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Doğu Avrupa Türk Tarihi DOĞU AVRUPA TÜRK TARİHİ TARİH LİSANS PROGRAMI PROF. DR. MUALLÂ UYDU YÜCEL İSTANBUL ÜNİVERSİTESİ AÇIK VE UZAKTAN EĞİTİM FAKÜLTESİ İSTANBUL ÜNİVERSİTESİ AÇIK VE UZAKTAN EĞİTİM FAKÜLTESİ TARİH LİSANS PROGRAMI DOĞU AVRUPA TÜRK TARİHİ Prof. Dr. Muallâ UYDU YÜCEL Yazar Notu Elinizdeki bu eser, İstanbul Üniversitesi Açık ve Uzaktan Eğitim Fakültesi’nde okutulmak için hazırlanmış bir ders notu niteliğindedir. ÖNSÖZ Doğu Avrupa Türk Tarihi adlı dersimizin kitabı, Tarih Lisans Programına kayıtlı öğrencilerimize kadim Türk tarihinin Doğu Avrupa ile Karadeniz’in kuzeyindeki sahalarda hâkimiyet mücadelesi yaşayan ve bu coğrafyada esaslı Hakanlıkler kuran Türk boyları ile Hakanlıkleri hakkında bilgiler vermek üzere hazırlanmıştır ki bu Hakanlıklerimiz de bilindiği üzere İskitler, Avrupa Hunları, Avarlar, Sabarlar, Ogurlar, Bulgar Türkleri, Hazarlar, Peçenekler, Uzlar, Kuman-Kıpçaklar, Berendiler ve Kara-Kalpaklılar’dır. Kitabımız, ayrıca öğrencilerimizin Doğu Avrupa Türk Tarihinin nasıl bir siyasi gelişme gösterdiğini ve bu topraklarda hem kültürel hem de siyasî üstünlüğün nasıl kurulduğunu fark etmeleri için yazılmıştır. Ayrıca coğrafi adlarda Türkçe karşılıkları tercih edilmiştir. I İÇİNDEKİLER ÖNSÖZ ........................................................................................................................................ I İÇİNDEKİLER .......................................................................................................................... II KISALTMALAR ...................................................................................................................... V YAZAR NOTU ........................................................................................................................ VI 1. İSKİTLER VE HUNLARDAN ÖNCE DOĞU AVRUPA’NIN SAKİNLERİ ..................... 1 1.1. İskitlerin Menşelerine Dair İleri Sürülen Görüşler.............................................................. 7 1.1.1. İskitlerin Türk Olduklarını İddia Edenlerin İleri Sürdükleri Deliller ............................... 8 1.1.2. İskitlerin Siyasi Tarihleri .................................................................................................. 9 1.2. Sarmatlar (MÖ II-MS II) ................................................................................................... 12 1.3. Hunlardan Önce Doğu Avrupanın Sakinleri ..................................................................... 13 1.3.1. Gotlar .............................................................................................................................. 13 1.3.2. Fin-Ugor Kavimleri ........................................................................................................ 14 1.3.3. Slavlar ............................................................................................................................. 14 1.3.4. Doğu Avrupa’da Normanlar ........................................................................................... 15 1.4. Avrupa Hun Hakanları (Avrupa Hunları-Batı Hunları) ................................................... 16 1.4.1. Avrupa Hunlarının Menşei ............................................................................................. 16 1.4.2. Hunların Batıya Göç Etmeleri ........................................................................................ 17 1.4.3. Balamir Dönemi ve Kavimler Göçü ............................................................................... 18 1.4.4. Uldız Dönemi ................................................................................................................. 19 1.4.5. Rua Dönemi .................................................................................................................... 22 2. HUN HAKANLIĞI’NIN YÜKSELİŞİ, BLEDA VE ATTİLA DÖNEMLERİ .................. 30 2.1. Avrupa Hun Hakanlığı’nın Yükselişi ................................................................................ 36 2.1.1. Bleda ve Attila Dönemi .................................................................................................. 36 2.1.2. I. Balkan Seferi ............................................................................................................... 38 2.1.3. II. Balkan Seferi ............................................................................................................. 39 2.1.4. Attila’dan Sonra Avrupa Hunları ................................................................................... 43 2.2. Avrupa Hunlarının Kültürel Hayatı ................................................................................... 46 2.2.1. Hun Hakanlık Teşkilatı .................................................................................................. 46 2.2.2. Avrupa Hunlarında Gündelik Hayat............................................................................... 49 2.2.3. Hunlara Ait Arkeolojik Malzemeler .............................................................................. 50 2.2.4. Destan ve Efsanelerde Hunlar ve Attila ......................................................................... 52 3. OGURLAR, SABARLAR VE AVARLAR ......................................................................... 63 3.1. Ogur Türkleri (Sarogur (Sarı Ogur), Onogur, Kutrigur, Utigur) ...................................... 69 3.2. Sabarlar (Suvarlar-Sabirler) .............................................................................................. 73 3.3. Avarlar ............................................................................................................................... 76 3.3.1. Avarların Menşei ve Batıya Göçleri ............................................................................... 76 3.3.2. Avar-Bizans İlişkileri ..................................................................................................... 79 4. AVAR HAKANLIĞI’NİN YIKILIŞI VE BULGARLARIN KÖKENİ .............................. 94 4.1. Avarların İstanbul Kuşatması .......................................................................................... 100 4.2. Avar-Frank İlişkileri ve Avar Hakanlığı’nın Yıkılışı ...................................................... 102 4.3. Bayan Kağan ................................................................................................................... 105 4.4. Avar Dönemi Maddi Kültürü .......................................................................................... 109 II 4.5. Bulgar-Slav Meselesi ...................................................................................................... 111 4.6. Erken Dönem Bulgar Tarihi ............................................................................................ 113 4.7. Bulgarlar ve Ogurlar ........................................................................................................ 114 4.8. Bulgarların İlk Dönemleri ............................................................................................... 116 5. BÜYÜK BULGAR HAKANLIĞI (MAGNA BULGARİYA/KUBRAT HAN) VE TUNA BULGAR HAKANLIĞI ........................................................................................................ 126 5.1. İlk Bulgar Hakanlık Oluşumları ile Büyük Bulgarya Hakanlığı ve Kubrat Han ............ 132 5.2. Tuna Bulgar Hakanlığı (679-1018) ................................................................................. 136 5.3. Krum Han Dönemi ve Sonrasında Bulgarların Hrıstiyanlaşması ................................... 141 6. İTİL BULGAR HAKANLIĞI VE MOĞOL İSTİLASI .................................................... 156 6.1. İtil Bulgar Hanlığı ........................................................................................................... 162 6.2. İtil Bulgar Hanlığı’nın Kuruluşu ..................................................................................... 163 6.3. İtil Bulgar Hanlığı’nın Coğrafi Konumu, Sınırları ve Komşuları ................................... 165 6.4. İtil Bulgarlarının İslâmiyet’i Kabul Etmelerinin Sebepleri ............................................. 166 6.5. Abbasi Halifeliği ile Siyasi İlişki Kurulması ve İslâmiyet’in Resmi Olarak Kabulü ..... 167 6.6. İslâmiyet’in Resmi Olarak Kabulünün Sonuçları ........................................................... 169 6.7. İtil Bulgar Hanlığı’nın Siyasi İlişkileri ............................................................................ 170 6.7.1. İtil Bulgar Hanlığı-Hazar Hakanlığı İlişkileri .............................................................. 170 6.7.2. İtil Bulgar -Kiev Rus Knezliği İlişkileri ....................................................................... 171 6.7.3. Moğol İstilası, Moğolların Deşt-i Kıpçak Seferleri ve İtil Bulgar Hanlığı’nın Yıkılışı174 7. HAZAR HAKANLIĞI ....................................................................................................... 183 7.1. Hazar Hakanlığı’nın Kuruluşu ........................................................................................ 189 7.2. Hazar-Arap İlişkileri ....................................................................................................... 192 8. HAZAR HAKANLIĞI’NIN SİYASİ İLİŞKİLERİ VE KÜLTÜREL HAYAT ............... 211 8.1. Hazar-Bizans İlişkileri ..................................................................................................... 217 8.2. Hazar-Rus İlişkileri ......................................................................................................... 219 8.3. Hazar Hakanlığı’nın Yıkılışı ..........................................................................................
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