration calculations when determining whether or not it exceeds the CODEX guideline level. Four years since the accident, the amount of radioactive material in fishery products has decreased significantly, and no radioactive cesium was detected in the MAFF survey. However, it is a fact that concerns have been expressed regarding radionuclides other than cesium, particularly in other countries. Although the survey involved a limited number of fish species and samples, it detected no values for CODEX-listed non-cesium nuclides in marine organisms that are commonly exported. It is thought the survey’s results will prove effective in demonstrating the safety of Japan’s fishery products in efforts to persuade other countries to lift their import restrictions.

< Inspection conditions, etc. > (Period of sample collection) ・December 20, 2014, to January 5, 2015

- 56 - (Assessment bodies) ・ Measurement with gamma ray spectrometry, Sr-89, Sr-90: Isotope Research Institute ・ Pu-238, Pu-239+240: Kyushu Environmental Evaluation Association

(Tested body parts) Measurement with gamma ray spectrometry: muscle; measurement of Sr-89, Sr-90, Pu-238, and Pu-239+240: entire fish except intestines

(Detection limit in measurement with gamma ray spectrometry) Measurement was conducted so that the detection limit for Cs-134 and Cs-137 would be roughly 0.7 Bq/kg in each case (2,000 seconds to 4,000 seconds); given that the guideline level for infant foods of the group including Am-241 is 1 Bq/kg, measurement of some samples was conducted so that the detection limit for Am-241 would be roughly 1 Bq/kg (10,000-seconds to 40,000-second measurement).

- 57 - Table 8 Radioactive Material Concentrations in Fishery Products for Radionuclides Noted in the CODEX Guidelines

1234 5 678 Foods Specimen Pacific saury Alaska pollock Red seabream Maximum Infant other than Sardines Salmon Mackerel Scallops Ascidians detection foods infant Aomori, Miyagi, Iwate, Aomori, Iwate, foods Miyagi, Chiba Iwate, Fukushima, Miyagi, Miyagi, Aomori, Iwate Aomori, Iwate Mie, Ehime value Miyagi Chiba Chiba Fukushima, No. of samples for Group Radionuclide (All “N.D.” 'Sr-89, Sr-90, Pu- total GL GL 0022 2101 238, Pu-239+240, indicate Am-241* maximum No. of nuclide detection (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) samples other than 3581011223 limits) those above Measured value Unmeasured Unmeasured N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. Unmeasured N.D. 0.0015 0.00072 0.00049 0.00052 0.00082 0.0015 Pu-238 Detection limit ~~ ~~ ~ 0.00115 0.00072 0.00057 0.00082 0.0015 Measured valueUnmeasuredUnmeasured N.D. N.D. N.D. 0.0023 Unmeasured N.D. 0.0023 Pu-239＋ 0.00061 0.00048 0.00051 0.0014 0.0012 Pu-240 Detection limit ~~ ~~ ~ 0.00097 0.00061 0.00056 0.0014 0.0012 3 Measured value 110 Unmeasured Unmeasured N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. Unmeasured N.D. 1.1 (1) 0.8 0.9 0.7 1.0 0.8 Detection limit (approx. 1 Bq/kg) ~~ ~~ ~ 1 1.1 1.0 0.9 1.0 0.8 Am-241 Measured value N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. 2.8 (2) 2.0 2.4 1.2 1.7 1.8 2.5 2.6 2.3 A lower Detection limit ~~~~ ~~~~ detection 2.4 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.6 2.8 2.6 2.6 limit for Am‐241 Measured value N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. 0.019 was used. 0.018 0.018 0.019 0.018 0.018 Sr-90 Detection limit ~~ ~~ ~ 0.019 0.019 0.019 0.018 0.018 Measured value N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. 7.3 4.2 5.5 2.9 4.0 4.2 5.0 5.1 5.0 Ru-106 Detection limit ~~~~ ~~~~ 7.2 6.4 6.5 6.5 6.1 6.9 5.6 7.3 I-129 (Unmeasured) 100 100 Measured value N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. 0.66 9 0.45 0.58 0.27 0.39 0.45 0.51 0.52 0.53 I-131 Detection limit ~~~~ ~~~~ 0.65 0.59 0.58 0.62 0.59 0.61 0.66 0.66 Measured value N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. 1.3 0.66 0.81 0.58 0.60 0.75 0.78 0.84 0.85 U-235 Detection limit ~~~~ ~~~~ 1.0 1.0 0.9 1.0 0.9 1.3 0.9 1.1 0 0000 S-35 (Unmeasured) Measured value N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. 1.1 0.64 0.72 0.41 0.44 0.69 0.76 0.73 0.77 Co-60 Detection limit ~~~~ ~~~~ 0.76 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.1 Measured value Unmeasured Unmeasured N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. Unmeasured N.D. 0.17 0.07 0.08 0.10 0.10 0.067 Sr-89 Detection limit ~~ ~~ ~ 0.07 0.11 0.17 0.10 0.067 Measured value N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. 0.90 0.47 0.55 0.33 0.50 0.55 0.61 0.54 0.55 Ru-103 Detection limit ~~~~ ~~~~ 0.69 0.74 0.90 0.73 0.71 0.62 0.71 0.77 1,000 1,000 Measured value N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. 0.69 8 0.46 0.56 0.33 0.31 0.54 0.69 0.52 0.55 Cs-134 Detection limit ~~~~ ~~~~ 0.46 0.56 0.33 0.31 0.54 0.69 0.52 0.55 Measured value N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. 0.70 0.47 0.59 0.34 0.43 0.54 0.67 0.67 0.69 Cs-137 Detection limit ~~~~ ~~~~ 0.18 0.22 0.70 0.21 0.16 0.21 0.27 0.21 Measured value N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. 4.7 2.9 3.6 2.0 2.8 3.4 3.8 4.0 4.0 Ce-144 Detection limit ~~~~ ~~~~ 4.3 4.4 4.7 4.4 4.2 4.6 4.3 4.4 Ir-192 (Unmeasured)

H-3,C-14,Tc-99 1000 10,000 (Unmeasured) *The detection limit of Am-241 is inspected as approx. 1 Bq/kg. 58

- 58 -

(Box 5) Why weren’t Radioactive Strontium and Plutonium Targeted in the Survey?

As was noted in Box 1, the limits that were established in April 2012 were set with consideration for cesium-134, cesium-137, strontium-90, plutonium, and ruthenium-106, which, of the radionuclides that are thought to have been emitted from the Fukushima Daiichi NPS based on evaluation by the Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency, have a half-life of over one year. However, in actual monitoring, only radioactive cesium was targeted. One reason for this is that, compared to radioactive cesium, measurement of radioactive strontium and plutonium require a considerable amount of time, which effectively makes continuous monitoring of them difficult. Measuring these radionuclides requires completely reducing samples to ash (which requires at least 74 hours). Even if measurements are to be subsequently taken, it takes time for strontium, in particular, to produce its daughter nuclide, strontium-90. This makes utilizing it in routine food monitoring tests, where speed is of the essence, problematic. Consequently, monitoring is conducted by using radioactive cesium, which is comparatively easy to measure, as the indicator after including non-radioactive cesium effects so that the total of the above-mentioned radionuclides does not exceed 1 mSv/year. As for measurement of radioactive material in fishery products, radioactive cesium is measured based on a notification issued by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare and analysis series of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology as described in 1-1-2. For radioactive strontium and plutonium, measurement is conducted based on analysis series of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology [10; 32; 33; 34; 35]. The Fisheries Agency and Fisheries Research Agency announce data on radioactive cesium, radioactive strontium, and plutonium in fishery products. A summary of how these data are measured is provided below. In addition, a flowchart showing the actual method for measuring radioactive strontium and plutonium is attached at the end of this report.

1. Radioactive cesium Because two-liter Marinelli beakers are commonly used, the method using them will be described here. It should be noted that small 100-ml beakers (U-8) are used when the amount of sample available is insufficient.

(Preprocessing of the sample)  When a two-liter Marinelli beaker is used, an amount of fish, etc., that provides a sample of at least two kg (edible parts) is made available (five to seven kg of unprocessed fish).  The sample is prepared as described below. To avoid contamination from mud and mud contained in the stomach, the sample must be carefully washed and its intestines must be carefully removed. ・ For small fish (when the entire fish is eaten whole), the entire fish (including the intestines) ・ For medium-size and large fish, only the muscular sections (excluding the skin, bones, head, and intestines) ・ For invertebrates (squid, octopus, etc.), the muscular sections (mantle) (excluding the intestines; the skin is used depending on the intended purpose) ・ The sample is cut with a knife or other utensil into thin pieces of around 1 cm (to take place as necessary in the case of small fish). The pieces are packed into an internal bag, making sure that no spaces form, and then the sample is weighed.

(Measurement)  The sample is measured with a germanium semiconductor detector. When the sample is measured in a two-liter Marinelli beaker (roughly two-kg sample) for 60 minutes, the target detection limit is 0.4 Bq/kg for cesium-134 and 0.5 Bq/kg for cesium-137.

- 59 -

Preparation of the sample Germanium semiconductor detector (Photos courtesy of the Marine Ecology Research Institute)

2. Radioactive strontium and plutonium (Preparing the sample) 1) Carbonization and ashing All parts except the intestines are measured. Those parts are reduced to ash to create the measurement sample. When using the sample that was used to measure radioactive cesium (described in 1 above), all of the parts except the intestines are returned and then entirely reduced to ash. The process of reducing the sample to ash involves a “drying process” using a hot-air drying machine and then a “carbonization process” with an electric furnace. The entire process takes at least 74 hours.

2) Strontium-90 The post-ashing sample is dissolved and the strontium is separated out using a Na-type strong acid anion exchange resin column. The sediments containing strontium that are obtained from this process are left to sit for at least two weeks (the amount of time needed for radiation equilibrium) to allow the production of radioisotopes of yttrium, which is the daughter nuclide of strontium. Then yttrium-90 is separated out using coprecipitation with iron (III) hydroxide. The beta rays of the yttrium-90 are measured with a gas-flow GM counter (when count efficiency is 27 % and measurement takes place for 60 minutes, the detection limit should be around 0.02 Bq/kg [raw]).

3) Plutonium-238, 239+240 After the post-ashing sample is dissolved in nitric acid, the plutonium is separated out and purified using an anion exchange resin column. The plutonium is electrodeposited onto a stainless steel plate, where it becomes a sample for measuring alpha rays. The process from separation of the sample to completion of electrodeposition takes about 30 minutes. Then the measurement sample is quantitated with alpha-ray spectrometry using a silicon semiconductor detector (when count efficiency is 20 % and measurement takes place for 24 hours, the detection limit should be between 0.002 Bq/kg and 0.004 Bq/kg [raw]).

- 60 - Half-Lives of Radionuclides that were Considered when Setting Limits

Regulated radionuclide Half-life (physical)

Cesium-134 2.1 years

Cesium-137 30 years

Strontium-90 29 years

Plutonium-238 87.7 years

Plutonium-239 24,110 years

Plutonium-240 6,564 years

Plutonium-241 14.4 years

Ruthenium-106 374 days

Ash Sample for Measurement of Radioactive Sr and Pu Gas-Flow GM Counter (Beta-ray Counter) (Photos courtesy of the Fisheries Research Agency)

- 61 - Part Two. The State of Radionuclides Released into the Environment

Chapter 1. Movement of Radioactive Cesium Released into the Environment

Radioactive cesium radionuclides released into the environment by the Fukushima Daiichi NPS accident are thought to have two paths of intake by fishery species. One path is through water in the environment, and another is through the intake of prey organism. The chemical properties of cesium are similar to those of potassium, and the two behave in the same way when entering the body of fish. Further, cesium is also (like potassium) excreted from the body through urination and similar processes, and hence a reduction in the concentration of radioactive cesium in the environment brings a reduction in the concentration of radioactive cesium in fishery products. This chapter will discuss the mechanism by which radioactive cesium enters the body of fish, as well as the movement and changes of radioactive materials emitted into the land, ocean, and environment.

2-1-1 Intake and Excretion by Fish [35] As with potassium and other minerals, radioactive cesium in environmental waters (ocean or freshwater) is, after being taken into the bodies of fish, gradually excreted from them (Figure 40). According to previous research, the concentration of radioactive cesium in marine fish is (including food-chain effects) 5 to 100 times higher than the concentration in the surrounding seawater, although there are differences among fish species. Depending on the concentration of radioactive cesium in the surrounding seawater and the intake/excretion capabilities of the fish, the concentration of radioactive cesium in fish can be temporarily high. When marine fish take in radioactive cesium or other minerals, their bodies work to quickly excrete the substance because osmotic pressure within their body is lower than that of sea water. In an environment with no radioactive cesium, half of the amount taken in is excreted from the body in approximately 50 days. For this reason, a reduction in the concentration of radioactive cesium in the surrounding seawater will result in a gradual reduction in radioactive cesium concentrations within the bodies of marine fish. In invertebrates, the majority of salts flow freely between the seawater and the inside of the invertebrates’ bodies because osmotic pressure within their body is equivalent to that of sea water. For this reason, radioactive cesium concentrations will drop off more quickly in invertebrates than in marine fish if there is a reduction in radioactive cesium concentrations in the surrounding seawater. In this way, radioactive cesium within marine products do not behave like mercury or organochlorine compounds in that they do not accumulate within fishes’ bodies through the food chain. Moreover, current concentrations of radioactive cesium in ocean waters are, as discussed in detail in 2-2-2, quite low outside of port. Therefore, it is thought that concentrations of radioactive cesium in marine products will drop with the passage of time. Meanwhile, the bodies of freshwater fish naturally attempt to retain radioactive cesium and other minerals because osmotic pressure within their body is higher than that of environmental water, and freshwater fish require more time to excrete radioactive cesium than do marine fish. 62

- 62 -

Figure 40 Intake of Radioactive Materials by Fish

2-1-2 Movement within the Environment Radioactive cesium in the ocean is diluted and dispersed with large amounts of water as it is transported by ocean currents. It also may be carried onto the ocean floor sticking to suspended particles or coagulation sedimentation. Radioactive cesium present in marine soil is thought to move with the soil as it is gradually scattered around. For inland waters, radioactive cesium that falls on mountains or plains is transported via rain or melting snow into rivers, lakes, and marshes, eventually pouring into the ocean or falling to the bottom of a lake or marsh (Figure 41). After the Fukushima Daiichi NPS accident, Fukushima Prefecture; the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (now the Nuclear Regulation Authority and the Ministry of the Environment); and TEPCO conducted a study on the movement and changes of radioactive cesium in the environment. This study showed that radioactive cesium concentrations in the waters around the power station in Fukushima Prefecture were initially very high, immediately after the accident; but these concentrations clearly dropped off afterward (Figure 42). Meanwhile, radioactive cesium-containing marine soil was found increasingly less off the coast of Fukushima Prefecture even as early as March 2012, as shown in Figure 43. It is inferred that this soil was moved further north, south, and offshore, as the high-concentration marine soil around the nuclear power station was gradually scattered around.

- 63 -

Figure 41 Progression of Contamination due to the Nuclear Accident

Figure 42 Results of Radioactive Cesium Monitoring in Sea Water off the Coast of Fukushima [37]

Figure 43 Results of Radioactive Cesium Monitoring in Marine Soil off the Coast of Fukushima [38]

- 64 - Chapter 2. The Leakage of Contaminated Water into the Fukushima Daiichi NPS Port

2-2-1 Impact of Contaminated Water Leakage and Countermeasures In May 2013, a high concentration of tritium was detected in groundwater at the seawall area between intakes of unit 1 and unit 2. TEPCO conducted a survey of the groundwater in the area, and announced at the end of July 2013 that contaminated groundwater from the seawall was leaking into the port. According to the TEPCO study, the quantity of cesium radionuclides that has leaked into the ocean since May 2013 is estimated to be far less than the quantity released in April 2011 (see Box 6). Moreover, although some amount of radioactive materials were detected in water in the port, concentrations at the port entrance were low and the impact outside the port is expected to be limited (Figure 44). Concentrations of radioactive cesium and strontium-90 in the marine area around the Fukushima Daiichi are in a decreasing trend. As for plutonium, no significant increase compared to before the accident has been observed. Three basic principles guide efforts to stop the leakage of contaminated water: “remove” the source of contamination; “isolate” water from the source contamination; and “prevent leakage” of contaminated water [39]. The implementation of soil improvement at contaminated seawall areas and other actions taken as emergency measures under “prevent leakage” have reduced the amount of radioactive material flowing into the ocean. Looking forward, it is thought that the amount of radioactive material flowing into the ocean can be further decreased if groundwater that will flow into the ocean can be pumped up and purified and then released and a seaside impermeable wall can be closed as fundamental measures under “isolate” and “prevent leakage” (TEPCO calculates that large decreases to approximately 1/40 in the case of strontium and cesium and 1/15 in the case of tritium can be achieved compared to the 2014 flow; it should be noted, however, that TEPCO is reevaluating the amount of flow for 2014) [40]. Further, to prevent the spread of contaminated marine organism out of the port, TEPCO has installed nets at the port entrance and carries out exterminations inside the port [41].

- 65 -

Figure 44 Impact of Contaminated Water Leakage into the Fukushima Daiichi NPS Port (Source: Created by the Fisheries Agency using TEPCO materials [42])

- 66 -

(Box 6) Quantity of Radioactive Material Leaked into the Ocean (Est.) According to estimation by TEPCO, the amount of cesium-137 leaked into the ocean over the 850 days since May 2011 is approximately 1 to 20 TBq [43]. This quantity is 1/47 to 1/940 the amount of cesium-137 leaked from the Fukushima Daiichi NPS Reactor Unit 2 from April 1 to April 6, 2011 (940 TBq [44]) in highly contaminated water. The main source of the contamination of fishery products today is thought to be the large leakage that took place from April 1 to April 6. Later leakages are considered to have contributed little to this contamination. Further, inspection results on radioactive strontium in fishery products are described in Chapter 3 of Part One. Additionally, tritium has an effective dose coefficient (the coefficient that expresses the relationship between the amount of radioactive substance taken in and exposure dosage) that is 1/700 of that of cesium-137 (ICRP Publication 72, Biological Half-life [45]). When found in the natural world, tritium is primarily found as water, and hence even if it is taken in by living creatures such as humans or fish, it is not concentrated and is quickly excreted. It is inconceivable that that tritium will be found within food in considerable doses, and hence it is not considered relevant to the limits for food items [9].

Comparison of the amount of radionuclides in the contaminated water leaked in Apr.2011 with that in the contaminated water leaked from May.2011 to Aug.2013, which was estimated by TEPCO The amount of radionuclides in The amount of radionuclides in the thecontaminated water leaked in contaminated water leaked since may.2011, Radionuclides Apr.20111) which was estimated by TEPCO 2) Leak periods Leak amount (Bq) Leak periods Leak amount (Bq) Cesium-134+137 6 days ca. 18 * 1014 - Cesium-137 6 days ca. 9.4 * 1014 850 days ca. 1 * 1012 - ca. 2 * 1013 Strontium -90 - 850 days ca. 7 * 1011 - ca. 1 * 1013 Tritium - 800 days ca. 2 * 1013 - ca. 4 * 1013

Note: 220 Bq/L (Aug.19, 2013), 49 Bq/L (Aug.19, 2013) and 0.36 Bq/L (Jun.26, 2013) for strontium-90 were detected at the North side of Unit1-4 water intake channel (north side of East Seawall Break), at the port entrance and at the point near the south discharge channel, respectively. Sources: Created based on information from: 1) Material publicized by the government [44] 2) Cesium-137 and strontium-90: estimation by TEPCO [43], tritium: estimation by TEPCO [46]

Concentration factor of fish species Fish Mollusk Seaweeds Cesium 5 - 100 10 - 60 10 - 50 Strontium 1 - 3 1 - 10 10 Tritium 1 1 1 Sources: IAEA TRS 422 [47]; Yamagata, “Seibutsu noushuku” [48]

- 67 - 2-2-2 Concentrations of Radioactive Cesium in Fishery Products In July 2013, TEPCO reported that contaminated groundwater had leaked from a seawall into the plant port. According to the monitoring results, the influence to sea water has not been observed outside of the port. However, the controversy over this leakage of contaminated water reignited domestic and international fears over fishery products in the Fukushima area and, in September of the same year, the Republic of Korea announced that it would strengthen its regulations on fishery product imports from Japan. This section will explain the results of a statistical analysis to examine the significance of an effect by the July 2013 leakage on radioactive cesium concentrations in Fukushima area fishery products.

(1) Comparison of Cesium Concentrations in Fishery Products: Just after the accident and in FY2013 As stated in 2-2-1, calculations regarding the leakage of contaminated water, published by TEPCO in July 2013, show that the amount of cesium-137 estimated to have leaked into the ocean over the 850 days since May 2011 is approximately 1/47th to 1/940th the amount leaked from April 1 to April 6, 2011. For this reason, the contamination immediately following the accident is thought to remain the major source of fishery product contamination today, and as seen in Chapter 1, radioactive cesium concentrations in marine products have been on a declining trend ever since the accident. Furthermore, if we were to assume that there was an effect from contaminated water leakage occurring after May 2011, marine products in Fukushima Prefecture would be expected to experience the largest effect. Inspection results in Fukushima from two periods—the six months immediately following the accident (April to September 2011) and the six months in FY2013 (October 2013 to March 2014) — are compared in Table 9. As can be seen in the table, the median radioactive cesium concentration has declined in every fish species. The following statistical test was performed to determine whether this decline in median concentration is statistically significant.

1) Period of comparison April to September 2011, 6 months (accident aftermath); and October 2013 to March 2014, 6 months.

2) Fish species compared All Fukushima Prefecture marine species for which 20 or more results are available in the given period.

3) Method of statistical test As in Chapter 1, the distributions of radioactive cesium concentrations in fishery products are not bilaterally symmetrical from left to right, but rather most distributions have a high frequency of

- 68 - low-concentration samples and then trail off to the right. Therefore, for comparison of unpaired two groups, a non-parametric method, Mann–Whitney U test was used to test for the significance of a difference in medians between the two samples.

Null hypothesis H0: There is no difference, immediately post-accident versus FY2013, in radioactive cesium concentrations within the target fish species,

Alternative hypothesis H1: Radioactive cesium concentrations within target fish species in FY2013 are lower than concentrations in immediately post-accident. With these as hypotheses, a one-sided test was performed with a significance level of 5 %. When both cesium-134 and 137 are below detection limit, the sum of their respective detection limits is used. Detection limits for 2011 are not available in the same for, and therefore the mean of 2012 detection limits, 16 Bq/kg, was used. In Table 9, even when actual readings were below the detection limit, the calculated value was used.

4) Results As shown in Table 10, for every fish species the null hypothesis was rejected at a 5 % significance level. It can be concluded that the decrease in median radioactive cesium concentration, from the post-accident period of April to September 2011 to the period of October 2013 to March 2014, is significant.

- 69 - Table 9 Comparison of Radioactive Cesium in Fishery Products Between Two Periods

2011.4～2011.9 2013.10～2014.3 Interquartile Interquartile Number of Median Number of Median Species range range inspections (Bq/kg) inspections (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) fat greenling 48 170 (110～410) 156 16 (14～19) brown hakeling 20 150 (110～490) 90 16 (15～17) monkfish 20 53 (36～79) 59 16 (15～17) ocellate spot skate 37 310 (150～600) 88 42 (20～80) whitebait 40 53 (16～190) 61 16 (15～17) slime flounder 41 62 (35～190) 156 16 (14～18) olive flounder 73 130 (75～200) 209 16 (14～18) gurnard 21 120 (79～140) 61 15 (14～17) Japanese jack mackerel 25 28 (16～86) 67 16 (14～17) conger eel 25 25 (16～53) 91 15 (14～17) littlemouth flounder 35 73 (59～150) 184 15 (13～17) marbled flounder 37 180 (71～250) 113 17 (14～21) John Dory 23 25 (18～54) 32 15 (14～16)

Table 10 Comparison of Radioactive Cesium in Fishery Products Between Two Periods (Results of statistical test) Test Species P-value statistic (U) fat greenling <0.001 7236.5 brown hakeling <0.001 1800 monkfish <0.001 1154 ocellate spot skate <0.001 3057.5 whitebait <0.001 2018.5 slime flounder <0.001 5331 olive flounder <0.001 14709.5 gurnard <0.001 1280 Japanese jack mackerel <0.001 1295.5 conger eel <0.001 1705.5 littlemouth flounder <0.001 6412 marbled flounder <0.001 4042

John Dory <0.001 613

- 70 - (2) Comparison of Before and After the Leakage of Contaminated Water

The July 2013 TEPCO report on the contaminated water leakage reignited domestic and international fears over fishery products in the Fukushima area, and in September of the same year, the Republic of Korea announced that it would strengthen its regulations on imports from Japan. According to the monitoring results, the influence to sea water has not been observed outside of the port. Hence it is thought that there was no increase in radioactive cesium concentrations among fishery products. Table 11 compares inspection results from two periods: latter period, a 6-month period from April to September 2013 in which TEPCO announced the leakage; and former period, the preceding 6-month period from October 2012 to March 2013. While the median radioactive cesium concentration for many of the fish species is either unchanged or drops from former period to latter period, some of the species display an increase in median. The following statistical test was performed to determine whether this increase in median in some species from one period to the next is statistically significant.

1) Period of comparison October 2012 to March 2013, 6 months (former period); and April to September 2013, 6 months (latter period)

2) Fish species compared All Fukushima Prefecture marine species for which 20 or more results are available in the given period and which also displayed an increase in median radioactive cesium concentration from one period to the next (Fox jacopever (Sebastes vulpes), Alaska pollock and Seabass).

3) Method of statistical test As in 2-2-2 (1), a Mann–Whitney U test was used to test for the significance of a difference in medians between two periods. Readings below the detection limit were treated in the same manner as in 2-2-2 (1).

Null hypothesis H0: There is no difference between former and latter period radioactive in cesium concentrations in the target fish species.

Alternative hypothesis H1: There is an increase in radioactive cesium concentrations in the latter period relative to the former period. With these as hypotheses, a one-sided test was performed with a significance level of 5 %.

4) Results As Table 12 shows, in every fish species the null hypothesis was not rejected at a 5 % significance level. There was no significant increase in radioactive cesium concentrations from the former period of October 2012 to March 2013, to the latter period of April to September 2013.

- 71 - Table 11 Comparison of Radioactive Cesium Concentrations Before and After the Contaminated Water Leakage Controversy

2012.10～2013.3 2013.3～2013.9 Interquartile Interquartile Number of Median Number of Median Species Range Range inspections (Bq/kg) inspections (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) fat greenling 152 62 (25～140) 180 19 (15～57) flathead founder 75 16 (14～17) 69 15 (14～17) Ishikawa icefish 62 16 (14～17) 30 16 (15～17) stone flounder 91 36 (17～98) 70 17 (14～41) goldeye rockfish 27 130 (28～210) 30 24 (16～78) redwing searobin 64 15 (9.3～18) 64 14 (12～16) monkfish 41 16 (15～18) 59 16 (15～18) fox jacopever 28 18 (15～60) 33 40 (16～59) black rockfish 26 31 (15～130) 23 27 (16～51) hairy crab 23 16 (14～17) 57 16 (15～17) sea raven 42 24 (15～43) 80 16 (14～18) sand eel 28 16 (15～17) 38 15 (14～17) ocellate spot skate 95 100 (58～170) 96 55 (40～86) roughscale sole 33 16 (14～17) 94 15 (14～17) halfbeak 30 15 (14～16) 27 15 (14～16) whitebait 53 16 (15～17) 138 16 (15～17) rockfish 60 190 (91～310) 39 130 (78～240) dwarf squid 24 15 (15～16) 31 15 (15～16) Alaska pollock 44 15 (14～18) 41 16 (14～17) seabass 75 39 (18～73) 27 48 (19～145) slime flounder 135 17 (15～57) 190 16 (14～19) olive flounder 220 31 (16～61) 203 16 (14～30) gurnard 51 17 (12～19) 46 15 (12～17) Japanese jack mackerel 40 15 (13～17) 34 15 (14～17) conger eel 77 16 (13～18) 78 15 (12～17) littlemouth flounder 109 17 (13～30) 115 15 (13～17) marbled flounder 111 33 (18～53) 119 16 (14～27) Pacific cod 127 21 (14～44) 134 16 (14～29) John Dory 32 17 (14～20) 22 15 (12～16) Rikuzen flounder 65 16 (14～17) 124 16 (15～17) giant Pacific octopus 51 16 (14～17) 78 15 (14～17) shotted halibut 65 16 (14～20) 65 15 (13～17) chestnut octopus 57 16 (14～17) 126 16 (14～17) willowy flounder 66 15 (12～17) 103 15 (14～17) spear squid 52 16 (15～17) 37 15 (15～17) hildendorf saucord 55 15 (13～16) 84 15 (14～17)

- 72 - Table 12 Comparison of Radioactive Cesium Concentrations Before and After the Controversy over the Leakage of Contaminated Water (Results of statistical test) Test Species P-value statistic (U) fox jacopever 0.22 408.5 Alaska pollock 0.64 943

seabass 0.16 878.5

(3) Summary Based on the results of the test in 2-2-2 (1), we have confirmed a statistically significant decrease in radioactive cesium concentrations in Fukushima Prefecture marine product within every fish species tested since the immediate post-accident period. Second, the controversy over contaminated water leakage reignited domestic and international fears over fishery products in the Fukushima area, and in September 2013 the Republic of Korea announced that it would strengthen its regulations on imports from Japan. However, the results of the test in 2-2-2 (2) indicate that there was no statistically significant increase in radioactive cesium concentrations of Fukushima area marine products from the former period to the latter period.

- 73 - Chapter 3. Monitoring of Radionuclides in the Ocean

Part One discussed the results of monitoring of radioactive cesium in fishery products. Monitoring of ocean waters and marine soil is not only conducted by TEPCO within the nuclear power station port; it is also periodically conducted in the vicinity of the nuclear plant, in the coasts of neighboring prefectures, off-shore area, and in the outer sea area (except marine soil) by TEPCO, the Nuclear Regulation Authority (NRA), the Ministry of the Environment, Fukushima Prefecture, and others. In the event of aleakage from the Fukushima Daiichi NPS, TEPCO and relevant government agencies coordinate their efforts as necessary to provide the level of monitoring appropriate for the event. This data produced through this monitoring is published on the websites of the relevant organization.a This chapter will serve to summarize these monitoring results.

2-3-1 Results from Ocean Water Monitoring (Figure 45, Figure 46) Concentrations of radioactive materials in ocean waters near the Fukushima Daiichi NPS showed quite high value immediately following the accident in 2011, but readings have declined afterward. On the topic of the impact of contaminated water on the ocean, the IAEA stated that “although increased radionuclide concentrations have been monitored in the sea, these have occurred only in a small area within the port of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station,” “The monitoring results that have been provided for the surrounding sea region and off shore areas indicated no rise in radionuclide concentrations and remain within the WHO guidelines for drinking water,” and “the IAEA considers the public is safe and sees no reason why this should not continue to be the case in the future” (December 20, 2013). In addition to the above, more recently, after stating that the “situation in the marine environment to be stable,” the IAEA noted with regard to a proficiency test for ocean monitoring (whereby the IAEA checks the technologies and other capacities of laboratories through a process in which participating laboratories analyse samples sent to them from the IAEA and then report their findings to the IAEA) and an interlaboratory comparison of seawater sample analyses by the NRA and the IAEA (whereby each laboratory analyses samples jointly collected by the NRA and the IAEA for interlaoratory comparison of the results) that [the results of these tests] “have shown a high level of accuracy of the data reported by Japanese laboratories” and “This conclusion should increase confidence that the data regularly reported by NRApresents a reliable picture of the levels of radioactivity in the near-shore coastal waters east of Japan” [49; 50; 51].

a Nuclear Regulation Authority http://radioactivity.nsr.go.jp/ja/list/428/list-1.html

- 74 -

Sampling Point Point no. Latitude Longtitude North side of 1F 5-6 T-1 37°25′52″ 141°02′04″ water outlet Around 1F south Coast T-2-1 37°24' 22'' 141°02' 01'' water outlet Around 2F north T-3 37°19′20″ 141°01′35″ water outlet ３km offshore of T-D1 37°30′00″ 141°4′20″ Ukedo River ３km offshore of 1F T-D5 37°25′00″ 141°4′20″

Within 20 km ３km offshore of 2F T-D9 37°20′00″ 141°4′20″ radius 15km offshore of 1F T-5 37°25′ 141°12′

Around 15km offshore of Odaka T-B1 37°32' 141°13' Area Excerpt from Nuclear Regulation Agency website （based on reference documents made b

Figure 45 Sampling Points in the Vicinity of the Fukushima Daiichi NPS (Source: Excerpted from the Nuclear Regulation Authority website [52; 53])

- 75 - Sampling Point：T-1 Surface ray 1000000 I-131 100000 Cs-134 Cs-137 10000 1000 ） 100 Bq/L 10 1

Concentration of radioactive materials（ 0.1 0.01 2011/3/11 2012/3/3 2013/2/24 2014/2/17 2015/2/10 Date of Sampling

Sampling Point：T-2-1 (T-2 until Nov. 2012) Surface ray 1000000 I-131 100000 Cs-134 Cs-137 10000 1000 ） 100 10 1

Concentration of radioactive materials（ Bq/L 0.1 0.01 2011/3/11 2012/3/3 2013/2/24 2014/2/17 2015/2/10 Date of Sampling

Sampling Point：T-3 Surface ray 100000 I-131 10000 Cs-134 Cs-137 1000

100 ） 10 Bq/L 1

Concentration of radioactive materials（ 0.1

0.01 2011/3/11 2012/3/3 2013/2/24 2014/2/17 2015/2/10 Date of Sampling

Sampling Point：T-5 Surface ray 1000000 Cs-134 100000 Cs-137 10000 1000 100 ） 10 Bq/L 1 0.1

Concentration of radioactive materials（ 0.01 0.001 2011/3/11 2012/3/3 2013/2/24 2014/2/17 2015/2/10 Date of Sampling Figure 46 Changes in the Radioactive Material Concentrations in the Vicinity of the Fukushima Daiichi NPS and Coastal Ocean Waters (Source: Excerpted from the Nuclear Regulation Authority website [54])

- 76 - Sampling Point：T-D1 Surface ray 1000000 100000 Cs-134 Cs-137 10000 1000 100 ） 10 Bq/L 1 0.1

Concentration of radioactive materials（ 0.01 0.001 2011/3/11 2012/3/3 2013/2/24 2014/2/17 2015/2/10 Date of Sampling Sampling Point：T-D5 Surface ray 1000000 100000 Cs-134 Cs-137 10000 1000 100

） 10

Bq/L 1 0.1 0.01 Concentration of radioactive materials（ 0.001 2011/3/11 2012/3/3 2013/2/24 2014/2/17 2015/2/10 Date of Sampling Sampling Point：T-D9 Surface ray 1000000 100000 Cs-134 Cs-137 10000 1000

） 100 10 Bq/L 1 0.1

Concentration of radioactive materials（ 0.01 0.001 2011/3/11 2012/3/3 2013/2/24 2014/2/17 2015/2/10 Date of Sampling

Sampling Point：T-B1 Surface ray 1000000 100000 Cs-134 Cs-137 10000 1000 100 ） 10 Bq/L 1 0.1

- 77 - 2-3-2 Results from Marine Soil Monitoring (Figure 45, Figure 47） According to monitoring results since April 2012, radioactive cesium concentrations in marine soil within 20 km of the Fukushima Daiichi NPS vary depending on the measurement site but are in the range of 10 to several thousand Bq/kg as dry soil with no particular change observed over time. Although the marine soil displays higher-than-normal concentrations of accumulated radioactive cesium, this does not mean that marine species inhabiting that sea zone will necessarily contain cesium concentrations exceeding the limits. The reasons for this include the fact that the transfer coefficient from ocean water to marine soil is 2000 – 4000 (concentration in marine soil /concentration in ocean water), and hence the cesium in the ocean water sticks strongly to argilliferous soil on the ocean bottom; and also the fact that the transfer rate from marine soil to benthic organisms is very small (0.04 – 0.17), meaning that it is difficult for cesium stuck to the clay to be adsorbed in the bodies of sea organisms. Meanwhile, cesium that is not stuck to argilliferous soil is relatively more easily taken in the bodies of sea organisms, and this cesium is considered to be one of the causes of contamination in fishery products [36].

- 78 - Sampling Point：T-1 10000

） Cs-134 Cs-137 1000

100 Bq/kg as dry soil

10 Concentration ofmaterials（ radioactive 1 2012/4/1 2012/11/30 2013/7/31 2014/3/31 2014/11/30 Date of Sampling

Sampling Point：T-2-1 (T-2 until Nov. 2012) 10000

） Cs-134 1000 Cs-137

100 Bq/kg as dry soil

10 Concentration ofmaterials（ radioactive 1 2012/4/1 2012/11/30 2013/7/31 2014/3/31 2014/11/30 Date of Sampling

Sampling Point：T-3 10000

） Cs-134 Cs-137 1000

100 Bq/kg as dry soil

10 Concentration ofmaterials（ radioactive

1 2012/4/1 2012/11/30 2013/7/31 2014/3/31 2014/11/30 Date of Sampling

Sampling Point：T-5 10000 Cs-134 ） Cs-137 1000

100 Bq/kg as dry soil 10 Concentration ofmaterials（ radioactive 1 2012/4/1 2012/11/30 2013/7/31 2014/3/31 2014/11/30 Date of Sampling Figure 47 Radioactive Materials Concentrations in Marine Soil in the Vicinity of the Fukushima Daiichi NPS and Coastal Sea Area (Source: Excepted from the Nuclear Regulation Authority website [55])

- 79 - Sampling Point：T-D1 10000

） Cs-134 Cs-137 1000

100 Bq/kg as dry soil

10 Concentration ofmaterials（ radioactive 1 2012/4/1 2012/11/30 2013/7/31 2014/3/31 2014/11/30 Date of Sampling

Sampling Point：T-D5 10000

） Cs-134 Cs-137 1000

100 Bq/kg as dry soil

10 Concentration ofmaterials（ radioactive

1 2012/4/1 2012/11/30 2013/7/31 2014/3/31 2014/11/30 Date of Sampling

Sampling Point：T-D9 10000 Cs-134 ） Cs-137 1000

100 Bq/kg as dry soil

10 Concentration ofmaterials（ radioactive 1 2012/4/1 2012/11/30 2013/7/31 2014/3/31 2014/11/30 Date of Sampling

Sampling Point：T-B1 10000 Cs-134 ） Cs-137 1000

100 Bq/kg as dry soil

10 Concentration ofmaterials（ radioactive 1 2012/4/1 2012/11/30 2013/7/31 2014/3/31 2014/11/30 Date of Sampling Figure 47 Radioactive Materials Concentrations in Marine Soil in the Vicinity of the Fukushima Daiichi NPS and Coastal Sea Area (cont.)

- 80 - Part Three. Research on the Mechanism by which Radionuclides are Transferred to Fishery Products

Chapter 1. Relationship with Prey Organisms and Ecology of Fish Species

As was shown in 2-3-2, marine soil containing radioactive cesium has accumulated primarily on the sea bottom off Fukushima. Among bottom fish are some in which radioactive cesium concentrations have been declining quite slowly, and there is concern that radioactive cesium is being transferred to them through prey. For this reason, researches have been carried out to better understand the movement of radioactive cesium within an ecosystem and the process by which it is transferred via the food chain, and new findings have been obtained. This chapter will explain the outcomes of this research [28].

3-1-1 Research on Radioactive Materials within Prey Organisms From 2011 to 2013, radioactive cesium concentrations were measured in zooplankton in Sendai Bay and waters off Fukushima. Radioactive cesium concentrations have been dropping year by year, and in the 2013 study cesium-137 was found in the 0.22 - 2.9 Bq/kg range, while cesium-134 was found in the 0.40 - 1.1 Bq/kg range (Figure 48). From May to October 2013, radioactive cesium concentrations were measured within benthos (ocean-bottom organisms) at the mouth of the Abukuma River and waters off Fukushima (Table 13, Figure 49). No correlation was found in these measurements between radionuclide levels in benthos and levels in marine soil (Figure 49). Radioactive cesium concentrations were found to vary by taxon, for example being high within benthic polychaetes of flabelligeridae and terebellidae, but low within glycera (bloodworms). A possible reason for high concentrations in some taxa is due to the effect of marine soil containing radioactive cesium on the body surface or in digestive tract. Still more studies have been performed on the possibility that contaminated marine soil is taken in by fish via benthos, but it is becoming newly apparent that concentrations of radioactive cesium within benthos only rise a few percent of concentrations in marine soil (i.e. concentration does not arise), and moreover that if placed in a clean habitat, benthos quickly excrete radioactive materials (70-80 % of radionuclides is excreted from the body in four days’ time). 100 off Joban_Sanriku coast The concentration of Cs-137 in Sendai Bay Oyashio_region zooplanktons in waters off 10 Joban-Sanriku coast, Sendai bay

and Oyashio-region has declined

over time. 1 Cs-137 (Bq/kg-wet)

0.1 0 200 400 600 800 1000 Days from 11 March 2011 Figure 48 Chronological Trend of Cs-137 Concentration within Zooplanktons

- 81 - Table 13 Radioactive Cesium Concentration within Benthos Sampled at the Mouth of the Abukuma River

Parts of the Sampling Date of - The concentrations of marine soil Species Cs‐134 + Cs‐137 (Bq/kg‐wet) body measured Point Catch samples taken from these sampling Swimming crab (Large) muscle 0.704 Swimming crab (Middle) muscle 0.444 points (10 m in depth) have not been Swimming crab (Small) muscle 1.52 measured yet. Sand crab whole body 0.814 South side, - In the environment sampling Cocktail shrimp whole body Aug 3, 2013 4.90 off the estuary Cocktail shrimp muscle 1.10 research preceding the marine living Cocktail shrimp other than muscle 8.38 organisms sampling, the survey was Grass shrimps whole body 2.30 Cocktail shrimp whole body 4.11 conducted along a line starting from Cocktail shrimp whole body 1.16 the mouth of river and extending Cocktail shrimp muscle 0.971 offshore so that hot-spots are Cocktail shrimp other than muscle 5.57 North side, Swimming crab muscle Aug 3, 2013 1.81 covered. The concentrations of off the estuary Paradorippe granulata whole body 15.1 marine soil at the point between two Philyra syndactyla whole body 2.47 sampling points (10 m in depth and at Hermit crabs whole body 3.42 the mouth of river) were:

80 Cs-137: 2,440 Bq/kg-dry

70 Cs-134: 1,213 Bq/kg-dry

） bristle 60 エビ類shrimp カニ類crabs 多毛類 worms 50

Cs-134 + Cs-137; Bq/kg-wet No correlation was found between cesium Concentration of （ 20 radionuclide levels in benthos and those 10 in marine soil. 0 Sampling point a Sampling point b Sampling point c (Sea bottom soil： (Sea bottom soil： (Sea bottom soil： 410 Bq/kg‐dry) 600 Bq/kg‐dry) 290 Bq/kg‐dry)

Figure 49 Chronological Trend of Radioactive Cesium Concentration within Benthos Sampled offshore Fukushima in May 2013

- 82 - 3-1-2 Research on Ecology of Fish Species and the Timing of Radionuclide Transfer Pacific cod, which were collected between March 2011 and October 2014 off the coast of Fukushima, were divided into 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013 birth year classes to examine changes in radioactive cesium concentrations via time series. Fish in the earlier birth year classes displayed higher concentrations of radioactive cesium, while those in the 2011 or later year classes contained miniscule amounts of the radioactive cesium. In previous studies, it has been discovered that pacific cod over one year old migrate to shallow sea areas in low-water temperature seasons. In this study, the 2011 or later year classes did not take in any radioactive cesium in the 2012 low-water-temperature season, and the 2009 and 2010 year classes did not show any increase in their radioactive cesium concentrations during low-water-temperature season (Figure 50). Therefore, it has been surmised that pacific cod born in or before 2010 migrated to the shallow sea areas after the Fukushima Daiichi NPS accident and, while there, primarily took in some amount of radioactive cesium where the sea zone contained high concentrations of it, but after 2012 these fish took in little radioactive cesium.

Figure 50 Chronological Trend of Radioactive Cesium Concentration within Pacific Cod Sampled offshore Fukushima

Also, there is a study that examines changes in radioactive cesium concentrations by Olive flounder’s birth year groups. In this monitoring study which began in November 2011, the greatest reading among the 2009 and 2010 year classes was about 100 Bq/kg, while for the 2011 and 2012 year classes readings were mostly below detection limit (Figure 51). Moreover, research has been carried out on the relationship between body length and radioactive cesium concentrations. Samples were taken from individuals of 300mm-400mm in length, whose eating habits are equal to those of adult fish and habitat areas largely overlap with those of adult fish. The maximum reading from samples in the 2010 year class was 120 Bq/kg, while readings were mostly in the 0-70 Bq/kg range; but in the 2011 year class, none of the samples exceeded 10 Bq/kg (Figure 52). Hence it is thought that, for olive flounders as well, little intake of radioactive cesium took place in and after the winter of 2012.

- 83 -

140 2009YC TOP: 2009, 2010 year classes (YC). 120 ） 2010YC

100 BOTTOM: 2011, 2012 year classes 80 (YC). 2011YC (ND) and 2012YC 60 (ND) are samples below detection 40 limits, and the detection limits were 20 Cs-134 + Cs-137; Bq/kg-wet cesium of Concentration （ plotted. 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 Days from 11 March 2011 Note that the scale of the Y axis 20 2011YC differs between the top and bottom 2011YC(ND) 15 graph. ） 2012YC wet ‐ 2012YC(ND) 10 Bq/kg

cesium

137; ‐ Cs

5 + 134 ‐ Cs

Concentration （ 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 Days from 11 March 2011 Figure 51 Olive Flounder, by Birth Year Class: Relationship between the Number of Days Elapsed Since the Fukushima Daiichi NPS accident and Radioactive Cesium Concentrations

140 2005‐2007YC When comparing individuals 120 2008YC 2009YC of 300-400 mm in length, the ） 100 2010YC 2011YC readings from 2010 year class 2011YC(ND) 80 mostly ranged in 0-70 Bq/kg 2012YC 2012YC(ND) and displayed 120 Bq/kg at the 60 maximum, while in the 2011 40 year class, none of the samples 20 exceeded 10 Bq/kg.

+ Bq/kg-wet Cs-137; Cs-134 0 Concentration of cesium of Concentration （ 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

Length (mm)

Figure 52 Relationship between the Length of and Radioactive Cesium Concentration in Olive Flounder, by Birth Year Class

- 84 - 3-1-3 Conclusion and Future Research This study demonstrates that benthos, prey for fish, do not reflect the radionuclide concentrations of marine soil. Additionally, declining trends in concentrations of radioactive cesium in fishery products including bottom fish despite the still-contaminated state of marine soil in some sea zones suggest that benthos is not a major pathway through which radionuclides transfer to fishery products. Radioactive cesium contained in benthos is not considered to cause advancement of the contamination in fishery products, but rather a cause of delay in the reduction of contamination. Meanwhile, despite the fact that some monitory samples of pacific cod and olive flounder show high concentrations of radioactive cesium in sea zones across a relatively wide area, it has been shown that there is low intake of radionuclides by fish in the 2011 or later year class, and also that there has been low intake in general since the winter of 2012. It is expected that as the number of fish born after the Fukushima Daiichi NPS accident increase in number, concentrations of radioactive cesium in fishery products will continue to decrease. As was seen in Chapter 3 of Part One, concentrations of radioactive material in Pacific cod and olive flounder fell in FY2014 even in the area offshore of Fukushima, and no cases in which limits were exceeded were observed. Although ordinary monitoring conducted by local governments does not measure age, it is estimated that most of the caught Pacific cod were between 1 and 2 years (North Pacific population) [56] and the olive flounders were 1 year plus or 2 years plus (North Pacific population) [56]. In other words, it is thought that the decreased radioactive cesium concentrations in Pacific cod and olive flounder that were observed in the monitoring were influenced by the fact that fish born after the disaster formed the majority of the Pacific cod and olive flounders that were caught, in addition to the fact that radioactive cesium concentrations in the seawater have fallen. Further research on transfer routes of radioactive materials will make it possible to provide fishermen and consumers with the specific causes of fishery product contamination and predictions regarding its reduction.

- 85 - Chapter 2. Urgent Research on the Cause of Contamination of Highly Contaminated Fish (Fat Greenling)a

As seen in Part One, Chapter 2, radioactive cesium concentrations in fishery products are generally in decline. However, though while a year after the nuclear accident many fishery products demonstrated decline radioactive cesium concentrations, in August 2012 a highly contaminated fat greenling (a very sedentary species) was taken at the mouth of the Ota River, approx. 20 km from the Fukushima Daiichi NPS. In order to provide fishermen and consumers with an explanation, based on scientific foundations, of the reason for the appearance of highly contaminated fish, the Fisheries Agency, in cooperation with the Fisheries Research Agency and other related organizations, undertook a research project on the route and cause of those highly contaminated fish samples. This chapter explains the results of this research [58; 59].

3-2-1 Frequency of Appearance of Highly Contaminated Fat Greenlings Among the fat greenlings taken in the Fukushima sea zone between April 2012 and February 2013 emerged the aforementioned highly-contaminated sample, in which radioactive cesium was detected at the level of 25,800 Bq/kg-wet. This differed substantially from other samples and was on the same level as samples taken from the Fukushima Daiichi NPS port (Figure 53, left graph). Excluding this sample from all fat greenlings samples taken in the Fukushima sea zone from April 2012 to February 2013, and assuming a frequency distribution approximated by a log-normal distribution, the probability that a sample exceeding 10,000 Bq/kg-wet will appear is less than 1/50,000 (Figure 53, right graph). Based on these facts, the highly contaminated sample taken in August 2012 was considered to have passed through an environment different from that experienced by all other samples taken in the Fukushima sea zone up until that point. The sample was conjectured to have been contaminated either within the power station port or in an area very close to the station itself.

Figure 53 Radioactive Cesium Concentrations within Fat Greenlings offshore Fukushima

a Published in English online scientific journal “Scientific Reports” on October 31, 2014.

- 86 - 3-2-2 Determining the Time of Contamination through Autoradiography Experiment β-rays were measured in the otolith of fat greenlings at the mouth of the Ota River and within the Fukushima Daiichi NPS port, as well as in brassblotched rockfish in the Fukushima Daiichi NPS port. From these measurements, a proportional relationship was confirmed to exist between radioactive cesium-137 in muscle material and β-rays in the otolith (Figure 54, left graph). Further, through analysis of the β-rays from the otolith of brassblotched rockfish in the Fukushima Daiichi NPS port, it was learned that there is a deviation in the β-rays’ emission location (Figure 54, right graph). Additionally, analysis of the relationship between the high-concentration fat greenling’s otolith rings and an imaging plate (IP) of the otolith (Figure 55) revealed that primary location of the β-rays’ emission corresponded to spring/summer 2011, and hence this sample was judged to have been contaminated shortly after the Fukushima Daiichi NPS accident through exposure to highly-contaminated waters.

Figure 54 Analysis of the Fukushima Daiichi NPS port Brassblotched Rockfish Otolith

Figure 55 Analysis of the Highly-Contaminated Fat Greenling’s Otolith

3-2-3 Study on the Migration Ecology and Habitat History of the Fat Greenling Previous capture-and-recapture studies have reported that fat greenlings can migrate as much as 27 km, although most samples migrated between 0 and 15 km (avg. 8 km) [59]. The highly-contaminated sample found in August 2012 was harvested at the mouth of the Ota River, approx. 20 km from the

- 87 - nuclear plant port and within the reported migration ranges. To learn more about the migration of the fat greenling, tagged fat greenling were released in the ocean near Souma and off the Fukushima Daiichi NPS (within 20-km radius) (no recapture yet as of end of March, 2014). To determine whether the highly-contaminated fat greenling displayed a strong freshwater influence in its habitat history, sample taken in the Iwaki sea zone and sample taken at the mouth of the Ota River were compared by otolith Sr/Ca ratio, which shows a low value in low-salinity environment. However, no strong signs of freshwater influence were observed in the highly-contaminated sample.

3-2-4 Estimate of Contamination Source by Contamination Model for the Fat Greenling Sample In order to conjecture the contamination source of the highly-contaminated fat greenling sample, a simulation model was constructed for radioactive cesium concentrations within a fish’s body, based on cesium levels in the water of the Fukushima Daiichi NPS port and historical parameters (coefficient of intake from seawater: 0.2; biological half-life: 100 days; food intake: 1 % of body weight). This simulation model was used to perform a simulation using multiple condition settings for contamination source and migration route. Contamination sources were set as high-, mid-, and low-concentration values based on the range of concentrations within the Fukushima Daiichi NPS port. Migration routes were set as a) staying within the port, and b) moving out of the port area after August 2011. Through this simulation model, radioactive cesium concentrations frequently reoccurred on the level of the >104 Bq/kg fat greenling taken within the port between December 2012 and February 2013. Further, when low-concentration seawater within the port was set as the contamination source, the result of calculations on the individual that migrated out of the port after August 2011 produced radioactive cesium concentrations close to those of the highly-contaminated sample found at the mouth of the Ota River. These results, in combination with the results from the otolith analysis, suggest that the sample was strongly affected by highly-contaminated water within the Fukushima Daiichi NPS port in the initial period after the accident (Figure 56).

Figure 56 Simulation Model of Radioactive Cesium Concentrations within Fat Greenling

- 88 - 3-2-5 Conclusion and Measures The highly contaminated sample taken in August 2012 is considered to have been heavily affected shortly after the Fukushima Daiichi NPS accident by highly contaminated water in the Fukushima Daiichi NPS port, then to have remained at high concentrations through the ingestion of contaminated prey or by inhabiting relatively high contaminated water, continually affected by leakage from the port, near the port for a long period of time. This sample is then considered to have migrated at some point to the place at which it was taken. Four years have passed since the Fukushima Daiichi NPS accident, and situation of affected ocean areas, including waters off Fukushima (except for the Fukushima Daiichi NPS port interior), has improved in terms of contamination. TEPCO is engaged in efforts to stop the spread of contaminated marine organisms by installing nets at the mouth of the port and exterminating marine organisms within the port. These measures are taken thoroughly to preclude the occurrence of such highly-contaminated samples.

- 89 - Chapter 3. Evaluation of Radioactive Cesium Migrating from Seafloor Soil to Marine Organisms based on a Breeding Experiment

As was mentioned in 2-3-2, even now, radioactive cesium of between 10 and 1,000 Bq/kg is found in seafloor soil off the coast of Fukushima Prefecture. Thus, there are concerns that this radioactive cesium could migrate and have an effect on marine organisms. To quantitatively evaluate radioactive cesium’s migration from seafloor soil off the coast of Fukushima Prefecture to marine organisms, such as benthos and bottom fish, the Fisheries Research Agency conducted a marine organism breeding experiment using water tanks containing soil collected from offshore areas of Fukushima Prefecture (near the Fukushima Daiichi NPS, off the coast of Hirono, and off the coast of Yotsukura) and seawater taken near Onahama, Fukushima Prefecture [60].

(1) Outline of the experiment Korean lugworms (Perinereis aibuhitensis) (benthos) were raised for 84 days and olive flounder (demersal, two-year-old fish; lengths between 266 and 409 mm) and Japanese black porgy (pelagic, one-year-old fish; lengths between 85 and 156 mm) for 49 days each in tanks containing seafloor soil collected from areas off the Fukushima Prefecture shore and seawater taken near Onahama, Fukushima Prefecture (free flowing). Every few days the organisms, seafloor soil, breeding seawater, and seawater were sampled from each tank to measure their concentrations of cesium-137. In addition, as an experiment to contrast the free-flowing water experiment, Korean lugworms were raised in a still-water environment for two weeks beginning with the 77th day after breeding.

(2) Results for the Korean lugworms For the free-flowing-water breeding experiment (three seafloor soil types, two tanks each), concentrations of cesium-137 in the seafloor soil and breeding seawater were largely constant. Concentrations of cesium-137 in the lugworms increased slightly in each tank shortly after the experiment began. From the 21st day of the experiment, the concentrations began to stabilize and matched the rankings of concentrations for the seafloor soil (Table 14). In the still-water-tank experiment (two types of seafloor soil), the concentrations of cesium-137 in the soil of the still-water tank did not show any significant fluctuations in comparison with the free-flowing-water tanks. However, rising concentrations were observed in the lugworms after two weeks, as were rising concentrations in the breeding water of the still-water tank (Table 15). This suggests the possibility that, when the lugworms were raised in a still-water environment, cesium-137 that re-eluted from the seafloor soil remained in the water tank, and that the rising concentrations of cesium-137 in the water of this environment influenced rising concentrations in the lugworms.

- 90 - Table 14 Results of the Korean Lugworm Breeding Experiment

Seafloor soil Korean Breeding seawater concentration lugworms （n=15 or 16） (n=16）（n=10） mBq/kg Sampling location Bq/kg-wet Bq/kg-wet (Average after (Average during (Average during 21st day breeding period) breeding period) [concentration Southern side of sea area near TEPCO’s ① 341±38.8 11.7±5.79 52.2±21.1 Fukushima Daiichi NPS (37°25’N, 141°02’E) ② 333±42.3 11.4±2.54 86.5±36.9 ① 136±7.53 5.15±2.48 22.3±6.29 Offshore area of Hirono (37°16’N, 141°02’E) ② 162±27.5 7.48±3.21 24.9±7.52 ① 88.7±8.46 4.93±3.62 27.6±25.4 Offshore area of Yotsukura (37°05’N, 140°59’E) ② 67.8±6.04 3.88±2.59 20.3±7.26

Table 15 Results of the Still-Water-Tank Breeding Experiment Breeding seawater Korean lugworms mBq/kg Sampling location Bq/kg-wet (after 2 weeks) (after 2 weeks) [at start time: 25.4 mBq/kg] Southern side of sea area near TEPCO’s Fukushima Daiichi NPS 42.9 2,480 (37°25’N, 141°02’E) Offshore area of Yotsukura (37°05’N, 23.0 600 140°59’E)

(3) Results for the olive flounder and Japanese black porgy Concentrations of cesium-137 in the seafloor soil were largely constant in the five-ton tanks (tank containing seafloor-soil near the nuclear power station and tank containing offshore seafloor soil from Yotsukura) in which the olive flounder and Japanese black porgy were raised. In both tanks, concentrations in the breeding seawater rose immediately after the experiment began but then gradually declined before eventually fluctuating around 30 mBq/kg in the case of the NPS tank and 20 mBq/kg in the case of the Yotsukura tank. These levels are equal to or slightly higher than the current values for seawater in the coastal areas of Fukushima Prefecture. Concentrations of cesium-137 in olive flounder showed no clear increases during the breeding period (start of experiment: around 1 Bq/kg-wet → after experiment: 0.5 to 2.5 Bq/kg-wet). In the case of Japanese black porgy, a cesium-137 reading of 0.680 Bq/kg-wet was detected in the NPS tank on the 14th day, followed by a reading of 0.984 Bq/kg-wet in the Yotsukura tank on the 21st day. However,

- 91 - subsequently, no clear increases in concentration were observed in either tank (start of experiment: N.D. → after experiment: no more than 1 Bq/kg-wet). From these results, it is thought that the amount of cesium-137 that migrated from the seafloor soil and breeding seawater to the bodies of the olive flounder and Japanese black porgy was negligible or very small.

(4) Consideration and outlook The places where seafloor soil was obtained for the breeding experiment were located in the coastal region south of the Fukushima Daiichi NPS, where comparatively high concentrations are found among areas of Fukushima Prefecture’s coast. In the case of Korean lugworms, a benthic species that fish feed on, it was suggested that, although radioactive cesium in seafloor soil does influence concentrations in the lugworms, the migration rate is not very high (the ratio of concentration [lugworm/seafloor soil] in the breeding experiment that was conducted with free-flowing water resembling the actual environment was between 1/20 and 1/40). Moreover, in the breeding experiment for olive founder and Japanese black porgy that used the same seafloor soil, there was almost no increase in cesium-137 concentrations in the raised fish. These results suggest that the possibility that new ingestion of radioactive cesium in soil off the coast of Fukushima Prefecture by marine organisms will push concentrations in the marine organisms up to 100 Bq/kg-wet (the limit for food products) is extremely low.

- 92 - Chapter 4. Radioactive Material Concentrations and Territories of Fish Species

Following the accident at TEPCO’s Fukushima Daiichi NPS, olive flounder samples containing radioactive cesium exceeding the limit for food products (100 Bq/kg) were found in a comparatively large area. The following describes a simulation of changes in cesium concentration in olive flounder using time series variation data for concentrations of cesium (Cs-134 + Cs-137) in seawater and prey organisms that were obtained from monitoring conducted heretofore [60].

(1) Simulation outline The results of the simulation suggest the following two characteristics (Figure 57 (c)). 1) Differences in radioactive cesium concentrations were observed between birth year classes prior to the accident (2009, 2010 YC) and birth year classes following the accident (2011, 2012 YC). No significant differences were observed between the birth year classes prior to the accident. The peak value was 286 Bq/kg-wet when seawater having a moderate concentration was experienced (peaking 43 days after the accident) and 109 Bq/kg-wet when no cesium from seawater was inputted in the early stage (peaking 184 days after the accident). However, the cesium concentrations for the birth year classes coming after the accident (2011 and 2012) were lower than those before the accident, with the peak values being 32 Bq/kg-wet and 8 Bq/kg-wet, respectively. This difference in cesium concentrations depending on birth year class was also seen in data from actual measurements.

2) The difference in the first 100-day contamination history remained as the difference in cesium concentrations in fish bodies two to three years following the accident. In particular, individuals that experienced seawater with a high concentration in the early stage had higher cesium concentrations than individuals that experienced moderate concentrations in the early period and individuals that were not affected by contaminated seawater, even after the passage of 1,200 days following the accident. This means that the cesium concentration in the body is not necessary an expression of very recent contamination density alone; rather, it points to the possibility that, for olive flounder, the contamination history beginning immediately following the accident could be dragged out for a long period of time.

(2) Consideration and outlook At the present time, radioactive cesium concentrations in olive flounder are declining across the board. Nonetheless, although infrequent, individuals that exceeded the limit for food products were even found in areas away from the coast of Fukushima Prefecture until FY2013. Consequently, restrictions on shipping and distribution were issued from Miyagi Prefecture to Ibaraki Prefecture. The simulation showed that, although individual variability exists, some individuals born prior to the accident that were affected by highly contaminated water continue to show effects for at least two

- 93 - years. Additionally, it is confirmed from a separately conducted survey of olive flounder migration patterns that the species’ area of migration is large (although it is focused primarily on movement into the Sendai Bay, it actually extends from Aomori to Chiba). In May of 2013, which was more than two years after the accident, samples exceeding the 100 Bq/kg limit were found off the coast of Miyagi Prefecture, despite the fact no radioactive cesium was detected in the seawater there. It is thought that the results of the simulation can help explain the cause of this phenomenon. Additionally, because most samples taken from future catches will have been born after the accident, it is anticipated that the possibility of encountering samples that exceed the limit will continue to decrease.

- Time series variation of radioactive cesium in olive flounder by (a) seawater, (b) prey, and (c) year class. - 2009 YC shows changes for the first 100 days following the accident (1) when fish experience highly contaminated water (A + F), (2) when fish experience moderately contaminated water (B + F), and when fish do not experience seawater containing cesium (C + F) (modification of Kurita et al [61].)

Figure 57 Simulation on Changes in Radioactive Cesium Concentrations within Olive Flounder

(Simulation method)  For cesium concentration in seawater, Iwasawa’s data set was used for actual measurement values (coast 16 km south of the Fukushima Daiichi NPS; provided on the TEPCO website), and values equivalent to 1/10 of these values were established as moderately contaminated seawater.

- 94 - ・ When fish experience highly contaminated seawater (A + F): when Iwasawa’s monitoring data were applied up to 100 days following the accident (moderately contaminated water is applied after 100 days) ・ When fish do not experience seawater containing cesium (C + F): When a seawater cesium concentration of 0 Bq/L is applied up to 100 days following the accident (moderately contaminated water is applied after 100 days)

 For prey organisms, time series data for mysids and small fish (average values for anchovy and Japanese sandlance) were used [62]. It was assumed that an olive flounder feeds on mysids for its first year and small fish thereafter. It was further assumed that the amount of cesium a fish weighing 1 kg ingests from seawater per day is 0.1 times the concentration in the seawater, and that the amount of cesium this same fish ingests from prey per day is 0.01 times the concentration in the prey (daily amount ingested: 0.02, absorption rate: 0.5). The biological half-life was set at 104 days.

- 95 - Chapter 5. Quantitative Evaluation of Contamination Risk from Radioactive Material in Fishery Productsb

The effects of the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi NPS were enormous, and it is thought that various living beings are suffering extensive and long-term consequences from radioactive material that released from the plant. The risk of radioactive contamination of fishery products is a matter of serious concern for consumers. Thus, it is believed that conducting a quantitative evaluation to determine which species are safe or hazardous and where those species are found will make a significant contribution to the future revitalization of fishery activity. This chapter presents a summary of a “quantitative evaluation of contamination risk from radioactive material in fishery products” that was conducted by the Fisheries Research Agency and othersc.

(1) Method for Predicting Risk The evaluation calculated risk for 68 fish species using the results of concentration tests for radioactive cesium (Cs-134 and Cs-137) in food that were conducted between April 2011 and December 2014 and made public by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfared. “Risk” was evaluated as the probability that the sum of Cs-134 and Cs-137 would exceed 100 Bq/kg on April 1, 2015. Using the Weibull distribution (a probability model used in life-span modeling), this probability was evaluated by estimating parameters (degree of early-stage contamination, ecological half-life, and Weibull coefficient) based on maximum likelihood estimation that took detection limits into account. At the same time, a method called the “random effects model” was used to supplement missing values and data deficiencies. Parameter estimations were made by prefecture (Aomori, Iwate, Miyagi, Fukushima, Ibaraki, and Chiba) and by fish species.

(2) Results Risk was evaluated by applying models to data for each of the targeted fish species and prefectures. Rapid decreases in cesium concentrations were observed. Figure 58 provides a list of important species of the 68 species that were targeted for evaluation. For comparison, results for rockfish (Sebastes cheni), ocellate spot skate, and olive flounder of Fukushima Prefecture, which continue to be subject to restrictions on shipping and distribution, are also provided. For almost all fish species, the probability that radioactive cesium concentration will exceed 100 Bq/kg on April 1, 2015, is effectively zero (Table 16, Figure 58).

b Dr. Hiroshi Okamura, Resources Management Group Leader, Research Center for Fisheries Management, National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, National Fisheries Agency, cooperated with this analysis and the writing of this chapter. c Implemented by the Fisheries Research Agency and the Institute of Statistical Mathematics. Some results were announced by the Japanese Society of Fisheries Science in 2015. d With the exception of this chapter, data announced by the Fisheries Agency are used in this report.

- 96 - Table 16 Probability of Exceeding 100 Bq/kg as of April 1, 2015, based on Model Analysis Prefecture Species Pr (Cs-134+Cs-137 > 100) Aomori Japanese amberjack 1.06×10-292 Scallop 3.00×10-111 Chub mackerel 0 Giant Pacific octopus 0 Chum salmon 9.36×10-139 Alaska pollock 2.63×10-160 Japanese flying squid 0 Japanese amberjack 0 Iwate Scallop 0 Common sea squirt 0 Chub mackerel 0 Giant Pacific octopus 0 Pacific saury 0 Chum salmon 0 Alaska pollock 1.07×10-44 Japanese flying squid 0 Chestnut octopus 0 Spear squid 0 Miyagi Shortfin mako shark 1.34×10-65 Albacore 0 Japanese amberjack 0 Scallop 0 Skipjack tuna 0 Common sea squirt 0 Pacific oyster 0 Chub mackerel 0 Bigeye tuna 0 Swordfish 0 Giant Pacific octopus 0 Salmon shark 0 Pacific saury 1.06×10-44 Chum salmon 0 Alaska pollock 0 Japanese flying squid 0 Spear squid 0 Blue shark 0

- 97 - Fukushima Japanese amberjack 2.05×10-18 Common octopus 3.03×10-29 Chub mackerel 0 Giant Pacific octopus 7.33×10-122 Chum salmon 0 Alaska pollock 4.18×10-29 Japanese flying squid 6.80×10-97 Chestnut octopus 7.25×10-126 Spear squid 8.42×10-50 Rockfish (Sebastes cheni) 0.039 Ocellate spot skate 6.59×10-5 Olive flounder 1.14×10-9 Ibaraki Japanese amberjack 0 Common octopus 0 Species that are still subject to Chub mackerel 0 restrictions on shipping and Alaska pollock 0 distribution as of the end of Japanese flying squid 0 March 2015 Chestnut octopus 0 Spear squid 0 Chiba Albacore 0 Japanese amberjack 0 Skipjack tuna 3.33×10-103 Yellowfin tuna 0 Chub mackerel 0 Bigeye tuna 0 Pacific saury 0 Japanese flying squid 0 Spear squid 0 Note: Values of less than 10-300 are considered to be “0.”

- 98 - Japaneseburi: Amberjack Iwate (Iwate) Cesium concentration (Bq/kg) concentration Cesium 0 5 10 15 20

0 200 400 600 800 1200

Days

Ocellatekomonkasube: Spot Skate Fukushima(Fukushima) Cesium concentration (Bq/kg) Cesium concentration 0 100 300 500 700

0 200 400 600 800 1200

Days

Figure 58 Decrease in Radioactive Cesium Concentrations within Japanese Amberjack of Iwate Prefecture and Ocellate Spot Skate of Fukushima Prefecture (The red dots show measured values for Cs-137 and the black dots show measured values for Cs-134. The red and black vertical lines show detection limit data. The red dotted line and black line are predictions of average values based on the model.)

- 99 - Chapter 6. Understanding the Mechanism by which Radioactive Cesium is Absorbed into the Soil

Section 2-3-2 explained how cesium in the ocean water sticks strongly to argilliferous on the ocean bottom, and how it is difficult for cesium stuck to the clay to be absorbed in the bodies of marine organisms. Research on the mechanism by which cesium sticks strongly to clay is making considerable progress on land, and a new reporte was issued recently that sheds light on it [63; 64; 65; 66]. Vermiculite is a type of clay mineral that is commonly found in the soil of Fukushima Prefecture [67]. This study observed the structural changes that occur when cesium ions are absorbed onto vermiculite by using X-ray small angle scattering (an analytical method that irradiates a sample with X-rays and then uses the scattered X-rays at various intensities and in various directions depending on the structure of sample into a length scale of 1 to 1,000 nm). The result was revealed the following points: (1) The “Absorption” of cesium ions occurs at specific interlayers of the vermiculite as somewhat concentrated aggregations (Figure 59(a)). (2) Clay layers separate as a result of the process of (1) above (Figure 59(b)). The reason for this is thought to be that when one cesium ion sticks between two layers, it becomes easier for other cesium ions to become stuck next to it, which thereby causes a large change in the local layer charge. Then, because the surfaces of the two separated layers now provide new places for the ions to attach, the vermiculite traps more and more cesium ions like “Domino Toppling”. Figure 60 provides a schematic representation of the structural change in vermiculite that occurs as cesium ions are absorbed onto it. (b) Segmentation of the crystal domain (a) Collective intercalation (localization) of vermiculite clay, providing fresh + of Cs+ in the selective layer spaces planar absorption sites for Cs

Figure 59 Collective Structural Changes Induced by Cs+ Absorption to Vermiculite Clay e A joint research group comprised of Ryohei Motokawa (Assistant Principal Researcher) and Tsuyoshi Yaita (Unit Manager) of the Fukushima Environmental Safety Center and Quantum Beam Science Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency; Hitoshi Endo (Assistant Professor) of the Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK); Shingo Yokoyama (Principal Research Scientist) of the Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry; and Shotaro Nishitsuji (Assistant Professor) of the Yamagata University Faculty of Engineering. The report was published in the English-language online scientific journal Scientific Reports on October 10, 2014. It should be noted that Ryohei Motokawa (Assistant Principal Researcher) of the Japan Atomic Energy Agency assisted in the writing of the chapter.

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- 100 -

(a) Absorption of a cesium ion in an interlayer

(b) Absorption of new cesium ions in the adjacent site (c) Collective absorption of cesium ions

(e) Separation of the clay layers and appearance of new surface absorption site

(d) Shrinkage of the interlayer due to the absorption of may cesium ions Clay sheet being separeted

Absorption of cesium ions on the new Shrinkage layer surface appeared due to the separation

Figure 60 Absorption of Cesium One after Another like “Domino Toppling” and Schematics of Structural Change of Vermiculite

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- 101 -

(Box 7) Radioactive Cesium in Bottom Fish

Some may have concerns that “contaminated soil and feeding on contaminated organisms will increase and maintain radioactive cesium contamination in bottom fish”. However, as was explained in Part One, overall contamination levels are declining. Moreover, as the following discussion illustrates, it is thought that contamination will continue to fall with the passage of time. It is known that radioactive cesium that was released into the seawater by the accident tends not to contaminate fish if it becomes attached to clay. However, that portion that has not become attached (i.e., is absorbed by organisms) does become a source of contamination. According to a survey that was conducted in 2011 and 2012, 20 % of cesium in seafloor soil off the coast of Fukushima Prefecture has not be absorbed in clay and is thus in organic matters. It is presumed that these organic matters are a source of fish contamination. The results of monitoring conducted by Fukushima Prefecture show that radioactive cesium concentrations are steadily falling without exception even for olive flounder and other bottom fish species. However, this decreasing trend is taking considerably longer than the biological half-life for individual fish (approximately 100 days), as the cesium has an ecological half-life of between 200 and 300 days. Given this, it is thought that bottom fish are newly ingesting radioactive cesium; however, this newly ingested radioactive cesium is not raising concentrations in bottom fish, but rather only slowing the speed at which concentrations are decreasing. In other words, it is thought that the main contamination occurred immediately after the accident. Additionally, it is thought that the amount of radioactive cesium that is newly ingested into the bodies of bottom fish will fall steadily due to the dispersal and dilution of radioactive cesium concentrations in the seawater and continued absorption of radioactive cesium to clay in seafloor soil. As was mentioned in Chapter 6, it has been reported that cesium continues to be absorbed in clay in a manner resembling a domino effect. Thus, it is thought that the radioactive cesium in organic matters that inhabit seafloor soil is migrating to the clay with the passage of time and reaching a point where it will no longer have an impact on living beings. Moreover, for Pacific cod and olive flounder, which showed high concentrations of radioactive cesium in a relatively large area, the investigative research described in Chapter 1 reveals that the amount of radioactive material absorbed by fish since the 2011 year class is thought to be low and that amount of radioactive material absorbed by all year classes including prior to the accident since the winter of 2012 is low. Given these points, it is thought that radioactive cesium contamination in bottom fish will continue to decrease without any further increases.

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- 102 - Part Four. Efforts to Address Unfounded Reputational Damages and Misinformation Present Domestically and Overseas

Chapter 1. Domestic Situation Regarding Unfounded Reputational Damage and Misinformation

Part One of this report explained that concentrations of radioactive materials in fishery products, caused by the Fukushima Daiichi NPS accident, have largely declined; and that rigorous inspections and response measures for over-limit cases have ensured safety. However, the Fukushima Daiichi NPS accident has had a major psychological impact on consumers. Since 2013, the Consumer Affairs Agency has regularly conducted surveys of consumers analysing unfounded reputational damages or misinformation. Consumers stating that they “hesitate to buy food products made in Fukushima because they wish to buy food that does not contain radioactive materials” amounted to 19.4 % (of all respondents) in February 2013, 17.9% in August 2013, 15.3 % in February 2014, 19.6 % in August 2014, and 17.4 % in February 2015 [4]. To investigate the state of recovery from the Great East Japan Earthquake in the marine product processing industries of Aomori, Iwate, Miyagi, Fukushima, and Ibaraki Prefectures, the Fisheries Agency conducted a questionnaire survey targeting 937 enterprises, including cooperative associations affiliated with the National Federation of Fishery Processor’s Co-operative Associations in those five prefectures, between November 17, 2014, and January 23, 2015. This survey followed a previous survey that was conducted between February 28 and March 12, 2014. Responses were received from 34% of the targeted enterprises (314 enterprises). The survey revealed that 31% of respondents identified “unfounded reputational damages and misinformation and securing sales channels” as a major “problem in reconstruction efforts.” This figure matched that shown in the previous survey and indicates that this matter continues to be a serious problem. When asked about measures that will be required to improve sales channels, respondents said “sales outside of established sales channels,” “development of new products,” and “participation in exhibitions, etc.” among others. As in the previous survey, respondents expressed the opinion that misinformation resulting in unfounded reputational damages have become a prolonged problem, with previous business partners finding replacement companies, so that even if the misinformation problem were to disappear, sales of processed products would not recover. Based on these opinions and the results of surveys conducted thus far, it is thought that sales channels will not return to their pre-accident status even when production recovers. Consequently, the recovery of sales channels — and particularly the development of channels that are outside already established ones — is seen to be a pressing issue at the present time [5; 6].

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- 103 - Chapter 2. Enhanced Provision/Dissemination of Information, Domestically and Internationally

In the aftermath of the Fukushima Daiichi NPS accident, consumer interest has risen in information on origin (harvest area) of fresh fishery products. In response, the Fisheries Agency has recommended clearer demarcation and labelling of harvest areas for fishery products harvested in the Pacific off the east coast of Japan. More specifically, it recommends labelling of harvest area using seven water areas for migratory fish species; and “Offshore ___ Prefecture” for coastal fish species (i.e., fish species other than migratory fish) (Figure 61) [68]. The provision of information in a way that is both accurate and easy-to-understand is important to address misinformation resulting in unfounded reputational damages, both domestically and internationally. The Fisheries Agency is engaged in efforts to provide accurate and easy-to-understand information by publishing monitoring results on radioactive materials in fishery products; by publishing Q&As on the impact of radioactive materials on marine products, in both Japanese and English (Figure 62); and by holding briefing sessions for consumers, distributors, and domestic and international press (Figure 63). Further, in order to ensure thorough understanding of consumers, the Consumer Affairs Agency and other related government agencies have coordinated with local governments, consumer groups, and others to engage in “risk communication” on the topic of radioactive materials within foods, assembling experts, consumers, business operators, and administrators for a national dialogue and opinion-exchange in various parts of Japan.

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- 104 -

Examples of Labelling of harvest area

(Upper) Harvested offshore of the Boso Peninsula

(Lower) Harvested offshore Hokkaido-Aomori (Pacific ocean)

Figure 61 Labelling of Harvest Area in the Pacific off the East Coast of Japan [68]

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- 105 -

Figure 62 Publishing Inspection Results and Q&As on the Fisheries Agency Website

Figure 63 Briefing Sessions for Foreign Press, etc.

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- 106 - Chapter 3. Response to International Issues

4-3-1 Response to Import Restrictions Imposed by Foreign Countries and Regions The Fukushima Daiichi NPS accident has also impacted foreign trade. After the accident, some countries and regions have introduced measures to demand, for the import of fishery products, certification of origin and/or test certificates of radioactive materials. Some countries and regions also introduced measures to ban imports on fishery products from particular areas of Japan (Table 17). The Fisheries Agency has responded to these demands by issuing certificates; holding information seminars for foreign media; and providing information on relevant Japanese measures through diplomatic channels. The Japanese limits for radioactive materials are established by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare in consultation with experts from the Food Safety Commission and the Pharmaceutical Affairs and Food Sanitation Council etc., based on scientific foundations. Compared with international standards, they are proper and set appropriate limits. Monitoring of radioactive materials in foods has been carried out in accordance with the Nuclear Emergency Response Headquarters’ Guidelines, and local governments take the lead in systematically focusing on those items and regions that show potential of exceeding limits, on highly-consumed items, on major products, etc., and food items distributed in the market are considered to have their safety guarantee. Therefore, the Fisheries Agency has pointed out that the ban of imports of all fishery products from accident-affected areas is not based on scientific evidences and unjustifiable. The WTO/SPS Agreement stipulates that measures taken by WTO members shall be based on scientific principles and a risk assessment, shall not arbitrarily or unjustifiably discriminate between members, and shall not be more trade-restrictive than necessary. Japan is working through diplomatic channels to repealthe lifting of such measures, and has also raised “specific trade concern” regarding those measures at the WTO/SPS Committeea meetings. As a result of the government’s active supply of information to other countries and regions, 13 countries completely lifted import restrictions after a detailed evaluation of the safety of Japanese food products, including Australia in January 2014. Subsequently, the EU (April 2014), Thailand (November 2014), and other countries have easedtheir restrictions.

a A Committee established for ensuring implementation of the SPS Agreement (one of the Agreements (Annexes) which constitute the WTO Agreement).

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- 107 - Table 17 Import Regulations Imposed by Main Importing Countries and Regions against Japanese Fishery Products (as of March 31, 2015)

1) Import bans on fishery products from certain regions The Republic of Korea Target Prefectures Nature of Regulation Aomori, Iwate, Miyagi, Fukushima, Ibaraki, Import ban Tochigi, Gunma, Chiba (8 prefectures) Hokkaido, Tokyo, Kanagawa, Aichi, Mie, Ehime, Demands government-issued test certificates of Kumamoto, Kagoshima (8 prefectures) radionuclides All other prefectures Demands government-issued certificates of origin  Standards: radioactive cesium 100 Bq/kg, radioactive iodine 300 Bq/kg  Additionally, if inspection within the Republic of Korea detects even a small amount of radioactive cesium or radioactive iodine, additional test certificate for radioactive strontium and other radionuclidesb will be required.

China Target Prefectures Nature of Regulation Miyagi, Fukushima, Ibaraki, Tochigi, Gunma, Import ban Saitama, Chiba, Tokyo, Niigata, Nagano (10 prefectures) All other prefectures Demands government-issued test certificates of radionuclides and certificates of origin site  Standard limits - radioactive cesium: 800 Bq/kg, radioactive iodine: 470 Bq/kg  Additionally, the CODEX guideline levels (radioactive cesium: 1,000 Bq/kg, radioactive iodine: 100 Bq/kg) shall not be exceeded.

Russia Russian regulations on imports from Japan include regulations on food items in general, and additional individual regulations on fishery products and processed fishery products. ■ Regulations on all food items Target Prefectures Nature of Regulation Fukushima, Ibaraki, Tochigi, Demands government-issued testing certificate Gunma, Chiba, Tokyo (6 prefectures) of radionuclides

All other prefectures Sampling Inspection in Russia

 Standard limits - cesium-137: 130 Bq/kg (fish and fishery products), 260 Bq/kg (dried fish) b Additional radionuclides required by the Republic of Korea: Pu-238, Pu-239, Pu-240, Am-241, Sr-90, Ru-106, I-129, U-235, S-35, Co-60,Sr-89,Ru-103, Ce-144, Ir-192, H-3, C-14, Tc-99

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- 108 - ■ Fishery products and processed fishery products Facilities* Nature of Regulation Facilities in Aomori, Iwate, Miyagi, Yamagata, Import ban Fukushima, Ibaraki, Chiba, Niigata (8 prefectures) Facilities in all other prefectures Sampling Inspection in Russia

* For fishery products or processed fishery products to be exported to Russia, the facilities in which the products undergo final processing or are stored for export to Russia shall be registered to Russia.

Brunei Target Prefectures Nature of Regulation

Fukushima (except seaweeds) Import ban Demands government-issued test certificate of Fukushima (seaweeds) radionuclides Demands government-issued testing certificate All other prefectures of radionuclides  Standard limits - radioactive cesium: 1,000 Bq/kg

Taiwan Target Prefectures Nature of Regulation Fukushima, Ibaraki, Tochigi, Gunma, Chiba (5 Import ban prefectures) All other prefectures All lots are inspected in Chinese Taipei  Standard limits - radioactive cesium:100 Bq/kg, radioactive iodine:300 Bq/kg

Singapore Target Prefectures Nature of Regulation Fukushima Import ban Demands government-issued test certificate of Ibaraki, Tochigi, Gunma (3 prefectures) radionuclides Demands certificate of origin, issued by All other prefectures government or Chamber of Commerce and Industry  Although 1,000 Bq/kg for radioactive cesium and 100 Bq/kg for radioactive iodine are employed as standard limits for food, in the case of importation, no imports will be permitted if even a small amount of radioactive material is detected.

Macao Target Prefectures Nature of Regulation Fukushima Import ban Miyagi, Tochigi, Ibaraki, Gunma, Saitama, Tokyo, Demands testing report with information of Chiba, Nagano, Niigata, Yamagata, Yamanashi (11 origin issued by designated inspection prefectures) organization(s)  Standard limits - radioactive cesium: 1,000 Bq/kg, radioactive iodine:100 Bq/kg 109

- 109 - 2) Demands test certificate of radionuclides or certificate of origin

Indonesia Target Prefectures Nature of Regulation Demands government-issued test certificate of All 47 prefectures radionuclides

Thailand Target Prefectures Nature of Regulation Demands government-issued test certificate of radionuclides; or testing report with Miyagi, Fukushima, Gunma (3 prefectures) information of origin issued by designated inspection organization(s) Demands certificate of origin, issued by All other prefectures government or Chamber of Commerce and Industry  Standard limits - radioactive cesium: 500 Bq/kg, radioactive iodine: 100 Bq/kg

French Polynesia Target Prefectures Nature of Regulation Miyagi, Fukushima, Ibaraki, Tochigi, Gunma, Demands government-issued test certificate of Saitama, Chiba, Tokyo, Kanagawa, Yamanashi, radionuclides Nagano, Shizuoka (12 prefectures) Demands government-issued certificate of All other prefectures origin  Standard limits - radioactive cesium: 1,250 Bq/kg, radioactive iodine: 2,000 Bq/kg

United Arab Emirates Target Prefectures Nature of Regulation Aomori, Iwate, Miyagi, Fukushima, Ibaraki, Tochigi, Demands government-issued test certificate of Gunma, Saitama, Chiba, Tokyo, Kanagawa, Niigata, radionuclides Yamanashi, Nagano, Shizuoka (15 prefectures) Demands government-issued certificate of All other prefectures origin  Standard limits - radioactive cesium: 1,000 Bq/kg, radioactive iodine: 100 Bq/kg

Egypt Target Prefectures Nature of Regulation Miyagi, Fukushima, Ibaraki, Tochigi, Gunma, Saitama, Chiba, Demands government-issued test certificate of Tokyo, Kanagawa, Yamanashi, Shizuoka (11 radionuclides prefectures) Demands government-issued certificate of All other prefectures origin  Standard limits - radioactive cesium: 100 Bq/kg (foods including fishery products), 40 Bq/kg (feeds) 110

- 110 - Morocco Target Prefectures Nature of Regulation Miyagi, Yamagata, Fukushima, Ibaraki, Tochigi, Demands government-issued test certification Gunma, Saitama, Chiba, Tokyo, Kanagawa, Niigata, of radionuclides Yamanashi, Nagano (13 prefectures) Demands government-issued certificate of All other prefectures origin  Standard limits - radioactive cesium: 500 Bq/kg, radioactive iodine: 2,000 Bq/kg

EU Target Prefectures Nature of Regulation Fukushima, Iwate, Miyagi, Ibaraki, Tochigi, Gunma, Demands government-issued test certificate of Saitama, Chiba (8 prefectures) radionuclides Demands government-issued certificate of All other prefectures origin  Standard limits - radioactive cesium: 100 Bq/kg for food from Japan (radioactive cesium: 1,250 Bq/kg, radioactive iodine: 2,000 Bq/kg in EU)

3) Demands certificates for some regions

Hong Kong Target Prefectures Nature of Regulation Fukushima, Ibaraki, Tochigi, Gunma, Chiba (5 Demands government-issued test certificate of prefecture) radionuclides All other prefectures Sampling in Hong Kong  Standard limits - radioactive cesium: 1,000 Bq/kg, radioactive iodine: 100 Bq/kg

Brazil Target Prefectures Nature of Regulation Demands government-issued test certificate of Fukushima radionuclides  Standard limits - radioactive cesium: 1,000 Bq/kg, radioactive iodine: 100 Bq/kg

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- 111 - 4-3-2 Response to the Certificates Demanded by Other Countries and Regions In the wake of the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi NPS, some countries and regions are demanding that imports of fishery products from Japan be accompanied by a certificate of origin and/or radioactive materials test certificate (Table 17). The Fisheries Agency and some prefectural governments (hereafter, the “certifying organizations”) issue such certificates, based on notifications from the Director-General of the Fisheries Agency, to the Republic of Korea, China, Hong Kong, the EU, Thailand, Singapore, Egypt, and others after confirming the production areas of products to be exported and that the results of radioactive materials tests meet the limits those countries demand. In FY2013, some 13,000 certificates were issued over the course of the year. Although certificates for exports are required every day, the issuance of those certificates often takes several days. This presents a serious issue particularly for exports of fishery products that demand freshness. Given this, the Government of Japan hopes to see import restrictions relaxed and lifted as soon as possible.

(1) The process up to issuance of certificates After receiving an application for a certificate from a business, a certifying organization inspects the business’s application documents. The points that the certifying organization looks at are 1) general outline of the export (i.e., exporter, importer, port of loading, date of export, etc.), 2) area of production of the exported product), and 3) results of radionuclides test and sampling (extraction of samples from export lots to provide for radioactive material tests). In order to examine these items, the certifying organization demands documents that confirm the general details of the export (e.g., invoice, etc.), documents that show proof of the area of production that the producer of the exported product (e.g., fishery cooperative, etc.) prepared and issued to the business after confirming fishing areas and sales records, an inspection report on the radioactive material test that was issued by an assessment body, and documents reporting the sampling methods that were prepared by the business. If the certifying organization finds any deficiencies or points requiring clarification in the application documents, it verifies the facts of the matter by demanding that the applicant provide additional materials or making direct inquiries to the producer, assessment body, etc. The certifying organization only prepares a certificate and issues it to the business if, based on the above-mentioned inspection, it confirms that the product to be exported meets the conditions demanded by the export partner.

(2) The radioactive material test required for a certificate In principle, the radioactive material test required for the issuance of a certificate is conducted by a “registered conformity assessment body” stipulated in the Food Sanitation Act.c Assessment bodies ensure the reliability of their test results by conducting test analyses based on a notification “on methods c A “registered conformity assessment body” is a testing organization permitted to conduct product tests as an organization acting for the government after being registered by the Minister of Health, Labour and Welfare based on Article 33 of the Food Sanitation Act. Requirements for registration include possession of stipulated machines, implements, and other facilities; the execution of tests by persons possessing the requisite knowledge and experience; and independence from businesses being tested.

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- 112 - for testing for radioactive material in food products” (March 15, 2012) that the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare issued to local governments (Figure 64). As for sampling for radioactive material tests, in principle, applying businesses are instructed to ask an assessment body to handle sampling. If sampling by the assessment body is difficult, sampling can be conducted by the business in the presence of a third party (e.g., employee of the prefectural government, municipality, fishery cooperative or fish market, etc.) or by the business based on standards established by the Fisheries Agency (Table 18). Regarding the radionuclides to be tested and detection limits, applying businesses are instructed to conduct measurements corresponding to the demands of those countries and regions that have import restrictions in place. For example, the EU requires measurements of cesium-134 and cesium-137 that do not exceed 100 Bq/kg, while the Republic of Korea, requires measurements of iodine, cesium-134, and cesium-137 that do not exceed 0.7 Bq/kg.

Table 18 Sampling Standards No. of packages in 1 lot No. of opened packages (n) N ≦ 2 1 3 ≦ N ≦ 150 3 150 ＜ N ≦ 1,200 5

1,200 ＜ N 8

Figure 64 Inspection for Radioactive Cesium with Gamma Ray Spectrometry

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- 113 - 4-3-3 Examples of Radioactive Material Detected in Fishery Products after Exportation from Japan As was mentioned in 4-3-1 and 4-3-2, various countries and regions have implemented import regulations and measures following the nuclear accident. They are demanding certificates, banning imports, and strengthening their inspections for radioactive materials when products are imported. Fishery products exported from Japan to the world amounted to 424,000 tons in 2011, 440,000 tons in 2012, 552,000 tons in 2013, and 471,000 tons in 2014. As is shown in Table 19, although there have been cases where miniscule levels of radionuclides were detected in import inspections, none have exceeded the limits of either importing countries or Japan. Some countries have relaxed their import regulations in light of this. These developments provide evidence that Japan’s monitoring and other initiatives to ensure the safety of its fishery products, export inspections, and verifications for the issuance of certificates are being properly executed.

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- 114 - Table 19 Results of Import Inspections by Foreign Countries and Regions for Japanese Food and Fishery Products

United States Period Until March 10, 2014 No. of 225 (fishery products) (inspections targeted imported items and US domestic items) inspections Detections None Website http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/PublicHealthFocus/ucm247403.htm

Hong Kong Period Until February 27, 2015 No. of 36,403 (fishery products) inspections Detections None Website http://www.cfs.gov.hk/english/programme/programme_rafs/programme_rafs_fc_01_3 0_Nuclear_Event_and_Food_Safety.html

Australia Period Until December 2014 No. of More than 1,400 (including non-fishery products) inspections Detections All inspections met Australian limits Website http://www.agriculture.gov.au/import/food/notices/2014/ifn01

Singapore Period Until June 2014 No. of More than 18,000 (including non-fishery products) inspections Radionuclides were detected in 0.14% of all inspections. (No cases of fishery Detections products’ exceeding Singaporean limits were reported by the Singaporean government, etc.) Absolutely no cases were detected from January 2013. Website http://www.ava.gov.sg/docs/default-source/publication/ava-vision/ava_newsletter-lr

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- 115 - Taiwan Period Until March 2, 2015 No. of 18,725 (fishery products) inspections Detections 2011: 29; 2012: 0; 2013: 1 (Cs: 6 Bq/kg) Website http://www.fda.gov.tw/TC/siteList.aspx?sid=2356

Canada Period (1) April to June 2011 (2) September to October 2012 No. of (1) 44 (fishery products) (2) 30 (fishery products) inspections Detections (1) 1 (Cs: 7.66 Bq/kg) (2) None Website http://www.inspection.gc.ca/food/imports/japan-nuclear-crisis/eng/1384447285082/1 384448940388

The Republic of Korea (Fishery products) Detection of trace Detection of trace No detection amounts (customs amounts (customs cleared) rejected)*1 Number of Weight Number of Weight Number of Weight Year inspections (tons) inspections (tons) inspections (tons) 2011 4,126 15,993 21 149 －－ 2012 4,729 20,526 101 2704 －－ 2013 5,328 20,543 9 160 1 0 2014 5,290 18,265 －－ 4 20 2015*2 1,424 4,863 －－－－ Total 20,897 80,190 131 3,013 5 20

*1: 2013: detection of 1 Bq/kg; 2014: detection of 1 Bq/kg, 1 Bq/kg, 3 Bq/kg, 2 Bq/kg *2: January to March 19, 2015 Website: http://www.mfds.go.kr/index.do?mid=1077

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- 116 - 4-3-4 IAEA Evaluation of Food Monitoring The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), at the request of the Japanese government, organized two review missions in 2013 (April and November/December) and one review mission in 2015 (February) [70; 71] to review efforts being made along the “Mid-and-Long-Term Roadmap towards the Decommissioning of TEPCO's Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station Units 1-4” [69]. The final report of the third review mission had not been released at the time that this report was prepared. The second review mission was conducted from November 25 to December 4, 2013, and reviewed efforts being made based on the Mid-and-Long-Term Roadmap. In the 2nd Review Report, the team stated that introduction of limits for food controls, the comprehensive monitoring system for seawater and distributed food products, and measures such as the distribution restrictions ensure the safety of the marine fishery products in the market (Figure 65) [70]. Additionally, among the comprehensive information on Fukushima Daiichi NPS-related issues that the IAEA began publishing on its website in December 2013 are the following comments on food safety: “systems are in place and are being implemented that prevent food and agricultural products with levels of cesium radionuclides in excess of the national regulatory limits from entering the food supply chain” and “the Joint IAEA / FAO Division understands that the measures taken to monitor and respond to issues regarding radionuclide contamination of food are appropriate, and that the food supply chain is under control” (February 27, 2015) [50]. In addition to the above, more recently, the IAEA noted with regard to a proficiency test (whereby the IAEA checked the technologies and other capacities of laboratories through a process in which participating laboratories analyse samples sent to them from the IAEA for concentrations of tritium, cesium-134, cesium-137, and strontium-90 and then reported their findings to the IAEA) and an inter-laboratory comparison of seawater sample analyses by the Nuclear Regulation Authority (NRA) and the IAEA (whereby each laboratory analysed samples jointly collected by the NRA and the IAEA for concentrations of tritium, cesium-134, cesium-137, and strontium-90 for interlaboratory comparison of the results) that [the results of these tests] “have shown a high level of accuracy of the data reported by Japanese laboratories” and “This conclusion should increase confidence that the data regularly reported by NRA presents a reliable picture of the levels of radioactivity in the near-shore coastal waters east of Japan” [49; 50; 51]

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- 117 -

Figure 65 Review by the IAEA [71]

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- 118 - Conclusion

This report has comprehensively assessed the results of the monitoring of fishery products for radionuclides, which has been carried out since the Fukushima Daiichi NPS accident in 2011, and presented the results of a broad range of research concerning radionuclides. The results of monitoring indicate that in the immediate post-accident period, several species of fish, mainly in waters off Fukushima Prefecture, were found to contain radionuclides at concentrations in excess of 100 Bq/kg. However, four years have passed to the present day, and almost no concentrations in excess of 100 Bq/kg are being observed. Further, although some cases of leakage of contaminated water have been reported since the accident, no influence on seawater and fishery products has been observed outside the Fukushima Daiichi NPS port. According to monitoring results, concentrations of radioactive cesium in fishery products are clearly falling, and almost no effects from radioactive strontium are being seen. Based on these results and investigative research, it is thought that contamination of fishery products by radioactive materials was caused by contaminated water containing extremely high concentrations immediately following the accident. The role in the contamination of fishery products of slight variations in comparatively low-level contaminated water caused by leakeages of contaminated water from the nuclear power station, which has become a matter of recent concern, is thought to be small. That said, despite the fact that today, four years since the accident, almost no marine fish species exceed the limits, restrictions on shipping and distribution continue to be placed on some regions and fish species. These measures are being implemented appropriately by local governments and others. However, the efforts being made by national and local governments as well as fishermen to ensure the safety of fishery products are not necessarily well understood, and the persistence of misinformation and resulting unfounded reputational damages, both domestically and internationally, continues to be a problem. Indeed, although some countries and regions have relaxed or lifted the import regulations they placed on Japanese products after the accident, some countries and regions continue to maintain them. This presents a concern to fishery operators and processors who are struggling to recover from the accident and rebuild their production systems. In order to continue to secure the safety of marine products and the trust of consumers, it is necessary, as a matter of obligation, for the national government to work for the delivery of safe fishery products to the market by continuing its monitoring of fishery products. Further, the national government must endeavor to shed light on contamination mechanisms so that it can present factors behind the appearance of contaminated fish as well as predictions concerning reductions of such fish to fishery operators and consumers. As of the end of January 2015, more than 66,500 results have been collected from inspections of radioactive materials in fishery products. Japan is committed to utilizing this vast supply of results to conduct verifications and to provide proper information on the safety of fishery products for domestic and international use. Japan also works toward getting import regulations relaxed or lifted in importing countries by taking appropriate steps to address their concerns and doubts. Moreover, Japan is committed

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- 119 - to enhance the faith and trust in its efforts to guarantee the safety of its fishery products by sharing information and cooperating with international organizations and relevant countries/regions and by welcoming further verifications.

This report was prepared with the cooperation of Dr. Takami Morita, Radioecology Group Leader, Research Center for Fisheries Oceanography & Marine Ecosystem, National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, National Fisheries Agency.

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- 124 - 60. Fisheries Research Agency. (2015). Heisei 26 nendo houshasei seibusshitsu eikyou kaisetsu chousa jigyou houkokusyo. 61. Yutaka Kurita, Yuya Shigenobu, Toru Sakuma, Shin-ichi Ito. (2015). Radiocesium contamination histories of Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus after the 2011 Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant accident. Eds. Kaoru Nakata and Hiroya Sugisaki. Impacts of the Fukushima Nuclear Accident on Fish and Fishing Grounds. in press. 62. Tadahiro Sohtome, Toshihiro Wada, Takuji Mizuno, Yoshiharu Nemoto, Satoshi Igarashi, Atsushi Nishimune, Tatsuo Aono, Yukari Ito, Jota Kanda, Takashi Ishimaru. (2014). Radiological impact of TEPCO's Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant accident on invertebrates in the coastal benthic food web. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 138.106-115. 63. Ryuhei Motokawa, Hitoshi Endo, Shingo Yokoyama, Shotaro Nishitsuji, Tohru Kobayashi, Shinichi Suzuki & Tsuyoshi Yaita. (2014). Collective Structural Changes in Vermiculite Clay Suspensions Induced by Cesium Ions. Scientific Reports 4.6585. (http://www.nature.com/srep/2014/141010/srep06585/full/srep06585.html). 64. Japan Science and Technology Agency. (2014). Fukushima no tsuchi ga seshiumu torikumu shikumi kaimei. (http://scienceportal.jst.go.jp/news/newsflash_review/newsflash/2014/11/20141106_01.html). 65. Japan Atomic Energy Agency, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, Yamagata University. (2014). Fukushima no dojou ga wazuka-na seshiumu no torikumi ni yori taryou no cesium o yobikomu mechanism o kaimei. （http://www.jaea.go.jp/02/press2014/p14103101/). 66. Ryuhei Motokawa, Hitoshi Endo, Shingo Yokoyama, Hiroki Ogawa, Tohru Kobayashi. (2014). Mesoscopic Structures of Vermiculite and Weathered Biotite Clays in Suspension with and without Cesium Ions. Langmuir, 30, 15127−15134. 67. Hidetoshi Shimane. (1969). Vermiculite and allied minerals. Ed. The clays of Japan organizing committee. The clay of Japan. Geological survey of Japan. pp.140-142. 68. Fisheries Agency. (2011). Higashi nihon taiheiyou ni okeru seisen suisanbutsu no sanchi hyouji houhou ni tsuite. (http://www.jfa.maff.go.jp/j/press/kakou/111005.html). 69. Agency for Natural ReSource:s and Energy. (2013). “Mid-and-Long-Term Roadmap towards the Decommissioning of TEPCO's Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station Units 1-4,” revised version. (http://www.meti.go.jp/press/2013/06/20130627002/20130627002.html). 70. IAEA. (2013). IAEA MISSION REPORT, IAEA INTERNATIONAL PEER REVIEW MISSION ONMID-AND-LONG-TERM ROADMAP TOWARDS THE DECOMMISSIONING OF TEPCO’S FUKUSHIMA DAIICHI NUCLEAR POWER STATION UNITS 1-4. (http://www.iaea.org/newscenter/focus/fukushima/missionreport230513.pdf). 71. IAEA. (2014). IAEA MISSION REPORT, IAEA INTERNATIONAL PEER REVIEW MISSION ON MID-AND-LONG-TERM ROADMAP TOWARDS THE DECOMMISSIONING OF TEPCO’S FUKUSHIMA DAIICHI NUCLEAR POWER STATION UNITS 1-4, SECOND MISSION. (http://www.iaea.org/sites/default/files/IAEAfinal_report120214.pdf).

125

- 125 - 72. Chiba Prefecture. (2015). Nouchiku suisanbutsu tou no houshasei busshitsu kensa keikaku no gaiyou (Chiba-ken). (http://www.mhlw.go.jp/file/04-Houdouhappyou-11135000-Shokuhinanzenbu-Kanshianzenka/0000 071801.pdf).

126

- 126 - Appendix Radioactive Material Analysis Flowcharts

Box 5 mentions methods for measuring radioactive strontium and plutonium data that are provided by the Fisheries Agency and Fisheries Research Agency. As the box notes, measurement of these elements requires complex procedures. However, it is thought that information on the actual measurement methods used will be required in certain cases, particularly when comparing the data presented here (Table 4) with pre-accident data and data of other countries and conducting evaluations. The following flowcharts (used in measuring the data presented in Table 4) are presented here for this purpose.

1. Sample preparation 2. Measurement of radioactive strontium 3. Measurement of plutonium

127

- 127 - 1. Sample preparation

weight measurement (wet) ↓ drying process (hot air drying machine) ↓ weight measurement (dried) ↓ carbonization process (electric furnace) ↓ 280 ºC 4 hours ↓ 320 ºC 4 hours cool to room temperature ↓ ↓ 340 ºC 4 hours ↓ 360 ºC 4 hours cool to room temperature ↓ ↓ 380 ºC 4 hours ↓ 400 ºC 2 hours ↓ 420 ºC 4 hours cool to room temperature ↓ ashing process (electric furnace) ↓ 450 ºC 24 hours ↓ 500 ºC 24 hours ↓

- 128 - 2. Measurement of radioactive Strontium ash sample (equivalent to 1kg of wet sample) ← Sr 50.0mg ←aqua regia thermolysis

← HNO3 thermolysis

← HNO3 heating for dissolution

filtering (No.5C)

H20 wash

filtrate residue

← H2Odisposed ← NaOH pH 10 or higher

← Na2CO3 10-30g heating and wait for formig precipitation still standing decantation・centrifugation

precipitation supernatant ← HCl dissolution can be used for analysis of Cs-137

← H2O heating

← H2C2O4 10～30g

← NH4OH pH 4.0～4.2

heating and wait for formig precipitation still standing filtering (No.5C)

(NH4)2C2O4(0.2w/v%) wash

precipitation filtrate disposed heating 600ºC 3h ← HCl (1+3) evaporation to dryness ← HCl (1+23) 200ml filtering (No.5C) HCl (1+23) wash ← HCl (1+23) filtrate (500ml) residue disposed go to next page

- 129 - Dowex 50W-X8, 100～200 mesh, 3cm φ×26cm speed of flow 4～6cm/min disposed ← ion exchange ←H2O 30ml disposed ← resin

column ←CH3COONH4 (15.4w/v%) - methanol (1:1) 1100ml disposed ←

←CH3COONH4 (15.4w/v%) 600ml

evaporation to dryness

←H2O 10ml

←HNO3 10ml evaporation to dryness ←Ba 20mg

←CH3COONH4 (46w/v %) 2ml

←NH4OH (1+1)

←CH3COOH (7+13) pH5.0~5.5

heating

←K2CrO4 (30w/v %) 1ml heating and wait precipitation foming still standing

filtrate (No.5C)

←CH3COONH4 (0.6w/v %) wash

filtrate precipitation ←NaOH 4g disposed

←(NH4)2CO3 40g heating and wait precipitation foming

filtrate (25G4) ←(NH4)2CO3 (1w/v %) wash

precipitation filtrate

←HNO3 (1+1) disposed

←H2O wash

←H2O 20ml ←Fe 5mg

←NH4Cl 1g ←phenolphthalein solution 0.5ml heating

←NH4OH heating and wait for formig precipitation

filtering (No.5A) (record the date and time of scavenging)

warm NH4OH（1+500) wash

filtrate precipitation

←(NH4)2CO3 (saturated) 5ml disposed heating and wait for formig precipitation still standing filtering (1G4)

NH4OH（1+100) wash

precipitation filtrate ethanol wash disposed drying 110 ºC、1h cooling at room temperature calculation of recovery rate by ICP-AES measurment

leave for 2 weeks or longer

go to next page

- 130 - ← HCl (1+1)

← H2O ←Fe 5.0mg, Y 50ug ←phenolphthalein solution 0.5ml heating

←NH4OH heating and wait for formig precipitation

filtering (No.5A) (record the date and time of scavenging)

warm NH4OH（1+500) wash

precipitation filtrate ← warm HCl (1+5) ← HCl

←warm H2O 40ml wash stock

←NH4Cl 1g ←phenolphthalein solution 0.5ml heating

←NH4OH heating and wait for formig precipitation

filtering (No.5A)

warm NH4OH（1+500) wash

precipitation filtrate ← warm HCl (1+5)

←warm H2O 40ml wash disposed

←NH4Cl 1g ←phenolphthalein solution 0.5ml heating

←NH4OH heating and wait for formig precipitation

filtering (No.5A)

NH4OH（1+100) wash

precipitation filtrate dry (infrared lamp) 90Y-beta ray measurement disposed

- 131 - 3. Measurement of Plutonium

ash sample ← add standard solution for 242Pu or 236Pu ← add standard solution for 243Am or 244Cm

← HNO3 50ml evaporation to dryness

← H2O2 10ml heating repeat till dried residue to white

← HNO3 evaporation to dryness

← HNO3 (3+2) 100ml heating filtering (GA-100)

(NH4)2C2O4(0.2w/v%) wash

filtrate (Pu, Am) residue

←HNO3 (3+2) 120ml ion exchange Am analysis ←HCl (5+1) 300ml resin column ←NH4I 50ml + HCl 30ml mix

evaporation to dryness

←HNO3 5ml

←HClO4 1ml

evaporation to dryness

Pu sample for electrodeposition

- 132 - Sample for Am analysis evaporation to dryness

←HNO3 (3+2) 50ml

←H2O 250ml ←Ca carrier solution 5ml

←H2C2O4 10g

←(NH4)2C2O4 10g heating

← NH4OH (pH=1.5) filtering (5C)

residue filtrate

ashing (550 ºC 2h) ←HCl ←Fe carrier solution 1ml

←NH4Cl 10g

← NH4OH heating

filtering (5C)

residue filtrate ←HCl (7+3) 20ml evaporation to dryness ←HCl (6+1) 20ml

Dowex 1-X8, 100～200 mesh

ion exchange ←HCl (6+1) 50ml resin column

evaporation to dryness

←HNO3 (3+2) 20ml

←H2O2 a few drops heating for dissolution sample for electrodeposition

Dowex 1-X8, 100～200 mesh

ion exchange ←HNO3 (3+ 2) 30ml resin column

evaporation to dryness

←HNO3 5ml

←H2O2 a few drops evaporation to dryness sample for electrodeposition

- 133 - sample for electrodeposition

←HNO3 1ml

←H2O2 a few drops

←CH3OH 12.6ml

Dowex 1-X4, 100～200 mesh

←HNO3 + CH3OH mix 20ml ion exchange ←NH SCN + CH OH mix 60ml resin 4 3 column ←HNO3 + CH3OH mix 50ml

←HCl + CH3OH mix 50ml

evaporation to dryness

←HNO3 5ml

←H2O2 1ml evaporation to dryness

←HClO4 1ml evaporation to dryness

sample for electrodeposition

←H2SO4 (1 + 9) 5ml

←NH4OH

←H2SO4 (1 + 9) electrodeposition 1.0 A 2~3h electrodeposition residue electrodeposition plate (alfa-spectrometry）

- 134 - Appendix Table Inspection Results for Radioactive Cesium Concentrations in Fishery Products (March 2011 – January 2015)

The preceding report explains the results of inspections on major fish species. However, there are additional monitoring activities on many additional fish species undertaken by coordinated efforts among national governments, prefectural governments, and relevant organizations. The results for each of these monitoring efforts are published on the Fisheries Agency website: (http://www.jfa.maff.go.jp/e/inspection/index.html)

The appendix table contains data on the following items, separated into “Fukushima Prefecture” and “other prefecture” categories, and organized by fiscal year and by fish species. - Number of samples tested - Number and proportion of readings below the detection limit, and the value of detection limit (Note: detection limit for FY2011 has not been made available.) - Number and proportion of readings below 100 Bq/kg (A provisional regulation limit of 500 Bq/kg was used through FY 2011, but for the sake of comparison, the present table uses the standard limit of 100 Bq/kg) - Maximum value (Bq/kg) - Median value (Bq/kg) - Mean value (Bq/kg)

The median and mean values were calculated according to GEMS/Food* methods, as below:

Median: Calculated only if the number of readings below the detection limit constituted fewer than 50 % of the total. If such readings constituted 50 % or more of the total, the median was marked as “-”.

Mean: If readings below the detection limit constituted over 60% of the total number of readings, the mean was calculated according to (1) and (2) below. If the proportion of readings below the detection limit was 60% or less, the mean was calculated according to (3). (1) Set all below-detection-limit readings to 0 and calculate the mean. (2) Set all below-detection-limit readings to the value of the limit and calculate the mean. (3) Set all below-detection-limit readings to 1/2 the value of the limit and calculate the mean. It is important to remember that, as stated in the preceding report, inspections are as a general rule performed prior to shipping and distribution. Also, it must be noted that monitoring results include those of items currently under shipping and distribution restrictions and not in active circulation in the market. Therefore, a reading in excess of the standard limit, does not mean that excessive levels of radioactive cesium were found in fishery products actively in circulation.

- 135 - * GEMS/Food Abbreviation of the World Health Organization’s (WHO) Global Environmental Monitoring System/ Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment Programme. It collects data on chemical contamination in foods, and provide it to governments and Codex Alimentarius Committee etc. (http://www.who.int/foodsafety/chem/instructions_GEMSFood_january_2012.pdf?ua=1)

- 136 - 1. Inspection Results for Fishery Products in Fukushima Prefecture（Mar.2011-Jan.2015）

Number < Limit of Detection ≤100 Bq/kg Maximum Median Mean(1) Mean(2) Mean(3) Fiscal Item of LOD year Number (%) Number (%) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) samples (Bq/kg) ごく表層 very surface 1 イシカワシラウオ Ishikawa icefish (Salangichthys ishikawae) ～2011 26 2 8% - 26 100% 94 33--- 2012 74 60 81% 11-20 74 100% 34 - 2.6 16 - 2013 97 86 89% 12-20 97 100% 19 - 1.1 15 - 2014 38 38 100% 12-20 38 100% <20 - 0 16 - 2 コウナゴ Japanese sandlance (Ammodytes personatus) ～2011 21 8 38% - 9 43% 14,000 320--- 2012 62 55 89% 12-20 62 100% 10 - 0.94 15 - 2013 69 69 100% 12-20 69 100% <20 - 0 15 - 2014 37 37 100% 13-20 37 100% <20 - 0 16 - 3 シラウオ Japanese icefish (Salangichthys microdon) ～2011 3 1 33% - 3 100% 67 12--- 2012 1 1 100% 16 1 100% <16 - 0 16 - 4 シラス Whitebait ～2011 59 15 25% - 46 78% 850 30--- 2012 118 116 98% 9.5-20 118 100% 7.9 - 0.13 16 - 2013 199 199 100% 13-20 199 100% <20 - 0 16 - 2014 132 132 100% 11-20 132 100% <20 - 0 16 - 5 ノレソレ Conger eel (Juvenile) (Conger myriaster) ～2011 1 1 100% - 1 100%

- 137 - 1. Inspection Results for Fishery Products in Fukushima Prefecture（Mar.2011-Jan.2015）

Number < Limit of Detection ≤100 Bq/kg Maximum Median Mean(1) Mean(2) Mean(3) Fiscal Item of LOD year Number (%) Number (%) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) samples (Bq/kg) 表層 Surface layer 6 アカカマス Red barracuda (Sphyraena pinguis) ～2011 1 0 0% - 1 100% 50 50 - - 50 2013 1 1 100% 15 1 100% <15 - 0 15 - 2014 2 2 100% 16 2 100% <16 - 0 16 - 7 ウルメイワシ Round herring (Etrumeus teres) ～2011 1 0 0% - 1 100% 23 23 - - 23 2012 2 2 100% 15-16 2 100% <16 - 0 16 - 2013 5 5 100% 14-17 5 100% <17 - 0 15 - 8 カタクチイワシ Anchovy (Engraulis japonicus) ～2011 12 1 8% - 11 92% 140 28--- 2012 19 19 100% 12-20 19 100% <20 - 0 16 - 2013 33 33 100% 14-18 33 100% <18 - 0 16 - 2014 21 20 95% 13-20 21 100% 9.4 - 0.45 15 - 9 カツオ Skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) ～2011 1 1 100% - 1 100%

- 138 - 1. Inspection Results for Fishery Products in Fukushima Prefecture（Mar.2011-Jan.2015）

Number < Limit of Detection ≤100 Bq/kg Maximum Median Mean(1) Mean(2) Mean(3) Fiscal Item of LOD year Number (%) Number (%) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) samples (Bq/kg) 中層 Intermediate layer 15 カンパチ Greater amberjack (Seriola dumerili) ～2011 5 1 20% - 5 100% 73 22--- 2012 1 1 100% 14 1 100% <14 - 0 14 - 2013 3 3 100% 14-17 3 100% <17 - 0 16 - 2014 1 1 100% 16 1 100% <16 - 0 16 - 16 ギンザケ Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutsh) ～2011 1 0 0% - 1 100% 73 73 - - 73 17 クロマグロ Bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) ～2011 5 0 0% - 5 100% 41 28 - - 30 2012 1 1 100% 16 1 100% <16 - 0 16 - 18 コノシロ Dotted gizzard shad (Konosirus punctatus) 2012 2 2 100% 13-16 2 100% <16 - 0 15 - 2013 1 1 100% 17 1 100% <17 - 0 17 - 2014 2 2 100% 14-15 2 100% <15 - 0 15 - 19 ゴマサバ Southern mackerel (Scomber australasicus) ～2011 9 2 22% - 9 100% 68 41--- 2012 22 22 100% 13-19 22 100% <19 - 0 16 - 2013 53 52 98% 13-20 53 100% 6.4 - 0.12 15 - 2014 55 55 100% 13-20 55 100% <20 - 0 16 - 20 サクラマス Cherry salmon (Oncorhynchus masou) 2012 4 3 75% 13-16 3 75% 130 - 33 44 - 2013 8 7 88% 13-18 8 100% 12 - 1.5 15 - 2014 3 3 100% 14-16 3 100% <16 - 0 15 - 21 サッパ Japanese shad (Sardinella zunasi) 2012 2 1 50% 15 2 100% 11---9.3 22 サワラ Japanese Spanish mackerel (Scomberomorus niphonius) 2012 2 2 100% 13-17 2 100% <17 - 0 15 - 2013 29 29 100% 13-20 29 100% <20 - 0 16 - 2014 20 20 100% 14-20 20 100% <20 - 0 15 - 23 シイラ Mahi-mahi (Coryphaena hippurus) ～2011 1 1 100% - 1 100%

- 139 - 1. Inspection Results for Fishery Products in Fukushima Prefecture（Mar.2011-Jan.2015）

Number < Limit of Detection ≤100 Bq/kg Maximum Median Mean(1) Mean(2) Mean(3) Fiscal Item of LOD year Number (%) Number (%) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) samples (Bq/kg) 底層 Bottom layer 30 アイナメ Fat greenling (Hexagrammos otakii) ～2011 177 6 3% - 51 29% 3,000 170--- 2012 292 24 8% 12-19 173 59% 1,300 77 - - 150 2013 336 131 39% 12-20 314 93% 1,700 11 - - 35 2014 273 167 61% 12-20 272 100% 120 - 7.2 17 - 31 アオメエソ(メヒカリ) Greeneyes (Chlorophthalmus borealis) ～2011 9 3 33% - 6 67% 180 33--- 2012 62 59 95% 12-20 62 100% 9.2 - 0.39 15 - 2013 99 98 99% 13-20 99 100% 11 - 0.11 16 - 2014 36 36 100% 13-19 36 100% <19 - 0 16 - 32 アカエイ Red stingray (Dasyatis akajei) ～2011 5 0 0% - 4 80% 250 91 - - 110 33 アカガレイ Flathead flounder (Hippoglossoides dubius) ～2011 47 29 62% - 46 98% 120 - 13 - - 2012 116 82 71% 11-20 116 100% 83 - 7.0 18 - 2013 142 117 82% 12-19 142 100% 66 - 4.0 17 - 2014 210 176 84% 11-19 210 100% 88 - 2.9 16 - 34 アカシタビラメ Red tongue sole (Cynoglossus joyneri) ～2011 15 0 0% - 5 33% 250 150 - - 140 2012 14 1 7% 17 11 79% 180 59 - - 69 2013 9 2 22% 15-17 9 100% 59 20 - - 27 2014 11 3 27% 15-18 11 100% 13 8.7 - - 10 35 アカムツ Rosy seabass (Doederleinia berycoides) ～2011 4 1 25% - 4 100% 30 9.1 - - - 2012 13 12 92% 15-20 13 100% 17 - 1.3 16 - 2013 33 33 100% 12-20 33 100% <20 - 0 16 - 2014 35 35 100% 13-19 35 100% <19 - 0 16 - 36 アコウダイ Matsubara`s red rock fish (Sebastes matsubarae) ～2011 1 0 0% - 1 100% 72 72 - - 72 2012 4 0 0% - 4 100% 50 21 - - 25 37 アブラガレイ Kamchatla flounder (Atheresthes evermanni) ～2011 5 3 60% - 5 100% 8.7 ---- 2012 8 8 100% 15-17 8 100% <17 - 0 16 - 2013 2 2 100% 16-17 2 100% <17 - 0 17 - 2014 1 1 100% 16 1 100% <16 - 0 16 - 38 アブラツノザメ Spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias) ～2011 5 1 20% - 5 100% 62 27--- 2012 6 3 50% 14-16 6 100% 45---20 2013 28 16 57% 14-20 28 100% 45---12 2014 24 20 83% 13-19 24 100% 13 - 1.8 15 - 39 イカナゴ Japanese sandlance (Ammodytes personatus) ～2011 16 1 6% - 6 38% 400 120--- 2012 11 3 27% 16-17 11 100% 61 25 - - 29 2013 2 2 100% 16-17 2 100% <17 - 0 17 - 40 イシガキダイ Spotted Knifejaw (Oplegnathus punctatus) 2012 4 4 100% 14-17 4 100% <17 - 0 16 - 2013 1 1 100% 17 1 100% <17 - 0 17 - 41 イシガレイ Stone flounder (Kareius bicoloratus) ～2011 83 0 0% - 26 31% 1,200 140 - - 210 2012 150 20 13% 13-20 99 66% 1,200 54 - - 100 2013 164 72 44% 9.7-20 155 95% 310 8.6 - - 31 2014 140 93 66% 13-20 135 96% 240 - 14 25 - 42 イシダイ Striped beakfish (Oplegnathus fasciatus) 2012 3 1 33% 14 3 100% 22 12 - - 14 43 イズカサゴ Izu scorpionfish (Scorpaena neglecta) 2012 1 1 100% 15 1 100% <15 - 0 15 - 44 イトヒキダラ Threadfin hakeling (Laemonema longipes) 2013 1 1 100% 17 1 100% <17 - 0 17 - 45 イネゴチ Crocodile flathead (Cociella crocodila) 2012 1 1 100% 18 1 100% <18 - 0 18 - 46 イラコアナゴ Longnose eel (Synaphobranchus kaupii) ～2011 2 2 100% - 2 100%

- 140 - 1. Inspection Results for Fishery Products in Fukushima Prefecture（Mar.2011-Jan.2015）

Number < Limit of Detection ≤100 Bq/kg Maximum Median Mean(1) Mean(2) Mean(3) Fiscal Item of LOD year Number (%) Number (%) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) samples (Bq/kg) 51 ウミタナゴ Surfperch (Ditrema temmincki) ～2011 2 0 0% - 0 0% 220 170 - - 170 2012 20 2 10% 13-14 17 85% 130 54 - - 56 2013 7 5 71% 14-18 7 100% 18 - 4.0 15 - 2014 11 9 82% 14-18 11 100% 15 - 2.0 15 - 52 エゾイソアイナメ Brown hakeling (Physiculus maximowiczi) ～2011 92 20 22% - 59 64% 1,800 61--- 2012 146 40 27% 13-19 128 88% 570 14 - - 52 2013 212 177 83% 11-20 210 99% 410 - 6.9 20 - 2014 139 133 96% 13-19 139 100% 9.7 - 0.38 16 - 53 オオクチイシナギ Striped jewfish (Stereolepis doederleini) ～2011 4 1 25% - 4 100% 55 32--- 2012 13 10 77% 14-18 13 100% 39 - 4.7 17 - 2013 22 21 95% 13-19 22 100% 10 - 0.45 16 - 2014 33 33 100% 12-18 33 100% <18 - 0 16 - 54 カガミダイ Dory (Zenopsis nebulosa) ～2011 21 4 19% - 20 95% 130 51--- 2012 19 19 100% 12-20 19 100% <20 - 0 16 - 2013 27 27 100% 12-20 27 100% <20 - 0 15 - 2014 51 51 100% 13-18 51 100% <18 - 0 16 - 55 カサゴ Scorpion fish (Sebastiscus marmoratus) 2012 1 0 0% - 1 100% 92 92 - - 92 2013 1 0 0% - 0 0% 160 160 - - 160 2014 2 0 0% - 2 100% 22 18 - - 18 56 カナガシラ Redwing searobin (Lepidotrigla microptera) ～2011 53 1 2% - 38 72% 360 59--- 2012 129 40 31% 14-19 129 100% 86 9.4 - - 17 2013 171 147 86% 12-20 171 100% 25 - 1.4 15 - 2014 204 201 99% 12-20 204 100% 8 - 0.11 15 - 57 カワハギ Threadsail filefish (Stephanolepis cirrhifer) ～2011 3 2 67% - 3 100% 6.9 - 2.3 - - 2014 1 1 100% 16 1 100% <16 - 0 16 - 58 ガンゾウビラメ Cinnamon flounder (Pseudorhombus cinnamoneus) ～2011 1 0 0% - 1 100% 27 27 - - 27 59 カンテンゲンゲ Jelly eelpout (Bothrocara tanakae) ～2011 1 1 100% - 1 100%

- 141 - 1. Inspection Results for Fishery Products in Fukushima Prefecture（Mar.2011-Jan.2015）

Number < Limit of Detection ≤100 Bq/kg Maximum Median Mean(1) Mean(2) Mean(3) Fiscal Item of LOD year Number (%) Number (%) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) samples (Bq/kg) 70 クロムツ Japanese bluefish (Scombrops gilberti) ～2011 1 0 0% - 1 100% 99--9 2012 1 1 100% 17 1 100% <17 - 0 17 - 2013 1 1 100% 13 1 100% <13 - 0 13 - 2014 2 2 100% 13-18 2 100% <18 - 0 16 - 71 クロメバル Rockfish (Sebastes ventricosus) ～2011 1 0 0% - 0 0% 280 280 - - 280 72 ケムシカジカ Sea raven (Hemitripterus villosus) ～2011 42 1 2% - 32 76% 710 60--- 2012 96 9 9% 15-20 82 85% 600 32 - - 60 2013 155 95 61% 12-20 155 100% 87 - 7.8 17 - 2014 115 105 91% 13-20 115 100% 20 - 0.89 15 - 73 コブシカジカ Darkfin sculpin (Malacocottus zonurus) ～2011 1 1 100% - 1 100%

- 142 - 1. Inspection Results for Fishery Products in Fukushima Prefecture（Mar.2011-Jan.2015）

- 143 - 1. Inspection Results for Fishery Products in Fukushima Prefecture（Mar.2011-Jan.2015）

Number < Limit of Detection ≤100 Bq/kg Maximum Median Mean(1) Mean(2) Mean(3) Fiscal Item of LOD year Number (%) Number (%) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) samples (Bq/kg) 109 マアジ Japanese jack mackerel (Trachurus japonicas) ～2011 42 8 19% - 35 83% 270 48--- 2012 72 43 60% 12-18 72 100% 59---13 2013 101 99 98% 12-20 101 100% 24 - 0.33 16 - 2014 120 120 100% 12-19 120 100% <19 - 0 15 - 110 マアナゴ Conger eel (Conger myriaster) ～2011 57 13 23% - 50 88% 180 27--- 2012 139 49 35% 13-19 124 89% 360 11 - - 40 2013 169 133 79% 12-20 169 100% 52 - 2.5 15 - 2014 161 154 96% 11-20 161 100% 12 - 0.42 15 - 111 マガレイ Littlemouth flounder (Pleuronectes herzensteini) ～2011 106 4 4% - 84 79% 420 62--- 2012 203 36 18% 13-18 198 98% 150 18 - - 28 2013 299 187 63% 7.4-20 299 100% 69 - 6.0 16 - 2014 259 214 83% 11-20 259 100% 37 - 2.1 15 - 112 マコガレイ Marbled flounder (Pleuronectes yokohamae) ～2011 151 2 1% - 80 53% 2,600 96--- 2012 217 16 7% 12-20 168 77% 1,300 43 - - 91 2013 232 86 37% 13-20 228 98% 180 11 - - 21 2014 238 140 59% 12-20 235 99% 160---14 113 マゴチ Flathead (Platycephalus sp.) ～2011 21 0 0% - 9 43% 290 170 - - 160 2012 34 0 0% - 26 76% 650 64 - - 120 2013 29 4 14% 15-18 28 97% 110 28 - - 38 2014 35 12 34% 13-18 35 100% 48 14 - - 17 114 マダイ Red seabream (Pagrus major) ～2011 8 1 13% - 8 100% 83 31--- 2012 35 14 40% 13-18 35 100% 62 10 - - 18 2013 19 15 79% 13-18 19 100% 18 - 2.9 15 - 2014 42 39 93% 13-20 42 100% 8.1 - 0.54 15 - 115 マダラ Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus) ～2011 103 10 10% - 72 70% 300 68--- 2012 216 43 20% 13-19 199 92% 490 26 - - 41 2013 252 149 59% 12-20 250 99% 200---15 2014 201 176 88% 13-20 201 100% 47 - 2.0 16 - 116 マツカワ Barfin flounder (Verasper moseri) ～2011 2 1 50% - 2 100% 56---- 2012 20 16 80% 13-18 19 95% 140 - 18 30 - 2013 14 11 79% 13-17 14 100% 30 - 3.9 16 - 2014 16 15 94% 14-20 16 100% 7.3 - 0.46 16 - 117 マトウダイ John Dory (Zeus faber) ～2011 51 4 8% - 46 90% 380 39--- 2012 64 27 42% 12-20 64 100% 89 8.8 - - 16 2013 54 43 80% 13-20 54 100% 29 - 2.3 15 - 2014 107 96 90% 12-20 107 100% 19 - 1.1 15 - 118 マフグ Globefish (Takifugu porphyreus) ～2011 7 0 0% - 6 86% 130 70 - - 81 2012 26 22 85% 13-19 26 100% 13 - 1.5 15 - 2013 16 16 100% 12-18 16 100% <18 - 0 15 - 2014 21 21 100% 13-18 21 100% <18 - 0 15 - 119 ミギガレイ Rikuzen flounder (Dexistes rikuzenius) ～2011 37 20 54% - 37 100% 31---- 2012 164 140 85% 7.7-20 164 100% 27 - 1.6 15 - 2013 217 211 97% 12-20 217 100% 12 - 0.24 16 - 2014 167 166 99% 11-20 167 100% 6.2 - 0.037 15 - 120 ムシガレイ Shotted halibut (Eopsetta grigorjewi ) ～2011 35 7 20% - 30 86% 180 50--- 2012 119 47 39% 13-20 113 95% 580 11 - - 38 2013 147 112 76% 12-19 146 99% 120 - 5.7 17 - 2014 153 138 90% 12-20 153 100% 76 - 1.3 15 - 121 ムラソイ Brassblotched rockfish (Sebastes pachycephalus ～2011 7 0 0% - 0 0% 870 180 - - 280 pachycephalus) 2012 29 0 0% - 8 28% 1,100 140 - - 230 2013 25 0 0% - 23 92% 160 37 - - 48 2014 19 2 11% 14-17 19 100% 85 18 - - 29 122 メイタガレイ Ridged-eye flounder (Pleuronichthys cornutus) ～2011 23 0 0% - 17 74% 470 43 - - 89 2012 38 3 8% 16-18 34 89% 190 28 - - 43 2013 44 28 64% 12-20 44 100% 37 - 6.7 17 - 2014 45 40 89% 13-20 45 100% 26 - 1.4 16 - 123 メダイ Pacific barrelfish (Hyperoglyphe japonica) ～2011 7 3 43% - 7 100% 22 7.2 - - - 2012 12 12 100% 13-18 12 100% <18 - 0 16 - 2013 15 15 100% 13-18 15 100% <18 - 0 16 - 2014 12 12 100% 13-19 12 100% <19 - 0 16 - 124 ヤナギムシガレイ Willowy flounder (Tanakius kitaharai) ～2011 54 14 26% - 54 100% 96 18--- 2012 130 62 48% 12-20 130 100% 82 7.1 - - 13 2013 185 149 81% 12-20 185 100% 49 - 2.5 15 - 2014 145 132 91% 11-20 145 100% 16 - 0.83 15 -

- 144 - 1. Inspection Results for Fishery Products in Fukushima Prefecture（Mar.2011-Jan.2015）

Number < Limit of Detection ≤100 Bq/kg Maximum Median Mean(1) Mean(2) Mean(3) Fiscal Item of LOD year Number (%) Number (%) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) samples (Bq/kg) 125 ユメカサゴ Hilgendorf' saucord (Helicolenus hilgendorfi) ～2011 9 3 33% - 9 100% 72 11--- 2012 116 92 79% 12-20 116 100% 46 - 3.4 16 - 2013 293 276 94% 11-20 292 100% 110 - 0.93 16 - 2014 266 258 97% 12-20 266 100% 16 - 0.29 15 -

- 145 - 1. Inspection Results for Fishery Products in Fukushima Prefecture（Mar.2011-Jan.2015）

Number < Limit of Detection ≤100 Bq/kg Maximum Median Mean(1) Mean(2) Mean(3) Fiscal Item of LOD year Number (%) Number (%) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) samples (Bq/kg) 無脊椎 Invertebrate 126 アサリ Japanese littleneck clam (Venerupis (Ruditapes) ～2011 4 2 50% - 4 100% 96---- philippinarum) 2012 29 18 62% 13-20 29 100% 27 - 4.9 15 - 2013 32 26 81% 13-20 32 100% 52 - 3.8 17 - 2014 28 28 100% 14-20 28 100% <20 - 0 17 - 127 アヤボラ Oregon Triton (Fusitriton oregonensis) 2014 7 7 100% 14-17 7 100% <17 - 0 16 - 128 アワビ Abalone (Haliotis sp.) ～2011 24 3 13% - 15 63% 480 80--- 2012 52 45 87% 14-20 52 100% 32 - 1.8 16 - 2013 67 67 100% 12-20 67 100% <20 - 0 16 - 2014 90 89 99% 13-20 90 100% 12 - 0.13 16 - 129 イイダコ Ocellated Octopus (Octopus ocellatus) ～2011 4 4 100% - 4 100%

- 146 - 1. Inspection Results for Fishery Products in Fukushima Prefecture（Mar.2011-Jan.2015）

- 147 - 1. Inspection Results for Fishery Products in Fukushima Prefecture（Mar.2011-Jan.2015）

Number < Limit of Detection ≤100 Bq/kg Maximum Median Mean(1) Mean(2) Mean(3) Fiscal Item of LOD year Number (%) Number (%) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) samples (Bq/kg) 168 マボヤ Common sea squirt (Halocynthia roretzi) ～2011 3 2 67% - 3 100% 11 - 3.7 - - 2012 1 1 100% 19 1 100% <19 - 0 19 - 2013 7 7 100% 14-19 7 100% <19 - 0 16 - 169 ミズダコ Giant Pacific octopus (Paroctopus dofleini) ～2011 42 34 81% - 40 95% 360 - 17 - - 2012 120 120 100% 12-20 120 100% <20 - 0 16 - 2013 117 117 100% 12-19 117 100% <19 - 0 16 - 2014 104 104 100% 11-20 104 100% <20 - 0 16 - 170 ムラサキイガイ Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) ～2011 6 1 17% - 3 50% 650 110--- 171 モスソガイ Paper whelk (Volutharpa ampullacea) ～2011 3 2 67% - 3 100% 11 - 3.7 - - 2012 6 6 100% 14-19 6 100% <19 - 0 18 - 172 ヤナギダコ Chestnut octopus (Octopus conispadiceus) ～2011 41 37 90% - 41 100% 40 - 2.4 - - 2012 137 137 100% 12-20 137 100% <20 - 0 16 - 2013 226 226 100% 12-20 226 100% <20 - 0 16 - 2014 158 158 100% 12-20 158 100% <20 - 0 16 - 173 ヤリイカ Spear squid (Loligo bleekeri) ～2011 14 14 100% - 14 100%

- 148 - 1. Inspection Results for Fishery Products in Fukushima Prefecture（Mar.2011-Jan.2015）

Number < Limit of Detection ≤100 Bq/kg Maximum Median Mean(1) Mean(2) Mean(3) Fiscal Item of LOD year Number (%) Number (%) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) samples (Bq/kg) 海藻類 Seaweeds 174 アラメ Arame seaweed (Eisenia bicyclis) ～2011 24 5 21% - 10 42% 970 160--- 2012 2 2 100% 11-18 2 100% <18 - 0 15 - 2013 1 1 100% 9.8 1 100% <9.8 - 0 9.8 - 175 コンブ Sea tangle (Laminaria) ～2011 3 1 33% - 2 67% 110 95--- 2013 1 1 100% 9.9 1 100% <9.9 - 0 9.9 - 176 ヒジキ Hijiki seaweed (Hizikia fusiformis) ～2011 2 0 0% - 0 0% 1,100 610 - - 610 2013 1 1 100% 7.4 1 100% <7.4 - 0 7.4 - 177 ヒトエグサ(養殖) Green laver (farmed) (Monostroma nitidum) ～2011 10 7 70% - 10 100% 47 - 9.7 - - 2012 19 16 84% 6.3-19 19 100% 12 - 1.3 10 - 2013 17 12 71% 5.2-10 17 100% 21 - 2.2 7.1 - 2014 10 6 60% 6.5-8.9 10 100% 6.1 - - - 4.2 178 マツモ Rigid Hornwort (Ceratophyllum demersum) ～2011 1 1 100% - 1 100%

- 149 - 1. Inspection Results for Fishery Products in Fukushima Prefecture（Mar.2011-Jan.2015）

Number < Limit of Detection ≤100 Bq/kg Maximum Median Mean(1) Mean(2) Mean(3) Fiscal Item of LOD year Number (%) Number (%) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) samples (Bq/kg) 淡水 Freshwater 180 アユ Ayu sweetfish (wild) (Plecoglossus altivelis) ～2011 74 6 8% - 34 46% 4,400 120--- 2012 59 30 51% 13-18 55 93% 280---34 2013 49 25 51% 12-18 48 98% 200---29 2014 63 30 48% 10-19 62 98% 130 11 - - 24 181 アユ(養殖) Ayu sweetfish (farmed) (Plecoglossus altivelis) ～2011 4 2 50% - 4 100% 17---- 2012 4 4 100% 15-17 4 100% <17 - 0 16 - 2013 2 1 50% 14 2 100% 93---50 182 イワナ Whitespotted char (wild) (Salvelinus leucomaenis) ～2011 44 3 7% - 23 52% 590 91--- 2012 161 48 30% 13-19 132 82% 840 28 - - 68 2013 177 48 27% 13-19 162 92% 600 16 - - 38 2014 335 119 36% 12-20 327 98% 740 10 - - 24 183 イワナ(養殖) Whitespotted char (farmed) (Salvelinus leucomaenis) ～2011 90 80 89% - 90 100% 30 - 2.1 - - 2012 98 98 100% 12-19 98 100% <19 - 0 16 - 2013 98 97 99% 12-20 98 100% 7.3 - 0.074 16 - 2014 81 79 98% 12-20 81 100% 9.3 - 0.2 15 - 184 ウグイ Japanese dace (wild) (Tribolodon hakonensis) ～2011 46 3 7% - 31 67% 2,500 83--- 2012 64 9 14% 14-19 51 80% 420 26 - - 66 2013 75 36 48% 13-19 70 93% 390 7.4 - - 29 2014 132 95 72% 12-20 131 99% 130 - 7.1 18 - 185 ウグイ(養殖) Japanese dace (farmed) (Tribolodon hakonensis) 2014 1 1 100% 16 1 100% <16 - 0 16 - 186 ウチダザリガニ Signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus) ～2011 2 0 0% - 0 0% 290 250 - - 250 2014 1 0 0% - 1 100% 50 50 - - 50 187 ウナギ Japanese eel (wild) (Anguilla japonica) ～2011 3 1 33% - 1 33% 140 110--- 2012 3 0 0% - 1 33% 390 140 - - 190 2013 2 0 0% - 1 50% 110 84 - - 84 2014 4 0 0% - 4 100% 76 43 - - 44 188 ギンブナ Silver crucian carp (wild) (Carassius langsdorfii) ～2011 18 2 11% - 13 72% 190 67--- 2012 13 0 0% - 9 69% 310 77 - - 95 2013 17 1 6% 19 12 71% 310 52 - - 89 2014 14 1 7% 13 14 100% 90 37 - - 43 189 ゲンゴロウブナ Japanese crucian carp (wild) (Carassius cuvieri) ～2011 3 0 0% - 2 67% 200 34 - - 88 2012 1 0 0% - 0 0% 170 170 - - 170 2013 2 0 0% - 1 50% 120 94 - - 94 2014 1 0 0% - 1 100% 64 64 - - 64 190 コイ Common carp (wild) (Cyprinus carpio) ～2011 13 2 15% - 10 77% 160 56--- 2012 23 4 17% 15-17 21 91% 280 29 - - 57 2013 17 1 6% 17 15 88% 110 30 - - 47 2014 11 2 18% 15-17 10 91% 110 17 - - 36 191 コイ(養殖) Common carp (farmed) (Cyprinus carpio) ～2011 14 6 43% - 14 100% 77 17--- 2012 10 8 80% 14-19 10 100% 7.5 - 1.5 15 - 2013 12 11 92% 14-20 12 100% 7.6 - 0.63 16 - 2014 9 9 100% 14-19 9 100% <19 - 0 16 - 192 コクチバス Smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu) ～2011 5 0 0% - 3 60% 330 93 - - 120 193 シロザケ(淡水域) Chum salmon (Freshwater) (Oncorhynchus keta) ～2011 40 39 98% - 40 100% 8 - 0.2 - - 194 タニシ Mud snail (Cyclophorus spp.) ～2011 2 2 100% - 2 100%

- 150 - 1. Inspection Results for Fishery Products in Fukushima Prefecture（Mar.2011-Jan.2015）

Number < Limit of Detection ≤100 Bq/kg Maximum Median Mean(1) Mean(2) Mean(3) Fiscal Item of LOD year Number (%) Number (%) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) samples (Bq/kg) 200 ヒメマス Kokanee (wild) (Oncorhyunchus nerka) ～2011 6 0 0% - 2 33% 160 120 - - 110 2012 10 0 0% - 1 10% 200 140 - - 140 2013 17 0 0% - 9 53% 170 100 - - 110 2014 19 0 0% - 18 95% 110 74 - - 75 201 ホンモロコ(養殖) Willow gudgeon (farmed) (Gnathopogon caerulescens) ～2011 1 0 0% - 0 0% 1,300 1,300 - - 1,300 202 マシジミ Freshwater clam (Corbicula leana) ～2011 2 1 50% - 2 100% 27---- 2013 2 2 100% 14-19 2 100% <19 - 0 17 - 203 モクズガニ Japanese mitten crab (Eriocheir japonica) ～2011 2 0 0% - 0 0% 1,900 1,100 - - 1,100 204 モツゴ(養殖) Topmouth gudgeon (farmed) (Pseudorasbora parva) ～2011 3 0 0% - 2 67% 120 85 - - 89 205 ヤマメ Land-locked salmon (wild) (Oncorhynchus masou) ～2011 69 6 9% - 32 46% 19,000 110--- 2012 120 31 26% 13-19 97 81% 1,400 29 - - 88 2013 145 56 39% 11-19 126 87% 570 11 - - 46 2014 141 42 30% 13-20 128 91% 460 17 - - 39 206 ヤマメ(養殖) Land-locked salmon (farmed) (Oncorhynchus masou) ～2011 29 24 83% - 29 100% 35 - 3.0 - - 2012 21 20 95% 12-19 21 100% 24 - 1.1 16 - 2013 18 18 100% 14-19 18 100% <19 - 0 16 - 2014 20 20 100% 12-18 20 100% <18 - 0 15 - 207 ワカサギ Japanese smelt (Hypomesus nipponensis) ～2011 41 2 5% - 4 10% 870 240--- 2012 29 3 10% 15-19 29 100% 76 44 - - 44 2013 13 2 15% 13-15 13 100% 76 19 - - 29 2014 7 1 14% 18 7 100% 25 13 - - 15 208 会津ユキマス Peled whitefish (Coregonus peled) 2012 2 2 100% 13-16 2 100% <16 - 0 15 - 209 会津ユキマス(養殖) Peled whitefish (farmed) (Coregonus peled) ～2011 12 10 83% - 12 100% 9.3 - 1.4 - - 2012 12 11 92% 14-18 12 100% 10 - 0.83 15 - 2013 10 10 100% 15-19 10 100% <19 - 0 16 - 2014 12 12 100% 14-18 12 100% <18 - 0 16 -

- 151 - 2. Inspection Results for Fishery Products in Other Prefecture than Fukushima （Mar.2011-Jan.2015）

Number < Limit of Detection ≤100 Bq/kg Maximum Median Mean(1) Mean(2) Mean(3) Fiscal Item of LOD year Number (%) Number (%) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) samples (Bq/kg) ごく表層 very surface 1 イシカワシラウオ Ishikawa icefish (Salangichthys ishikawae) ～2011 5 1 20% - 5 100% 4.5 3.3 - - - 2012 14 8 57% 0.98-15 14 100% 7.2 - - - 3.3 2013 3 1 33% 0.98 3 100% 4.0 0.71 - - 1.7 2014 15 8 53% 0.89-10 15 100% 2.4 - - - 1.8 2 コウナゴ Japanese sandlance (Ammodytes personatus) ～2011 31 9 29% - 20 65% 1,400 66--- 2012 34 19 56% 0.72-13 34 100% 6.7 - - - 3.6 2013 26 22 85% 0.98-15 26 100% 1.1 - 0.11 6.6 - 2014 8 7 88% 0.67-12 8 100% 0.35 - 0.044 2.3 - 3 シラウオ Japanese icefish (Salangichthys microdon) ～2011 26 1 4% - 25 96% 2908--- 2012 15 11 73% 3.6-14 15 100% 9 - 1.7 5.6 - 2013 9 4 44% 4.0-20 9 100% 3.6 0.82 - - 3.1 4シラス Whitebait ～2011 61 16 26% - 60 98% 1806--- 2012 23 17 74% 0.88-20 23 100% 2.8 - 0.24 5.9 - 2013 67 51 76% 0.52-11 67 100% 3.0 - 0.16 2.1 - 2014 57 51 89% 0.71-14 57 100% 1.8 - 0.049 2.7 - 5 ノレソレ Conger eel (Juvenile) (Conger myriaster) ～2011 5 0 0% - 5 100% 21 12 - - 11 2012 4 4 100% 1.1-5.4 4 100% <5.4 - 0 3.5 - 2013 2 2 100% 4.7-5.0 2 100% <5.0 - 0 4.9 - 2014 2 2 100% 0.62-0.64 2 100% <0.64 - 0 0.63 -

- 152 - 2. Inspection Results for Fishery Products in Other Prefecture than Fukushima （Mar.2011-Jan.2015）

Number < Limit of Detection ≤100 Bq/kg Maximum Median Mean(1) Mean(2) Mean(3) Fiscal Item of LOD year Number (%) Number (%) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) samples (Bq/kg) 表層 Surface layer 6 アカカマス Red barracuda (Sphyraena pinguis) ～2011 8 1 13% - 8 100% 43 5.1 - - - 2012 13 10 77% 4.9-14 13 100% 1.7 - 0.30 7.0 - 2013 25 13 52% 0.98-13 25 100% 1.8 - - - 2.1 2014 7 7 100% 0.90-12 7 100% <12 - 0 5.9 - 7アカマンボウ Opah (Lampris guttatus) ～2011 1 0 0% - 1 100% 2.4 2.4 - - 2.4 8 ウルメイワシ Round herring (Etrumeus teres) ～2011 3 1 33% - 3 100% 5.5 0.75 - - - 2012 7 4 57% 1.1-8.3 7 100% 2.3 - - - 1.8 2013 10 8 80% 0.87-6.2 10 100% 1.3 - 0.20 2.0 - 2014 6 6 100% 0.78-13 6 100% <13 - 0 4.2 - 9 オオメナツトビ Limpid-wing flyingfish (Cypselurus unicolor) 2012 20 18 90% 1.2-16 20 100% 0.58 - 0.057 9.0 - 2013 9 9 100% 7.6-13 9 100% <13 - 0 10 - 10 カタクチイワシ Anchovy (Engraulis japonicus) ～2011 95 10 11% - 94 99% 170 2.5 - - - 2012 115 58 50% 0.60-13 115 100% 8.6 - - - 1.2 2013 111 96 86% 0.62-10 111 100% 1.7 - 0.099 1.3 - 2014 53 51 96% 0.59-12 53 100% 0.74 - 0.024 1.8 - 11 カツオ Skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) ～2011 97 48 49% - 97 100% 33 1.4 - - - 2012 221 200 90% 0.48-20 221 100% 1.7 - 0.061 13 - 2013 159 95 60% 0.60-12 159 100% 3.3 - - - 0.67 2014 68 61 90% 0.61-11 68 100% 0.84 - 0.055 1.4 - 12 カマス Barracuda (Sphyraena pinguis) ～2011 1 1 100% - 1 100%

- 153 - 2. Inspection Results for Fishery Products in Other Prefecture than Fukushima （Mar.2011-Jan.2015）

Number < Limit of Detection ≤100 Bq/kg Maximum Median Mean(1) Mean(2) Mean(3) Fiscal Item of LOD year Number (%) Number (%) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) samples (Bq/kg) 中層 Intermediate layer 27 アオザメ Shortfin mako shark (Isurus oxyrinchus) ～2011 3 0 0% - 3 100% 224--8.9 2012 21 0 0% - 21 100% 36 4.5 - - 7.4 2013 8 1 13% 1.0 8 100% 3.0 1.8 - - 1.7 2014 3 0 0% - 3 100% 4.1 3.1 - - 2.6 28 イタチザメ Tiger shark (Galeocerdo cuvier) 2012 1 0 0% - 1 100% 0.79 0.79 - - 0.79 29 オナガザメ Thresher shark (Alopias sp.) 2012 2 0 0% - 2 100% 0.90 0.78 - - 0.78 2014 1 0 0% - 1 100% 5.8 5.8 - - 5.8 30 カマスサワラ Wahoo (Acanthocybium solandri) ～2011 1 1 100% - 1 100%

- 154 - 2. Inspection Results for Fishery Products in Other Prefecture than Fukushima （Mar.2011-Jan.2015）

Number < Limit of Detection ≤100 Bq/kg Maximum Median Mean(1) Mean(2) Mean(3) Fiscal Item of LOD year Number (%) Number (%) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) samples (Bq/kg) 47 スズキ Seabass (Lateolabrax japonicus) ～2011 68 1 1% - 53 78% 360 55--- 2012 385 26 7% 4.6-14 368 96% 600 27 - - 38 2013 500 29 6% 1.2-17 498 100% 1,000 12 - - 17 2014 481 102 21% 0.82-15 480 100% 190 4.7 - - 6.8 48 タカベ Yellowstriped butterfish (Labracoglossa argentiventris) ～2011 1 1 100% - 1 100%

- 155 - 2. Inspection Results for Fishery Products in Other Prefecture than Fukushima （Mar.2011-Jan.2015）

Number < Limit of Detection ≤100 Bq/kg Maximum Median Mean(1) Mean(2) Mean(3) Fiscal Item of LOD year Number (%) Number (%) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) samples (Bq/kg) 68 メカジキ Swordfish (Xiphias gladius) ～2011 11 3 27% - 11 100% 4.2 1.6 - - - 2012 22 8 36% 0.74-10 22 100% 3.6 0.69 - - 1.3 2013 9 3 33% 1.2-9.0 9 100% 1.8 0.74 - - 1.3 2014 2 1 50% 0.76 2 100% 0.85 - - - 0.62 69 メジロザメ Requiem shark 2012 1 0 0% - 1 100% 1.4 1.4 - - 1.4 70 メバチ Bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) ～2011 22 2 9% - 22 100% 9.9 2.9 - - - 2012 97 68 70% 0.68-20 97 100% 2.9 - 0.30 12 - 2013 9 3 33% 1.0-7.7 9 100% 1.1 0.47 - - 1.0 2014 19 8 42% 0.79-1.3 19 100% 1.2 0.46 - - 0.60 71 ヨシキリザメ Blue shark (Prionace glauca) ～2011 12 4 33% - 12 100% 5.1 2.5 - - - 2012 27 12 44% 0.82-13 27 100% 2.9 0.61 - - 1.3 2013 10 5 50% 0.73-1.1 10 100% 0.81 - - - 0.50 2014 4 2 50% 1.1-1.2 4 100% 0.78 - - - 0.58

- 156 - 2. Inspection Results for Fishery Products in Other Prefecture than Fukushima （Mar.2011-Jan.2015）

Number < Limit of Detection ≤100 Bq/kg Maximum Median Mean(1) Mean(2) Mean(3) Fiscal Item of LOD year Number (%) Number (%) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) samples (Bq/kg) 底層 Bottom layer 72 アイナメ Fat greenling (Hexagrammos otakii) ～2011 42 9 21% - 36 86% 200 11--- 2012 189 80 42% 0.96-15 189 100% 90 1.8 - - 12 2013 183 138 75% 0.72-15 183 100% 41 - 2.1 9.6 - 2014 150 137 91% 0.74-15 150 100% 11 - 0.44 9.7 - 73 アオメエソ(メヒカリ) Greeneyes (Chlorophthalmus borealis) ～2011 21 0 0% - 21 100% 38 16 - - 17 2012 12 7 58% 3.2-14 12 100% 8.5 - - - 4.4 2013 15 13 87% 1.1-14 15 100% 0.66 - 0.077 7.6 - 2014 10 9 90% 0.72-15 10 100% 0.37 - 0.037 7.6 - 74 アカアマダイ Horsehead tilefish (Branchiostegus japonicus ) 2012 3 3 100% 8.6-10 3 100% <10 - 0 9.5 - 2013 3 3 100% 8.1-10 3 100% <10 - 0 9.1 - 2014 1 1 100% 12 1 100% <12 - 0 12 - 75 アカエイ Red stingray (Dasyatis akajei) ～2011 4 2 50% - 4 100% 88---- 2012 32 3 9% 8.8-12 32 100% 72 12 - - 22 2013 34 13 38% 8.4-14 34 100% 54 5.5 - - 9.9 2014 33 17 52% 6.3-15 33 100% 17---6.4 76 アカガレイ Flathead flounder (Hippoglossoides dubius) ～2011 43 9 21% - 43 100% 38 4.9 - - - 2012 47 19 40% 0.84-14 47 100% 32 3.0 - - 5.5 2013 20 19 95% 0.72-15 20 100% 6.8 - 0.34 7.7 - 2014 20 20 100% 6.8-15 20 100% <15 - 0 9.1 - 77 アカシタビラメ Red tongue sole (Cynoglossus joyneri) ～2011 6 2 33% - 6 100% 66 14--- 2012 10 5 50% 5.0-15 10 100% 8.9 - - - 5.6 2013 19 16 84% 5.2-15 19 100% 19 - 1.3 8.9 - 2014 24 24 100% 0.91-15 24 100% <15 - 0 8.8 - 78 アカタナゴ Surfperch (Ditrema temmincki temmincki) ～2011 1 1 100% - 1 100%

- 157 - 2. Inspection Results for Fishery Products in Other Prefecture than Fukushima （Mar.2011-Jan.2015）

Number < Limit of Detection ≤100 Bq/kg Maximum Median Mean(1) Mean(2) Mean(3) Fiscal Item of LOD year Number (%) Number (%) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) samples (Bq/kg) 91 イシガキダイ Spotted Knifejaw (Oplegnathus punctatus) 2012 4 4 100% 5.6-11 4 100% <11 - 0 9.0 - 2013 1 1 100% 9.3 1 100% <9.3 - 0 9.3 - 92 イシガレイ Stone flounder (Kareius bicoloratus) ～2011 57 3 5% - 55 96% 180 24--- 2012 163 24 15% 1.3-14 159 98% 230 9.7 - - 19 2013 165 62 38% 0.71-14 165 100% 46 2.4 - - 6.7 2014 99 67 68% 0.99-15 99 100% 28 - 1.9 8.1 - 93 イシダイ Striped beakfish (Oplegnathus fasciatus) ～2011 3 2 67% - 3 100% 4 - 1.3 - - 2012 1 1 100% 14 1 100% <14 - 0 14 - 2014 4 4 100% 7.3-13 4 100% <13 - 0 9.4 - 94 イシモチ Drum (Argyrosomus argentatus) ～2011 1 1 100% - 1 100%

- 158 - 2. Inspection Results for Fishery Products in Other Prefecture than Fukushima （Mar.2011-Jan.2015）

Number < Limit of Detection ≤100 Bq/kg Maximum Median Mean(1) Mean(2) Mean(3) Fiscal Item of LOD year Number (%) Number (%) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) samples (Bq/kg) 113 オキアジ White-tongued crevalle (Uraspis helvola) 2012 1 1 100% 1.1 1 100% <1.1 - 0 1.1 - 114 オキカサゴ Scorpion fish (Halicolenus avius ) 2012 1 1 100% 0.90 1 100% <0.90 - 0 0.9 - 115 オキタナゴ Japanese surfperch (Neoditrema ransonneti) 2012 2 2 100% 9.9-11 2 100% <11 - 0 10 - 116 オキヒイラギ Offshore ponyfish (Equulites rivulatus) ～2011 1 1 100% - 1 100%

- 159 - 2. Inspection Results for Fishery Products in Other Prefecture than Fukushima （Mar.2011-Jan.2015）

Number < Limit of Detection ≤100 Bq/kg Maximum Median Mean(1) Mean(2) Mean(3) Fiscal Item of LOD year Number (%) Number (%) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) samples (Bq/kg) 136 ギンアナゴ Congrid eel (Gnathophis nystromi nystoromi) 2013 1 1 100% 9.4 1 100% <9.4 - 0 9.4 - 137 ギンポ Tidepool gunnel (Pholis nebulosa) ～2011 1 0 0% - 1 100% 19 19 - - 19 2012 1 1 100% 5.4 1 100% <5.4 - 0 5.4 - 2013 1 1 100% 7.3 1 100% <7.3 - 0 7.3 - 2014 1 1 100% 7.7 1 100% <7.7 - 0 7.7 - 138 キンメダイ Alfonsino (Beryx splendens) ～2011 33 10 30% - 33 100% 9.8 0.97 - - - 2012 56 8 14% 1.2-14 56 100% 13 2.0 - - 2.7 2013 37 20 54% 0.82-15 37 100% 1.4 - - - 2.1 2014 26 17 65% 0.76-13 26 100% 0.90 - 0.2 4.7 - 139 クサウオ Snailfishes (Liparidae)(Liparis tanakai) 2013 3 2 67% 7.3-12 3 100% 0.57 - 0.19 6.6 - 140 クサフグ Grass puffer (Takifugu niphobles) 2013 1 0 0% - 1 100% 8.6 8.6 - - 8.6 141 クロアナゴ Beach conger (Conger japonicus) 2012 2 0 0% - 2 100% 4.9 4.3 - - 4.3 142 クロウシノシタ Black cow-tongue (Paraplagusia japonica) ～2011 4 0 0% - 4 100% 33 23 - - 21 2012 10 4 40% 6.6-15 10 100% 15 3.4 - - 6.8 2013 9 8 89% 1.1-12 9 100% 0.52 - 0.058 5.6 - 2014 10 10 100% 0.68-13 10 100% <13 - 0 6.2 - 143 クロサバフグ Dark rough-backed puffer (Lagocephalus gloveri) 2014 4 4 100% 8.3-9.4 4 100% <9.4 - 0 8.9 - 144 クロソイ Black rockfish (Sebastes schlegeli) ～2011 12 3 25% - 11 92% 230 5.7 - - - 2012 84 60 71% 6.3-15 83 99% 400 - 9.6 17 - 2013 52 44 85% 0.63-15 52 100% 23 - 1.4 9.8 - 2014 31 28 90% 1.3-14 31 100% 8.3 - 0.60 9.2 - 145 クロソイ(養殖) Black rockfish (farmed) (Sebastes schlegeli) 2012 1 1 100% 9.9 1 100% <9.9 - 0 9.9 - 146 クロダイ Japanese black porgy (Acanthopagrus schlegelii) ～2011 3 0 0% - 3 100% 42 29 - - 25 2012 38 10 26% 7.5-14 28 74% 3,300 26 - - 220 2013 66 16 24% 4.8-14 60 91% 310 11 - - 30 2014 65 41 63% 4.8-15 64 98% 110 - 5.3 12 - 147 クロメバル Rockfish (Sebastes ventricosus) ～2011 8 0 0% - 7 88% 110 48 - - 50 2012 3 1 33% 11 3 100% 51 30 - - 29 2013 4 3 75% 7.4-14 4 100% 12 - 3.0 10 - 2014 2 1 50% 10 2 100% 5.9 - - - 5.5 148 ケムシカジカ Sea raven (Hemitripterus villosus) ～2011 4 3 75% - 4 100% 17 - 4.3 - - 2012 27 10 37% 8.0-14 27 100% 38 5.8 - - 11 2013 21 15 71% 6.3-15 21 100% 10 - 1.5 9.0 - 2014 10 10 100% 6.2-13 10 100% <13 - 0 9.0 - 149 ゲンコ Genko sole (Cynoglossus interruptus) 2012 1 0 0% - 1 100% 16 16 - - 16 150 コショウダイ Crescent sweetlips (Plectorhinchus cinctus) ～2011 1 1 100% - 1 100%

- 160 - 2. Inspection Results for Fishery Products in Other Prefecture than Fukushima （Mar.2011-Jan.2015）

- 161 - 2. Inspection Results for Fishery Products in Other Prefecture than Fukushima （Mar.2011-Jan.2015）

- 162 - 2. Inspection Results for Fishery Products in Other Prefecture than Fukushima （Mar.2011-Jan.2015）

Number < Limit of Detection ≤100 Bq/kg Maximum Median Mean(1) Mean(2) Mean(3) Fiscal Item of LOD year Number (%) Number (%) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) samples (Bq/kg) 201 ヒラメ Olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) ～2011 213 17 8% - 206 97% 170 23--- 2012 746 173 23% 0.79-15 741 99% 400 7.8 - - 14 2013 764 301 39% 0.63-16 763 100% 110 2.2 - - 6.8 2014 541 391 72% 0.70-15 541 100% 15 - 0.75 6.4 - 202 ヒラメ(養殖) Olive flounder (farmed) (Paralichthys olivaceus) 2012 2 1 50% 20 2 100% 1.5 - - - 5.8 2013 1 1 100% 0.90 1 100% <0.90 - 0 0.9 - 203 ヒレグロ Blackfin flounder (Glyptocephalus stelleri) ～2011 26 17 65% - 26 100% 4.2 - 0.93 - - 2012 39 30 77% 0.71-14 39 100% 21 - 1.2 6.4 - 2013 21 21 100% 0.67-15 21 100% <15 - 0 7.2 - 2014 18 18 100% 0.79-13 18 100% <13 - 0 7.9 - 204 ヘダイ Sparus sarba (Rhabdosargus sarba) 2012 1 1 100% 13 1 100% <13 - 0 13 - 205 ホウボウ Gurnard (Chelidonichthys spinosus) ～2011 39 1 3% - 36 92% 150 20--- 2012 85 25 29% 0.75-15 85 100% 50 7.1 - - 14 2013 90 67 74% 0.80-14 90 100% 18 - 1.2 7.4 - 2014 64 54 84% 0.72-14 64 100% 4.8 - 0.32 6.4 - 206 ホシガレイ Spotted halibut (Verasper variegatus) 2012 2 1 50% 13 2 100% 5.2 - - - 5.9 2013 1 1 100% 6.8 1 100% <6.8 - 0 6.8 - 2014 1 1 100% 7.8 1 100% <7.8 - 0 7.8 - 207 ホシザメ Starspotted smooth-hound (Mustelus manazo) ～2011 1 0 0% - 1 100% 7.8 7.8 - - 7.8 2012 2 0 0% - 2 100% 34 32 - - 32 2013 5 4 80% 8.0-14 5 100% 6.0 - 1.2 9.5 - 2014 4 0 0% - 4 100% 18 6.2 - - 7.9 208 ホッケ Arabesque greenling (Pleurogrammus azonus) ～2011 17 13 76% - 17 100% 1 - 0.16 - - 2012 9 9 100% 0.59-14 9 100% <14 - 0 6.7 - 2013 12 12 100% 1.0-14 12 100% <14 - 0 9.0 - 2014 11 11 100% 0.64-13 11 100% <13 - 0 2.1 - 209 ホテイウオ Smooth lumpsucker (Aptocyclus ventricosus ) ～2011 1 1 100% - 1 100%

- 163 - 2. Inspection Results for Fishery Products in Other Prefecture than Fukushima （Mar.2011-Jan.2015）

Number < Limit of Detection ≤100 Bq/kg Maximum Median Mean(1) Mean(2) Mean(3) Fiscal Item of LOD year Number (%) Number (%) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) samples (Bq/kg) 219 マツカワ Barfin flounder (Verasper moseri) ～2011 3 2 67% - 3 100% 0.77 - 0.26 - - 2012 10 9 90% 0.62-1.3 10 100% 0.43 - 0.043 0.96 - 2013 3 3 100% 0.74-9.2 3 100% <9.2 - 0 3.6 - 2014 4 4 100% 1.1-12 4 100% <12 - 0 5.4 - 220 マツダイ Tripletail (Lobotes surinamensis) 2012 2 2 100% 8.8-10 2 100% <10 - 0 9.4 - 2013 12 1 8% 1.0 12 100% 2.3 0.84 - - 1.0 221 マトウダイ John Dory (Zeus faber) ～2011 16 2 13% - 16 100% 71 22--- 2012 77 21 27% 5.6-15 77 100% 46 9.4 - - 11 2013 91 78 86% 4.0-15 91 100% 17 - 1.0 9.9 - 2014 75 67 89% 5.7-15 75 100% 35 - 0.75 9.6 - 222 マハゼ Yellowfin Goby (Acanthogobius flavimanus) 2012 5 3 60% 6.4-9.5 5 100% 22---7.8 2014 1 1 100% 11 1 100% <11 - 0 11 - 223 マフグ Globefish (Takifugu porphyreus) ～2011 9 4 44% - 9 100% 49 2.0 - - - 2012 8 8 100% 6.9-16 8 100% <16 - 0 10 - 2013 6 6 100% 8.3-9.8 6 100% <9.8 - 0 9.2 - 2014 6 6 100% 7.5-13 6 100% <13 - 0 9.7 - 224 マルアオメエソ Round Greeneyes (Chlorophthalmus borealis ) 2012 4 0 0% - 4 100% 2.2 1.3 - - 1.4 225 ミギガレイ Rikuzen flounder (Dexistes rikuzenius) ～2011 23 3 13% - 23 100% 137--- 2012 31 15 48% 4.8-14 31 100% 7.9 0.97 - - 4.9 2013 19 19 100% 4.0-15 19 100% <15 - 0 9.8 - 2014 23 23 100% 6.1-13 23 100% <13 - 0 8.8 - 226 ムシガレイ Shotted halibut (Eopsetta grigorjewi ) ～2011 43 8 19% - 43 100% 63 19--- 2012 71 34 48% 0.96-15 71 100% 33 3.8 - - 9.1 2013 84 64 76% 0.94-15 84 100% 19 - 1.5 9.1 - 2014 68 63 93% 0.73-15 68 100% 4.7 - 0.15 8.7 - 227 ムツ Gnomefish (Scombrops boops) ～2011 3 1 33% - 3 100% 9.3 1.2 - - - 2012 1 1 100% 11 1 100% <11 - 0 11 - 2013 2 2 100% 8.9-11 2 100% <11 - 0 10 - 2014 3 3 100% 6.0-13 3 100% <13 - 0 8.6 - 228 ムネダラ Giant grenadier (Albatrossia pectoralis) 2013 1 1 100% 14 1 100% <14 - 0 14 - 229 ムラソイ Brassblotched rockfish (Sebastes pachycephalus ～2011 3 1 33% - 3 100% 34 1.8 - - - pachycephalus) 2012 4 0 0% - 4 100% 33 32 - - 28 2013 16 2 13% 0.95-8.5 16 100% 96 12 - - 23 2014 37 25 68% 6.4-14 37 100% 53 - 5.1 12 - 230 メイタガレイ Ridged-eye flounder (Pleuronichthys cornutus) ～2011 14 1 7% - 14 100% 26 15--- 2012 25 13 52% 1.0-14 25 100% 11---5.6 2013 25 17 68% 0.96-14 25 100% 8.9 - 1.2 7.4 - 2014 11 10 91% 6.8-14 11 100% 0.70 - 0.064 9.5 - 231 メガネカスベ Mottled skate (Raja pulchra) ～2011 1 1 100% - 1 100%

- 164 - 2. Inspection Results for Fishery Products in Other Prefecture than Fukushima （Mar.2011-Jan.2015）

Number < Limit of Detection ≤100 Bq/kg Maximum Median Mean(1) Mean(2) Mean(3) Fiscal Item of LOD year Number (%) Number (%) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) samples (Bq/kg) 239 ユメカサゴ Hilgendorf' saucord (Helicolenus hilgendorfi) ～2011 14 0 0% - 14 100% 50 14 - - 21 2012 8 3 38% 8.5-14 8 100% 18 4.6 - - 7.9 2013 18 13 72% 5.6-15 18 100% 6.4 - 1.1 8.8 - 2014 11 11 100% 4.9-12 11 100% <12 - 0 8.6 - 240 ヨリトフグ Blunthead puffer (Sphoeroides pachygaster) 2012 1 1 100% 9.3 1 100% <9.3 - 0 9.3 - 2013 1 1 100% 9.8 1 100% <9.8 - 0 9.8 -

- 165 - 2. Inspection Results for Fishery Products in Other Prefecture than Fukushima （Mar.2011-Jan.2015）

Number < Limit of Detection ≤100 Bq/kg Maximum Median Mean(1) Mean(2) Mean(3) Fiscal Item of LOD year Number (%) Number (%) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) samples (Bq/kg) 無脊椎 Invertebrate 241 アオリイカ Bigfin Reef Squid (Sepioteuthis lessoniana) 2012 4 4 100% 5.8-9.8 4 100% <9.8 - 0 7.9 - 2013 1 1 100% 8.9 1 100% <8.9 - 0 8.9 - 242 アカイカ Neon Flying Squid (Ommastrephes bartramii) ～2011 10 9 90% - 10 100% 0.57 - 0.057 - - 2012 19 19 100% 0.66-13 19 100% <13 - 0 5.2 - 2013 14 14 100% 0.65-14 14 100% <14 - 0 4.6 - 2014 7 7 100% 0.81-13 7 100% <13 - 0 6.4 - 243 アカガイ Bloody clam (Anadara broughtoni) ～2011 7 5 71% - 7 100% 4 - 0.86 - - 2012 10 9 90% 0.89-8.9 10 100% 7.9 - 0.79 - - 2013 15 13 87% 0.63-8.2 15 100% 1.0 - 0.091 3.1 - 2014 9 9 100% 0.70-11 9 100% <11 - 0 4.5 - 244 アサリ Japanese littleneck clam (Venerupis (Ruditapes) ～2011 30 22 73% - 30 100% 15 - 2.2 - - philippinarum) 2012 52 51 98% 0.44-15 52 100% 11 - 0.21 3.4 - 2013 54 54 100% 0.51-13 54 100% <13 - 0 2.9 - 2014 43 43 100% 0.61-20 43 100% <20 - 0 5.6 - 245 アヤボラ Oregon Triton (Fusitriton oregonensis) ～2011 1 1 100% - 1 100%

- 166 - 2. Inspection Results for Fishery Products in Other Prefecture than Fukushima （Mar.2011-Jan.2015）

- 167 - 2. Inspection Results for Fishery Products in Other Prefecture than Fukushima （Mar.2011-Jan.2015）

Number < Limit of Detection ≤100 Bq/kg Maximum Median Mean(1) Mean(2) Mean(3) Fiscal Item of LOD year Number (%) Number (%) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) samples (Bq/kg) 278 ツノナシオキアミ North Pacific krill (Euphausia pacifica) ～2011 19 17 89% - 19 100% 5 - 0.29 - - 2012 48 43 90% 0.85-14 48 100% 1.1 - 0.080 8.1 - 2013 40 40 100% 0.52-14 40 100% <14 - 0 8.7 - 2014 4 4 100% 0.92-13 4 100% <13 - 0 9.7 - 279 ツバイ Tsubai (Buccinum tsubai) 2014 1 1 100% 12 1 100% <12 - 0 12 - 280 テナガダコ Long-armed octopus (Octopus minor) 2012 1 1 100% 5.0 1 100% <5.0 - 0 5.0 - 2013 1 1 100% 6.2 1 100% <6.2 - 0 6.2 - 281 トゲクリガニ Helmet crab (Telmessus cheiragonus) ～2011 1 1 100% - 1 100%

- 168 - 2. Inspection Results for Fishery Products in Other Prefecture than Fukushima （Mar.2011-Jan.2015）

- 169 - 2. Inspection Results for Fishery Products in Other Prefecture than Fukushima （Mar.2011-Jan.2015）

- 170 - 2. Inspection Results for Fishery Products in Other Prefecture than Fukushima （Mar.2011-Jan.2015）

- 171 - 2. Inspection Results for Fishery Products in Other Prefecture than Fukushima （Mar.2011-Jan.2015）

- 172 - 2. Inspection Results for Fishery Products in Other Prefecture than Fukushima （Mar.2011-Jan.2015）

Number < Limit of Detection ≤100 Bq/kg Maximum Median Mean(1) Mean(2) Mean(3) Fiscal Item of LOD year Number (%) Number (%) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) samples (Bq/kg) 361 ギンブナ Silver crucian carp (wild) (Carassius langsdorfii) ～2011 5 0 0% - 5 100% 78 70 - - 58 2012 72 7 10% 2.4-12 62 86% 240 35 - - 54 2013 67 2 3% 6.2-6.3 61 91% 210 32 - - 44 2014 123 5 4% 7.1-14 119 97% 120 26 - - 30 362 ギンブナ(養殖) Silver crucian carp (farmed) (Carassius langsdorfii) ～2011 1 0 0% - 1 100% 97 97 - - 97 2012 1 0 0% - 1 100% 17 17 - - 17 2014 2 0 0% - 2 100% 8.3 7.2 - - 7.2 363 ゲンゴロウブナ Japanese crucian carp (wild) (Carassius cuvieri) ～2011 5 0 0% - 4 80% 120 100 - - 100 2012 11 0 0% - 11 100% 100 22 - - 44 2013 19 1 5% 8.8 19 100% 55 32 - - 32 2014 28 4 14% 9.1-15 28 100% 34 20 - - 17 364 ゲンゴロウブナ(養殖) Japanese crucian carp (farmed) (Carassius cuvieri) ～2011 1 0 0% - 1 100% 92 92 - - 92 2012 1 0 0% - 1 100% 30 30 - - 30 2014 2 0 0% - 2 100% 17 13 - - 13 365 コイ Common carp (wild) (Cyprinus carpio) ～2011 7 1 14% - 7 100% 89 40--- 2012 32 9 28% 4.9-14 31 97% 330 14--- 2013 32 10 31% 7.1-13 27 84% 220 10 - - 46 2014 36 18 50% 7.1-13 34 94% 210---24 366 コイ(養殖) Common carp (farmed) (Cyprinus carpio) ～2011 16 7 44% - 16 100% 38 7.5 - - - 2012 18 10 56% 6.9-20 18 100% 58---11 2013 20 17 85% 6.4-19 20 100% 6.1 - 0.81 11 - 2014 12 12 100% 7.3-15 12 100% <15 - 0 11 - 367 サクラマス Cherry salmon (Oncorhynchus masou) 2012 9 6 67% 10-19 9 100% 22 - 6.0 - - 2013 9 8 89% 2.6-15 9 100% 3.2 - 0.36 9.4 - 2014 3 3 100% 10-15 3 100% <15 - 0 12 - 368 シジミ Brackish-water Clam (Corbicula japonica) 2012 1 1 100% 11 1 100% <11 - 0 11 - 369 シナノユキマス(養殖) Maraena whitefish (farmed) (Coregonus lavaretus maraena) 2012 1 1 100% 7.5 1 100% <7.5 - 0 7.5 - 370 ジュズカケハゼ Chestnut goby (Gymnogobius castaneus) 2012 3 3 100% 10-14 3 100% <14 - 0 12 - 2013 3 3 100% 8.7-12 3 100% <12 - 0 11 - 371 シラウオ Japanese icefish (Salangichthys microdon) ～2011 9 0 0% - 9 100% 63 46 - - 46 2012 58 24 41% 5.8-15 58 100% 38 11 - - 15 2013 41 28 68% 5.8-14 41 100% 26 - 5.2 12 - 2014 35 25 71% 6.5-14 35 100% 14 - 3.1 10 - 372 シロザケ(淡水域) Chum salmon (freshwater) (Oncorhynchus keta) ～2011 12 12 100% - 12 100%

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Number < Limit of Detection ≤100 Bq/kg Maximum Median Mean(1) Mean(2) Mean(3) Fiscal Item of LOD year Number (%) Number (%) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) samples (Bq/kg) 382 ヌマチチブ Dusky tripletooth goby (Tridentiger obscurus) ～2011 1 0 0% - 1 100% 47 47 - - 47 2012 1 0 0% - 1 100% 18 18 - - 18 2013 2 0 0% - 2 100% 26 26 - - 26 2014 3 0 0% - 3 100% 12 11 - - 11 383 ヒメマス Kokanee (wild) （Oncorhyunchus nerka) ～2011 5 0 0% - 4 80% 200 54 - - 73 2012 53 11 21% 5.3-13 46 87% 180 14 - - 31 2013 14 6 43% 6.3-14 13 93% 110 4.0 - - 18 2014 11 6 55% 7.5-11 11 100% 100---27 384 ヒメマス(養殖) Kokanee (farmed) (Oncorhyunchus nerka) ～2011 1 1 100% - 1 100%

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- 175 - 2. Inspection Results for Fishery Products in Other Prefecture than Fukushima （Mar.2011-Jan.2015）

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