LE CIVILTÀ DEL MEDITERRANEO E IL SACRO (Julien Ries)

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LE CIVILTÀ DEL MEDITERRANEO E IL SACRO (Julien Ries) TRATTATO DI ANTROPOLOGIA DEL SACRO DIRETTO DA JULIEN RIES VOLUME 3 LE CIVILTÀ DEL MEDITERRANEO E IL SACRO U. BIANCHI, I. CHIRASSI COLOMBO B.C. DIETRICH, M. GIMBUTAS, R. LEBRUN A. MAGGIANI, A. MOTTE, S. RIBICHINI, J. RIES, E SCHWARZ, M. SORDI, A. THEODORIDES, R. TURCAN Jaca Book-Massimo TRATTATO DI ANTROPOLOGIA DEL SACRO Trattato di Antropologia del Sacro diretto da JULIEN RIES Volume 3 LE CIVILTÀ DEL MEDITERRANEO E IL SACRO U. Bianchi, I. Chirassi Colombo, B.C. Dietrich, M. Gimbutas, R. Lebrun, A. Maggiani, A. Motte, S. Ribichini, J. Ries, F. Schwarz, M. Sordi, A. Théodoridès, R. Turcan Jaca Book-Massimo Traduzione Maria Giulia Telaro Cura della traduzione Dario Cosi e Luigi Saibene © 1991 Editoriale Jaca Book spa, Milano © 1992 per l’edizione italiana Editoriale Jaca Book spa, Milano Editrice Massimo s.a.s., Milano Prima edizione italiana febbraio 1992 Copertina e grafica ufficio grafico Jaca Book in copertina Piatto neolitico in ceramica della cultura di Ozieri con gruppo di figurine femminili in coro. Sassari, Museo Archeologico. In AA.VV., Storia della Sardegna, vol. 1, Editoriale Jaca Book, Milano 1988. ISBN 88-16-40298-9 (Jaca Book) ISBN 88-7030-373-X (Massimo) per informazioni sulle opere pubblicate e in programma d si può rivolgere a Editoriale Jaca Book - Servizio Lettori Via V. Gioberti 7, 20123 Milano, teL 02/4988927 oppure a Editrice Massimo sas viale Bacchiglione 20/A, 20139 Milano, tei. 02/55210800 INDICE Editoriale 15 Introduzione di Julien Ries 19 I. I primi villaggi in Siria e Palestina 19 1. Sedentarizzazione e neolitizzazione 19 2. Il Natufìano 20 II. Le religioni neolitiche mediterranee 20 1. L’emergere della religiosità neolitica 20 2. Religiosità neolitica in Anatolia 20 3. Religiosità neolitica nell’Europa mediterranea 22 III. Lo sviluppo delle grandi religioni mediterranee 23 1. Le migrazioni alla fine del Neolitico 23 2. L’eredità cretese e lo sviluppo del mondo greco 23 3. La religione dell’antico Egitto 24 4. I Fenici, popolo marinaro e colonizzatore 25 5. Il Mediterraneo ellenistico e romano 25 Parte prima IL MONDO MEDITERRANEO ARCAICO Religiosità e sacro nell’Anatolia antica e nei culti d’Asia minore di René Lebrun 31 Introduzione 31 5 Indice 1. Il quadro della ricerca 31 2. Le fonti per la nostra conoscenza del mondo anatolico 32 3. La complessità del mondo anatolico pre-cristiano 32 I. La struttura del pantheon anatolico ed il suo aspetto funzionale 33 1. Il binomio montagna-sorgente 33 2. Le divinità protettrici della natura 34 3. Il dio della guerra 35 4. Sole, luna e astri 35 II. Le relazioni dell’uomo con il divino 36 A. La festa e la sua ambientazione 36 1. Il tempio: «luogo privilegiato» della festa 36 2. La sacralità 37 3. Il calendario 37 4. I riti festivi 37 B. La preghiera 38 C. L’intervento degli dei nelle faccende umane 39 1. Il coinvolgimento diretto delle divinità 39 2. La divinazione 40 3. Gli dei e la giustizia 41 III. Società e sacro 42 1. La funzione regale 42 2. La funzione sacerdotale 42 3. L’azione liturgica ed il ruolo riservato al popolo 44 IV. Magia e sacro 45 1. Le guarigioni 45 2. Magia simpatica 46 Conclusioni 47 La religione della dea nell’Europa mediterranea: sacro, simboli, società di Marija Gimbutas 49 I. Le origini 49 II. Categorie, funzioni e simbolismo delle divinità 51 La dea della generazione 52 Dispensatrice di vita e signora degli animali e delle piante 52 La dea gravida dell’agricoltura: la Madre Terra 54 La dea uccello ed i suoi simboli 55 La dea serpente 57 La dea della morte 58 Indice Annunciatrice di morte in forma di uccello rapace 58 La dea bianca: il cadavere nudo e rigido delle sepolture 59 La dea della morte e della rigenerazione. I simboli della rigenerazione 60 Le divinità maschili 62 III. Le pratiche sepolcrali 63 Il rito funerario a due fasi: scarnificazione e sepoltura 65 A Malta ed in Sardegna; nel IV e III millennio a.C. 65 IV. Conclusione 67 Bibliografia 67 Religione, culto e sacro nella civiltà cretese-micenea di Bernard C. Dietrich 69 Le origini 69 I. Metodo e cronologia 73 II. Luoghi, figure e simboli di culto 75 III.. La concezione del sacro 83 Bibliografia 89 Parte seconda LA RELIGIONE EGIZIA L’uomo religioso ed il sacro nella religione dell’Egitto dei faraoni di Fernand Schwarz 93 I. Lo schema mentale egizio: una logica tutta particolare 93 Concetto di complementarità, fondamento delle ierofanie 95 II. Il pensiero cosmogonico, organizzatore dell’immagine del mondo 96 Il non esistente, oceano di ogni virtualità 96 Il dio primordiale: terzo incluso fra l’Uno ed il Molteplice 98 La creazione: passaggio dal non-esistente all’esistente 99 I collaboratori del signore universale 100 Il reale non si limita alla sola creazione 102 La rigenerazione, passaggio dall’esistente al non-esistente 103 Dottrina della circolazione, garanzia del mantenimento del mondo 104 III. Le strutture antropologiche dell’immaginario egizio 106 Indice L’Uroboros, figura chiave dell'immaginario egizio 106 Il regime sintetico dell’immaginario, matrice del pensiero simbolico egiziano 109 I due livelli dell’esistenza, ordine cosmico ed ordine naturale 110 IV. L’universo del rito 114 Il faraone, intermediario fra cielo e terra 114 Funzione del rito o attualizzazione del sacro 116 Riti di conservazione e rinnovamento del mondo 117 Interazione del concreto e dell’immaginario 118 L’uomo, architetto del proprio spazio sacro 119 V. Iniziazione, condizione dell’efficacia del rito 121 Passaggio dal mondo profano al mondo sacro 123 Illuminazione e trasmutazione 124 Morte ed iniziazione 125 Studio antropologico del diritto faraonico di Aristides Théodoridès 127 Impostazione del problema 127 Gli uomini, «gregge sacro» della divinità 128 Il «buon pastore» reale 129 La sebayt reale, «istruzioni» date dal capo dello stato al capo dell’amministrazione 130 Possibili estratti di codici 132 Fondamento del diritto civile 134 Atto di fondazione di un dignitario del Regno Antico 134 Atto di vendita concluso fra gente comune 136 Atto di disposizione di un sacerdote 137 Una donna legataria universale del marito 138 Testamento della moglie di un operaio contenente clausole di diseredazione 139 Carattere agricolo della società egizia 140 Diritto d’accesso alle cariche pubbliche 142 Sintesi 143 Carattere sacro del potere e positività del diritto privato 144 La donna egizia emancipata 145 Predominio socio-economico dell’uomo 146 Conclusione 147 Bibliografia 148 8 Indice I culti isiaci e il loro simbolismo sacrale nella vita religiosa dell’Egitto ellenistico e romano di Julien Ries 151 I. L’Egitto tolemaico e la nascita di una nuova cultura religiosa 152 II. Osiride, dio della vita 153 1. Una antichissima tradizione teologica e simbolica 153 2. Rituali ed usi liturgici 154 3. Osiride creatore di vita 155 III. Osiride, dio dell’aldilà 156 IV. Osiride e Serapide 158 1. Il problema dei rapporti fra Osiride e Serapide 158 2. Origine di Serapide e del suo culto 158 3. Serapide, un dio osirico 159 V. Iside. Culto e sacro 160 1. Sovrana universale 160 2. La devozione isiaca in Egitto 161 VI. Simbolo e sacro nei culti isiaci 162 1. La liturgia osirica 162 2. La cista e l’idria: manifestazioni della potenza divina 163 Conclusioni 164 Bibliografia 165 Parte terza FENICI ED ETRUSCHI Credenze e vita religiosa presso i Fenici ed i Cartaginesi di Sergio Ribichini 169 1. La documentazione e i problemi di metodo 169 2. La nozione del sacro. L’uomo e gli dei 171 3. La società divina 173 4. I miti 177 a. la cosmologia 177 b. l’origine della cultura 178 c. la storia degli Uranidi 179 5. Il culto pubblico 180 a. il personale 180 b. le feste e i sacrifìci 181 Indice c. la prostituzione sacra 182 d. santuari e luoghi di culto 184 6. Riti privati e devozione popolare. L’escatologia 185 7. Il problema del sacrificio umano 187 Bibliografia 189 L’uomo ed il sacro nei rituali e nella religione etrusca di Adriano Maggiani 191 La religione «primitiva» 192 Culto degli antenati 192 L’organizzazione del sacro. I primi santuari 193 Inconoscibilità della divinità suprema 193 Divisione dello spazio e del tempo. Riti di passaggio 194 Divinità della natura e della fertilità. Incompleta antropomorfizzazione 196 L’ellenizzazione del pantheon 197 Struttura del pantheon di età classica 199 Famiglie divine 200 Distribuzione degli dei nel cosmo 201 Semeiotica religiosa 202 Tecniche divinatorie maggiori. Libri haruspicini e fulgurales 202 Tecniche divinatorie minori. Aruspicum 204 Interpretazione di prodigia e portenta. Sortilegium 204 Il sacrifìcio 205 Rituali e calendari sacri 205 Il lessico del sacro 206 Sincretismo religioso 206 Bibliografia 207 Parte quarta IL MONDO GRECO Introduzione generale di André Motte 213 10 Indice Il sacro nello spazio politico: miti di origine, riti di integrazione di Ileana Chirassi Colombo 217 Introduzione 217 Miti di origine 218 Riti di integrazione 227 Il sacro nella natura e nell’uomo: la percezione del divino nella Grecia antica di Andre Motte 233 I. Il sacro nella natura 234 Il luogo sacro 235 Figure divine 237 La nozione di physis 248 II. Il sacro nell’uomo 250 Misteri di Eleusi. Dionisismo. Orfismo di Ugo Bianchi 259 Religiosità «olimpica» e religiosità «mistica» 259 La presenza di un «dio in vicenda» nei culti greci 261 L’inno a Demetra ed i misteri di Eleusi 264 a. L’inno pseudo-omerico 264 b. Il rituale 267 c. Quale tipo di pietà 268 d. I testi più tardivi 269 e. La fusione di due prospettive 270 Le differenze fra i culti di Eleusi ed i culti dionisiaci 271 La «misteriosofia» 272 L’orfismo: l’esempio più tipico di misteriosofia 274 Le radici dell'orfismo 277 Conclusioni 279 Bibliografìa 280 11 Indice Parte quinta ROMA ED IL SACRO L’homo romanus: religione, diritto e sacro di Marta Sordi 285 Introduzione 285 I.
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