13 Lessons to Tajweed Comprehension Dr Abu Zayd Quran Literacy Institute a N Islamic Learning Foundation a F F I L I a T E

T h e A r t of T a j w e e d 13 Lessons to Tajweed Comprehension Dr Abu Zayd Quran Literacy Institute A n Islamic Learning Foundation A f f i l i a t e

2011 The Childrens Bequest

LESSON ONE:

ال يمىق ِّدىمة  INTRODUCTION The Childrens Bequest

The Prophet: إ َّن ِ ِلِل أهلٌِ َن ِم َن ال َّناس أَ ْهلُ القُرآ ِن ُه ْم أَ ْهلُ ِهللا َو َخا َّصـ ُت ُه [Musnad Ahmad]

A h l al- Q u r a n

The Childrens Bequest

T h e S t o r y

 One Book  One Man  A Statement

 A Team  A Divine Chain

An Invitation

The Childrens Bequest

عن أَبي عَبِد الزََّحِنن عن عُثِنَانَ بنِ عَفََّانَ ، أَنََّ رَسُولُ اهلل قالَ: قالَ أَبُو عَبِد الزََّحِنن فَذَاكَ الََّذِي أَقِعَدَنِي مَقِعَدِي هَذَا، وَعَمّهَ الِقُزِآنَ فِي سمن عُثِنَانَ حَتََّى بَمَغَ الِخَجََّاجَ بنَ يُوسُفَ . al- T i r m i d h ī 2985 The Childrens Bequest INTRODUCTION ال يمىق ِّدىمة THE COURSE: A comprehensive review of the rules of Tajweed according to the Reading of Ḥafṣ based upon the text Tuhfah al-Aṭfāl by Sulaymān al-Jamzūrī.

The Formal Rules Theory of Tajweed

History Biographies of the Imāms of Recitation

اإلق َراء ’Practice Iqrā The Childrens Bequest INTRODUCTION المىق ِّدمة ي ى

Advanced Topic

ُتح َف ُة األط َفال

The Childrens Bequest

The Childrens Bequest INTRODUCTION المىق ِّدمة ي ى PREREQUISITES

• Ability to read Arabic script

• Basic knowledge of Tajweed

WHAT YOU NEED FOR THIS CLASS

• Writing material • Mushaf (preferably Madinan edition) • Voice Recorder (optional) • POSITIVE ATTITUDE The Childrens Bequest INTRODUCTION المىق ِّدمة ي ى Benefits of the Class Will improve your pronunciation and recitation of the Qur’an. Will help you establish a relationship with Allah’s Book

Will deepen your appreciation of the beauty and majesty of the Qur’an.

Will help you live a purpose-driven and organized life.

Will help you appreciate real reciters versus popular ones

Will help you understand Allah’s Book. The Childrens Bequest

The R a s h i d H a m i d C h a i / S h a i B r e a k

The Childrens Bequest INTRODUCTION المىق ِّدمة ي ى Benefits of the Class Will improve your pronunciation and recitation of the Qur’an. Will help you establish a relationship with Allah’s Book

Will deepen your appreciation of the beauty and majesty of the Qur’an.

Will help you live a purpose-driven and organized life.

Will help you appreciate real reciters versus popular ones

Will help you understand Allah’s Book. The Childrens Bequest INTRODUCTION ال يمىق ِّدىمة Onomatopoeia The letters that make up words given an indication to their meaning ضفدع خضم / قضم سلسلة / سالسال غلٌظ ضاق َق َتلَ / َق َّتلَ / َقا َتل َ

The Childrens Bequest INTRODUCTION المىق ِّدمة ي ى Surah Al-Masad (111)

The arms of Abū Lahab shall be broken, Himself he shall expire, By his own wealth and all his gains forsaken, Soon shall he burn inside a flaming Fire, With him his wife, the one with fire-wood laden, Around her neck, a rope of palm-leaf fiber. The Childrens Bequest INTRODUCTION المىق ِّدمة ي ى Course Outline Lesson 1: Introduction/Terminology Lesson 2: Mistakes in Tajweed Lesson 3: How to Begin Lesson 4: Rules of Doubled Nun/Meem Lesson 5: Rules of Nun Sakin/Tanwin Lesson 6: The Rules of Meem Sakin Lesson 7: The Rules of Lam Lesson 8: The Makharij Lesson 9: The Attributes Lesson 10: The Rules of Ra Lesson 11: Rules of Assimilation Lesson 12: Rules of Madd Lesson 13: RulesStopping/Symbols/Voice Hygeine The Childrens Bequest INTRODUCTION المىق ِّدمة ي ى Terminology

 Tarteel Surah al-Muzammil 4

 Qirā’ah Surah al-Nahl 98  Tilāwah

 Tajweed Surah al-Anfal 2 The Childrens Bequest INTRODUCTION المىق ِّدمة ي ى تجويد Definition of Tajweed Linguistic Beautify Embellish Adorn

Technical Reciting the Qur’an by granting each letter its due, including its intrinsic properties and those features governed by its placement and relation to other letters و إًعطىاءي يك َّل ىحرؼ ىحَّقوي ىك يمستى ىحَّقو ي

Contemporary the precise methodology of reciting the Qur’ān, as it was transmitted from the Prophet to subsequent generations, based upon a body of rules and principles developed by those well-versed in its recitation The Childrens Bequest INTRODUCTION ال يمىق ِّدىمة Advanced Vernacular Advanced Topic

قا ِرئ ِقرا َءة

َرا ٍو َرا ٍو ِر َوا ٌَة

أصحاب أصحاب أصحاب َ الطرق الطرق الطرق طرٌق The Childrens Bequest INTRODUCTION ال يمىق ِّدىمة Advanced Vernacular Advanced Topic

َعا ِصم قِرا َءةُ َعا ِصم

ُشع َبة َحفص ِب ِر َوا ٌَ ِة َحف ٍ ص

عمرو بن عبٌد َ الصباح ِمن طرٌ ِق الفٌِل

زرعان الفٌل The Childrens Bequest INTRODUCTION المىق ِّدمة ي ى Advanced Topic Learning the Variant Readings Today

ال َعشر ال ُكب َرى ال َعشر ال ُّصغ َرى

ال َّنشر/ ال ُّد َّرة ال َّشا ِط ِب ٌَّة

َط ٌِّب ُة

ال َّنشر ا

ك ن

س ِ

ع ِ

كثٌر ابن كثٌر

و All The Childrens Bequest

LESSON TWO:

اللَّحن MISTAKES IN TAJWEED The Childrens Bequest INTRODUCTION المىق ِّدمة ي ى اللَّحن Mistakes in Tajweed

Addition, ommision, Major changing of words, Forbidden elements, vowels Mistakes Violations of madd Minor duration, ghunnah, Disliked finer rules

The Companions and early Muslims were very intolerant of all types of mistakes with respect to the Q u r ʼā n! The Childrens Bequest INTRODUCTION المىق ِّدمة ي ى Types of Reciters

Experts Noble Company

Reciters Excused Double Reward Those who make mistakes Blameworthy

Tajweed is the only science where mistakes are re warded ! The Childrens Bequest INTRODUCTION المىق ِّدمة ي ى Ruling on Tajweed

Communal Theoretical Types of Obligation Tajweed Knowledge Individual Practical Obligation T h e A r t of T a j w e e d 13 Lessons to Tajweed Comprehension Dr Abu Zayd Quran Literacy Institute A n Islamic Learning Foundation A f f i l i a t e

2011 The Childrens Bequest

LESSON THREE:

ً ً ً أىح ىكايـ اإلستىعاذىة ك البىسملىة YOUR RECITATION ىBEGIN ىHOW TO

LESSON FOUR:

ً ً ً أىح ىكايـ النُّوف ك الميًم الم ىش َّدىدة MUSHADDADAH ىMEEM ي/RULES OF NŪN

The Childrens Bequest

SPOTLIGHT

The First Imām: Ibn ‘Āmir al-Shāmī (d 118H)

The Childrens Bequest QUIZ

1. The Qur‟ān 2. Define the term commands us to recite Tajweed. it with tarteel. What does that term mean?

3. Who is the most 4. What are the 2 Types influential Companion of Tajweed Knowledge? when it comes to the Qur‟ān?

5. What are the 2 Types of Tajweed Mistakes? What are Examples of Each? The Childrens Bequest

LESSON THREE:

ً ً ً أىح ىكايـ اإلستىعاذىة ىك البىسىملىة HOW TO BEGIN YOUR RECITATION

The Childrens Bequest HOW TO BEGIN اإلستًعا ىذة ك البسملىة ى ى ى

HOW TO BEGIN YOUR RECITATION The Rules Of Isti‘adhah and Basmala

ً ً ً أىح ىكايـ ا ًإلستىعاذىة ىك البىسىملىة The Childrens Bequest HOW TO BEGIN ً اإلستعا ىذة ىك البىسىملىة ً Al-Isti‘adhah اى ًإلستىعا ىذة

Surah al-Nahl 98

Timing Before Recitation

Ruling Mustahabb ً ً أىعوذ بًا ًهلل من ال َّشيطىاف الرًجيًم Form ي ي ى َّ اإلستًعا ىذة ً ً ً ً ً ً ً أىعيوذي باهلل ال َّسمي ًع الىعليًم م ىن ال َّشيطىاف الَّرجيًم Aloud Default Manner Silent In Salah or reciting alone The Childrens Bequest HOW TO BEGIN اإلستًعا ىذة ك البسملىة ى ى ى Al-Basmalah اىلبىسىملىة

Surah al-Fatiha 1

The Childrens Bequest HOW TO BEGIN اإلستًعا ىذة ك البسملىة ى ى ى Reciting from the middle of surah

With Basmalah

Without Basmalah The Childrens Bequest HOW TO BEGIN اإلستًعا ىذة ك البسملىة ى ى ى Reciting from the middle of a surah WITHOUT BASMALAH The Childrens Bequest HOW TO BEGIN اإلستًعا ىذة ك البسملىة ى ى ى Reciting from the middle of a surah WARNINGS The Childrens Bequest HOW TO BEGIN اإلستًعا ىذة ك البسملىة ى ى ى Reciting from the middle of a surah WARNINGS The Childrens Bequest HOW TO BEGIN اإلستًعا ىذة ك البسملىة ى ى ى Joining 2 Surahs

Why Only 3 Ways ? The Childrens Bequest HOW TO BEGIN اإلستًعا ىذة ك البسملىة ى ى ى Joining Surah Al-Anfal and Al-Tawbah Al -Tawbah is the only Surah that does not begin with the Basmalah. The Childrens Bequest

The R a s h i d H a m i d C h a i / S h a i B r e a k

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G u e s s t h e R e c i t o r !

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LESSON FOUR:

ً ً ً أىح ىكايـ النُّوف ىك الميًم ال يم ىش َّدىدة RULES OF NŪN/MEEM MUSHADDADAH

The Childrens Bequest

Imām ‘Alī’s definition of Tarteel:

تجوٌد الحروف ومعرفة الوقوف The Childrens Bequest

Levels of Tajweed

1. Tajweed of Individual Letters

2. Tajweed of Letters in Combination

3. Knowledge of Stopping/Continuing The Childrens Bequest

ن  The Rules of the Letter Nun م and Meem The Childrens Bequest

Why do we begin with Nun and Meem?

Surah al-Nisa 93 The Childrens Bequest

RULES OF THE DOUBLED NŪN & MEEM

َو ؼُ َّن ِمٌ ًما ُث َّم ُنو ًنا ُش ِّد َدا َو َس ِّم ُكلًّ َح ْر ؼُ ؾَ َّن ٍة َب َدا

And articulate ghunnah of the nūn and meem that carries the double accent, and refer to both as letters of ghunnah, as is obvious and apparent. The Childrens Bequest

RULES OF THE DOUBLED NŪN & MEEM

The Letter Nun and Ghunnah ن م Meem

DEFINITIONS The Childrens Bequest

RULES OF THE DOUBLED NŪN & MEEM ّن ّم Definition • • Length of 2 Durations In Continuing and Stopping

Surah al-Baqarah 20

Surah al-Rahman 39 T h e A r t of T a j w e e d 13 Lessons to Tajweed Comprehension Dr Abu Zayd Quran Literacy Institute A n Islamic Learning Foundation A f f i l i a t e

2011 The Childrens Bequest

LESSON FIVE:

ً ً ً أىح ىكايـ النُّوف ال َّساكنىة ىك التَّن ًوي ًن RULES OF NŪN AND NŪNNATION

The Childrens Bequest

SPOTLIGHT

The Second Imām: Ibn Kathīr al-Makkī (d 120H)

The Childrens Bequest QUIZ

1. What is the ruling of 2. What is the only Isti„ādhah prior to Surah that doesn‟t recitation? begin with Basmalah?

4. Define the term 3. Is the Basmalah a Ghunnah. part of the Qur‟ān?

5. What is the duration of the doubled Nun or Meem? The Childrens Bequest Advanced Topic

THE TEXT تحفة األطفال و الغلمان Sulaymān al-Jamzūrī (d 1198H)

• The most widely used resource for Tajweed today • The Author • The Text • Canonical Meters of Arabic Poetry • Each line = bayt • Each half = shatr The Childrens Bequest Advanced Topic

The Childrens Bequest Advanced Topic

ٌَقُولُ َرا ِجً َرح َم ِة ال َغفُو ِر THE TEXT َدو ًما ُسـ َلٌ َما ُن ُه َو ال َج ْم ُزو ِرى

َّ اَلحـَم ُد ِ ِلِل ُم َصـ ِّلـٌـًا َعـ َلـى ُمـ َحـ َّمـ ٍد َّو آلِ ِه َو َم ْن َتـال َ

َو َبـع ُد هٰـ َذا ال َّنـ ْظـ ُم لِل ُم ِرٌـ ِد فًِ ال ُّنو ِن َو ال َّتـ ْن ِوٌ ِن َو الـ ُمـ ُدو ِد

َسـ َّمـٌـ ُت ُه بِ ُتـح َفـ ِة األ ْط َفـا ِل َع ْن َشٌـ ِخ َنا ال ِمٌ ِه ًِّ ِذى ال َك َما ِل

أَ ْر ُجو بِ ِه اَ ْن ٌَّـن َف َع ال ُّطـلـَّا َبـا َ َ َّ َواأل ْج َر َو القـ ُبولَ َو الثـ َوا َبـا The Childrens Bequest

LESSON FIVE:

ً ً ً أىح ىكايـ النُّوف ال َّساكنىة ىك التَّن ًوي ًن RULES OF NŪN AND NŪNNATION

The Childrens Bequest

RULES OF NŪN & NŪNNATION

Sakin Tanween

The Letter Nun and Ghunnah ن م Meem DEFINITIONS The Childrens Bequest

RULES OF NŪN & NŪNNATION

لِل ُّنو ِن إِ ْن َتـ ْس ُك ْن َو لِل َّتـ ْن ِوٌـ ِن َ ْ اَر َبـ ُع أحـ َكـا ٍم َفـ ُخذ َتب ٌِ ٌْـ ِن

For the nūn without vowels and the tanwīn diction, exist four basic rules, so take my depiction.

The Childrens Bequest

RULES OF NŪN & NŪNNATION

IẒHĀR

Rules of Nūn IQLĀB Sākin / IKHFĀ’ Tanwīn

IDGHĀM The Childrens Bequest

RULES OF NŪN & NŪNNATION 1.IẒHĀR (Manifestation)

َ ْ َفاأل َّو ُل اإلِظ َها ُر قـَ ْب َل اَ ْحـ ُر ؾِ لِل َح ْل ِق ِس ٌّت ُر ِّتـ َبـ ْت َفال َت ْع ِر ؾِ َهمـ ٌز َف َهـا ٌء ُثـ َّم َعٌـ ٌن َحا ُء ُمه َمـ َلـ َتـا ِن ُثـ َّم ؼٌَـ ٌن َخا ُء The first of these, the rule of Iẓhār, is before the letters hence, arising from the throat, six in number, in this known sequence: Hamza and Hā’, then ‘Ayn and Ḥā’, without the marks, then Ghayn and Khā’. The Childrens Bequest

RULES OF NŪN & NŪNNATION 1.IẒHĀR (Manifestation) 1. Definition

2. Its Letters: [Guttural Letters]

ء هـ ع ح غ خ

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RULES OF NŪN & NŪNNATION 1.IẒHĀR (Manifestation) The Childrens Bequest

RULES OF NŪN & NŪNNATION 1.IẒHĀR (Manifestation) Advanced Topic Levels of Iẓhār

Farthest Letters: هـ ء

Middle Letters: ح ع

Closest Letters: خ غ The Childrens Bequest

RULES OF NŪN & NŪNNATION 1.IẒHĀR (Manifestation) The Childrens Bequest

The R a s h i d H a m i d C h a i / S h a i B r e a k

The Childrens Bequest

RULES OF NŪN & NŪNNATION 2.IDGHĀM (Merging)

َو ال َّثـا ِن إِد ؼَـا ٌم ِب ِس َّتـ ٍة أَ َتـ ْت ِفً ٌَ ْر ُملُو َن ِع ْن َد ُه ْم َق ْد َثـ َبـ َتت

The second is Idghām, with six it takes effect, in yarmuloon, a mnemonic which they accept.

The Childrens Bequest

RULES OF NŪN & NŪNNATION 2.IDGHĀM (Merging) • Definition

• Its Letters: ي ر م ل و ن

The Childrens Bequest

RULES OF NŪN & NŪNNATION 2.IDGHĀM (Merging)

لٰــ ِك َّن َها ِقس َما ِن ِقس ٌم ٌُد ؼَـ َما * ِفٌـ ِه ِب ؽُ َّنـ ٍة ِبـ ٌَـ ْن ُمو ُعـلِ َما إِالَّ إِ َذا َكـا َنـا ِبـ ِكل َم ٍة َفـلَ * ُت ْد ؼِ ْم َك ُد ْن ٌَا ُثـ َّم ِص ْن َوا ٍن َتـل َ َّ ُ َوالثا ِن إِ ْد ؼَا ٌم ِب ؽٌَـ ِر ؼُـ َّنـ ْه * ِفً اللَّ ِم َو ال َّرا ثـ َّم َك ِّر َر َّنـ ْه

But this is of two types, with the first being verbalized, with the trait of ghunnah, and by yanmu recognized. Except if this occurs within one word, then there is none, no idghām in articulation, as in the words dunya and ṣinwān. The second type is Idghām without the ghunnah trait, in lām and rā, but the latter you must reverberate. The Childrens Bequest

RULES OF NŪN & NŪNNATION 2.IDGHĀM (Merging) • Types of Idghām:

ي ن م و :With Ghunnah .1

ل ر :Without Ghunnah .2

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RULES OF NŪN & NŪNNATION 2.IDGHĀM (Merging) EXAMPLES

Surah al-Nisa 123 The Childrens Bequest

RULES OF NŪN & NŪNNATION 2.IDGHĀM (Merging) EXAMPLES

Surah 6:98 The Childrens Bequest

RULES OF NŪN & NŪNNATION 2.IDGHĀM (Merging) EXAMPLES

Surah 24:45 The Childrens Bequest

RULES OF NŪN & NŪNNATION 2.IDGHĀM (Merging) EXAMPLES

Surah 42:44 The Childrens Bequest

RULES OF NŪN & NŪNNATION 2.IDGHĀM (Merging)

EXAMPLES WITHOUT GHUNNAH

Surah Al-Baqarah 5 The Childrens Bequest

RULES OF NŪN & NŪNNATION 2.IDGHĀM (Merging)

EXAMPLES WITHOUT GHUNNAH

Surah 24:37 The Childrens Bequest

RULES OF NŪN & NŪNNATION 2.IDGHĀM (Merging) EXCEPTION S : Advanced Topic 1. No Idghām within one word. 4 Qur’anic Examples: بنٌان قنوان ِصنوان ُدنٌا

2. No Idghām in the following 2 verses: Surah Yasin: v1-2 Surah Nun: v1-2

The rule in the above examples is called Izhār Mutlaq. The Childrens Bequest

RULES OF NŪN & NŪNNATION 2.IDGHĀM (Merging)

EXCEPTION S : Advanced Topic

Surah Yasin 1-2

Surah al-qalam 1 The Childrens Bequest

RULES OF NŪN & NŪNNATION 2.IDGHĀM (Merging)

Advanced Topic

Types of Assimilation

Complete Incomplete إدؼام ناقص إدؼام كامل T h e A r t of T a j w e e d 13 Lessons to Tajweed Comprehension Dr Abu Zayd Quran Literacy Institute A n Islamic Learning Foundation A f f i l i a t e

2011 The Childrens Bequest

SPOTLIGHT

The Third Imām: Abū ‘Amr al-Baṣrī (d 154H)

The Childrens Bequest

The Childrens Bequest QUIZ

2. List the letters of 1. List the letters of Idghām. Izhār.

4. Does Idghām always 3. What are the 2 types result in doubling of a of Idghām? letter (shaddah)?

5. List 2 exceptions to the rule of Idghām. The Childrens Bequest

LESSON FIVE:

ً ً ً أىح ىكايـ النُّوف ال َّساكنىة ىك التَّن ًوي ًن RULES OF NŪN AND NŪNNATION

The Childrens Bequest

RULES OF NŪN & NŪNNATION 3. IQLĀB (Conversion)

َّ َوالثـالِ ُث اإلِ ْقـلَ ُب ِع ْن َد ال َبا ِء ِمٌـ ًما ِب ؽُ َّنـ ٍة َمـ َع اإلِ ْخـ َفا ِء The third rule is Iqlāb which occurs with the letter bā, which is converted to meem and pronounced with Ikhfā. The Childrens Bequest

RULES OF NŪN & NŪNNATION 3. IQLĀB (Conversion)

• Definition ب :Letter •

• 3 Steps: 1. Nūn converted to meem 2. Suppress meem (Ikhfā’) 3. Ghunnah

The Childrens Bequest

RULES OF NŪN & NŪNNATION 3. IQLĀB (Conversion) EXAMPLES

Surah al-Maidah 39 The Childrens Bequest

The R a s h i d H a m i d C h a i / S h a i B r e a k

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RULES OF NŪN & NŪNNATION 4. IKHFĀ’ (Suppresion)

The fourth is Ikhfā for the respected student, َوال َّرا ِب ُع اإلِخ َفا ُء ِع ْنـ َد ال َفا ِض ِل with specified letters mandatory for the َ .student ِم َن ال ُح ُرو ؾِ َوا ِجـ ٌب لِلفا ِض ِل فًِ َخ ْم َس ٍة ِم ْن َب ْع ِد َع ْش ٍر َر ْم ُز َها ,In fifteen letters it takes effect within this prose that I erect: ْ َ ْ ُ فًِ ِكل ِم هٰـذا ال َب ٌْ ِت َق ْد َض َّمنت َها Relate of the praiseworthy one, how excellent is ِص ؾْ َذا َث َنا َك ْم َجا َد َشخ ٌص َق ْد َس َما ;he who achieves status robust Be ever perpetual in virtue, cultivate piety, ُد ْم َط ٌِّـ ًبـا ِز ْد فًِ ُت ًقى َض ْع َظالِ َما .and fend off the one who is unjust

The Childrens Bequest

RULES OF NŪN & NŪNNATION 4. IKHFĀ’ (Suppresion)

• Definition • 15 Letters: ص ذ ث ك ج ش ق س د ط ز ؾ ت ض ظ

صِفِ ذِاِثِ ناِ كِمِ جِا دِ شِخ ٌصِقِ دِ سِ ما

دِمِ طِِّيـًبـاِ ِزدِفِيِتِ قًىِ ِضعِ ظِال ما The Childrens Bequest

RULES OF NŪN & NŪNNATION 4. IKHFĀ’ (Suppresion) BREAKDOWN: 1) The articulation of nūn like a separate letter 2) between full manifestation and full assimilation 3) without emphasis (shaddah) 4) with ghunnah (and 2 durations) 5) and association with the subsequent letter (in characteristics) The Childrens Bequest

RULES OF NŪN & NŪNNATION 4. IKHFĀ’ (Suppresion) EXAMPLES The Childrens Bequest

RULES OF NŪN & NŪNNATION 4. IKHFĀ’ (Suppresion) The Childrens Bequest

G u e s s t h e R e c i t o r !

The Childrens Bequest

RULES OF NŪN & NŪNNATION THE 4 RULES: SUMMARY AND CASE STUDY Muslim Immigrant Mahmood

The Nun: Muslim Identity  The Subsequent Letter: US Society

Suppression

Manifestation 4 Scenarios Assimilation

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LESSON SIX:

ً ً أىح ىكايـ الميم ال َّساكنىة RULES OF UNVOWELLED MEEM

The Childrens Bequest

SPOTLIGHT

The Fourth Imām: Nāfi‘ al-Madanī (d 169H)

The Childrens Bequest QUIZ

1. List the four rules of 2. What is the reason Nun Sakin and their for the iqlab rule. associated letters.

3. Explain the concept 4. List the 3 things you of Ihkfa. What are you must do with the Iqlāb doing in this rule? rule.

5. True or False. The Ikhfa is always associated with its subsequent letter. The Childrens Bequest RULES OF MEEM SAKIN

َو ال ِم ٌْ ُم إِ ْن َت ْس ُك ْن َت ِجً َق ْب َل ال ِه َجا الَ أَلِ ؾٍ لَّ ٌِّ َن ٍة لِّ ِذي ال ِح َجا أَح َكا ُم َها َثلَ َث ٌة لِ َم ْن َض َب ْ ط إِخ َفا ٌء إِد ؼَا ٌم َو إِ ْظ َها ٌر َف َق ْط When stopping on meem before the letters of the alphabet, but not before the alif layyinah, for he who is intelligent are three rules for he who would endear them to memory, and they are the rules of Ikhfā, Idghām and Iẓhār only. The Childrens Bequest RULES OF MEEM SAKIN

IẒHĀR

Rules of Meem Sākin

IDGHĀM IKHFĀ’ The Childrens Bequest RULES OF MEEM SAKIN

IẒHĀR SHAFAWY

Rules of Meem Sākin IDGHĀM IKHFĀ’ MITHLAYN SHAFAWY ṢAGHĪR The Childrens Bequest RULES OF MEEM SAKIN 1. IKHFĀ’ SHAFAWY

َ َفاأل َّو ُل اإلِ ْخ َفا ُء ِع ْن َد ال َبا ِء َو َس ِّم ِه ال َّش ْف ِو َّي لِلقُ َّرا ِء

The first is Ikhfā with the letter bā, And termed by the reciters as Labial Ikhfā.

The Childrens Bequest RULES OF MEEM SAKIN 1. IKHFĀ’ SHAFAWY

ب :The Letter •

• The Meem pronounced with Ghunnah and Ikhfā

• Only occurs between 2 words

• Functionally identical to Iqlāb

The Childrens Bequest RULES OF MEEM SAKIN 1. IKHFĀ’ SHAFAWY The Childrens Bequest

The R a s h i d H a m i d C h a i / S h a i B r e a k

The Childrens Bequest

G u e s s t h e R e c i t o r !

The Childrens Bequest RULES OF MEEM SAKIN 2. IDGHĀM

َو ال َّثا ِن إِ ْد ؼَا ٌم ِب ِمثلِ َها أَ َتى َو َس ِّم إِ ْد ؼَا ًما َص ؽٌِ ًرا ٌَا َف َتى

The second is Idghām when its likeness appears, and name it the Smaller Idghām my dears.

The Childrens Bequest RULES OF MEEM SAKIN 2. IDGHĀM

Idghām Mithlayn Ṣaghīr

م :The Letter•

• The Meem is doubled (pronounced with Ghunnah)

• Only occurs between 2 words

• Functionally identical to Meem Mushaddah

The Childrens Bequest RULES OF MEEM SAKIN 2. IDGHĀM

Advanced Topic

IDGHĀM due to assimilation of 2 meems

MITHLAYN due to 2 identical letters

ṢAGHῙR due to 1st Meem unvowelled, 2nd vowelled The Childrens Bequest RULES OF MEEM SAKIN 2. IDGHĀM The Childrens Bequest RULES OF MEEM SAKIN 2. IẒHĀR SHAFAWY

َّ ْ َو الثالِ ُث اإلِظ َها ُر ِفً ال َب ِق ٌَّ ْه ِم ْن أَح ُر ؾٍ َو َس ِّم َها َش ْف ِو ٌَّ ْه

The third is Iẓhār which occurs with the balance of the letters, and termed Labial Iẓhār in our parlance. The Childrens Bequest RULES OF MEEM SAKIN 2. IẒHĀR SHAFAWY

• The Remaining 26 Letter

• The Meem is pronounced normally

• Can occur within a word or between 2 words

The Childrens Bequest RULES OF MEEM SAKIN 2. IẒHĀR SHAFAWY The Childrens Bequest RULES OF MEEM SAKIN WARNING

َو اح َذ ْر َل َدا َوا ٍو َو َفا أَ ْن َت ْخ َت ِفً لِقُر ِب َها َو االِ ِّت َحا ِد َفا ْع ِر ؾِ

And be wary of making Ikhfā with wāw and fā when you read, due to the closeness and unity of its makhraj, so take heed. The Childrens Bequest RULES OF MEEM SAKIN WARNING

Al-Fatiha 7

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LESSON SEVEN:

أىح ىكايـ الََّّلـ THE RULES OF LĀM The Childrens Bequest

SPOTLIGHT

The Fifth Imām: ‘Āṣim al-Kūfī (d 127H)

The Childrens Bequest

LESSON SEVEN:

أىح ىكايـ الََّّلـ THE RULES OF LĀM The Childrens Bequest RULES OF LĀM

َ ِط ْب ُثم ِص ْل ُر ْح ًما َتفُ ْز ِض ؾْ َذا ِنعم لِلَ ِم اَ ْل َحا َال ِن َق ْب َل األ ْح ُر ؾِ َّ َ ْ ُ ْ ْ َ ُ ْ َ ً ْ َ أوالَ ُه َما إِظ َها ُر َها َفل َت ْع ِر ؾِ َدع ُسو َء ظ ٍّن زر ش ِرٌفا لِلك َر ْم ْ ْ و ا َّالم ا ْألُو َلى س ِّمها َقمر ٌَّ ْه َق ْب َل ار َب ٍع َم ْع َعش َر ٍة ُخذ ِعل َم ُه َ ُ َ َ َ ِ َو ا َّالم األُ ْخ َرى َس ِّم َها َش ْم ِس ٌَّ ْه ِم ِن ا ْب ػِ َح َّج َك َو َخ ؾْ َعقٌِ َم ُه ُ َ َ َو أَ ْظه َر َّن َالم فِ ْعل ُم ْط َل َقا ثا ِنٌ ِه َما إِ ْد ؼَا ُم َها فًِ أر َب ِع ِ َ ٍ َ فًِ َن ْحو قُ ْل َن َعم َو قُ ْل َنا َو ال َت َقى َو َع ْش َر ٍة أٌ ًضا َو َر ْم ُز َها َف ِع ِ ْ The lām of the definite article exists in two states before the letters, the first is its manifest articulation, and should be understood better, Occurring before fourteen letters, so learn them well, from this mnemonic: Seek your goal and vain pursuits repel. The second is its assimilation, which in fourteen does exist, and likewise, facilitate your recollection of them from this: Be meritorious, maintain relations for success, and host those who are beneficent; Shun ill estimations of others, and frequent the noble ones for munificence. The Childrens Bequest RULES OF LĀM Advanced Topic TYPES: الم التعرٌف )الم ال( Lām of the Definite Article .1 الم الفعل Lām of the Verb .2 الم األمر Lām of Commands .3 الم اإلسم Lām of the Noun .4 الم الحرف )الم هل و بل( Lām of Particles .5 The Childrens Bequest RULES OF LĀM Lām of the Definite Article

• Definition اَل ِكتـا ٌب  كِتـا ٌب ”a book” َ “theَ book“

• 2 Rules: Manifestation and Assimilation The Childrens Bequest RULES OF LĀM The Lām of al-

The Moon The Sun Letters: Letters: Iẓhār Idghām

طِبِثِ َّمِ صِلِ رِح ًماِ تِ ف زِ ضِفِ ذِاِنِ عم اب ػِ ِح َّج َك َو َخؾ َع ِقٌ َم ُه دِعِ سِ ءو َِ ظِ نِ زِرِ شِ ِرففًاِلِ كل َ ِر The Childrens Bequest RULES OF LĀM Lām of the Definite Article

Al-Fatiha 2-3 The Childrens Bequest

The R a s h i d H a m i d C h a i / S h a i B r e a k

The Childrens Bequest RULES OF LĀM Other Types of Lām

• Default: Iẓhār

• If followed by the letter Lām or Rā: Idghām The Childrens Bequest

RULES OF LĀM Other Types of Lām—Lām of the Verb

[ ر or ل Izhār Idghām [ followed by

            

       

[al-Kahf 18: 72] [al-Kahf 18: 75] The Childrens Bequest RULES OF LĀM Other Types of Lām—Lām of Commands

[ ر or ل Izhār Idghām [ followed by

         .   Say, He Allah is one. [al-Ikhlas ] O my Lord, increase me in knowledge. [Taha 20: 114]

               Say: “The Guidance of Allah, that is the       [al-Baqarah 2: 120] (only) Guidance.”        Say: "If the ocean were ink (wherewith to write out) the words of my Lord. Sooner would the ocean be exhausted than would the words of my Lord, even if we added another ocean like it, for its aid." [Kahf 18:109] The Childrens Bequest RULES OF LĀM Other Types of Lām—Lām of the Particle

[ ر or ل Izhār Idghām [ followed by

             .  

       Nay, We hurl the Truth against falsehood, and it Nay, Allah raised him (Jesus) up unto Himself; and knocks out its brain, and behold, falsehood doth perish! Allah is Exalted in Power, Wise. [al-Nisā 4: 158] Ah! woe be to you for the (false) things ye ascribe (to Us). [al-Anbiyā 21:18]

                            Nay, they deny the Hour (of the Judgment to come): Nay, Allah's curse is on them (Israelites) for their but We have prepared a Blazing Fire for such as deny blasphemy: little is it they believe. [al-Baqarah 2: 88] the Hour. [al-Furqan 25: 11]

               Is there any reward for good other than good? [al- And say (O Mūsā) to him (Pharoah): “Would you Rahmān 55: 60] purify yourself (from the sin of disbelief by becoming a believer)?” [al-Nāzi„āt 79:18] The Childrens Bequest

G u e s s t h e R e c i t e r !

The Childrens Bequest RULES OF LĀM The Grand Word (Lafż Jalālah)

If preceded by fatha or dhamma: Heavy

           

If preceded by kasrah: Light

      T h e A r t of T a j w e e d 13 Lessons to Tajweed Comprehension Dr Abu Zayd Quran Literacy Institute A n Islamic Learning Foundation A f f i l i a t e

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LESSON EIGHT:

ً ىم ىخاًر يج ال يحيركؼ THE MAKHĀRIJ (POINTS OF ARTICULATION) The Childrens Bequest

SPOTLIGHT

The Sixth Imām: Ḥamzah al-Kūfī (d 156H)

The Childrens Bequest QUIZ

1. Which of the 4 rules 2. What rule of Nun of Nun Sakin does not Sakin is the Ikhfa apply to Meem Sakin? Shafawy (of Meem Why? Sakin) identical to?

3. Explain the concept 4. Which two letters of Ihkfa. What are you always lead to doing in this rule? assimilation with Lam Sakin?

5. The lam of the Grand Word is heavy when it is preceded by which 2 vowels? The Childrens Bequest MAKHĀRIJ

 Singular: Makhraj  Plural: Makhārij  Definition: The Point of Articulation of each letter  Total Number: 17 in 5 Locations  Technique: Make the letter unvowelled and precede it with a vowelled hamzah

اى ؽٍ اى ٍث اىؾٍ اىٍر اىٍـ

The Childrens Bequest MAKHĀRIJ

The Childrens Bequest MAKHĀRIJ ONE: ORAL CAVITY (AL-JAWF)

 Not a real makhraj, approximated

واي  Makhraj of the Madd Letters

 Madd Letters: قىا ى Unvowelled Alif preceded by fatha ؿ ً  Unvowelled Yā preceded by kasrah قي ىل يػيقوي Unvowelled Waw preceded by dhamma ؿ ى نيوًحيها : Mnemonic ى The Childrens Bequest MAKHĀRIJ ONE: ORAL CAVITY (AL-JAWF)

MADD LĪN  Unvowelled Wāw preceded by Fatḥa يىوىـ  Unvowelled Yā preceded by Fatḥa بىي ىن The Childrens Bequest MAKHĀRIJ TWO: THROAT (AL-ĤALQ) الحروف الحلقٌة  Six Guttural Letters أ ىػ ع ح غ خ

 3 Levels: أقصى الحلق  The Farthest Portion أ هـ وسط الحلق  The Middle of the Throat ع ح أدنـى الحلق  The Closest Portion غ خ The Childrens Bequest

The R a s h i d H a m i d C h a i / S h a i B r e a k

The Childrens Bequest MAKHĀRIJ THREE: THE TONGUE (AL-LISĀN)

ك ق : Posterior

ج ش م : Middle

ؿ ض : Edge

ر ف : Tip ط د ت ذ ظ ث ص ز س

The Childrens Bequest

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The Childrens Bequest MAKHĀRIJ FOUR: THE LIPS (AL-SHAFATAYN)

ف :( Bottom lip with upper teeth (incisors

ب م و : Between the lips

The Childrens Bequest MAKHĀRIJ FIVE: NASAL CAVITY (AL-KHAYSHUM)

 Ghunnah

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LESSON SIX:

ً ً صىفات ال يحيركؼ  THE ṢIFĀT (ATTRIBUTES) The Childrens Bequest

SPOTLIGHT

The Seventh Imām: al-Kisā’ī (d 189H)

The Childrens Bequest QUIZ

1. What is the 2. Approximately how technique to illustrate many makharij are the makhraj? there?

3. Which makhraj 4. What is the (location) has the most difference between ma letters associated with and ba? it?

5. What is the makhraj of ghunnah? The Childrens Bequest

LESSON SIX:

ً ً صىفات ال يحيركؼ  THE ṢIFĀT (ATTRIBUTES) The Childrens Bequest

OVERVIEW OF THE ATTRIBUTES ً ً  صىفات ال يحيركؼ Paired ال ِّص َفات ال ُم َت َضا َّدة Basic َ ال ِّصفات ال َّال ِز َمة ال ِّص َفات ال َّذا ِت ٌَّة ال ِّص َفات األَصلِ ٌَّة Attributes Unpaired ال ِّص َفات َغٌر ال ُم َت َضا َّدة ال ِّص َفات

Conditional e.g. Idghām, .Ikhfā, etc ال ِّص َفات ال َع َر ِض ٌَّة The Childrens Bequest

THE ESSENTIAL PAIRED ATTRIBUTES  Every Letter ال ِّصىفات الََّّلًزىمة • There are a total of 11 paired attributes is either: arranged within 5 pairs that 1. Whispered or Loud necessarily affect each letter. 2. Forceful or Soft or Moderate 3. Elevated or Depressed 4. Closed or Open

5. Flowing or Sharp The Childrens Bequest

THE ESSENTIAL PAIRED ATTRIBUTES  Pair 1: ال ِّصىفات الََّّلًزىمة

Exhalation of Breath Quality ىجىريا يف النػَّىفس

Whisper Loudness Attribute ال ىجهر الىهمس

فحثَّو شخص The Rest ى ى ي ى ٍ ه Examples ىس ىك ٍت The Childrens Bequest

THE ESSENTIAL PAIRED ATTRIBUTES  Pair 2: ال ِّصىفات الََّّلًزىمة

Flow of Sound Quality ىجىريا يف ال َّصوت

Forceful Moderate Soft Attribute الَّرىخاىكة التػَّىو ُّسط ال ِّش َّدة

The Rest ً أىًجد ق ٍّط بكت Examples ل ٍن عيىمٍر ي ى ى ى ٍ The Childrens Bequest

EXERCISE: List the letters that are both Loud [Jahr] and Forceful [Shiddah]. ً :Forceful .1 أىج يد قى ٍّط بى ىك ٍت ً :Both .2 أىج يد قى ٍّط بىػػػػػكػى ٍت Understanding Qalqalah: The Childrens Bequest

THE ESSENTIAL PAIRED ATTRIBUTES  Pair 3: ال ِّصىفات الََّّلًزىمة

Heavy/elevated articulation Quality التَّف ًخيم

Elevated Depressed Attribute ا ًإلستًىفاؿ ا ًإلستًعَّلء

The Rest يخ َّص ىضغٍ وط ًق ٍظ Examples The Childrens Bequest

THE ESSENTIAL PAIRED ATTRIBUTES  Pair 4: ال ِّصىفات الََّّلًزىمة

Adhesion of tongue against Quality palate

Closed Open Attribute ً اإلنفتىاح ا ًإلطبىاؽ

The Rest ص ض ط ظ Examples The Childrens Bequest

THE ESSENTIAL PAIRED ATTRIBUTES  Pair 5: ال ِّصىفات الََّّلًزىمة

Smooth, flowing Quality articulation

Flowing Sharp Attribute ا ًإلصىمات ا ًإلذالؽ

Examples ً The Rest فىػَّر م ٍن لي ٍّب Advanced Topic Linguistics Rule: Any Arabic word of more than 3 letters must contain a Flowing letter! The Childrens Bequest

The R a s h i d H a m i d C h a i / S h a i B r e a k

The Childrens Bequest THE UNPAIRED ATTRIBUTES َ َ ال ِّصفات ال أض َدا ٌد ل َها

ص س ز The hissing Sound of • ال َّصًفير Whistle ُ قُط ُب َج ٍّد :The echo when stopping on • الىقلىقلىة Echo • The soft –aw and –ay madd sounds اللِّين Lenience

• The slight bending of the tongue tip ا ًإلن ًحراDrifting ؼ ل ر :towards the roof of the mouth in ى Repetition ر The vibrating, trilling quality of • التِّكىرار

ش The expansive sound of • التػَّىف ِّشي Spreading

ض The expansive, elongated quality of • ا ًإلستًطىالىة Lengthening The Childrens Bequest

G u e s s t h e R e c i t e r !

The Childrens Bequest Advanced Topic

HEAVY versus LIGHT Separating the novice from the expert التَّرًقيق التَّف ًخيم 

Always Heavy Variable Always Light

The Rest • ل • 7 • Letters: ر • و The Madd • يخ َّص ىضغٍط َى ػا Alif ًق ٍظ

Note the configuration of the mouth The Childrens Bequest Advanced Topic

HEAVY versus LIGHT Separating the novice from the expert التَّرًقيق التَّف ًخيم  Scales of Heaviness By the 5 By the States By Vowels: Heavy Letters: of the Letters: • Heaviest to least: • Vowelled by fatḥa • Strongest: fatḥah and followed by • Strong: dhamma ط • Weakest: kasrah • َقال َ alif Vowelled by fatḥa • ض • قىا ىؿ يػيقويؿ َقبل َ ص • ى Vowelled by • ظ • ً قُولُوا dhammah قيل َ ْ ق • ى أق َس ُموا Unvowelled • Vowelled with • غ • قٌِل َ kasrah خ • The Childrens Bequest Advanced Topic

HEAVY versus LIGHT Separating the novice from the expert التَّرًقيق التَّف ًخيم  Attributes Summarized by Strength T h e A r t of T a j w e e d 13 Lessons to Tajweed Comprehension Dr Abu Zayd Quran Literacy Institute A n Islamic Learning Foundation A f f i l i a t e

2011 The Childrens Bequest

SPOTLIGHT

The Eighth Imām: Abu Ja‘far al- Madanī (d 130H)

The Childrens Bequest QUIZ

2. How many total 1. What are the 2 types paired attributes are of basic attributes? there?

4. What are conditional 3. How many total attributes? unpaired attributes?

5. What are the 7 heavy letters? The Childrens Bequest

LESSON TEN:

أىح ىكايـ الَّراء  THE RULES OF THE LETTER RĀ The Childrens Bequest THE RULES OF RĀ أىح ىكايـ الَّراء  A Peak at the Rules of Rā:

 Basic Premise: . Fatḥa/dhamma  heavy vowels . Kasrah  light vowel

 Basic Principles: 1. Look to the vowel of the rā 2. If unvowelled, look to preceding vowel 3. If unvowelled, look to preceding, etc. 4. Pay attention to heavy letters, conditional vowels The Childrens Bequest THE RULES OF RĀ  أىح ىكايـ الَّراء . The Rā is heavy in 5 cases and light in 4 cases HEAVY • 1. Vowelled with fatḥa or dhamma • 2. Unvowelled and preceded by fatḥa or dhamma • 3. Unvowelled and preceded by unvowelled (other than yā) and preceded by fatḥa or dhamma • 4. Unvowelled and preceded by Relax and Take conditional kasrah of hamzah al- waṣl • 5. Unvowelled and preceded by a Deep Breath. kasrah but followed by heavy letter LIGHT • 1. Vowelled with kasrah • 2. Unvowelled and preceded by kasrah, with no heavy letter following • 3. Unvowelled and preceded by unvowelled (other than yā) and preceded by kasrah • 4. Unvowelled and preceded by unvowelled yā The Childrens Bequest THE RULES OF RĀ  أىح ىكايـ الَّراء . The Rā is heavy in 5 cases and light in 4 cases HEAVY • 1. Vowelled with fatḥa or dhamma • 2. Unvowelled and preceded by fatḥa or dhamma • 3. Unvowelled and preceded by unvowelled (other than yā) and preceded by fatḥa or dhamma • 4. Unvowelled and preceded by conditional kasrah of hamzah al- waṣl • 5. Unvowelled and preceded by kasrah but followed by heavy letter LIGHT • 1. Vowelled with kasrah • 2. Unvowelled and preceded by kasrah, with no heavy letter following • 3. Unvowelled and preceded by unvowelled (other than yā) and preceded by kasrah • 4. Unvowelled and preceded by unvowelled yā The Childrens Bequest THE RULES OF RĀ  أىح ىكايـ الَّراء . The Rā is heavy in 5 cases and light in 4 cases HEAVY • 1. Vowelled with fatḥa or dhamma • 2. Unvowelled and preceded by fatḥa or dhamma • 3. Unvowelled and preceded by unvowelled (other than yā) and preceded by fatḥa or dhamma • 4. Unvowelled and preceded by conditional kasrah of hamzah al- waṣl • 5. Unvowelled and preceded by kasrah but followed by heavy letter LIGHT • 1. Vowelled with kasrah • 2. Unvowelled and preceded by kasrah, with no heavy letter following • 3. Unvowelled and preceded by unvowelled (other than yā) and preceded by kasrah • 4. Unvowelled and preceded by unvowelled yā The Childrens Bequest THE RULES OF RĀ  أىح ىكايـ الَّراء . The Rā is heavy in 5 cases and light in 4 cases HEAVY • 1. Vowelled with fatḥa or dhamma • 2. Unvowelled and preceded by fatḥa or dhamma • 3. Unvowelled and preceded by unvowelled (other than yā) and رحمةه ركح preceded by fatḥa or dhamma ى ي ه Unvowelled and preceded by .4 • ى -conditional kasrah of hamzah al waṣl • 5. Unvowelled and preceded by kasrah but followed by heavy letter LIGHT • 1. Vowelled with kasrah • 2. Unvowelled and preceded by kasrah, with no heavy letter following • 3. Unvowelled and preceded by ًرجاهؿ ًريح unvowelled (other than yā) and ى ه preceded by kasrah • 4. Unvowelled and preceded by unvowelled yā The Childrens Bequest THE RULES OF RĀ  أىح ىكايـ الَّراء . The Rā is heavy in 5 cases and light in 4 cases HEAVY • 1. Vowelled with fatḥa or dhamma • 2. Unvowelled and preceded by fatḥa or dhamma • 3. Unvowelled and preceded by unvowelled (other than yā) and preceded by fatḥa or dhamma • 4. Unvowelled and preceded by conditional kasrah of hamzah al- waṣl • 5. Unvowelled and preceded by kasrah but followed by heavy letter LIGHT • 1. Vowelled with kasrah • 2. Unvowelled and preceded by kasrah, with no heavy letter following • 3. Unvowelled and preceded by unvowelled (other than yā) and preceded by kasrah • 4. Unvowelled and preceded by unvowelled yā The Childrens Bequest THE RULES OF RĀ  أىح ىكايـ الَّراء . The Rā is heavy in 5 cases and light in 4 cases HEAVY • 1. Vowelled with fatḥa or dhamma • 2. Unvowelled and preceded by fatḥa or dhamma • 3. Unvowelled and preceded by القػ رآ ىف يػ رحمنا unvowelled (other than yā) and يٍ ىٍ ى ى preceded by fatḥa or dhamma • 4. Unvowelled and preceded by conditional kasrah of hamzah al- waṣl • 5. Unvowelled and preceded by kasrah but followed by heavy letter LIGHT • 1. Vowelled with kasrah • 2. Unvowelled and preceded by kasrah, with no heavy letter following • 3. Unvowelled and preceded by unvowelled (other than yā) and preceded by kasrah • 4. Unvowelled and preceded by unvowelled yā The Childrens Bequest THE RULES OF RĀ  أىح ىكايـ الَّراء . The Rā is heavy in 5 cases and light in 4 cases HEAVY • 1. Vowelled with fatḥa or dhamma • 2. Unvowelled and preceded by fatḥa or dhamma • 3. Unvowelled and preceded by unvowelled (other than yā) and preceded by fatḥa or dhamma • 4. Unvowelled and preceded by conditional kasrah of hamzah al- waṣl • 5. Unvowelled and preceded by kasrah but followed by heavy letter LIGHT • 1. Vowelled with kasrah • 2. Unvowelled and preceded by kasrah, with no heavy letter following • 3. Unvowelled and preceded by unvowelled (other than yā) and preceded by kasrah • 4. Unvowelled and preceded by unvowelled yā The Childrens Bequest THE RULES OF RĀ  أىح ىكايـ الَّراء . The Rā is heavy in 5 cases and light in 4 cases HEAVY • 1. Vowelled with fatḥa or dhamma • 2. Unvowelled and preceded by fatḥa or dhamma • 3. Unvowelled and preceded by unvowelled (other than yā) and preceded by fatḥa or dhamma • 4. Unvowelled and preceded by conditional kasrah of hamzah al- waṣl • 5. Unvowelled and preceded by kasrah but followed by heavy letter LIGHT • 1. Vowelled with kasrah • 2. Unvowelled and preceded by ً kasrah, with no heavy letter قدي ر خي ر following ى ٍ ىٍ Unvowelled and preceded by .3 • unvowelled (other than yā) and preceded by kasrah Note that this sukūn is due to • 4. Unvowelled and preceded by stopping on the word unvowelled yā The Childrens Bequest

The R a s h i d H a m i d C h a i / S h a i B r e a k

The Childrens Bequest THE RULES OF RĀ  أىح ىكايـ الَّراء . The Rā is heavy in 5 cases and light in 4 cases HEAVY • 1. Vowelled with fatḥa or dhamma • 2. Unvowelled and preceded by fatḥa or dhamma • 3. Unvowelled and preceded by unvowelled (other than yā) and preceded by fatḥa or dhamma • 4. Unvowelled and preceded by conditional kasrah of hamzah al- waṣl • 5. Unvowelled and preceded by kasrah but followed by heavy letter LIGHT • 1. Vowelled with kasrah • 2. Unvowelled and preceded by kasrah, with no heavy letter following • 3. Unvowelled and preceded by unvowelled (other than yā) and preceded by kasrah • 4. Unvowelled and preceded by unvowelled yā The Childrens Bequest THE RULES OF RĀ  أىح ىكايـ الَّراء . The Rā is heavy in 5 cases and light in 4 cases HEAVY • 1. Vowelled with fatḥa or dhamma • 2. Unvowelled and preceded by fatḥa or dhamma • 3. Unvowelled and preceded by unvowelled (other than yā) and preceded by fatḥa or dhamma • 4. Unvowelled and preceded by القػد ر البػح ر -conditional kasrah of hamzah al ىٍ ى ٍ waṣl • 5. Unvowelled and preceded by kasrah but followed by heavy letter LIGHT • 1. Vowelled with kasrah • 2. Unvowelled and preceded by kasrah, with no heavy letter following ً Unvowelled and preceded by .3 • السػِّح ر الشػع ر unvowelled (other than yā) and ٍ ٌٍ preceded by kasrah • 4. Unvowelled and preceded by unvowelled yā The Childrens Bequest THE RULES OF RĀ  أىح ىكايـ الَّراء . The Rā is heavy in 5 cases and light in 4 cases HEAVY • 1. Vowelled with fatḥa or dhamma • 2. Unvowelled and preceded by fatḥa or dhamma • 3. Unvowelled and preceded by unvowelled (other than yā) and preceded by fatḥa or dhamma • 4. Unvowelled and preceded by conditional kasrah of hamzah al- waṣl • 5. Unvowelled and preceded by kasrah but followed by heavy letter LIGHT • 1. Vowelled with kasrah • 2. Unvowelled and preceded by kasrah, with no heavy letter following • 3. Unvowelled and preceded by unvowelled (other than yā) and preceded by kasrah • 4. Unvowelled and preceded by unvowelled yā The Childrens Bequest THE RULES OF RĀ  أىح ىكايـ الَّراء . The Rā is heavy in 5 cases and light in 4 cases HEAVY • 1. Vowelled with fatḥa or dhamma • 2. Unvowelled and preceded by fatḥa or dhamma • 3. Unvowelled and preceded by unvowelled (other than yā) and preceded by fatḥa or dhamma • 4. Unvowelled and preceded by conditional kasrah of hamzah al- waṣl • 5. Unvowelled and preceded by kasrah but followed by heavy letter LIGHT • 1. Vowelled with kasrah • 2. Unvowelled and preceded by kasrah, with no heavy letter following • 3. Unvowelled and preceded by unvowelled (other than yā) and preceded by kasrah • 4. Unvowelled and preceded by unvowelled yā The Childrens Bequest THE RULES OF RĀ  أىح ىكايـ الَّراء . The Rā is heavy in 5 cases and light in 4 cases HEAVY • 1. Vowelled with fatḥa or dhamma • 2. Unvowelled and preceded by fatḥa or dhamma • 3. Unvowelled and preceded by unvowelled (other than yā) and preceded by fatḥa or dhamma • 4. Unvowelled and preceded by conditional kasrah of hamzah al- waṣl • 5. Unvowelled and preceded by kasrah but followed by heavy letter LIGHT • 1. Vowelled with kasrah • 2. Unvowelled and preceded by kasrah, with no heavy letter following • 3. Unvowelled and preceded by unvowelled (other than yā) and preceded by kasrah • 4. Unvowelled and preceded by unvowelled yā The Childrens Bequest THE RULES OF RĀ  أىح ىكايـ الَّراء . The Rā is heavy in 5 cases and light in 4 cases HEAVY Only 5 such examples in • 1. Vowelled with fatḥa or dhamma the Qurʼān: • 2. Unvowelled and preceded by fatḥa or dhamma ً ً و Unvowelled and preceded by .3 • ق رطىا وس / ف رقىة unvowelled (other than yā) and ٍ ٍ preceded by fatḥa or dhamma • 4. Unvowelled and preceded by ك إ ً رصادا -conditional kasrah of hamzah al ى ٍ ى ن waṣl • 5. Unvowelled and preceded by ً ً ً ً kasrah but followed by heavy م ٍ ر ىصاندا / لىبالٍم ٍ ر ىصاد letter LIGHT • 1. Vowelled with kasrah  • 2. Unvowelled and preceded by  kasrah, with no heavy letter following و Unvowelled and preceded by .3 • فػ ًرع وف مػ ً رية unvowelled (other than yā) and ٍ ى ى ٍى preceded by kasrah • 4. Unvowelled and preceded by unvowelled yā The Childrens Bequest THE RULES OF RĀ  أىح ىكايـ الَّراء  EXCEPTIONS HEAVY Advanced Topic • 1. Vowelled with fatḥa or dhamma • 2. Unvowelled and preceded by fatḥa or dhamma  There are a limited number of • 3. Unvowelled and preceded by unvowelled (other than yā) and Qurʼānic words which are preceded by fatḥa or dhamma exceptions to these rules • 4. Unvowelled and preceded by conditional kasrah of hamzah al-  In their case the rā may be waṣl • 5. Unvowelled and preceded by pronounced heavy or light kasrah but followed by heavy letter LIGHT  These are subject to the rules of • 1. Vowelled with kasrah Riwāyah • 2. Unvowelled and preceded by kasrah, with no heavy letter following • 3. Unvowelled and preceded by unvowelled (other than yā) and preceded by kasrah • 4. Unvowelled and preceded by unvowelled yā The Childrens Bequest THE RULES OF RĀ  أىح ىكايـ الَّراء  EXCEPTIONS HEAVY Advanced Topic • 1. Vowelled with fatḥa or dhamma Unvowelled and preceded by kasrah • 2. Unvowelled and preceded by fatḥa or dhamma but followed by heavy letter vowelled • 3. Unvowelled and preceded by unvowelled (other than yā) and with kasrah: preceded by fatḥa or dhamma • 4. Unvowelled and preceded by conditional kasrah of hamzah al- ً و waṣl فرUnvowelled and preceded by ؽ .5 • -kasrah but followed by heavy Only one such exampleٍ in the Qurʼān: al letter LIGHT Shu‘arā 63 • 1. Vowelled with kasrah •The rā may be pronounced heavy (due to • 2. Unvowelled and preceded by kasrah, with no heavy letter the preceding rules) following • But it may also be pronounced light due to • 3. Unvowelled and preceded by unvowelled (other than yā) and that heavy letter being vowelled with preceded by kasrah kasrah, which is a “light vowel” that lessens • 4. Unvowelled and preceded by its heaviness unvowelled yā The Childrens Bequest THE RULES OF RĀ  أىح ىكايـ الَّراء  EXCEPTIONS HEAVY Advanced Topic • 1. Vowelled with fatḥa or dhamma • 2. Unvowelled and preceded by fatḥa or dhamma • 3. Unvowelled and preceded by unvowelled (other than yā) and preceded by fatḥa or dhamma Al-Qamar 54:16 • 4. Unvowelled and preceded by conditional kasrah of hamzah al- waṣl ك نييذر Unvowelled and preceded by .5 • heavy ىkasrah but followed by heavy •The rā may be pronounced letter LIGHT • 1. Vowelled with kasrah (due to the preceding rules) • 2. Unvowelled and preceded by • But it may also be pronounced kasrah, with no heavy letter following light due to a fine grammatical • 3. Unvowelled and preceded by unvowelled (other than yā) and point: ُ preceded by kasrah ُنذ ِري Unvowelled and preceded by The original word was .4 • unvowelled yā The yā was dropped in writing The Childrens Bequest THE RULES OF RĀ  أىح ىكايـ الَّراء  EXCEPTIONS HEAVY Advanced Topic • 1. Vowelled with fatḥa or dhamma • 2. Unvowelled and preceded by fatḥa or dhamma • 3. Unvowelled and preceded by unvowelled (other than yā) and preceded by fatḥa or dhamma • 4. Unvowelled and preceded by فأىسًر / يسًر -conditional kasrah of hamzah al ى ٍ ى ٍ waṣl • 5. Unvowelled and preceded by •The rā may be pronounced heavy kasrah but followed by heavy letter LIGHT (due to the preceding rules) • 1. Vowelled with kasrah • But it may also be pronounced • 2. Unvowelled and preceded by kasrah, with no heavy letter light due to a fine grammatical following point: • 3. Unvowelled and preceded by ٌسري / َفأَسري unvowelled (other than yā) and The original word was َ ْ ِ ْ ِ preceded by kasrah • 4. Unvowelled and preceded by The yā was dropped in writing unvowelled yā

The Childrens Bequest THE RULES OF RĀ  أىح ىكايـ الَّراء  EXCEPTIONS HEAVY Advanced Topic • 1. Vowelled with fatḥa or dhamma • 2. Unvowelled and preceded by Unvowelled and preceded by fatḥa or dhamma unvowelled (other than yā) heavy • 3. Unvowelled and preceded by unvowelled (other than yā) and letter and preceded by kasrah preceded by fatḥa or dhamma • 4. Unvowelled and preceded by conditional kasrah of hamzah al- waṣl ً ً Unvowelled and preceded by .5 • مصر / القطٍر kasrah but followed by heavy ٍ letter LIGHT Only two such words in the Qurʼān: al-Saba’ • 1. Vowelled with kasrah 34:12, Yūsuf 12:21/99, and al-Zukhruf 43:51 • 2. Unvowelled and preceded by kasrah, with no heavy letter •The rā may be pronounced light following (due to the preceding rules) • 3. Unvowelled and preceded by unvowelled (other than yā) and • But it may also be pronounced preceded by kasrah • 4. Unvowelled and preceded by heavy due to it being preceded by a unvowelled yā heavy letter T h e A r t of T a j w e e d 13 Lessons to Tajweed Comprehension Dr Abu Zayd Quran Literacy Institute A n Islamic Learning Foundation A f f i l i a t e

2011 The Childrens Bequest

SPOTLIGHT

The Ninth Imām: Ya‘qūb al-Baṣrī (d 205H)

The Childrens Bequest QUIZ

1. Whic are “heavy” 2. List one other heavy vowels, and which are influence on the ra, the “light” vowels? other than the vowels.

4. Heavy or light? 3. Is the ra in the word Unvowelled ra Qur‟an heavy or light? preceded by kasrah. Is this always so?

5. Heavy or light? Unvowelled ra, preceded by unvowelled ya, preceded by fatha. The Childrens Bequest

LESSON ELEVEN:

أىح ىكايـ ا ًإل ٍدغىاـ  THE RULES OF ASSIMILATION

The Childrens Bequest THE RULES OF ASSIMILATION  أىح ىكايـ ا ًإلدغىاـ  Basic Issue: When are two adjacent letters assimilated into each other?

 Basic Rule: 1. The default articulation of every letter is iẓhār (overt pronunciation) 2. Sometimes the letters are assimilated based upon their similarities and their vowel states

 Basic Principles: . There are four basic types of adjacent letter pairs: 1. Mithlayn  2 Identical Letters (same makhraj + attributes) 2. Mutaqāribayn  2 Close Letters (similar makhraj + attributes) 3. Mutajānisayn  2 Similar Letters (same makhraj, different attributes) 4. Mutabā‘idayn  2 Distant Letters (very different makraj + attributes) . There are four basic vowel configurations for adjacent letters: 1. Unvowelled/vowelled  Ṣaghīr: often results in assimilation 2. Both vowelled  Kabīr: rarely results in assimilation 3. Both unvowelled  Muqayyad: no assimilation 4. Vowelled/unvowelled  Muṭlaq: no assimilation The Childrens Bequest THE RULES OF ASSIMILATION ً  أىح ىكايـ اإلدغىاـ Basic Examples: ب ػ ب : Mithlayn Letters  Mutaqāribayn Letters: ؾ ػ ؽ ط ػ ت : Mutajānisayn Letters ح ػ ـ : Mutabā‘idayn Letters

 Four basic vowel configurations for adjacent letters: 1. Unvowelled/vowelled  Ṣaghīr: ً ا ٍذىى ٍب ب ًكتىابًي 2. Both vowelled  Kabīr: بًبىػ ٍع ًض 3. Both unvowelled  Muqayyad: ِم ْصر 4. Vowelled/unvowelled  Muṭlaq: َما َن ْن َس ْخ Note that these last 2 categories never result in assimilation and will not be discussed further, leaving only Ṣaghīr and Kabīr. The Childrens Bequest THE RULES OF ASSIMILATION  أىح ىكايـ ا ًإلدغىاـ M I T H L A Y N . 1

1. MITHLAYN (IDENTICAL) LETTERS ṢAGHĪR KABĪR

• When 2 identical letters appear • When 2 identical letters appear adjacently, with the first adjacently that are both unvowelled and the second vowelled, their default vowelled, they are always articulation is iẓhār in nearly all ً :assimilated cases النِّ ىك ا ًح ىح تَّى ح ىج وج This is known as Idghām • Mithlayn Ṣaghīr • Only a few limited exceptions • This can occur within one word exist, where these letters are or between 2 words assimilated (Idghām Mithlayn Kabīr) **details next slide ** ىك ق ىٍد َّد ىخليوا :Examples • ييد ًرٍك ُّك م ييك ًرٍىُّه َّن The Childrens Bequest THE RULES OF ASSIMILATION  أىح ىكايـ ا ًإلدغىاـ M I T H L A Y N . 1

Idghām Mithlayn Kabīr Examples

Surah Yusuf 12:11

• Original word  تىأٍىمػنَّا تىأٍىمػنيػنىا • The nūn is pronounced with ishmām or ikhtilās as a remnant of the first nūn • Ishmām = circling of the lips • Ikhtilās = 2/3 of a ḥarakah

The Childrens Bequest

G u e s s t h e R e c i t e r !

The Childrens Bequest THE RULES OF ASSIMILATION  أىح ىكايـ ا ًإلدغىاـ M I T H L A Y N . 1

Idghām Mithlayn Kabīr Other Examples Advanced Topic

[The word  Original word ً [18:95 • ىم َّكنىني ىم َّكػنِّي [The word  Original word ً [6:80 • أىتي ىحا ُّجونىني أىتي ىحا ُّجونِّي [The word  Original word ً [39:64 • تىأيميركنىني تىأيميركنِّي [The word ًً  Original word ً [2:271/4:58 • نع ىم ىما نعَّما

The Childrens Bequest

The R a s h i d H a m i d C h a i / S h a i B r e a k

The Childrens Bequest THE RULES OF ASSIMILATION  أىح ىكايـ ا ًإلدغىاـ M U T A Q ĀRIB AYN . 2

MUTAQARIBAYN ل ـ ر • Similar makhraj CLOSE) LETTERS) ت ـ ث • attributes &

Similar attributes ك ـ ث • but not makhraj

د ـ س • Similar makhraj ض ـ ر • but not attributes

د ـ ج • ,Same attributes ح ـ هـ • similar makhraj

ك ـ ت • Same attributes, ث ـ هـ • different makhraj ح ـ ث • The Childrens Bequest THE RULES OF ASSIMILATION  أىح ىكايـ ا ًإلدغىاـ M U T A Q ĀRIB AYN . 2

2. MUTAQARIBAYN (CLOSE) LETTERS

ṢAGHĪR KABĪR

• Assimilation mandatory in 4 • Never assimilated specific cases [next slide] • This is known as Idghām Mutaqāribayn Ṣaghīr The Childrens Bequest THE RULES OF ASSIMILATION  أىح ىكايـ ا ًإلدغىاـ M U T A Q ĀRIB AYN . 2

Idghām Mutaqāribayn Ṣaghīr 4 Cases

ال َّشم يس • ىك قيل َّر ِّب • الَّرًحيم • ي بىل َّرفىػىعوي اهلل ي • ل ـ الحروف الشمسٌة ل ـ ر

Nūn Sākin/Tanwī ق ـ ك n followed [ ٌرملو ] by • Single Qurʼānic example 77:20 ىمن يىعىمل • ً ً ً من ىكىراءه • The Childrens Bequest THE RULES OF ASSIMILATION  أىح ىكايـ ا ًإلدغىاـ M U T A J ĀNIS AYN . 3

3. MUTAJANISAYN (SIMILAR) LETTERS

ṢAGHĪR KABĪR

• General rule is iẓhār • Never assimilated • Assimilation mandatory in only 5 cases and optional in 2 cases [next slide] • This is known as Idghām Mutajānisayn Ṣaghīr The Childrens Bequest THE RULES OF ASSIMILATION  أىح ىكايـ ا ًإلدغىاـ M U T A J ĀNIS AYN . 3

Idghām Mutajānisayn Ṣaghīr 5 Mandatory Cases [ ت ] followed by vowelled [ د ] Unvowelled .1

[د ] followed by vowelled [ت ] Unvowelled .2

[ط ] followed by vowelled [ت ] Unvowelled .3

occurs in 2 verses [ظ ] followed by vowelled [ذ ] Unvowelled .4

Incomplete Idghām [ ت ] followed by vowelled [ط ] Unvowelled .5 The Childrens Bequest THE RULES OF ASSIMILATION  أىح ىكايـ ا ًإلدغىاـ M U T A J ĀNIS AYN . 3

Idghām Mutajānisayn Ṣaghīr 2 Optional Cases [ذ ] followed by vowelled [ث ] Unvowelled .1

[ـ ] followed by vowelled [ب ] Unvowelled .2

The Childrens Bequest THE RULES OF ASSIMILATION  أىح ىكايـ ا ًإلدغىاـ M U T A B Ā‘ID AYN . 4

4. MUTABA‘IDAYN (DISTANT) LETTERS

ṢAGHĪR KABĪR

• Never assimilation • Never assimilated

These are the majority of letter combinations The Childrens Bequest THE RULES OF ASSIMILATION  أىح ىكايـ ا ًإلدغىاـ

T h e A r t of T a j w e e d 13 Lessons to Tajweed Comprehension Dr Abu Zayd Quran Literacy Institute A n Islamic Learning Foundation A f f i l i a t e

2011 The Childrens Bequest

SPOTLIGHT

The Tenth Imām: Khalaf al-Baghdādī (d 229H)

The Childrens Bequest

LESSON TWELVE:

أىح ىكايـ الىم ٌد  THE RULES OF ELONGATION  Part 1: The Basic Madd

The Childrens Bequest THE RULES OF ELONGATION  أىح ىكايـ المد ى  Basic Issue: When are some vowels and sounds elongated to longer durations, and exactly how long?

 Only Tajweed term found in the Sunnah

 Linguistically: To elongate/lengthen/prolong

 Technical Definition: . Elongation of the vowel sounds of the three madd letters ُنو ِحٌ َها The Childrens Bequest THE RULES OF ELONGATION  أىح ىكايـ المد ى  A Peak at the Rules of Madd The Childrens Bequest THE RULES OF ELONGATION  أىح ىكايـ المد ى

Basic ال َمد األَصلًِ ال َمد ال َّطبٌ ِعً ِ Types of Madd ال َم ّد Derived ال َمد ال َفر ِعً The Childrens Bequest THE RULES OF ELONGATION  أىح ىكايـ المد ى THE BASIC MADD

 All the madd rules are built upon the 3 basic madd letters: قىا ى Unvowelled Alif preceded by Fatḥa ؿ ً  Unvowelled Yā preceded by Kasrah قي ىل  Unvowelled Wāw preceded by Dhamma يىػيقويؿ ً : Mnemonic نيوحيىها [ الىقصر  Its duration: 2 ḥarakas [referred to as

The Childrens Bequest THE RULES OF ELONGATION  أىح ىكايـ المد ى THE BASIC MADD

 Even small mistakes in Basic Madd changes meanings !!

”that“ أى َّف ”Verily we“ أىنَّا ”I“ أىنىا ٍ

”the women took“ أى ىخ ٍذ ىف ”we took“ أى ىخ ٍذنىا The Childrens Bequest THE RULES OF ELONGATION  أىح ىكايـ المد ى THE BASIC MADD

 The Basic Madd is the most common type of madd, with examples in every Qurʼānic verse !!

 How many examples can you find in the following verse?

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The R a s h i d H a m i d C h a i / S h a i B r e a k

The Childrens Bequest THE RULES OF ELONGATION  أىح ىكايـ الىمد THE BASIC MADD  There are 4 additional types of madd that follow the pattern of the Basic Madd: 1. MADD LĪN 3. SUBSTITUTE 4. LESSER  Unvowelled Wāw MADD [ ً ] CONNECTING ىمد عىوض  Stopping on tanwīn MADD [ ] ىمد ال ِّصلىة ال ُّصغىرل يوـ preceded by Fatḥa fatḥa is articulated as a  The attached 3rd person ى ى  Unvowelled Yā preceded [ـ ُه /ـ ِه ] Basic Madd Alif masculine pronoun by Fatḥa also [ َه ِذ ِه ]  plus the word بين ىش يكورا / ى ندا / ماء / بًنىاء ى ى follows the basic madd ن ي ى ن ن  Its duration: 2- ḥarakas  Exception words [ ] when ending with are الىقصر ػ  it is vowelled and between 2ة 2. 5 DISJOINTED pronouned with vowelled letters LETTERS [ ] unvowelled hā on ىح ُّي طيهور stopping , يا  م , حا  ح  رحمة ن  ى ى ى ى , ىا  ق , طىا  ط ً  ى نعمة ن  ى ىرا ر The Childrens Bequest THE RULES OF ELONGATION  أىح ىكايـ المد ى THE BASIC MADD EXCEPTIONS TO THE LESSER CONNECTING MADD [ ] ىمد ال ِّصلىة ال ُّصغىرل  There are 5 exceptions to this rule according to the Ḥafṣ reading

Al-Zumar 39:7

Al-Furqan 25:69

They said: "Keep him and his brother and send to the cities men to collect.” Al-A‘raf 7:111

Al-Shuaraa 26:36

Al-Naml 27:28 The Childrens Bequest

G u e s s t h e R e c i t e r !

T h e A r t of T a j w e e d 13 Lessons to Tajweed Comprehension Dr Abu Zayd Quran Literacy Institute A n Islamic Learning Foundation A f f i l i a t e

2011 The Childrens Bequest

SPOTLIGHT

Imām al-Shāṭibī (d 590H)

The Childrens Bequest

LESSON TWELVE:

أىح ىكايـ الىم ٌد  THE RULES OF ELONGATION  Part 2: The Derived Madd

The Childrens Bequest THE RULES OF ELONGATION  أىح ىكايـ المد ى  A Peak at the Rules of Madd The Childrens Bequest THE RULES OF ELONGATION  أىح ىكايـ المد ى THE DERIVED MADD

 Sometimes the basic madd is prolonged beyond 2 durations due to certain elements (known as causes, sabab/asbāb, for madd)  There are 2 causes of madd

Hamzah َهم َزة Causes of Madd Sukūn أس َباب ال َم ّد ُس ُكون The Childrens Bequest THE RULES OF ELONGATION  أىح ىكايـ المد ى THE DERIVED MADD The Derived Madd

Hamzah Sukūn (following madd letter)

Presented After Before Actual (due to stop) َمد َجا ِئز Different Same ḥarakahs 6 َمد َالزم 2 َمد َب َدل word word ِ 2, 4, 6 َمد َوا ِجب َمد َجا ِئز In a letter ال َحرفًِ In a word َ ِ ِ الكلمً م َّت ِصل َ العالىمػًيػن ءادـ ُ ُمنف ِصل ى ى َكم َع َسل َن َقص ى ىى 4,5 2,4,5 Shaddah Sukūn Shaddah Sukūn Heavy Light Heavy Light النِّ ىساء ى الى أىعبييد

  ءىالٍئىػٰ ىن ال ىحآقَّة ي The Childrens Bequest THE RULES OF ELONGATION  أىح ىكايـ المد ى THE DERIVED MADD The Childrens Bequest THE RULES OF ELONGATION  أىح ىكايـ المد ى THE DERIVED MADD The Childrens Bequest THE RULES OF ELONGATION  أىح ىكايـ المد ى THE DERIVED MADD The Childrens Bequest THE RULES OF ELONGATION  أىح ىكايـ المد ى THE DERIVED MADD The Derived Madd

Hamzah Sukūn (following madd letter)

  ءىالٍئىػٰ ىن ال ىحآقَّة ي

The Childrens Bequest

LESSON THIRTEEN

THE FINAL SESSION: MISCELLANEOUS MATTERS  1. The Imālah Vowel  2. Rules of Stopping  3. Symbols of Mushaf  4. Voice Hygiene  5. What Next?

The Childrens Bequest THE IMĀLAH VOWEL  أىح ىكايـ اإلمالة

FATḤ

IMĀLAH

YĀ

Advanced Topic The Childrens Bequest THE IMĀLAH VOWEL  أىح ىكايـ اإلمالة FATḤ

IMĀLAH

Y Ā Advanced Topic The Childrens Bequest THE IMĀLAH VOWEL  أىح ىكايـ اإلمالة

 Only one place of Imalah in the reading of Hafs: Hud 11:41

Advanced Topic The Childrens Bequest THE IMĀLAH VOWEL  أىح ىكايـ اإلمالة FATḤ

TAFKHĪM TARQĪQ

TAQLĪL

IMĀLAH

Y Ā Advanced Topic T h e A r t of T a j w e e d 13 Lessons to Tajweed Comprehension Dr Abu Zayd Quran Literacy Institute A n Islamic Learning Foundation A f f i l i a t e

2011 The Childrens Bequest

LESSON THIRTEEN

THE FINAL SESSION: MISCELLANEOUS MATTERS  1. The Imālah Vowel  2. Rules of Stopping  3. Symbols of Mushaf  4. Voice Hygiene  5. What Next?

The Childrens Bequest THE RULES OF STOPPING  أىح ىكايـ الوقف ى  The Importance of the Topic  The Foundational Principle ** Stop on Each Verse ** Umm Salamah: إن النب ًّ كان ٌقطع قراءته آٌة آٌة: }ال َح ْم ُد لِل َر ِّب ا ْلعا َلمٌن} ثم ٌقف، }ال َّر ْحم ِن ال ّرحٌم} ثم ٌقف When the Prophet used to recite, he would pause on each verse. [Aḥmad, al-Tirmidhī, Abū Dāwūd, al-Ḥākim, authenticated by Ibn Ḥajar, Aḥmad Shākir, al-Albānī]  Types of Stopping: [الوقف اإلضطراري] The Forced Stop .1 Restart at the word itself or prior to it at appropriate place [الوقف اإلختباري] The Tested Stop .2 [الوقف اإلنتظاري] The Waiting Stop .3 [الوقف اإلختٌاري] The Elective Stop .4 The Childrens Bequest THE RULES OF STOPPING  أىح ىكايـ الوقف : Types of Elective Stopping ى [الوقف ال ّتام] The Perfect Stop .1 Stopping on a word, usually at the end of a verse, which completes the meaning of the verse or passage and is not in any way connected to what follows it. The Childrens Bequest THE RULES OF STOPPING  أىح ىكايـ الوقف : Types of Elective Stopping ى [الوقف ال ّتام] The Perfect Stop .1 Stopping on a word, usually at the end of a verse, which completes the meaning of the verse or passage and is not in any way connected to what follows it.

The Childrens Bequest THE RULES OF STOPPING  أىح ىكايـ الوقف : Types of Elective Stopping ى [الوقف ال ّتام] The Perfect Stop .1 Stopping on a word, usually at the end of a verse, which completes the meaning of the verse or passage and is not in any way connected to what follows it. [الوقف الكافً] The Sufficient Stop .2 Stopping on a word, either at the end of a verse or within it, which completes the meaning of the verse or passage but is still contextually connected to what follows it. [الوقف الحسن] The Good Stop .3 Stopping on a word, either at the end of a verse or within it, which completes the meaning of the verse or passage but is still connected to what follows it both contextually and grammatically. May stop on it but not begin at that point, unless it is the end of a verse. The Childrens Bequest THE RULES OF STOPPING  أىح ىكايـ الوقف : Types of Elective Stopping ى [الوقف ال ّتام] The Perfect Stop .1 Stopping on a word, usually at the end of a verse, which completes the meaning of the verse or passage and is not in any way connected to what follows it. [الوقف الكافً] The Sufficient Stop .2 Stopping on a word, either at the end of a verse or within it, which completes the meaning of the verse or passage but is still contextually connected to what follows it. [الوقف الحسن] The Good Stop .3 Stopping on a word, either at the end of a verse or within it, which completes the meaning of the verse or passage but is still connected to what follows it both contextually and grammatically. May stop on it but not begin at that point, unless it is the end of a verse. [الوقف القبٌح] The Reprehensible Stop .4 Stopping on any word that corrupts the meaning of the text The Childrens Bequest THE RULES OF STOPPING  أىح ىكايـ الوقف : Types of Elective Stopping ى [الوقف القبٌح] The Reprehensible Stop .4

Al-Nisaa 4:43

Al-Baqarah 2:22

Al-Fatiha 1:1 The Childrens Bequest THE RULES OF STOPPING  أىح ىكايـ الوقف  Symbols for Stopping ى Mandatory stopping :[ ـ ] .1

Ya sin 36:76 Stopping prohibited :[ ال ] .2

Mumtahina 60:1 3. [ ]: Stopping allowed but joining preferred 4. [ ]: Stopping preferred but joining allowed

Stopping or joining equally preferred Al-baqarah 2:271 :[ ج ] .5

6. [ ]: May stop on either of the two, but not both

Al-baqarah 2:2

Al-maidah 5:26 The Childrens Bequest THE RULES OF STOPPING  أىح ىكايـ الوقف ى  Ways of Stopping

إسكان .1 الروم .2 إشمام .3

Advanced Topic The Childrens Bequest

The R a s h i d H a m i d C h a i / S h a i B r e a k

The Childrens Bequest VOICE MAINTENENCE  أىح ىكايـ الصوت VOICE HYGEINE

The Childrens Bequest VOICE MAINTENENCE  أىح ىكايـ الصوت 8 STEPS TO VOICE HYGEINE 1. Adequate Rest 2. Exercise to Keep You Fresh/Energetic 3. Adequate Hydration/Prevent Dryness  Humidifiers/Plants/Water 8 glasses per day  Avoid decongestants/antihistamines/caffeine 4. Avoid Mucogenic Foods  Milk/Dairy  Greasy Foods 5. Take Care of Your Sinuses 6. Avoid Lethargy-Inducing Foods  Red Meat/Animal Proteins  Heavy Meals The Childrens Bequest VOICE MAINTENENCE  أىح ىكايـ الصوت 8 STEPS TO VOICE HYGEINE 7. Prevent Vocal Abuse  Shouting, Loud Speech  Excessive Clearing of Throat  Avoid Temperature Extremes  Adopt silence as a rule 8. Pay Attention to Medical Conditions  GERD  Asthma  Allergic Rhinitis/Sinusitis  Common Colds The Childrens Bequest VOICE MAINTENENCE  أىح ىكايـ الصوت POWER UP YOUR RECITATION !

1. Focus on Tajweed precision rather than sounding Good 2. Use the Power of Breathing 3. Use the Power of Ghunnah 4. Use Silence/Pauses 5. Vary the Tempo/Volume/Pitch

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G u e s s t h e M u a d h d h i n !

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Introducing . . . Quran Literacy Institute  Vision: Ahl al-Qurʼān  History  Class structure 1. Formal class 2. Iqraa program  Tajweed halaqah  Annual plan: 3-4 classes/year  What makes us different?  Future prospects

The Childrens Bequest Quran Literacy Institute certificates Certificate of C o m p l e t i o n Certificate of Completion w i t h Perfect Attendance

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I j a z a h i n Q u r ’ a n The Childrens Bequest Quran Literacy Institute What Makes Us Different? Actual

Certifica Focused tion

Childrens 3- Bequest Dimensio nal Free Approac h

Textboo Sisters k The Childrens Bequest

 Congratulations!  What NEXT ?  The Advice to Sufyaan ibn Abdillah: ISTIQAMAH ً ً ً ً و إً َّف ل يكل ىعىمول شَّرةن، ىكل يكل شَّرة فىػٍتػرةن ، ً ً ى فىم ٍن ىكا ىف فىػٍتػرتيوي إًلىى يسنَّتي فىػىقد اٍىتىىد ٰل، ى ى ً كىم ٍن ىكانى ٍت إًلىى غىٍيًر ٰذل ىك فىػىق ٍد ىىلى ىك , ىIbn Hibban, authenticated by al-Mundhiri] Ahmad Shakir, Albani and Arnaut]

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T h e A r t of T a j w e e d 13 Lessons to Tajweed Comprehension Dr Abu Zayd Quran Literacy Institute A n Islamic Learning Foundation A f f i l i a t e

2011