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On Peking Archaisms by Hugh M. Stimson Abbreviations MORE ON PEKING ARCHAISMS BY HUGH M. STIMSON ABBREVIATIONS ' Kg according to Bernhard Karlgren's orthography, as in his Etudes suv la Phonologie chinoise (Leiden, 1915-26); Analytic dictionary, Chinese and Sino-Japanese (Paris, ig23) ; Gramntata serica = Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities I2.I-q.y (I94o); Crammata serica recensa = BMFEA 29.1-332 Compendium of phonetics in Ancient and Archaic Chinese = BMFEA 26.211-367 (1954). MC Middle Chinese = Karlgren's 'Ancient Chinese'. OC Old Chinese = Karlgren's 'Archaic Chinese'. OM Old Mandarin. Pk Modern Standard Mandarin, based on the Peking dialect. ST Sino-Tibetan. BIBLIOGRAPHY C Matthew Chen, "The time dimension: contribution toward a theory of sound change", Project on linguistic analysis : Reports, Second Series, No. 12, CHI-CH63 (1971). CD Yuen Ren Chao and Lien Sheng Yang, Concise dictionary of spoken Chinese, Cambridge, Mass., 1947. D Paul Demiéville, "Archaïsmes de prononciation en chinois vul- gaire", T'oung Pao 40.I-59 (1950). DKJ Morohashi Tetsuji, Dai Kanwa Jiten, Tokyo, 1955-60. GSR Bernhard Karlgren, Grammata serica recensa = BMFEA 29.1-332 (1957). GY Chén Péng-nián, Qiu Yong, and others, Guang yùn, preface dated in accordance with 1008; in Zhou Zu-mò, Guang-yùn jiào-ben, Peking, 1960. HFC Bei-jing Dà-xué Zhong-guó Yu-yán Wén-xué-xì Yu-yán-xué Jiào-yán-shì, ed., Hàn-yu fäng-yán Ci-hui, Peking, 1964. Kd George A. Kennedy, "A study of the particle yen", Journal of the American Oriental Society, 60.1-22,193-207 (1940); citation from T. Y. Li, ed., Selected works of George A. Kennedy, 27-78. (New Haven, 1964). M Samuel E. Martin, "The phonemes of Ancient Chinese", JAOS Supplement 16, (1953). QY Lù Fa-yán and others, Qie yùn, preface dated in accordance with 601. S: 1962 Hugh M. Stimson, "Ancient Chinese -p, -t, -k endings in the Peking dialect", Language 38.376-84 (1962). 173 S: 1966 -, The Jongyuan in yunn: a guide to Old Mandarin pro- nunciation, New Haven, 1966. ShYH Zhang Xiang, Shi-cí-qu yu-cí hui-shi, Peking, 1955. W William S-Y. Wang, "Competing changes as a cause of residue", Language 45.9-25 (1969). Y Yú Min, "Hàn-yu-de 'qi' gen Zàng-yu-de gji", Yan-jing xué-bào 37-75-94 (1949). YRC Yuen Ren Chao, A grammar of spoken Chinese, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1968. ZhYYY Zhou Dé-qing, Zhong-yuán yin yùn (between 1324 and 1330) ; in Hattori Shiro and Todo Akiyasu, Chugen on'in no kenky� Tokyo, i958. To account for the phonological relationship between forms in a proto-language and the corresponding forms in a daughter language, we rely heavily on general statements about this relationship that together describe the regular sound changes 1). As we proceed, we adjust these statements to account for other aberrant forms and eventually incorporate most of these into a revised set of general statements about the regular sound changes. But eventually, in spite of our best efforts at this sort of fine tuning, we end up with a few recalcitrant forms. At this point we abandon the safe rigors of regular laws and resort to other means of explanation that are more likely to be subjective and risky. Among these, borrowing from one or more closely related dialects is a recourse that has gained res- pectability, even though external corroboration is seldom possible. Dialect borrowing is made to seem more likely when it can be pointed out that there are indeed nearby dialects that can plausibly be said to have supplied the aberrant forms in the language being described. The idea of strains also seems useful. In 1962 I offered the following definition: "A strain is a manifestation of one dialect in a language which is a mixture of this and other closely related dialects. One strain is recognized as distinct from another in that it comprises a group of forms which share characteristics of phonological devel- opment from the proto-language not shared by forms grouped in other strains." (S: 1962, 378). Doublets, especially when they occur in sets that share characteristics of phonological development, provide convincing corroboration of the strain hypothesis. The term "doublet" appears in many places in what follows, so perhaps a .
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