JANUARY 2016 | ISSUE 74 GENETICS SOCIETY NEWS

In this issue The Genetics Society News is edited by Manuela Marescotti and items for future • Medal awarded issues can be sent to the editor, by email • Meetings to [email protected]. • Student and Travel Reports The Newsletter is published twice a year, with copy dates of July and January.

Cover image from the 2016 Genetics Society Autumn Meeting Functional genetic variation in the non-coding genome 10 – 11 November 2016, The Royal Society, London A WORD FROM THE EDITOR

A word from the editor

Welcome to ISSUE 74.

2016 has just begun and the ideal way Besides these two exciting articles to ease into the New Year is to take you will find a number of reports a break from the bench and to leaf written by the scientists supported through the new issue of the Genetics by the Genetics Society to organise Society newsletter with a cup of or to attend a genetics-related coffee! event. I would like to highlight In particular, you will find a very that these articles are no less topical interview granted to Kat interesting than the two mentioned Arney by Professor Alison Woollard, above. In fact, these articles upon being awarded the JBS clearly convey the enthusiasm Haldane lecture, because of her burning in you after a conference, great commitment and ability to where you had the opportunity communicate genetics. Professor to bring together scientists of the Woollard and Kat went together same field to network and build through the “genetic revolutions” up new collaborations that will mentioned by Alison during her benefit their research; or, that of a JBS Haldane lecture. I am not going young scientist, having presented to spoil the surprise, but I will say their work to a highly specialised that one of these revolutions, in audience that gave useful inputs for Professor Woollard’s opinion, is their study. the controversial topic of “genome To conclude, I think that this editing”. In fact, interestingly, this enthusiasm is a great fuel and issue is also addressed by another inspiration to go back to work, after article, authored by a novice scientist, the holidays, and plan the next but a promising one. David Walker experiments…and, hopefully, the (the author and a veterinary student) next holidays! imagines the consequences of the Read on and enjoy. “genetic revolutions” on human Best wishes, evolution and, thus, our future. Manuela Marescotti

David Walker (the author and a veterinary student) imagines the consequences of the “genetic revolutions” on human evolution and, thus, our future.

2 . GENETICS SOCIETY NEWS . ISSUE 74 ISSUE 74 . January 2016

For more details please contact: The Genetics Society Charles Darwin House 12 Roger Street London CONTENTS WC1N 2JU

Switchboard: +44 0203 793 7850 Email: [email protected] Web: www.genetics.org.uk Meeting Announcements 4 - 5 The Genetics Society Journals 2016 Meeting Heredity External Meetings Diary www.nature.com/hdy Managing Editor: Prof. Michael Bruford Sectional Interest Groups 6 Heredity Editorial Office, Cardiff University, Cathays Park, Cardiff, CF10 3AX Genetics Society Business 7 - 11

Genes and Development Genetics Society Meeting Report 12 - 14 www.genesdev.org Building the brain: from genes to circuits and cognition Editor: Dr T. Grodzicker Genes & Development, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Genetics Society Sponsored Events 26 - 35 500 Sunnyside Boulevard, Woodbury, New York, 11797, USA The Scottish Drosophila Meeting Annual Conference and AGM 2015 Committee members Second international conference on Mendelian randomization President Features 15 - 18 Prof Wendy Bickmore, University of Edinburgh The science that will transform our future Vice-Presidents Genetic Revolutions Prof Malcolm Logan, King’s College London Book: Herding Hemingway’s Cats Prof Rebecca Oakey, King’s College London Prof Alison Woollard, University of Oxford Travel Reports 19 - 29 Actin and microtubule cytoskeleton in cell motility and Honorary Secretary Prof Tanya Whitfield, University of Sheffield morphogenesis EACR-AACR-SIC Honorary Treasurer Gordon Research Conference on Red Cells Prof Anne Donaldson, University of Aberdeen Dicty 2015 Scientific Meetings Secretary 15th European Society for Evolutionary Biology Meeting Mrs Dominique Kleyn, Bioindustry Association CSHL- The Eukaryotic DNA Replication & Genome Maintenance Newsletter Editor Dr Manuela Marescotti, EMBL Symposium-The Mobile Genome The Brainwave-Discovery Ltd, Edinburgh Genome Engineering: The CRISP/Cas Revolution 2015 CSHL- Neurobiology of Drosophila Postgraduate Representative Ms Lynsey Hall, University of Edinburgh Introduction to RAD-seq Data Analysis CHRO 2015 Ordinary Committee Members 65th Annual Meeting of the American Society for Human Dr Kay Boulton, University of Edinburgh Genetics Dr Marika Charalambous, Queen Mary, University of London Prof Elizabeth Fisher, University College London Prof Richard Flavell, London Heredity Fieldwork Grant Report 31 Dr Jim Huggett, LGC, Teddington Multi-host pathogens of honeybees and wild bumblebees Prof Mark Jobling, University of Leicester Prof Judith Mank, University College London Training Grants 32 - 34 Dr Jonathan Pettitt, University of Aberdeen Geometric Morphometric and Phylogeny course Dr Michael Simpson, King’s College London “Optic Microscopy & Imaging in the Biomedical Sciences” workshop Dr Martin Taylor, University of Edinburgh CTR Placental Biology Course Dr Douglas Vernimmen, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh Prof Eleftheria Zeggini, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge Studentship Reports 35 - 46 Design and Print Wrt-2 expression and regulation in C.elegans Collaborate Agency Using CRISPR-Cas9 to generate an FLC deletion in the www.collaborate.agency Arabidopsis genome Novel roles for exoribonuclease Dis3L2 in cell Advertising in Genetics Society News proliferation represents an opportunity to reach Investigation of gene function in zebrafish a large community of professional Genetic analysis of AGMo-1 geneticists. For rates please email Torsional stress in genomic DNA [email protected] Synthetic Spindle Assembly Checkpoint arrest Alternative isoforms of Cdkl5 Validating weighted burden gene based association tests

www.genetics.org.uk . 3 2016 Genetics Society Autumn Meeting Functional genetic variation in the non-coding genome

10 – 11 November 2016, The Royal Society, London

We are awash with whole genome sequencing data from normal Confirmed Speakers tissues and cells from a very wide variety of organisms from bacteria To be announced. to humans. In addition, there are equally large sets of data derived You can keep up to date by from human clinical samples. We have learnt that sequence visiting www.genetics.org.uk variation between individuals may be associated with differences in gene expression which in turn can lead to changes in phenotype Scientific Organisers and to disease. However, most of this variation is not currently Wendy Bickmore, University of Edinburgh, UK interpretable because, apart from changes affecting the tiny fraction Doug Higgs, University of Oxford, UK of the genome that codes for proteins, we do not understand the Chris Ponting, University of Edinburgh, UK functional significance of most genome variation. Martin Taylor, University of Edinburgh, UK Our challenge is to distinguish functional from non-functional Richard Flavell, Ceres Inc, USA variants, and to understand how they cause changes in phenotype Award Speakers between individuals and throughout evolution. This meeting brings together scientists using genetics, genomics, computational, cell Felicity Jones, Max Planck Institute, Germany (Balfour 2016) and developmental biology to discuss how to identify functional Duncan Odom, Cancer Research UK (Mary Lyon 2016) elements in the non protein-coding portion (99%) of the genome Ben Lehner, Center for Genomic Regulation, Spain (Balfour 2015) and to determine how they affect gene expression. Such elements include distal regulatory elements driving spatial and temporal gene expression and non-coding RNAs. Speakers at the meeting will be chosen to draw on examples from multiple plant and animal species.

for registration, visit www.genetics.org.uk 5 EXTERNAL MEETINGS DIARY

We will happily include any announcements for genetics-based meetings in this section. Please send any items to the editor.

Fundamentals of Clinical Genomics Genomics of Rare Disease: Beyond the Exome 13—15 January 2016 13—15 April 2016 Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK www.clingensoc.org/news-events/events/ https://registration.hinxton.wellcome.ac.uk/events/ fundamentals-of-clinical-genomics-2016/ item.aspx?e=575

Genomic Practice for Genetic Counsellors Genomics of Brain Disorders 3—4 February 2016 25—27 April 2016 Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK https://registration.hinxton.wellcome.ac.uk/events/ https://registration.hinxton.wellcome.ac.uk/events/ item.aspx?e=573 item.aspx?e=576

Mouse Models of Disease NGS 2016 Glasgow Conference: Applications & Data 9—11 February 2016 Analysis Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, 27—28 April 2016 Cambridge, UK IET Glasgow: Teacher Building, 14 St Enoch Square, https://registration.hinxton.wellcome.ac.uk/events/ Glasgow G1 4DB item.aspx?e=488 https://biotexcel.com/event/ngs-2016-glasgow/

Translational Bioinformatics Workshop 16th International Xenopus Conference 22—26 February 2016 28 August—1 September 2016 Guy’s Hospital, London, SE1 9RT www.xenopus16.com/home www.guysandstthomasevents.co.uk/translational- bioinformatics-workshop-2016/

Evolutionary Systems Biology: From Model Organisms to Human Disease 2—4 March 2016 Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge UK https://registration.hinxton.wellcome.ac.uk/events/ item.aspx?e=568

Single Cell Biology 8—10 March 2016 Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK https://registration.hinxton.wellcome.ac.uk/events/ item.aspx?e=571 SECTIONAL INTEREST GROUPS 6

The Genetics Society helps support several sectional interest groups by providing meeting sponsorship. We currently have 11 groups who organise sectional interest meetings with the organizers and dates of any forthcoming meetings are listed below. If you are interested in any of these areas, please contact the relevant organiser. Groups who wish to be considered for sectional interest group status should see the Society website for further details.

Arabidopsis London Fly meetings Organiser: Ruth Bastow Organisers: Manolis Fanto and Nic Tapon ([email protected]) ([email protected]) and www.garnetcommunity.org.uk ([email protected])

Archaea group Mammalian Genetics and Development Organiser: Thorsten Allers Organisers: Nick Greene, Andrew Copp, ([email protected]) Andrew Ward ([email protected]) British Yeast Group Organiser: Jane Usher Mammalian Genes, Development and Disease ([email protected]) Organisers: Rosalind M John and David Tosh ([email protected]) C. elegans Organiser: Stephen Nurrish Meiosis group ([email protected]) Organisers: Hiro Ohkura (h.okhura.ed.ac.uk) Drosophila Organiser: David Ish-Horowicz Population Genetics Group ([email protected]) Organiser: Barbara Mable Monthly meetings are organised by: ([email protected]) Joe Bateman ([email protected]) The Zebrafish Forum Organiser: Rachel Ashworth ([email protected]), Ecological Genetics Caroline Brennan ([email protected]), Organiser: Paul Ashton Corinne Houart ([email protected]). ([email protected]) There are meetings at 5:30pm-8.00pm on the first Genetics Society Pombe Club Thursday of every other month. Room G12, New Organiser: Jacky Hayles Hunt’s House, King’s College - London SE1 1UL ([email protected])

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Honorary Secretary’s Notices Tanya Whitfield . Honorary Secretary, University of Sheffield

The Genetics Society Upcoming Annual General Meeting committee

he 2016 Annual General Meeting Nominations for Committee vacancies Tof the Genetics Society will take and Executive sub-Committee place during the Society’s Autumn vacancies for 2016 are now closed, Five Committee posts will be Scientific Meeting in November and election of new Committee falling vacant as of 1st May 2017: 2016, as there is no Spring Meeting members will take place via email 1 Newsletter Editor this year. Details will be announced in April 2016. Nominees will be 2 Ordinary Committee in the July Newsletter. Business publicised in advance by emails Member: Area ‘A’ at the AGM will include the to members, and on the Society’s (Gene structure, function and announcement of our awards website www.genetics.org.uk. regulation) for 2017, and the election of new members to the Society. 3 Ordinary Committee Member: Area ‘B’ Minutes of the April 2015 AGM can be found on the Society’s website. (Genomics) Current Committee members are listed in this Newsletter and can also be 4 Ordinary Committee found on the Society’s website. Member: Area ‘C’ (Cell and Developmental Genetics) 5 Ordinary Committee Member: Area ‘D’ Life Membership in the (Applied and Quantitative Genetics) The nomination deadline for these Genetics Society posts is Friday 25th November 2016. All members in good standing are ave you reached the age of remain eligible to vote in the Society welcome to nominate individuals Hretirement (65), but wish to AGM, but will not be required to pay for these upcoming vacancies continue with your involvement further subscriptions. Recipients of from members of the Society. in the Society? If so, and you are the Genetics Society Medal will also Nominations should be sent to the an ordinary member who has be offered Life Membership. Should Honorary Secretary, Tanya Whitfield discharged any arrears the might be you require additional information ([email protected]), and due to the Society, then you might about becoming a Life Member, must be made with the nominee’s consider applying to become a Life please contact The Genetics Society consent. Member of the Society. Life members Office ([email protected]). will continue to receive notices and

www.genetics.org.uk . 7 GENETICS SOCIETY BUSINESS 8

Genetics Society Medal Call for Nominations Nominations are now being invited for the 2018 Genetics Society Medal. he Genetics Society Medal four years may be nominated for the To make a nomination, please Tis an award that recognises award. The recipient will be invited confirm that your candidate is willing outstanding research contributions to deliver a lecture at a Genetics to be nominated, and then forward to genetics. The Medal recipient, Society meeting, where the medal a two-page CV of the candidate, who should still be active in will be awarded. together with a list of his or her ten research at the time the Medal is most important publications, plus a awarded, will be elected annually The 2016 Genetics Society Medal is one-page letter of recommendation by the Committee on the basis awarded to Professor Ottoline Leyser outlining why you feel their of nominations made by any (Sainsbury Institute, Cambridge). contributions to the field have been individual member of the Society. See the July 2015 Newsletter for a outstanding. Please submit these Those making nominations must profile of Ottoline’s career. supporting documents via email be members of the Genetics Society, Details of Professor Leyser’s talk to the Honorary Secretary of the but there is no requirement for will be announced as soon as they Genetics Society, Tanya Whitfield the nominee to be a member, nor are available. ([email protected]), by any restriction on nationality or The winner of the 2017 Genetics Friday, November 25th, 2016. residence. Neither current members Society Medal will be announced of the Committee nor those who at the AGM. have retired from office in the past

Call for Nominations The Mary Lyon Medal Nominations are now being invited for the 2018 Mary Lyon Medal. his award, named after the The 2016 Mary Lyon Medal is To make a nomination, please Tdistinguished geneticist Mary awarded to Dr Duncan Odom confirm that your candidate is Lyon FRS, has been established (CRUK Cambridge Institute). willing to be nominated, and then to reward outstanding research in See the July 2015 Newsletter for forward a two-page CV of the genetics to scientists who are in the a profile of Duncan’s career. Dr candidate, together with a list of middle of their research career. Odom will present his lecture his or her five most important The Mary Lyon medal will be awarded at the Genetics Society Autumn publications, plus a one-page letter of annually, and the winner will be Meeting, November 2016, at the recommendation outlining why you invited to present a lecture at one Royal Society in London. feel their contributions to the field have been outstanding. of the Genetics Society scientific The winner of the 2017 Mary meetings. Please submit these supporting Lyon Medal will be announced documents via email to the Honorary at the AGM. Secretary of the Genetics Society, Tanya Whitfield (t.whitfield@ sheffield.ac.uk), by Friday, November 25th, 2016.

8 . GENETICS SOCIETY NEWS . ISSUE 74 GENETICS SOCIETY BUSINESS 9

Call for Nominations The Balfour Lecture Nominations are now being invited for the 2018 Balfour Lecture. Note he Balfour Lecture, named the Genetics Society, but there is no that there is no restriction on Tafter the Genetics Society’s requirement for the nominee to be a the subject matter of the Balfour first President, is an award to mark member, nor is there any restriction Lecture. To make a nomination, the contributions to genetics of an on nationality or residence. please confirm that your candidate is willing to be nominated, and outstanding young investigator. The The 2016 Balfour Lecturer is Dr Balfour Lecturer is elected by the then forward a two-page CV of Felicity Jones, from the Friedrich the candidate, together with a list Society’s Committee on the basis of Miescher Laboratory of the Max nominations made by any individual of his or her ten most important Planck Society, Tübingen, Germany. publications, plus a one-page letter member of the Society. The only Felicity will present her lecture conditions are that the recipient of recommendation outlining why at the Genetics Society Autumn you feel their contributions to the of the award must normally have Meeting in November 2016, and a less than 10 years’ postdoctoral field have been outstanding. Please profile of her career will appear in submit these supporting documents research experience at the time the July 2016 Newsletter. of nomination. Any nomination via email to the Honorary Secretary, must be made with the consent The winner of the 2017 Balfour Tanya Whitfield (t.whitfield@ of the nominee. Those making Lecture will be announced at sheffield.ac.uk), by Friday, nominations must be members of the AGM. November 25th, 2016.

Call for Nominations The JBS Haldane Lecture Nominations are now being invited for the 2018 JBS Haldane Lecture. he JBS Haldane Lecture Date for the diary! – JBS Haldane The recipient will be selected by a Trecognises an individual for Lecture 2016 – Aoife McLysaght committee chaired by the Genetics outstanding ability to communicate The winner of the 2016 JBS Society’s Vice President for the topical subjects in genetics research, Haldane Lecture is Professor Aoife Public Understanding of Genetics widely interpreted, to an interested McLysaght (Trinity College Dublin, from nominations made by Society lay audience. This speaker will have Ireland). Aoife will be delivering members. Nominees need not be a flair for conveying the relevance her JBS Haldane Lecture at the members of the Society, but should and excitement of recent advances Royal Institution on Tuesday be active researchers working in the in genetics in an informative and 8th November 2016. A profile of UK. To make a nomination, please engaging way. The annual open Professor McLysaght can be found confirm that your candidate is willing lecture will be delivered on a topic, in the in the July 2015 Newsletter. to be nominated, and then submit and in a place, agreed with the both a two-page CV and a short Genetics Society. In addition to The winner of the 2017 JBS explanation of how the candidate delivering the Lecture, the recipient Haldane Lecture will be announced meets the criteria above. Please will receive an honorarium of £1000 at the AGM. submit nominations to the Honorary and a three-year membership of the Secretary, Tanya Whitfield, by email Society. ([email protected]), by Friday 25th November 2016.

www.genetics.org.uk . 9 GENETICS SOCIETY BUSINESS 10

Local Representatives

The Local Representative acts as a key liaison between the membership and the Society’s Office and Committee by helping to recruit new members, publicising the Society’s scientific meetings and other activities, and in providing feedback from the membership on matters of professional concern. The Society normally appoints only one local representative per company, institution or department, but exceptions can be made when there are semi-autonomous sub-divisions containing a substantial number of members or potential members.

We seek to fill vacancies and to update our database of Local Representatives on a yearly basis. Should you wish to volunteer as a local representative or if existing representatives wish to update their contact details, please contact the Honorary Secretary, Tanya Whitfield, by e-mail at [email protected].

SEE FULL LIST ON PAGE 11

10 . GENETICS SOCIETY NEWS . ISSUE 74 GENETICS SOCIETY BUSINESS 11

Genetics Society Local Representatives

Local representative Location Institute Professor Anne Donaldson Aberdeen University of Aberdeen Dr Glyn Jenkins Aberystwyth Aberystwyth University VACANT Ascot Imperial College London (Ascot and Silwood) Dr Araxi Urrutia Bath University of Bath Dr Declan McKenna Belfast University of Ulster, Belfast Dr Charlotte Rutledge Birmingham University of Birmingham Professor F C H Franklin Birmingham University of Birmingham Dr Felicity Z Watts Brighton University of Sussex Dr Colin M Lazarus Bristol University of Bristol (Biol. Sci) Professor Patricia Kuwabara Bristol University of Bristol (SOMs) Dr Philip Wigge Cambridge Sainsbury Laboratory Dr Ben Longdon Cambridge University of Cambridge (Dept of Genetics) Dr Ian Henderson Cambridge University of Cambridge (Dept of Plant Sciences) Dr Howard Baylis Cambridge University of Cambridge (Dept of Zoology) Dr Bénédicte Sanson Cambridge University of Cambridge (Dept Phys, Dev, Neuro) Dr Simon Harvey Canterbury Canterbury Christ Church University Dr William Davies Cardiff Cardiff University Dr Timothy Bowen Cardiff University of Wales College of Medicine Dr Jose Gutierrez-Marcos Coventry University of Warwick Dr Peter Glen Walley Coventry University of Warwick VACANT Dublin University of Dublin Professor Michael JR Stark Dundee University of Dundee Professor Ian Jackson Edinburgh MRC Human Genetics Unit, Edinburgh Dr Doug Vernimmen Edinburgh Roslin Institute, Edinburgh Dr Sarah Flanagan Exeter University of Exeter Dr Iain Johnstone Glasgow University of Glasgow Dr Kevin O'Dell Glasgow University of Glasgow Dr Fiona Green Guildford University of Surrey Dr Paul Potter Harwell MRC Harwell VACANT Hinxton Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute Dr Heather M Sealy-Lewis Hull University of Hull Professor Michael F Tuite Kent University of Kent Dr Andrew Peel Leeds University of Leeds, School of Biology Dr Ed Hollox Leicester University of Leicester Dr Craig Wilding Liverpool Liverpool John Moores University VACANT London Crick Institute VACANT London Imperial College London (South Kensington) Alex Blakemore London Imperial College London (Hammersmith) Professor Simon Hughes London King's College London Professor Richard A Nichols London Queen Mary and Westfield College VACANT London Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew Dr Claire Russell London Royal Veterinary College Prof. Harald Schneider London The Natural History Museum Professor E M C Fisher London UCL Institute of Neurology Dr Francesca Mackenzie London UCL Institute of Ophthalmology Dr Emanuela Volpi London University of Westminster Dr Yalda Jamshidi London St George's Hospital Medical School Dr Catherine Walton Manchester University of Manchester Dr Kirsten Wolff Newcastle University of Newcastle Professor Enrico Coen Norwich John Innes Institute Dr Tracey Chapman Norwich University of East Anglia Dr Richard Emes Nottingham University of Nottingham (Sutton Bonnington Campus) Professor John Brookfield Nottingham University of Nottingham (University Park Campus) Dr Paul Ashton Ormskirk Edge Hill University Professor Jonathan Hodgkin Oxford University of Oxford (Biochemistry) Professor Andrew O M Wilkie Oxford University of Oxford (John Radcliffe Hosp) Professor Liam Dolan Oxford University of Oxford (Plant Sciences) Dr Mairi Knight Plymouth University of Plymouth Dr Louise Johnson Reading University of Reading Dr Jon Slate Sheffield University of Sheffield Dr Richard Edwards Southampton University of Southampton Professor Mike Ritchie St Andrews University of St Andrews Dr Mario Vallejo-Marin Stirling University of Stirling Dr Lewis Bingle Sunderland University of Sunderland Dr George Johnson Swansea Swansea University Dr Gonzalo Blanco York University of York www.genetics.org.uk . 11 GENETICS SOCIETY SPONSORED EVENTS 12

The Scottish Drosophila Meeting 8th May 2015, St Andrews

he fourth Scottish and research programmes presented TDrosophila Meeting ranged from the genetic control of (ScotFly) was held this organ development and the use of year on the 8th May at the Drosophila as a model for human University of St Andrews. disease research to host-parasite The event was a small meeting co-evolution and the genetics of with representatives from complex courtship behaviours. various institutions with new and The meeting was, once again, very returning faces. successful and demonstrates a strong Although the meeting is and vibrant Drosophila research local, delegates came from community in Scotland. as far as Ohio, U.S.A. and Sponsorship, generously given by the Rennes, France. With Genetics Society allowed the meeting about 70 registered to run without registration costs attendees there were along with a lunch for attendees 14 speakers and 22 and a wine reception to stimulate presented posters. discussion aftern the talks. The Invited speakers next Scottish Drosophila Meeting were; Darren Obbard, is due to be held at the University University of Edinburgh; of Edinburgh. ScotFly 2015 was Megan Neville, University organised by Professor Michael G. of Oxford; Barry Denholme, Ritchie and Dr. Marcus Bischoff. University of Edinburgh and Stefan The full programme and further Pulver, University of St Andrews. As details are available at: http:// expected from a meeting with a focus synergy.st-andrews.ac.uk/drosophila/ on such a versatile system, the topics

The event was a small meeting with representatives from various institutions with new and returning faces. Although the meeting is local, delegates came from as far as Ohio, U.S.A. and Rennes, France. With about 70 registered attendees there were 14 speakers and 22 presented posters.

12 . GENETICS SOCIETY NEWS . ISSUE 74 GENETIC SOCIETY SPONSORED EVENTS 13

Annual Conference and AGM 2015 14th July 2015, London

he Genetic Alliance UK annual has changed, ending with a clinical trial examining a potential Tconference and AGM for 2015 consideration of what genome treatment for alkaptonuria. Alström was held on Tuesday 14th July at sequencing could hold for science Syndrome UK then spoke about Amnesty International’s Human and patients. their efforts to establish a patient Rights Action Centre in central Mark Bale of the Department of support service for their patients London. This was a celebration Health then spoke in a personal alongside the NHS. Niemann-Pick of Genetic Alliance UK’s 25th capacity to provide his insights UK closed the presentations with a anniversary of achieving charitable into how policy has evolved to deal reflection on how their organisation status and the progress it has with the many significant and often has grown, encouraging the achieved since. The conference was controversial issues that have arisen audience to collaborate with supported in part by a generous in the field of genetics. each other to achieve progress Genetics Society award, for which for patients with rare and genetic the charity is very thankful. Genetic Alliance UK has established conditions. the tradition of holding an Ninety-four people attended the Alastair Kent then closed the event event, 47 of them representing interactive session with attendees to help explore current and future by cutting an anniversary cake to our patient group members, with celebrate the 25th anniversary. other attendees being researchers, priorities for the organisation based clinicians, industry and staff. on feedback from our membership. We therefore invited the Academy Although the annual conference of Medical Sciences, which is is a key event for Genetic Alliance currently conducting a major UK and our membership, providing consultation exercise to establish an excellent opportunity to bring public priorities for public health in our members together, this was of the next 25 years, to lead a session particular relevance in our silver looking at how our members would jubilee year. We looked back at prioritise key issues. Participants our work since 1990 and progress were shown some archive public in healthcare for those living with health information films to reflect rare and genetic conditions, but the on past approaches and were then conference also provided a platform asked to complete an online survey to reflect on some of the successes on their smart phone or tablet, with that our member organisations have paper versions also available on achieved. the day. This led to a lively debate, Our Director, Alastair Kent, opened moderated by Professor Sarah the conference with his personal Harper of the University of Oxford. highlights of the organisation’s The conference culminated with an work as he has been with Genetic hour-long session to highlight the Alliance UK almost from its work of a cross-section of Genetic inception. Professor Karen Temple Alliance UK’s membership. of the University of Southampton’s Faculty of Medicine then gave The AKU Society gave an inspiring her thoughts on how the clinical presentation on their work to and technological environment drive patient involvement in a

www.genetics.org.uk . 13 GENETIC SOCIETY SPONSORED EVENTS 14

Second international conference on Mendelian randomization: From population health to pharmaceutical development 22nd-24th June 2015, Bristol

ver 200 scientists from across the cardiovascular disease and other summarized on the blog Oworld filled the Victoria Rooms diseases. [www.plengegen.com/blog/ at the University of Bristol, for the Dr Nic Timpson, a programme lead mendelian-randomization-drug- second international conference on in the MRC IEU said “It seems like discovery-development-highlights- Mendelian randomization methods. the approach (largely experimental bristol-meeting-june-2015/] of The first meeting of about 40 invited and unaccepted at the first meeting Dr Robert Plenge, one of the scientists was held in 2006, in Brno, in Brno) has come a long way in a invited speakers in the “Target Czech Republic. relatively short time. Development” session. Mendelian randomization as a Whilst MR will turn out to be part of The conference also hosted the method to study disease aetiology the evidence collecting process for launch of the International Journal and avoid the issues of reverse many scientific problems, we should of Epidemiology (IJE) causation, bias and confounding not underestimate the ability of this [http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/] special which have traditionally hindered approach to bridge the population issue on Mendelian randomization, epidemiological studies, has received and basic science arenas“. of which a copy was distributed to serious attention in the intervening conference delegates. One delegate reported “The years. Work presented at the The conference was kindly sponsored conference covered methods, major conference was great, very informative and interesting, and a by Illumina [www.illumina.com], study designs employing Mendelian DNA Genotek [www.dnagenotek.com] randomisation and applied examples fantastic programme”, and a further added “The science was exceptional, and the Genetics Society of the technique. Critically, this [www.genetics.org.uk], and the meeting engaged with industry and with a large number of inspiring and fascinating talks from both organisers are grateful for their hosted members of the clinical and support. commercial sectors to illustrate how influential senior scientists and important this approach is for the more junior contributors.” “I really For further information about the development, understanding and enjoy the methodological sessions”. MRC IEU, please visit the IEU website repositioning of drugs. Some aspects of the conference that [www.bristol.ac.uk/integrative- pertain to drug discovery have been epidemiology/]. This was well balanced across examples of research activity across the general epidemiology and social science arenas. Delegates at this conference were Work presented at the conference covered unanimous in their enthusiasm to learn more about methodological methods, major study designs employing developments and application in Mendelian randomisation and applied the pharmaceutical pipeline, social sciences, and causality in cancer, examples of the technique.

14 . GENETICS SOCIETY NEWS . ISSUE 74 15 FEATURES

The science that will transform our future

David Walker . University of Edinburgh

It is almost impossible to mention all of the ‘future-transforming’ inventions, and so I won’t be summarising the future, per se. However, I will say that we find ourselves at a crossroads, which begs the question: “what really makes us human?”

Dearest Present, Skipping forward to 1996, Dolly However, today, the advent of high the Sheep was born at The Roslin throughput genomic sequencing I’m sure you’ll agree that what the Institute. Since her announcement makes cracking somebody’s code a future holds is an exciting prospect. to the public, the first cloned animal fairly straightforward process. Good or bad, we are undoubtedly from a somatic cell has left behind a It is this kind of current science having the most profound impact on legacy of ethical questioning. What which could transform our future. the planet. ‘Science’, in its broadest if we cloned humans, and what if It could change the course of sense, has been at the frontline of we made them a little bit better? human evolution. Eugenics may change. We have shaped our own I know I could do with that extra seem unethical to you, but what if a environments, solved things deemed pair of hands! Many envisioned a genome screen was a pre-requisite for to be problems, but have also created transformed future, but these visions getting health insurance? our own profound adversities. are actually not so farfetched. Deviations from the ‘norm’ would It is almost impossible to mention Let’s consider the dystopian be frowned upon, or at least be all of the ‘future-transforming’ Britain in Kazuo Ishiguro’s 2005 financially punished. If you had the inventions, and so I won’t be novel, “Never Let Me Go”. Cloned choice, would you risk having your summarising the future, per se. humans are essentially organ farms, child being shorter than the rest? However, I will say that we find harvested until ‘completion’ and Probably. What if they had a gene ourselves at a crossroads, which begs considered expendable. leading to psychotic tendencies? the question: “what really makes us But if you are shocked by this There’s no harm in changing that… human?” prospect, what if a cloned organ right? Let me explain… could save your dying loved one? I could tell you that my twin brother With the exception of identical Would you clone parts of yourself, wrote this entire article up to this siblings, each and every one of the or even a whole new you, as an point. I have harvested his ideas. We 7 billion(ish) Homo sapiens has a insurance policy? are genetic clones after all, and as unique set of DNA, a genome. This Further, consider the superior, the first-born I have the right to take blueprint for life was previously designer humans in Andrew Niccol’s them for myself. Obviously this may encrypted, a code that needed to 1997 movie “GATTACA”. Those sound rather ridiculous and if true be cracked - and so it was. By 1953, not born as a result of eugenics would be unacceptable! But consider James Watson and Francis Crick are still subject to a screen of their the fictitious scenario of organ had published their paper on the genome from birth, told their faults, ‘plagiarism’ in a dystopic future structure of DNA. and shunned for inferior genetics. – perhaps word-theft isn’t so bad?

www.genetics.org.uk . 15 FEATURES 16

The majority of fictitious peoples’ What if individual thought is taken Kindest regards, thoughts aligned to acceptance of away and homogenised? It then D. Walker organ harvesting and of ‘designer has the potential to change the (Natural-Born Human: Class people’. Acceptance is certainly a very essence of what makes us all B-*UNINSURABLE*) route that could be taken. unique – an individuality controlled. However, we forget, although cloned What if the obsession with physical humans are genetically identical, perfection is the start of our you cannot create a collection of transformation, by homogenising thoughts and aspirations - these are our thoughts? Perfection and self- individual. In essence, this makes preservation by any means? identical twins unique. Despite our It is fair to say that science will underlying conformity, my twin and I transform our future, and it will be have been subject to countless arrays exciting. Regardless of robot butlers of uncontrolled stimuli, resulting in and transportation devices, one different people. We both rode bikes, certainty is that the future could be and hate peppers, but I am a vet transformed by technology that has and my brother’s an archaeologist. already been invented. Should clones therefore be afforded the same rights as anybody else?

Interview - Genetic revolutions Alison Woollard JBS Haldane prize lecture 2015 Dr Kat Arney . Science Information Manager at Cancer Research UK

Every year the Genetics Society recognises a person with an outstanding ability to communicate genetics through the JBS Haldane lecture and award. This year’s winner is Professor Alison Woollard from Oxford University, whose work focuses on the genetics of ageing. She gave her lecture at the beginning of November at the Royal Institution, focusing on key revolutions in genetic thinking. This article is adapted from Alison’s interview with Naked Genetics podcaster Kat Arney.

Alison: JBS Haldane was a very Kat: He was also quite cool! He was Kat: I love reading about him - he’s interesting scientist who was very into debating about ideas and my favourite geneticist, I think. He working in the UK in the 1930s and talking about them, wasn’t he? was a bit of a hippie, too. ‘40s, and ‘50s, and beyond. He was Alison: Yes – he was amazing! Alison: He’s like everyone’s fascinated by population genetics People say that Haldane was the favourite granddad I think. He was – in how to relate Mendel’s ideas best read of all scientists of his age, very left wing – a Marxist and a of heredity into whole populations but then they said that in order to socialist. He believed in equality – and he applied maths to work become that, he only had to read and was a great believer in the that out. He was one of the real his own work because he was so welfare state. He was passionate proponents of the importance of prolific. about education at all levels, quantitative analysis in biology. and that education is a great

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Haldane was very well-known for his skills in public communication – the Haldane lecture is a public talk where we try to bring genetic ideas to a very wide audience. My take on this was to really think about genetics as revolutionary, because Haldane was a revolutionary, and I wanted to have this idea of revolution in my lecture.

liberator. He also had weird and the idea of relating these hereditary Then you can really drill down into wacky ideas about all manner of principles to actual tangible things what it is that distinguishes one things – he spent a lot of time in in cells – namely the behaviour of organism from another and what India on the hippie trail and wrote chromosomes. That was the third distinguishes one disease from some fascinating books about his big revolution, that Thomas Hunt another. And now we’re in a new experiences there, and many other Morgan was involved in. era of understanding genomes and things besides. Kat: That’s all the fruit fly guys? also are beginning to manipulate them. That’s my last revolution – Kat: What were you trying to get Alison: Lots of fly stuff! And then across in your JBS Haldane lecture? genome editing. This is the idea after that came the molecular that we can now interfere with Alison: Haldane was very well- biology revolution. Not just Watson our genes and modify our genetic known for his skills in public and Crick, but all the people before destiny. But we need to be thinking communication – the Haldane them that showed that DNA is about whether or not that’s a good lecture is a public talk where we the hereditary material. And then thing, a bad thing, or an inevitable try to bring genetic ideas to a very those that came after, showing thing – whether it’s a good way wide audience. My take on this how gene expression works and of eradicating disease or whether was to really think about genetics how genes can be switched on it’s dangerous and might lead to as revolutionary, because Haldane and off. There was such a lot of designer babies and so on. So I was a revolutionary, and I wanted molecular biology that went on think people need to understand the to have this idea of revolution it – it was an absolute ferment in science behind those kinds of ideas in my lecture. And so I decided I the 1940s, ‘50s and into the ‘60s. if they’re to contribute to the debate would pick on what I considered to After that, people understood the about whether or not it should be the most important revolutions mechanism of heredity and how happen in the future. in genetics. I was probably a little it works at the level of molecules, bit ambitious because I started in but they didn’t understand the rest Listen to the full interview in 400 BC and ended up in the future, of biology. So people started to use the Naked Genetics podcast picking out the most important genetic techniques to understand from November 2015 at revolution in terms of genetic ideas, other things like cell division and nakedscientists.com/genetics starting with Mendel and then development: how cells end up in moving on from that. the right place doing the right thing, Kat: You had seven revolutionary what differentiates one cell from ideas. Tell me about some of them. another and so on. That was a very important thing. Alison: Of course there were Mendel’s Principles of Heredity. Kat: And then we get to the genome Mendel proposed a mechanism for and the era of genomics. heredity that was missing from Alison: That’s almost a 21st century Darwin’s Theory of Evolution by idea – that you can sequence whole Natural Selection and that was genomes and understand the entire really important. And then we have genetic makeup of an organism.

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Herding Hemingway’s Cats by Kat Arney

ur very own Naked Genetics Figuring out how it all works – how Opodcaster Kat Arney has your genes make you, you – is a major written a new book unpacking the challenge for researchers around the complexities of modern genetics world. And what they’re discovering for the general public, engagingly is that far from genes being a fixed, and wittily told through fascinating deterministic blueprint, things are stories, interviews and anecdotes. much more random and wobbly than The language of genes has become anyone expected. common parlance. We know they Drawing on stories ranging from make your eyes blue, your hair six-toed cats and stickleback hips curly or your nose straight. The to Mickey Mouse mice and zombie media tells us that our genes genes – told by researchers working control the risk of cancer, heart at the cutting edge of genetics – Kat disease, alcoholism or Alzheimer’s. Arney explores the mysteries in our The cost of DNA sequencing has genomes with clarity, flair and wit, plummeted from billions of pounds creating a companion reader to the to a few hundred, and gene-based book of life itself. A sprightly, energetic tour through the minds of those trying to understand advances in medicine hold huge Published by Bloomsbury Sigma in promise. genes. Each snappy chapter is a January 2016, Herding Hemingway’s remarkable feat of information and So we’ve all heard of genes, but how Cats features interviews with fascination. (Robin Ince, comedian, do they actually work? researchers working at the cutting writer and co-presenter of The Infinite There are 2.2 metres of DNA inside edge of genetics, past and present Monkey Cage and The Quest for every one of your cells, encoding – from Nobel prize-winners and Wonder) Genetics Society president Wendy roughly 20,000 genes. These are the If you want to find out for whom ‘recipes’ that tell our cells how to Bickmore to the next generation of young scientists. the cell mutates, then Herding make the building blocks of life, Hemingway’s Cats is for you. Kat along with myriad control switches Read an extract online now at bit. Arney decodes the greatest works of ensuring they’re turned on and off ly/HHCextract and use the special nature, written in the language of the at the right time and in the right member discount code GENES to genes. (Roger Highfield, author, science place. But rather than a static string save money when you buy direct journalist and museum executive) of genetic code, this is a dynamic, from the publisher’s website: bit.ly/ writhing biological library. HHCBloomsbury Kat is one of the world’s finest science communicators and enthusiasts. Herding Hemingway’s Cats is a joy to read and a masterclass in making Kat Arney explores the mysteries in our the complex story of life accessible, genomes with clarity, flair and wit, creating entertaining and relevant. (Mark Stevenson, author of An Optimist’s a companion reader to the book of life itself. Tour of the Future)

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Actin and microtubule cytoskeleton in cell motility and morphogenesis 20th-26th May, 2015. Roscoff, France

Sanju Ashraf . University of Edinburgh

attended the actin and The first session of the conference ended with an amazing dinner in a Imicrotubule meeting organised focused on “control of self-assembly: sea-facing dining area, which was by Thomas Surrey (UK) and Marie- chemical and structural aspects”. a great opportunity to meet lot of France Carlier (France), which was In this session Eva Nogales people and have very cool scientific held from 26-30 May 2015. This was (Berkeley, USA) gave an excellent discussions in a more informal a large, international meeting on talk on the structural basis of manner. the Cytoskeleton at which I was microtubule dynamic instability A second key note lecture was given selected to present my work as a and its regulation. This session also by Victor Small (Vienna, Austria) poster entitled “ Multiple modes of had a wonderful talk by Jan Lowe who gave a fascinating talk about establishing polarised growth in (Cambridge, UK) about the bacterial lamellipodium. The conference took fission yeast S. pombe”. The meeting cytoskeleton titled “pushing and place over four days and had a wide was organized at the beautiful pulling of DNA through bacteria. range of interesting talks on different seaside town of Roscoff (Brittany) in Both these talks focused on using aspects of actin and microtubule the marine biological station. advanced cryo-EM techniques to cytoskeleton. One of the things that The meeting started with an address fascinating questions in struck me at this meeting was the amazing keynote lecture by Tim cytoskeleton biology. truly fascinating imaging and image Mitchison whose lab has done Second session of Day 1 focused on analysis techniques used by different outstanding work in improving nucleation and polymerization. In groups to address various biological the understanding of microtubule this session, David Kovar (Chicago, problems. The meeting ended with a nucleation and dynamics. His USA) gave a very interesting talk banquet dinner where Tim Mitchison talk focused on how a very large on how profilin regulates f-actin thanked the organizers for such an cell divides using quantitative homeostasis by favouring formin over amazing conference where both the microscopy and modelling to Arp2/3 complex. In the afternoon, actin and microtubule communities understand this process. we had the poster session where I could come together and discuss the The conference was divided into presented my work for a 2 hour-long progress and challenges faced in each different sessions focusing on session. fields. roles of actin and microtubule The poster session was very I would like to thank the Genetics cytoskeleton in cell movement, interactive and I was able to get Society for providing me with this cell division, migrations etc. lot of constructive feedback and wonderful opportunity to attend this suggestions. The long day of talk conference.

The meeting started with an amazing keynote lecture by Tim Mitchison whose lab has done outstanding work in improving the understanding of microtubule nucleation and dynamics. His talk focused on how a very large cell divides using quantitative microscopy and modelling to understand this process.

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EACR-AACR-SIC - Anticancer Drug Action and Drug Resistance 20th-23rd June, 2015. Florence, Italy

Ricky Trigg . University of Leicester

n June, three international cancer disease via conventional imaging investigating the utility of circulating Isocieties joined forces to host an modalities. Professor Caroline Dive cell-free DNA (cfDNA) as a non- interdisciplinary conference entitled shared her work on the isolation and invasive biomarker for the early “Anticancer Drug Action and Drug analysis of circulating tumour cells detection of lung cancer, using blood Resistance: From Cancer Biology (CTCs), which she uses to generated samples from both mouse models and to the Clinic.” Held in the beautiful CTC-derived xenografts as models patients with lung cancer. In addition Renaissance city of Florence (Italy), of small-cell lung cancer. She uses to disseminating my work to fellow and attracting nearly a thousand these models to screen existing and participants, this was a fantastic delegates from fifty-one countries, novel compounds, with the aim of opportunity to network with fellow the event showcased cutting-edge identifying effective drug strategies scientists and leaders in the fields, research from a diverse range of for this aggressive and poorly and I also received career advice from topics including tumour evolution and understood lung cancer subtype. several scientists working in the heterogeneity, liquid biopsies, next- Professor Dive is also investigating biotechnology sector. generation sequencing, epigenetics the utility of CTCs as prognostic I am indebted to The Genetics Society and immunotherapy. biomarkers and tools to understand for their generosity in funding The conference comprised a series of the genetic heterogeneity of primary my attendance at this stimulating keynote lectures, topical symposia, and metastatic tumours. and influential conference, and proferred papers and poster sessions, I had the opportunity to present my I recommend multidisciplinary in addition to a range of evening PhD research as a poster, which gave conferences of this kind to other networking events that were me experience in communicating PhD students and early career sponsored by exhibitors. I found my work to a range of people outside researchers. Professor Charles Swanton’s lecture my immediate subject area. I am on intratumoural heterogeneity particularly stimulating; he has been a key opinion leader in this area for several years and has greatly influenced the way in which we view Held in the beautiful Renaissance city of the clonal architecture of malignant Florence (Italy), and attracting nearly a tumours, particularly in the context of targeted cancer therapies. Relating thousand delegates from fifty-one countries, to this concept, Professor Alberto the event showcased cutting-edge research Bardelli provided recent evidence that therapeutic resistance can be from a diverse range of topics including monitored in the blood using droplet tumour evolution and heterogeneity, liquid digital PCR and next-generation sequencing, and, in many cases, this biopsies, next-generation sequencing, preceded the detection of relapsing epigenetics and immunotherapy.

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Gordon Research Conference on Red Cells 28th June-3th July, 2015. Holderness, USA

Matthew Shannon . King’s College London

his year the Gordon Research student in the department of Medical directions of red blood cell research. TConference on Red Cells was and Molecular Genetics at King’s As well as the conference itself, the held at Holderness School, New College London. My PhD focusses on Holderness School site was a great Hampshire, USA. The conference genetic and epigenetic factors that experience, the school is quite isolated focusses on the biology of influence the phenotypic severity of in the picturesque countryside of erythrocytes, looking at development, Sickle Cell Anaemia, so the Red Cells New Hampshire, and as a result maturation, disorders, epigenetics conference was of great relevance the conference has a very sociable and transcriptional control, with a to my project. The conference was a atmosphere, with roughly 150 particular emphasis on presenting great experience, and was invaluable attendees spending the entire week on unpublished data. As with many to my PhD work, particularly due the conference site. Gordon Research Conferences, this to the feedback during the poster was preceded by a Gordon Research sessions, from both PhD students and I am extremely grateful to the Seminar; a short meeting targeted PIs, there were some really useful Genetics Society for awarding me a at PhD students and early career comments from researchers that are travel grant, and I would strongly researchers, providing an opportunity using similar techniques and have recommend anyone working on to present current work in a less encountered similar obstacles. erythrocytes to consider the next formal environment. Red Cells conference, and especially This was a great opportunity to the Gordon Research Seminar, I was fortunate enough to be able to listen to talks by some of the leading which is a great chance to meet attend both the conference and the researchers in the field, and to see other researchers in an informal seminar this year, with the generous unpublished work that these lab environment. support of a Genetics Society travel groups are currently carrying out, grant. I am a second year PhD providing great insight into the future

Dicty 2015 - Annual International Dictyostelium Conference 9th-13th August, 2015, Egham, UK

Fu-Sheng Chang . University of Oxford

he Annual International and exciting science covering a broad for Dictyostelium imaging, signalling TDictyostelium Conference 2015 spectrum of Dictyostelium research pathways, cell development and was held in a beautiful Victorian-style ranging from Biochemical and Host cell movement. One of the most campus of Royal Holloway, University Pathogen Interactions, Chemotaxis memorable talks I attended, by Dr of London. The International and Development to Cytokinesis and Zhi-Hui Chen, of the University of Dictyostelium Conference is the most Nuclear Organization. Researchers Dundee, described a novel mode prestigious conference in the realm came from all over the world sharing of gene regulation by c-di-GMP in of Dictyostelium research and it has their ideas and discoveries. Dictyostelium, which could be a been a privilege to be able to be part During the meeting, I learnt about potential direction for my future of it. This annual meeting featured new developments covering this research. My supervisor, Dr Catherine five days of the most cutting-edge range, in particular new techniques Pears, of the University of Oxford,

www.genetics.org.uk . 21 TRAVEL GRANTS FOR JUNIOR SCIENTISTS 22

also gave a talk on ADP-ribosylation of histone H2B in double strand 15th European Society DNA repair from which we have gained valuable feedback from other for Evolutionary Biology researchers. My research poster was entitled Meeting “Analysis of Intracellular Calcium Channels in Dictyostelium Development” in which I presented 10th-14th August, 2015. Lausanne, Switzerland work characterizing of the role of Luca Livraghi . Oxford Brookes University Calcium release from intracellular stores, which was presented on the second day. By presenting my The plenary talks comprising these research in the meeting, I was sessions were delivered by some fortunate enough to be able to of the leading researchers in the discuss my discoveries with eminent respective fields and introduced researchers in Calcium signalling. In some of the most cutting edge ideas particular I had a valuable discussion floating around today in the field of with Dr David Traynor (University of Evolutionary Biology as a whole. Cambridge) and Dr Tsuyoshi Araki Following the plenary sessions, (University of Dundee), who kindly there were 4 parallel symposia shared their important findings delivering an enormous range of and suggestions for my work. Dr talks, often leading to some tough Zhi-Hui Chen also gave me valuable decisions on which talk to attend. suggestions based on his work on Some of the most interesting the role of c-di-GMP in development discussions, and from which I profited of Dictyostelium. These suggestions massively in terms of personal are extremely important for me to set development, covered key ideas in the further research goals for my research understanding of the molecular basis and are well timed within my PhD. for adaptation and the finding of loci In the conference, we were offered under selection from genomic data. a number of great opportunities to These two ideas were a recurrent get to know and interact with other theme throughout the conference, scientists in many social events. I he 15th European Society for with many talks demonstrating was able to visit the Fuller’s Griffin TEvolutionary Biology (ESEB) how the field is making huge leaps Brewery in London, join a conference is a bi-annual meeting which in pinning down the precise genes formal dinner and experience an brings together some of the leading involved in both morphological and English Village dance. This was really international scientists from a very behavioural evolution. Without a an unforgettable experience. wide range of fields. The conference doubt, one of the most exciting talks Overall, I enjoyed greatly the was attended by around 1400 given in this respect was by Hopi conference and I would like to take researchers, featuring 35 different Hoekstra from Harvard University, this chance to thank the Genetics symposiums in topics ranging from who is one of the few people Society and University College Oxford social interactions to the evolution of beginning to provide evidence for for giving me generous support genomes. the genomic basis of “the extended enabling me to attend the conference The meeting started each morning phenotype” hypothesis. and make a fruitful trip. with a plenary session covering Following the talks, there were two varied topics, including the evolution days were researchers presented in of sexual dimorphism, behavioural excess of 950 posters, providing me genetics and the evolution of proteins. with the opportunity to present my

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work to the conference attendees. prize winners of the previous and and, at one point, even standing up on These sessions gave me a chance to current years. the desk of the auditorium to deliver acquire valuable feedback on my Both were excellent talks on the his message, in an act reminiscent project from some of the leading topics of recombination in great of Robin Williams in his Dead Poet’s scientists in the field - a truly apes and the mathematical basis for Society. invaluable experience that will no evolution in sex and disease. Laurent Overall, the conference was an doubt help shape my future questions Keller, a leading researcher in the immensely enjoyable experience. I and experimental approaches. field of social evolution, gave one would like to express my gratitude During the last day of the conference of the most inspiring and energetic to The Genetics Society for their I had the opportunity to listen to talks talks of the conference, praising the generous support in allowing me to given to the John Maynard Smith importance of Serendipity in science attend the conference.

Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory - The Eukaryotic DNA Replication & Genome Maintenance 1st-5th September, 2015. Cold Spring Harbor, USA

Carolin Muller . University of Oxford

old Spring Harbor laboratory S. Gerbi’s lab suggests that a subset feedback, which will be instrumental Cis known for its research of these G4 structures at origins for the future direction of the project. excellence. It is also the venue are false positives. The partially Many presentations throughout for many scientific conferences, contradictory views led to a lively the meeting highlighted the including one of the most anticipated discussion, which was reignited due informative power of in vitro meetings in the DNA replication to G4 structures being a reoccurring systems reconstituting origin and genome stability field. At the topic throughout the meeting. For licensing, helicase activation and beginning of September 2015, more example, G4’s are known to briefly replication elongation. In particular, than 300 delegates from around the stall replication forks. As a result, G4- presentations from J. Diffley’s world congregated to present and stabilizing compounds can severely as well as S.P. Bell’s lab provided discuss recent scientific findings, impede replication, particularly valuable insights into replication to set up new or advance existing in cells deficient in homologous of chromatin. Both labs presented collaborations and generally to enjoy recombination. An interesting talk by compelling evidence that nucleosome great science. J. Zimmer addressed the potential of chaperones, for example FACT, and The first session featured talks on such stabilizing compounds as cancer remodelers, such as Ino80 or ISW1, a rather controversial topic in the drugs. are required for efficient chromatin replication field – the influence I was so fortunate to conclude the replication. of G-quadruplex structures on second session with my talk on the Overall, I found this CSH conference replication origin function in “Physiological Requirements for immensely beneficial. I am very metazoa. The data presented by M. Temporal Regulation of Replication grateful to the Genetics Society for Prioleau and M. Méchali indicates Timing Control”. Not only was it a subsidizing my attendance at this G4 structures as major determinants huge privilege to give a presentation exceptional meeting! of replication origin specification to so many outstanding scientists; in metazoa. In contrast, work from importantly I received constructive

www.genetics.org.uk . 23 Submit to Heredity and receive an excellent authorship experience: Follow us on Twitter Submit to Heredity and receive an excellent authorship experience: Follow us on Twitter @HeredityJournal • 2012 Impact Factor of 4.110* and ranked 25/136 Ecology, @HeredityJournal • 13/472012 Impact Evolutionary Factor ofBiology 4.110 and* and 38/161 ranked Genetics25/136 Ecology & Heredity, 13/47 Evolutionary Biology and 38/161 Genetics & Heredity • Open Access option • Open Access option • 25 days to Online Publication • 25 days to Online Publication • Scientific excellence for scientists and researchers • Scientific excellence for scientists and researchers • High exposure on nature.com to a global audience • High exposure on nature.com to a global audience • Widely read by the global audience • Widely read by the global audience • Inclusion in the Heredity Podcast which features interviews with people • behind the science and a digest of breaking news Inclusion in the Heredity Podcast which features interviews with people behind the science and a digest of breaking news The Genetics Society and NPG are also delighted to offer all Heredity authors free deposition into Dryad.The Genetics Society and NPG are also delighted to offer all Heredity authors free deposition into Dryad.

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*2012 Journal Citation Reports® (Thomson Reuters, 2013.) *2012 Journal Citation Reports® (Thomson Reuters, 2013.)

25342-01 Hdy ad.indd 1 07/01/2014 11:29 25342-01 Hdy ad.indd 1 07/01/2014 11:29 TRAVEL GRANTS FOR JUNIOR SCIENTISTS 25

EMBL Symposium - The Mobile Genome Engineering: The CRISPR/Cas Genome: Genetic and Physiological Revolution 2015 Impacts of Transposable Elements 24th-27th September, 2015. Cold Spring Harbor, USA 16th-19th September, 2015. EMBL Heidelberg, Germany David Courtney . Ulster University

Andrew Mason . University of Edinburgh, UK n September 2015 I had the Iopportunity to attend the first ‘Gene Engineering: CRISPR/Cas n September 2015 I was able to of the building. I was selected to revolution’ conference, held at Cold Iattend the first EMBL symposium present a poster – “A New Look at the Spring Harbor, New York. Attending on “The Mobile Genome” with the LTR retrotransposon content of the a scientific conference at this world- support of a Genetics Society Junior chicken” – and it was really useful renowned venue was exciting in itself, Scientist Travel Grant. My PhD to have so many leading researchers never mind having the opportunity project includes the identification there to discuss my results and to spend 4 days with the world’s and characterisation of chicken LTR suggest possible new research most influential researchers in the retrotransposons and endogenous questions. fast evolving field of CRISPR/Cas retroviruses, so it was a fantastic Having attended much larger gene editing. The meeting itself was opportunity to attend a conference conferences before, this smaller, more not slow to start. After a number of completely focused on the repetitive focused setting made networking interesting talks on the first evening elements of the genome. Normally it both easier and relevant to your own of the meeting, Professor Feng Zhang, is rare to even have a full conference work in some way. This was helped a CRISPR/Cas pioneer from MIT, session on these incredibly diverse by generous coffee and lunch breaks presented his groups ground-breaking features! I really hope EMBL as well as a “meet the speakers” research on a novel nuclease that decide to make this a regular slot table after each talk session. I was mirrors Cas9, Cpf1. This discovery was in their busy and varied symposia able to make some good connections the talking point amongst researchers programme. with others in the UK working on for the rest of the evening, and Over 250 attendees were treated to endogenous retroviruses, and also continued through the following day four days of varied and interesting a group in Sweden working more as the scientific paper describing this talks in the advanced training centre widely on avian repeat content. It researcher was published online in at EMBL Heidelberg. felt particularly good that these Cell that morning. This featured keynote presentations connections are of mutual benefit, Throughout the following 3 days from Evan Eichler (RNA mediated rather than unidirectional. conference sessions comprised gene duplication in primate genome I would like to take this opportunity of presentations on the various evolution), Philip Zamore (piRNA- to thank the Genetics Society again applications of CRISPR/Cas9, mediated transposon silencing), Haig for their support. This conference including the development of Kazazian (LINE characterisation and was really fantastic, both in terms of transgenic animals, therapeutic genomic effects) and Dixie Mager the scientific content and networking applications and gene screens for (Human Endogenous Retroviruses), success, and I feel being able to attend various cancer targets. One panel as well as 127 posters split over the has made a big difference to my discussion comprising of esteemed double helix that makes up the inside research. Professors including Jennifer Doudna, Jonathan Weissman and Hank Greely, focused on the ethics surrounding After a number of interesting talks on the first evening of gene editing. Across the world this is the meeting, Professor Feng Zhang, a CRISPR/Cas pioneer an on going hotly debated topic, as the ability to manipulate the DNA of from MIT, presented his groups ground-breaking research species at the germline level becomes on a novel nuclease that mirrors Cas9, Cpf1. less expensive and easier to perform

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in any molecular biology laboratory. developed a CRISPR/Cas9 system Cas9 systems in both the lab and the The therapeutic advantages and highly specific to the mutant allele, clinic. Talks from leaders in the field, disadvantages of this were thoroughly with no effect on wild type expression. and researchers tipped for Nobel discussed over the course of the Just before leaving for the conference Prizes in the future, were fascinating, session. At the end of the session a this research was published in and I was sent back to Northern vote of all in attendance was taken, Nature Gene Therapy. I enjoyed the Ireland with a wealth of knowledge with most agreeing that restrictions opportunity to present this work and ideas to incorporate into my PhD must be put in place to, for the to well established researchers of thesis and future postdoctoral studies. meantime, halt germline editing of CRISPR/Cas9 based gene editing. The conference was well organised viable human embryos. During the poster session I received and executed and I express my thanks On Saturday evening I presented positive comments on my research to the conference committee for this. some of my PhD research as a poster. and interesting ideas for moving this I would also personally like to thank During my PhD I performed research work forward in the future. the Genetics Society for giving me the into the development of allele specific Overall the conference was an opportunity to attend this excellent therapeutic systems for dominantly excellent assortment of presentations conference and have no doubt it will inherited corneal dystrophies. I detailing the possibilities for CRISPR/ aid in my future scientific endeavours.

Conference Cold Spring Harbor - Neurobiology of Drosophila 29th September-3rd October, 2015. Cold Spring Harbor, USA

Niki McAllister . University of Birmingham

he neurobiology of Drosophila presentations detailing important but I was also particularly impressed Tmeeting is a prestigious biannual pathways, chemical components as with the calibre of the up and coming international conference set in the well as individual specific cells all of new researchers. beautiful surroundings of the Cold which are key in the regulation of The penultimate evening was fun Spring Harbor Laboratory, USA. behaviours such as sleep, voluntary filled with a piano concert followed It is renowned for attracting some movement, emotions, courtship and by a lobster banquet and finally a of the top researchers in this field mate choice. Following this the neural screening of The Fly Room which from far and wide to gather, present development session had important follows the birth of modern genetics and discuss current research, and it findings in axon guidance, neuronal as witnessed by the daughter of certainly did not disappoint! remodelling as well as growth and Calvin Bridges during a period known The schedule was filled with maintenance. as the original fly room laboratory an exciting amount of different The variety of presentations at Columbia university under the presentation sessions, poster sessions continued throughout the conference supervision of Thomas Hunt Morgan. and plenary lectures. New to this year with sessions including but not What an amazingly appropriate this meeting also contained numerous limited to sensory systems, glial setting to be able to view this film! workshops including, but not limited biology, mechanisms of neurological I feel honoured to have attended such to, development of new techniques diseases as well as synaptic large and prestigious conference and well as professional development transmission and plasticity. Each where I have been able to strengthen courses that enabled participants to presenter provided new and exciting and develop my communication skills, broaden their knowledge base and data as well as transferring knowledge receive feedback and build essential thus facilitate the spread of new of some of the advances in techniques collaborations from key people in techniques and ideas to the others that will no doubt be beneficial to all the Drosophila Neurobiology field. to increase the scientific scope of attendees. I cannot thank the genetics society Drosophila research. It was inspiring to listen to some for the opportunity to attend and I The first evening started with of the high quality research that is look forward to returning for the next sessions on brain, behaviour and produced by many of the well known conference! evolution with an incredible mix of figures in Drosophila neurobiology

26 . GENETICS SOCIETY NEWS . ISSUE 74 The Naked Genetics Podcasts

Download, or subscribe for FREE, at www.thenakedscientists.com/genetics. www.genetics.org.uk . 27 TRAVEL GRANTS FOR JUNIOR SCIENTISTS 28

‘Introduction to RAD-seq Data Analysis’ workshop 1st-2nd October, 2015. Edinburgh

Belinda Kahnt . Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg

hanks to the grant from the been developed. Understanding the the theory behind and the practical TGenetics Society I could attend a concepts behind these programs, bioinformatics part. Lectures were really great workshop on analysing getting familiar with RAD-seq data well structured and easy to follow. data produced by an innovative and analyses and the general workflow Exchanging with the other workshop promising sequencing approach is of central importance to my PhD participants also provided me with called restriction site-associated DNA project aiming to identify regions new ideas and feedback for my own sequencing (RAD-Seq). This technique under selection in a South African project. The general atmosphere produces a reduced representation bee species. The workshop was held was very friendly which facilitated of the whole genome which involves by some of the top experts in the networking and made working not only much lower costs than field of RAD-seq and thus, did not much fun. The workshop is highly whole genome sequencing but is also only give me a very good overview recommendable for everyone sufficient to address many relevant over the analyses workflow but interested in starting to work with research questions in population also allowed me to address specific RAD-seq data and I am grateful to the genetics or genomics. A variety questions concerning my own project. Genetics Society which gave me the of tools for dealing with RAD-seq There was a good balance between great opportunity to participate. data and its special features have the lectures part introducing us to

CHRO 2015 conference 1st-5th November, 2015. Rotorua, New Zeland

Laurie Grange . Swansea University

he CHRO (Campylobacter, every other year, it was a unique I presented some of my THelicobacter and Related opportunity for me to participate in research during that Organisms) 2015 conference was held such a conference during my Post conference and received in Rotorua, New Zealand. This was Graduate cursus. Helicobacter pylori the 18th edition of that high quality genomics being my main subject of positive echoes afterwards. international workshop and more research, it was of high importance The work I presented was than 250 scientists from all over to me to be able to network with a side project I worked the world travelled there to make a scientists of similar research interest, on, based on the study of contribution to that event. Four full and to present part of my work in Accessory and Core genomes days of parallel sessions and posters front of such an audience. of strains of Helicobacter displayed, combined with social and When parallel sessions were networking events. running, I opted for the more from different geographic I am a second year PhD student relevant ones regarding my PhD and ethnic origins. and as this conference is only held project: the Helicobacter sessions

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of course, but also some others that were focused on other 65th Annual Meeting of microorganisms but were using techniques that could be of interest the American Society for with what I am doing. One presentation particularly Human Genetics raised my curiosity and interest. A researcher from Canada presented her work with a native 6th -10th October, 2015. Baltimore, Maryland, USA community in far North Canada. Gaia Andreoletti . University of Southampton We had a passionate discussion over her project which might lead to collaboration between hanks to the Genetics Society present a poster on my research in our groups, as we could bring the TConference Grant I was able to the application of next generation bioinformatics knowledge and able to participate at the 65th Annual sequencing (NGS) technologies infrastructure than her group lacks Meeting of the American Society in paediatric inflammatory bowel of to handle that amazing dataset for Human Genetics (ASHG). The disease (IBD). My research includes they managed to gather. I also meeting was held at the Baltimore the analysis and interpretation of discussed the possibility of adapting Convention Centre in Baltimore, huge amounts of rare and common a Phase Variation study runned on Maryland, from Tuesday 6th October genetic data collected from hundreds Campylobacter to my Helicobacter until Saturday 10th October 2015. of children diagnosed with IBD. strains. This could lead to a project The ASHG Annual Meeting is the Specifically, we apply whole- as well. largest human genetics meeting exome sequencing methods, which I presented some of my research and exhibition in the world; it targets DNA analysis to the coding during that conference and received represents an excellent opportunity parts of the genome. The poster positive echoes afterwards. The for geneticists to network and share was well perceived and discussed work I presented was a side project the latest cutting-edge research with colleagues, and I was happy I worked on, based on the study breakthroughs. This year’s meeting to receive positive feedback and of Accessory and Core genomes attracted over 7,000 delegates and constructive criticism. Overall, I of strains of Helicobacter from more than 200 exhibitor booths from found the experience intellectually different geographic and ethnic across the world, which typifies stimulating and this has precipitated origins. I developed a method which the evolving field of genetics and new directions for my future allows a visualisation of the sharing its integration into mainstream research. In addition, I was able to genes patterns between groups healthcare. The programme was engage in interesting discussions of strains. This method was well packed with presentations across the with international colleagues with received and raised interest. A few 5 days delivered by top researchers the view to form new research interesting questions were raised in the field, including 390 talks and collaborations. This experience has which will allow me to make a few 2,800 posters on genetics, genomics, proven to be beneficial, inspiring and more analysis and strengthen my statistics and epidemiology. fruitful with regards to my on-going results. As a PhD student within the Genetic research and future career. Without None of this would have been Epidemiology and Bioinformatics the support of the Genetics Society possible without the financial group at the University of this opportunity would not have been help from the Genetics Society, so Southampton, I had been invited to possible. I would like to thank the Society for offering me the opportunity to attend and present my work in that conference.

www.genetics.org.uk . 29 TRAVEL GRANTS FOR JUNIOR SCIENTISTS Join the online30 debate

Keep in touch with your colleagues via the Genetics Society Group on LinkedIn

e have added another way to This prevents a lot of indiscriminate Wkeep in touch with society postings from online recruiters that and your colleagues by creating a have affected some of the Genetics Genetics Society group on LinkedIn. related groups. As a member of the In order to ensure that all content LinkedIn group you will be updated on that group is meaningful to you, on our activities but you can also we have set this up as a moderated comment and add you own events. group. This means that when you If you are not already on LinkedIn join the group this needs to be please consider joining. Especially formally approved, but as long as we young scientists hunting for a job can see you are active in a genetics outside academia do well to build up related area this is not a problem. their profile on LinkedIn.

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Multi-host pathogens of honeybees and wild bumblebees: Is the Varroa mite a game changer for disease dynamics?

Robyn Manley . University of Exeter

oneybees and wild bumblebees terrestris/lucorum complex, and 30 drives viral disease emergence in Hshare a range of viral pathogens. B. pascuorum) from 14 field sites: pollinators we would expect to see Researchers have identified emerging including four Varroa-free islands, high prevalence, reduced diversity pathogens as a primary cause of four Varroa-infested islands and 6 and high titres in Varroa-infested decline in both honeybees and Varroa-infested mainland sites. I am populations for DWV and ABPV, but bumblebees, alongside habitat loss currently extracting RNA from these not in BQCV strains because Varroa and pesticide use. In honeybees, the samples to determine molecularly is not involved in its transmission. recently emerged ectoparasitic mite the presence and prevalence of three Independent of the question of Varroa destructor - which is specific target viruses with contrasting Varroa, the data will provide to honeybees - is a major factor. epidemiology: Deformed wing virus much needed information on the It can cause colony mortality by (DWV) – the virus most clearly biogeography of viral strains present vectoring and amplifying otherwise affected by Varroa and an emerging across pollinator species. asymptomatic viruses. Could the bumblebee virus in the UK; Acute Our work will elucidate the role presence of Varroa in honeybee bee paralysis virus (ABPV) – a true of Varroa in multi-host pathogen populations indirectly affect wild multi-host pathogen with similar dynamics of pollinators. It will pollinators such as bumblebees? distribution across honeybees and provide an indirect test of whether We aim to test how Varroa changes bumblebees in the UK; and Black beekeeping efforts to manage and the disease dynamics of three queen cell virus (BQCV) – a multi- reduce Varroa infestations reduce multi-host viruses in honeybees host pathogen, which appears not to the prevalence and transmission of and wild bumblebees by comparing be actively transmitted by Varroa. multi-host pathogens. In turn, this viral prevalence, disease intensity qPCR will provide data on infection data will be able to inform policy on and sequence diversity between strength, measured as within- the maintenance of apiaries in the Varroa -infested and Varroa -free individual virus titres and all virus UK, the transportation of honeybees populations. With the support of the positive samples will be Sanger and commercial bumblebees. Genetics Society and the CB Dennis sequenced to measure viral diversity. I would like to thank the Genetics trust, I have sampled the relevant We will test whether Varroa leads field populations this summer. Society for providing funding towards to an increase in viral prevalence the costs of field work, without Varroa arrived and spread swiftly and infection strength across host which my sample size would be across Europe around fifty years species, beyond Apis mellifera, much diminished. I’d also like to ago, leaving few places untouched. using generalised linear models. A thank NERC and The CB Dennis However, a few islands around population genetic approach will Trust for providing further financial the British Isles and France still allow us to test whether Varroa exerts support. I’m also grateful to Lena remain Varroa-free. Funding from selection on multi-host pathogens Wilfert for giving me the opportunity the heredity field grant allowed by comparing viral diversities, and support to carry out this work, me to take advantage of these measuring population differentiation Martin I. Jones, Emma Davey and unique field sites – providing a and testing for positive selection Daisy Gates were invaluable in the natural experimental set-up to in the viral sequence data. We will field, and Ken Haynes and his lab test our research questions. This contrast patterns for DWV and group for welcoming me into his lab summer I sampled 120 foraging ABPV, which are actively vectored at Streatham campus. bees (30 honeybees, 60 Bombus by Varroa, with BQCV. If Varroa

www.genetics.org.uk . 31 TRAINING GRANTS 32

Geometric Morphometrics and Phylogeny course – 6th edition

Mairead Bermingham . University of Edinburgh

clearly presented. This course overall provided a general overview of the interface between geometric morphometrics and phylogenetics including the different approaches and methodologies that link the two fields. In my opinion, the best aspect of this course is that we applied what we learned to our own datasets during the practical sessions. I very much appreciated Prof. Klingenberg teaching style, he always took the time to answer our questions, during and after lectures and practical sessions. I especially thank Dr. Soledad eometric morphometrics is 2000 people within the Catalonia De Esteban-Trivigno, the course Gthe analysis of shape using province of Barcelona). The area coordinator, she really looked after Cartesian geometric coordinates is known for its dryland farming; us from collecting us in Barcelona, rather than areal, volumetric or particularly cereal and wine. The organising accommodation and linear variables. My future research beautiful landscape around Els meals and orgainising transport plans include the incorporation Hostalets de Pierola provided a back to Barcelona, we had nothing of geometric morphometrics and wonderful setting to explore during to do but learn which was very human genetics. I had learned my free time. much appreciated by all. what I knew of the field from Fifteen people from across the The workload was quite heavy; reading books and the literature. globe participated in this course, however it was structured in such The ‘Geometric Morphometrics coming from as far afield as the US a way as to not be overwhelming. and Phylogeny’ course therefore and Canada. The course ran for five Nevertheless, despite the busy provided an opportunity to increase days and Prof. Chris Klingenberg, work schedule, there was still my knowledge base and gain some a world authority in the field of plenty of time to converse with practical hands on experience in this geometric morphometrics was Prof. Chris Klingenberg, Dr. De emerging field. the course instructor. The daily Esteban-Trivigno and the other The course has been held annually schedule was packed full. Every participants in a more informal over the last six years in different day we began at 9am with a three setting during meal times and in locations around Barcelona, hour lecture. Following an hour the evenings. These conversations Spain. This year the course was long lunch break, we convened are important part of learning in held at the premises of the Centre for a 3-4 hour practical computer courses like this, as they facilitate de Restauració i Interpretació session. The lectures and practicals a free and open exchange of Paleontològic, Els Hostalets de were very well planned and the ideas, provide an opportunity Pierola, Barcelona (a village of material covered was current and to observe the application of

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what we had learned outside our area of expertise, and also “Optical Microscopy & foster the development of strong collaborative links for the future. Imaging in the Biomedical I thoroughly enjoyed my time in the Els Hostalets de Pierola and Sciences” workshop believe that the training provided by this course has provided me with a solid footing from which to Dr. Ioannis Kasioulis . University of Dundee expand my knowledge and practice of geometric morphometrics. have recently attended the importance of proper setting up I would very much recommend that I “Optical Microscopy & Imaging in and the practical uses of each of others who are new to the field of the Biomedical Sciences” workshop, microscope technique, depending on geometic morphometrics should from the 9th until the 19th of the biological question that is to be also consider attending this course. September, hosted at the Marine answered. The information about next edition Biological Laboratory (MBL) in the The course would not have been of this course can be found at: United States. The purpose of the possible without the endless http://www.transmittingscience. course is to provide and in-depth dedication, friendship and org/courses/gm/gm-and-phylogeny/ introduction to the fundamentals enthusiasm of the academic of microscopy and digital imaging staff during the lecture and I am very grateful to to research scientists, post-doctoral laboratory sessions. Furthermore, trainees and advanced graduate the course would not have been the Genetics Society students. possible without the expertise of The topics covered by the workshop the commercial staff from Zeiss, for awarding me were divided into five broad Olympus, Leica, Life Technologies, a training grant themes: a) microscope design, GE, Hamamatsu and others. They image formation, resolution and kindly provided and demonstrated which contributed contrast, b) microscopy techniques the proper setting up and use of the that use the properties of light, latest technology microscopes and to the full cost of my such as brightfield, darkfield, phase cameras. A big thank you to both attendance. I gained contrast, differential interference the academic and commercial staff, contrast (DIC), which were followed who were always present and helpful essential knowledge, by the principles of fluorescence during those very late night hours of understanding microscopy, c) latest technology our problem solving exercises! cameras- detection and record I have truly benefited from this and skills in the information in the form of digital workshop. I realised that there imaging, an understanding of are so many parameters when field of geometric signal to noise ratio, d) the latest imaging our samples that can morphometrics, as advancements in microscopy such be taken for granted or that as FLIM, FRET, two-photon, SIM, are not even considered- to the well as wonderful light sheet and e) digital imaging very simplest: which is the most restoration/deconvolution, wide- suitable microscope to image my collaborative links field microscopy, confocal scanning samples? Therefore, the background and support network microscopy etc. knowledge provided by the workshop Following our everyday lectures, will vastly improve my decisions on that will surely serve we greatly benefited from hands- the proper microscopy technique on microscope practice, problem to be applied, depending on the in my research career. solving and open discussions, experiment, maximise the image which ingrained to our minds the quality and therefore save precious

www.genetics.org.uk . 33 TRAINING GRANTS 34

time and effort. It is important to providing a grant to cover part of the disciplines of the life sciences, stress that revision of the material workshop’s cost. exchange ideas and experimental covered and post-course practice on It was an excellent opportunity to observations and set up new microscopes are vital components of gain further understanding of the collaborations. the learning process. principles of microscopy that will I really enjoyed this workshop and To sum up, I would like to thank benefit my future career, network recommend it to everyone whose the Genetics Society for kindly with scientists from different project relies heavily on microscopy. CTR Placental Biology Course Dr Claire Dent . Queen Mary University London

he research I have undertaken for Trophoblast Research (CTR) at Tduring my scientific career has the University of Cambridge, UK. focused on imprinted genes. These The training program is a week-long, are genes subject to epigenetic residential course that teaches the changes resulting in monoallelic biology of the placenta; including expression, and are associated with the development, morphology a number of different neurological and function of the placenta, as important in scientific research, and developmental disorders. Having well as the genetic and epigenetic including journal club presentations completed a PhD in Neuroscience, mechanisms. The course was and grant writing workshops. The my research focused on the role attended by 17 participants selected impressive list of course instructors of imprinted genes in the brain by applications from around the and lecturers included some of and their effect on symptoms of world. The participants therefore the most influential scientists in psychiatric disease. Following the represented an extremely diverse the field of placental biology and completion of my PhD I was lucky group of countries and fields of epigenetic research, this meant the enough to continue research in work; this made the course even quality of lectures was incredible, the field of imprinted genes, but more interesting and made for very and not just highly informative this time focusing on their role stimulating dinner conversation! but inspirational. As a result of in the placenta. The placenta is The course was set in the beautiful attending the course I have improved exceptionally important in the field surroundings of the University of my knowledge of the placenta of genetic and epigenetic research, Cambridge, and delegates were immeasurably, I have gained new as it is entirely responsible for the lucky enough to reside at the skills, ideas and inspiration for my healthy development of the fetus. impressive St John’s College for the research, and importantly now have Furthermore the prolific expression duration of the course. The course the confidence to work in the field of of imprinted genes in the placenta comprised an intense series of placental biology. has led to the belief that imprinted taught lectures including human I would like to thank the Genetics genes may be responsible for not only and mouse placental development, Society for awarding me a the growth and development of the epigenetics, mouse genetic models training grant which significantly embryo, but programming of later-life of placental function and immune contributed to the cost of my diseases. genes and placentation; as well as attendance, I would also like to With little knowledge of the a number of practical workshops thank my supervisor Dr Marika placenta, embarking on my first including mouse and human Charalambous for actively post-doc position was challenging, placental dissection, bioinformatics, encouraging me to attend the course, to say the least. However my and stereology. Furthermore the and finally I would like to thank the supervisor encouraged me to attend course also included a number Centre for Trophoblast Research the highly acclaimed ‘Placental of workshops that developed for allowing me to attend such a Biology Course’, run by the Centre transferable skills which are highly fantastic course.

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Wrt-2 expression and regulation in C. elegans

Student Vitan Blagotinsek Supervisor Professor Alison Woollard . Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford

he wrt-2 gene is a member of the transcription factor binding sites protein. The strain was also mutant Twarthog gene family (the name (using the JASPAR and ModenCode for the unc-119 gene (uncoordinated was used to show that these genes search engines). The actual movement of worms). Because of contain a domain homologous to a sequences of the wrt-2 gene were also this, and also poor transmission of domain found in hedgehog genes, compared, and introns were aligned this modified gene to new offspring, which control the formation of paired as well to check for any possible the strategy was changed. An limbs and organs in animals). control elements (none were found). alternative construct was used, The function of wrt-2 in C. elegans After researching the physiological where two different GFP proteins had not previously been explored, relevance and expression patterns were added to the wrt-2 promoter, although a different gene of the of these transcription factors in C. while wrt-2 itself was removed. One same family, wrt-5, was studied elegans, I selected 6 transcription of these GFP proteins associates with in detail. Wrt-2 was believed to be factors to inactivate in worms using the H2B histone, while the other one a signalling molecule, and that it RNAi (by ingestion of E. coli with associates with the cell membrane. may undergo protein cleavage and RNAi constructs). Therefore, if one of the transcription then degradation of the C terminal These were egl-13, blmp-1, ets-4, factors driving wrt-2 expression (in fragment, like other warthog brc-1, che-1 and cfi-1. I would use the normal wildtype N2 worms) had a proteins. intensity and presence/location of significant effect on wrt-2 expression fluorescence to determine whether while inactivated by RNAi, I would First, I used methods involving see this as decreased GFP expression bioinformatics to compare wrt-2 a particular transcription factor had a significant effect on driving wrt-2 while looking at the worms under a promoter sequences and check for fluorescence microscope. sequence homology in C. elegans, gene expression. C. japonica, C. briggsae and C. Initially, we were planning to use a RNAi experiments were performed remanei (the other three are the worm strain with a modified gene for each transcription factor closest relatives of C. elegans). sequence for wrt-2, with an mCherry separately, but three transcription Highly conserved sequences were (red fluorescent protein) and GFP factors (together with controls) were then tested to check for presence of construct on both ends of the tested in each RNAi run due to the time-consuming nature of taking images of worms, and the fact that worms continue to grow on the plates for the duration of the experiment. The actual sequences of the wrt-2 gene Three controls were used each time, the GFP control (knocking out the were also compared, and introns were GFP constructs themselves), the empty vector control without an aligned as well to check for any possible RNAi construct, and the pop-1 control (used to check whether the RNAi control elements (none were found). procedure itself was successful; pop-1

www.genetics.org.uk . 35 SUMMER STUDENTSHIP REPORTS 36

is an embryonic lethal mutation, and were used per transcription factor Using CRISPR-Cas9 if the procedure did work, worms per run (the same for the controls). could not develop past the egg stage). The final stage included taking to generate an FLC The images below show the snapshots of worms using imaging deletion in the difference between a successful GFP software linked to the fluorescence knockout (adjacent cells show no microscope, and images of worms Arabidopsis genome fluorescence at all, some cells show that had ingested transcription reduced fluorescence) and a worm factor RNAi constructs were Student Olivia Tasker where the RNAi did not work (full compared to those of worms that Supervisor Professor Caroline Dean, fluorescence, this was the che-1 TF had ingested controls to see whether John Innes Centre, Norwich RNAi experiment). a significant diference could be observed. lants align their flowering to It was found that there was no Pspring/summer conditions to significant difference between the maximise pollination and seed set. transcription factor RNAi worms A focused effort on the molecular and the empty vector (L4440) control control of flowering time in worms (this means that GFP was Arabidopsis has identified multiple not underexpressed to a significant pathways involving both promoters or uniform extent for any single and repressors of the floral transition. transcription factor inactivated by These pathways monitor different RNAi). Based on this, we can assume environmental cues and converge that no single transcription factor to regulate a common set of gene Che-1 above (RNAi unsuccessful) has a significant role in controlling targets that induce the transition of the expression of wrt-2. The next the meristem to a floral fate. A locus step in continuing the project would central to repression of the floral need to be testing pairs or triplets of transition is FLOWERING LOCUS C transcription factors together to see (FLC). whether a number of them, when FLC is the target of several knocked out together, significantly chromatin mechanisms mediating reduce wrt-2 expression in C. elegans its temperature and developmental (which can be observed as reduced silencing. Detailed mechanistic GFP expression). dissection of these FLC regulatory I would like to thank Professor pathways has been an important Alison Woollard and members of the objective of the Dean lab for GFP above (RNAi successful, not all Woollard Lab at the Department of many years. However, to date cells necessarily get penetrated) Biochemistry, University of Oxford, the transgenic experiments have particularly Sara Maxwell, Sophie introduced transgenes into an The RNAi procedure was repeated Gilbert and Huajiang Xiong for their Arabidopsis line carrying a loss of several times for each transcription help and assistance, as well as the function flc mutant that carries a factor, and two plates with E. coli Genetics Society for funding my large deletion/inversion (flc-2). This containing the RNAi constructs summer project. rearrangement left a 3’ fragment of FLC elsewhere in the genome, which complicates analysis of the It was found that there was no significant difference transgenes. The aim of my project between the transcription factor RNAi worms and the was to develop a new progenitor line empty vector (L4440) control worms (this means that GFP for transgenic experiments where the entire FLC locus was deleted from was not underexpressed to a significant or uniform extent the genome. for any single transcription factor inactivated by RNAi).

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The new developments of CRISPR/ protocol. We wanted to see if positive transformants from both Cas9 provided an opportunity to different transformation procedures types of transformation experiments generate a clean FLC deletion. My influenced the frequency of CRISPR and the lab has continued with the work began using four previously deletions being inherited. work. Completion of the project will made CRISPR constructs. They Since research in the Jones lab hopefully lead to a clean deletion each contained a Human Codon (TSL) and Coupland lab (MP of FLC from the genome and the Optimized Cas9 protein and an AtU6- Koeln) had found other promoters potential for more experimentation to 26 promoter and terminator for the and terminators to increase the enhance our knowledge of flowering guide RNAs. efficiency of CRISPR/Cas9 targeting time. There were also two different pairs I also wanted to incorporate a new I would like to thank the Genetics of pairwise combinations of the Arabidopsis codon optimized Cas9 Society for the studentship as guide RNAs and Cas9 promoters and a pINCURVATOR2 promoter with well as the John Innes Centre and terminators. These constructs agsT terminator in my experiments. International Summer School had already been introduced to I began to create these using golden Programme. Many thanks to Arabidopsis using the floral dip gate cloning, a technique for easy Professor Caroline Dean for the method and T1 progeny had been assembly of gene fragments. I fantastic project and to Dr Rebecca generated. I continued to screen successfully placed the guide RNAs Bloomer, Dr Jo Hepworth and these lines as well as beginning new and promoters into a vector and Dr Penny Hundleby for endless transformation experiments using transformed them into E.coli. amounts of help. a tissue culture root transformation By the end of my stay there were

Novel roles for the exoribonuclease Dis3L2 in cell proliferation

Student Oliver Rogoyski . Supervisor Dr. Sarah Newbury, Brighton and Sussex Medical School

he gene dis3L2 is known to The aim of this studentship was to Drosophila weight. By combining this Tencode a highly conserved shed light on the underlying genetic with temporal control of knockdown, exoribonuclease (Dis3L2) involved in basis of the control of proliferation provided by using a GAL80ts system, the cytoplasmic degradation of RNA by Dis3L2, using molecular and knockdown could be induced at which is necessary for proliferation genetic techniques, by testing at timepoints throughout development, of cells. It has been shown that the which stage in larval development and the effect it had on Drosophila knockdown of Dis3L2 expression in Dis3L2 is required to control the final development could be observed. the wing imaginal discs of fruit fly size of the wings. The project started by setting up Drosophila melanogaster, leads to It was hoped that by using an genetic crosses which would produce development of wings 20% larger engrailed-GAL4 (en-GAL4) system dis3L2 knockdown progeny to test than those of wild type flies due to drive the knockdown of dis3L2 by the viability of the en-GAL4 driver to increased cell proliferation. UAS-dis3L2RNAi only in the posterior we planned to use. Using qRT-PCR on Reflecting this in humans, Dis3L2 compartment of the wing, an internal whole larvae, it was shown that the has been associated with Perlman control could be generated, allowing knockdown cross had levels of Dis3L2 Syndrome, a rare condition of quantification of overgrowth without approximately 70% lower than that overgrowth, and predisposition to having to normalise wing size to of the parental stocks. Contrary to Wilm’s tumours in neo-natal babies.

www.genetics.org.uk . 37 SUMMER STUDENTSHIP REPORTS 38

expectations however, measuring pupal stage, with a negative control Due to the time I was able to the wings of the knockdown flies kept at 19°C, and a positive control spend working on this project, my showed no posterior overgrowth kept at 29°C. The positive control understanding of both the theory, to be occurring in the knockdown group showed a 70% knockdown of and the practice of molecular biology, Drosophila. By subsequently using Dis3L2 expression compared to the genetics, and developmental biology the same en-GAL4 system to drive negative control group, indicating have all grown significantly. The GFP expression, we found that that the system was viable for experience has confirmed for me the system was not in fact driving inducing the desired time-controlled my interest in hopefully pursuing expression in the predicted region i.e. knockdown. Unfortunately, severe a career in research, and hopefully the posterior of the wing disc. blistering was induced in 100% of allowed me to contribute to the work Following this, a second cross was wings of knockdown flies, making of the Newbury lab group, who I look set up, using an alternative en- them impossible to measure. forward to working with again over GAL4 driver, which had previously Using a third en-GAL4 driver with the course of my third year research been used successfully to drive the GAL80ts system, along with later project. dis3L2 knockdown in combination experiments after the end of my I would like to express my gratitude with GAL80ts providing temporal studentship, it was confirmed that to the Genetics Society for providing knockdown control. This system the combination of en-GAL4 with the funding and opportunities that was known however to cause a GAL80ts causes the occurrence of the allowed me to develop my research significant portion of wings to blister observed blistered wing phenotype, skills and take part in this fantastic to a point where they are impossible for reasons yet unknown. project. I would also like to thank to measure. Pre-empting this Therefore, although we confirmed Dr Sarah Newbury and Ben Towler, occurrence, additional crosses were that the GAL80ts could be combined as well as all the other staff and set up, in the hope that flies with the with an en-GAL4 driver to add a students in the Newbury lab, for their blistered wing phenotype could be layer of temporal regulation to help, support and time spent teaching discarded, while leaving a sufficient the knockdown, the unforeseen me, allowing me to make the most of number of non-blistered flies. interaction seen in the presence of this wonderful opportunity. Knockdown was temperature induced both together prevents the system by transferring the developing from being useful to investigations flies from 19°C (a temperature that into wing development. This means inhibits the dis3L2 knockdown) to that other wing disc drivers, such at 29°C (allowing the system to drive as nubbin-GAL4 will have to be used dis3L2 knockdown), at a series of despite the fact that they do not timepoints from larval stage 2 to provide an internal control.

I would like to express my gratitude to the Genetics Society for providing the funding and opportunities that allowed me to develop my research skills and take part in this fantastic project. I would also like to thank Dr Sarah Newbury and Ben Towler, as well as all the other staff and students in the Newbury lab, for their help, support and time spent teaching me, allowing me to make the most of this wonderful opportunity.

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Investigation of gene function in zebrafish

Student Heather Jeffery . Supervisor Dr Yalda Jamshidi, St George’s University, London

bnormal heart rhythms these abnormalities is clinically it takes for ions to return to their A(cardiac arrhythmias) important. state during a resting potential, affect a large percentage of the The ADAMTS (A Disintegrin as the cardiac muscle relaxes). It population (for example, over and Metalloproteinase with was identified in an exome chip 2 million people in the UK are Thrombospondin motifs) family based association study in a large affected every year), however they in humans comprises nineteen population of healthy individuals. can often go unnoticed. Some members, of which six are orphan Very little is known about the role can be life-threatening leading enzymes. ADAMTS6, one of these and function of this gene in cardiac to sudden cardiac arrest, and orphan enzymes, was the focus of conduction and therefore my are associated with underlying this project. Rare coding variants project aim was to investigate this coronary heart disease or rare in this gene were recently found in an in vivo model. inherited arrhythmias. Hence, to be associated with a measure Zebrafish (Danio rerio), originally research into the genetic basis of of cardiac repolarisation (the time from the River Ganges in India, are

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good model organisms due to their Abnormal heart rhythms (cardiac arrhythmias) transparency, fast development, cheap maintenance and minimal affect a large percentage of the population (for space requirements. They are especially suitable for heart example, over 2 million people in the UK are studies as they share a similar affected every year), however they can often go heart physiology to humans but are simpler with only two unnoticed. Some can be life-threatening leading chambers rather than four, and one valve instead of two. Zebrafish to sudden cardiac arrest, and are associated can survive up to 5 days without with underlying coronary heart disease or rare a functioning heart, thereby allowing investigation of cardiac inherited arrhythmias. abnormalities which lead to a non- functioning heart. and sometimes 72 hours post This placement was a wonderful The gene of interest, ADAMTS6, is fertilisation (hpf). Dechorionation eye-opener to in vivo research and predominantly conserved between (removal of the embryo from the the practices employed to reduce zebrafish and humans, with 75% chorion) was performed soon after the ethical issues involved (in conservation for nucleotides, and 24hpf to eliminate this affecting particular the 3R’s: replace, refine 83% for amino acids. the tail curvature. Embryos were and reduce). I learnt an incredible In order to investigate the function anaesthetised prior to imaging amount and was fascinated by the of ADAMTS6 I knocked down the at 48hpf in methylcellulose to potential of genetic investigations gene expression using morpholinos. give a clear, still image. Gross using zebrafish embryos. The There are two types of morpholino, morphological changes were workshop was an amazing bonus as both 25 bases in length: ATG investigated by light microscopy. it provided both the opportunity to and Splice. The ATG morpholino However no conclusive defect present our work and to meet other binds over the translation start was observed. Some anomalous like-minded people, of a similar codon, thus blocking translation phenotypes were observed in single age, from other universities. of the entire gene. Contrastingly, fish but these did not occur at a I would like to say a very heartfelt the splice morpholino binds to level sufficient to be linked to the thank you to the Genetic Society the exonic and intronic DNA of a morpholino injection. Heart rate for funding this placement, and splice site thus preventing correct was also measured between the to Dr Yalda Jamshidi for giving splicing of the pre-mRNA. The wild-type and morphant fish but me the opportunity to work as most likely outcome is nonsense- again no statistically significant part of her group. I really enjoyed mediated decay at the point of difference was observed. A cardiac the challenges it presented and translation although the splice phenotype in fish cannot be the introduction to lots of new morpholino is generally associated excluded until cardiac conduction techniques. I would also like with less severe gene knockdown investigations have been performed to say thank you to Evmorfia as it has the potential to produce a using the electrocardiogram (ECG). Petropoulou, Jaipreet Bharj and truncated protein. Further research could also focus Dan Osborn for their help during Zebrafish eggs were collected, on using another type of genetic the project. made easier by the external nature, modification technique such as and the yolk microinjected with CRISPR to insert human ADAMTS6 a morpholino. The morpholino mutations into zebrafish. It is also concentration was optimised to possible that within such a large balance a good survival rate with gene family, different isoforms a common phenotype. Survival may play different functional roles counts were taken at 6, 24, 48 between species.

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Genetic analysis of AGMO-1: a mystery enzyme in C. elegans lipid ether metabolism

Student Francesca Donnellan . Supervisor Jonathan Hodgkin, University of Oxford

lkylglycerolmonooxygenase-1 identifying dominant suds mutations permeable cuticle than wild type A(AGMO-1) is an enzyme involved by testing the detergent sensitivity worms. This finding is consistent in the degradation of ether lipids; of the heterozygous progeny of these with the observation of the bleach however, its exact physiological role crosses. None of the suds candidate and detergent hypersensitivity remains uncertain. Previous work in worms tested had dominant phenotypes of agmo-1 worms. C. elegans has shown agmo-1 mutant suppressor mutations. After re- Further corroboration could come for nematodes have fragile cuticles with testing the suds candidates by example from Hoechst staining. different phospholipid composition placing them on detergent plates for a In summary, after screening over to wild type. This presumably second time, the agmo-1 genes of two twenty thousand mutagenized accounts for the fact that agmo-1 of the most detergent resistant suds genomes using SDS selection, seven worms are also hypersensitive to candidate worms were sequenced. SDS resistant strains carrying bleach and detergent, and, most Neither showed any change in the candidate suds mutations were interestingly, are resistant to the agmo-1 sequence suggesting that isolated. In addition, it was confirmed C. elegans bacterial pathogen the suppressor mutations were that agmo-1 worms are drug sensitive Leucobacter Verde1. Previous work not intragenic or agmo-1 revertant suggesting that they have more from the Hodgkin lab has shown mutations. After sequencing these permeable cuticles than wild-type that this resistance can be attributed two candidates, further stronger worms. With further investigation, to an inability of the Leucobacter suds candidates were identified these suds mutants should reveal Verde1 bacteria to adhere to the from subsequent screens. Further more both about the function of agmo-1 cuticle. The primary aim of mapping and sequencing of these and AGMO-1 and interactions between this studentship was to investigate the other candidates will be required the worm and its environment via the the role of this enzyme further, to identify the loci and nature of the cuticle surface. principally by conducting a forward suds mutations. Many thanks to the Genetics genetic screen to identify potential In addition to the genetic screen a suppressor mutations of the Society both for funding the project drug sensitivity assay was conducted and for running the workshop detergent sensitivity phenotype of to assess whether the agmo-1 mutants agmo-1 worms (suds mutations). for all of us receiving summer had a more permeable cuticle than studentships: it was a fabulous way Three allelic variants of agmo-1 wild type worms. Worms in M9 to round off a summer of hard work worms (e3016, e3019, e3047) were buffer were treated with nicotine, and scientific endeavour. I would chemically mutagenized with EMS ivermectin or phenoxypropan-2-ol also like to thank my supervisor and both F1 and F2 generation and time to paralysis was measured. Professor Jonathan Hodgkin for all screens were conducted by placing Agmo-1(e3016 and e3019), bus-5 (br19) his much appreciated support and populations of worms on plates and bus-17 (e2800) worms were teaching throughout my project. I containing detergent (0.007% SDS). paralysed significantly more quickly am also very grateful to all the other After approximately one week only than N2 (wild-type) worms. Bus-5 and members of the lab: they made the agmo-1 worms that were detergent bus-17 worms have previously been experience extremely enjoyable and resistant, i.e. worms with potential shown to be sensitive to all three were always happy to help. suds mutations were still alive. drugs using the same assay. The These worms were selected and three drugs have different structures: crossed with a mapping strain. sensitivity to all three suggests that This facilitated the possibility of agmo-1 worms have a generally more

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Can torsional stress in genomic DNA directly regulate RNA polymerases co-transcribing a DNA Sequence?

Student Claire Brown . Supervisor Dr Christoph Baumann, University of York

NA supercoiling is a Dfundamental process involved in DNA replication, transcription and recombination. Genomic DNA is a topologically constrained molecule with dynamic regions of overwound and underwound DNA. Using a novel single-molecule manipulation technique, horizontal magnetic tweezers (MT), it is possible to probe the supercoiling- dependent mechanics of DNA transcription. In vivo, DNA has an average superhelical density (σ) of Figure 1 Horizontal magnetic tweezers configuration. A DNA construct with -0.05, indicating an excess of digoxigenin and biotin labelled ends is used to tether a streptavidin functionalised underwinding or negative magnetic bead to a 9μm diameter latex bead. The latex bead is mechanically supercoiling which facilitates constrained between a glass slide and a cover slip. The magnetic bead is held by a transcription initiation. magnetic force to ensure DNA in fully extended, and then the magnets are rotated Previous studies have shown using and electric motor to apply torsional stress to the DNA. that translocation of an actively transcribing RNA polymerase leads analyses. To achieve this, horizontal RNA chains. to local increases or decreases MT can be combined with epi- This project involved the validation in DNA torsional stress (twin- fluorescence imaging to track RNA and optimisation of a previously supercoiled domain), which polymerases co-transcribing DNA devised protocol for the production cannot be resolved in vivo due to under defined torsional stress in of a DNA construct that can be interactions of the template DNA, real-time. Horizontal MT were torsionally constrained (Figure 1). nascent RNA and RNA polymerase chosen for their compatibility with λ phage DNA is ligated to handles with the crowded cellular epi-fluorescence illumination. labelled with digoxigenin or biotin environment. Local changes in This technology offers the capacity in both strands. The handles are DNA supercoiling are biologically to directly probe transcription labelled during PCR amplification relevant as they have been shown to as a function of applied torsion. using digoxigenin or biotin regulate transcription initiation at Horizontal MT enable the relative labelled dUTP. Each handle is then promoters located downstream. extension and linking number of digested using the same restriction Single-molecule biophysical studies the DNA tether to be manipulated, enzymes as the respective end of allow for the manipulation and whilst the relative positions of RNA the λ DNA-construct to generate visualisation of a molecular system polymerases are viewed indirectly complementary sticky ends. The in vitro, which can be systematically by annealing fluorescently-labelled handles are ligated to each end probed for the purpose of in-depth DNA oligonucleotides to the nascent of the λ DNA-construct with T4

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DNA ligase. The digoxigenin undertaken into sample preparation stress in DNA at the single-molecule handle is bound by a 9μm diameter methods to minimise non- level using horizontal MT. microsphere through anti- specific interactions that prevent Throughout this project, the digoxigenin IgG. The biotin labelled stable DNA tether formation. A conditions have been optimised handle is bound to a streptavidin- combination of acetylated bovine to enable the production of functionalised M280 paramagnetic serum albumin and tRNA was DNA tethers that are capable of bead. This yields a single DNA found to be most effective in terms being supercoiled. From here, tether in which the twist can be of limiting non-specific interactions transcription-induced supercoiling manipulated using horizontal MT. at the chamber surfaces. These and the effects of supercoiling Additional work was carried out modifications were described in on the rate of RNA polymerase to optimise the sample chamber an article published in Methods in translocation can be studied, as well construction so that the applied Molecular Biology on which I was a as other biological processes that force was sufficient to extend the co-author. are supercoiling-dependant. DNA molecule while allowing DNA tethers were frequently I would like to thank the Genetics collapse due to changes in DNA observed and manipulated. Society for funding this research winding to be observed. To do this, a Tether collapse induced by DNA and enabling me to develop highly range of mechanical modifications supercoiling was observed. Through specialised skills in molecular were made to the horizontal MT, image analysis, it was possible to biophysics. I am indebted to my including a new motor assembly show tether shortening by 1.03µm, supervisor, Dr Christoph Baumann, that actively spins the magnets to which is a 4.2% reduction in the for his help and support during add or remove twist to torsionally- relative extension of the DNA. the studentship. I look forward to constrained DNA, new slide holders This is a highly significant result contributing to the completion of and a new air cushioned vibration- and demonstrates the possibility this research. free table. Research was also of probing the effects of torsional

Analysis of the synthetic Spindle Assembly Checkpoint arrest

Student Eleni Papachristoforou . Supervisor Prof. Kevin Harwick University of Edinburgh

Introduction (APC). Unattached kinetochores Activation of the spindle checkpoint The spindle checkpoint is a or ones that lack tension induce Spc7 and Ncd80 are core kinetochore mechanism which acts as a the SAC which blocks the cell cycle components that form a scaffold surveillance system and ensures and allow time to sort incorrect for checkpoint protein recruitment. that during mitosis segregation attachments. SAC proteins The molecular mechanism of their of replicated chromosomes to the identified in budding yeast(S. recruitment and activation is not opposite spindle poles are correct. pombe) screens including Mad1, yet clear. A ‘tension-sensing’ model The spindle assembly checkpoint Mad2, Mad3, Bub3 as well as the proposes that Aurora B kinase (SAC) senses the interactions conserved kinetochore kinase Mps1. works as a ‘kinetochore stretch between kinetochores and spindle SAC proteins are responsible for sensor’. It loads and activates Mps1 microtubules and if any defects generating the Mitotic Checkpoint kinase at kinetochores and their are detected it delays the onset Complex (MCC) which consists activity is widely conserved in of anaphase by inhibiting the of Mad3, Cdc20 and Mad2, which activating the recruitment of SAC Anaphase Promoting Complex inhibits APC/C-Cdc20 activity. components forming a scaffold.

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Lab and Project Background curriculum. Part of the methods I Developmental The interest of the certain lab I was have been using in the lab include involved was how MCC assembles yeast genetic crosses where I had to profile of alternative and then functions away from cross two known strains and select the KTs. A synthetic array with for the right outcome, molecular isoforms of Cdkl5, a Tet Operators at the arms of the genetics technique which involves gene associated with chromosomes was made in S.pombe. PCR used when wanted to find out An active form of Spc7 was tethered whether the protein of interest severe brain disorders to the array and shown to be was present, western-blotting as to sufficient in recruiting Bub1, Bub3 confirm fusion protein expression Student Kyriaki Savva and Mad3 to the TetO. However, it and lastly live-cell imaging with the Supervisor Dr. Mark Bailey, was not sufficient to activate the use of fluorescent microscopy. These University of Glasgow checkpoint or to cause a checkpoint have given me a full understanding dependant arrest. It has recently on why, when and how to apply each he cyclin-dependent kinase-like been found that when one of the technique which is an important skill T5 (CDKL5) gene is located on checkpoint kinases was co-tethered especially for someone like myself the X chromosome at position Xp22. with Spc7 on the array then, the that really looks forward for a future Patients with mutations in CDKL5 checkpoint arrested cells. career in research. Furthermore, are characterised by intellectual while working with others I disability, early-onset seizures with Aims and Results have particularly strengthen my infantile spasms and severe epileptic Using this array some questions understanding of team dynamics, as encephalopathy. The clinical picture were raised on how the synthetic well as developing my team working resembles Rett syndrome (RTT) to signalling-checkpoint functions. skills and the ability to follow an extent. RTT is also an X-linked My first approach was to cross in rules. I soon mastered the ability disorder and is associated with various checkpoint mutants, such to prioritise tasks through flexible, mutations in MECP2. The overlap of as mad3Δ. After performing this structured planning to meet various phenotypes amongst individuals with cross and confirming it with the use deadlines. In addition, I was given pathogenic mutations in either of of PCR and fluorescent microscopy the chance to attend and experience the two genes is supported by recent techniques I came up with the result how group meetings work, listen to studies that have placed CDKL5 that yeast cells did not arrest and this research presentations and institute and MeCP2 in the same molecular indicates that Mad3 was necessary. scientific seminars. This undoubtedly pathway. However, the molecular Mad3 binds to the Bub1/Bub3 helped to realise and identify characterisation of CDKL5 and its complex and then with Mad2 at the some of the important skills that functions is at an early stage. CDKL5, KTs can form the MCC which inhibits a scientist must acquire including formerly known as STK9 (Serine APC. Generally, when Mad3 is absent determination, enthusiasm, passion Threonine Kinase 9), contains a the synthetic arrest is not observed. and commitment. kinase domain, but its other roles and I also built various strains to test the Last but not least, being involved for the function of the remainder of the importance of other protein kinases protein are unclear. (Bub1, Aurora etc.) in generating/ 8 weeks in a research project I have amplifying the synthetic checkpoint explored the working life of the lab, CDKL5 is approximately 240 kb in arrest. These strains are now being comprehend the general principles size, with at least 24 exons. Exons thoroughly tested in the lab. of synthetic biology and improve my 2-22 contain the coding regions, but laboratory skills. Essentially, these there are variable 5’- and 3’-UTRs Conclusion kinds of work have given me an encoded by a variety of 5’ and 3’ Working in the lab for about 8 weeks invaluable experience and an insight exons, and alternative splicing it was mutually beneficial as I had of my future career. It has provided within the coding region also occurs. the opportunity to consolidate, me with enough information and There are currently six known develop and expand laboratory knowledge so to make right decisions human CDKL5 mRNA isoforms and methods and techniques that I have regarding my future academic plans. three mouse isoforms. Isoform m1 acquired through my practical’s in mouse and h1/h11a in human are

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testis-specific while isoforms m2 Lipid Tissue Mini Kit and the RNA as a housekeeping gene control. and m3 in mouse and h2, h2Δ11, h3 was quantified using a Nanodrop Serial dilutions were prepared for and h3Δ11 in human are enriched in spectrophotometer. RNA quality was the standard curve and also no-RT brain. assessed using the Bioanalyser. and NTC controls were used. All of The aim of this project was to Three samples of good-quality RNA the samples were run in triplicate investigate how this mRNA isoform from mouse brain at each sampled (technical replicates). The results tissue-specificity in the adult mouse developmental stage subjected to confirmed the previous results is achieved, by characterising the cDNA synthesis and RT-PCR using from the RT-PCR. We therefore expression of the different Cdkl5 primers designed to amplify each conclude that expression of Cdkl5 isoforms in the mouse brain at specific isoform being assessed. No- isoforms is under developmental different stages of development. RT and No Template Controls (NTC) regulatory control, which may have This was achieved by performing a were used, and two control gene implications for our understanding series of semi-quantitative RT-PCR transcripts (ACTB and HPRT) were of the genotype-phenotype pathway experiments to estimate the relative also amplified. Results showed that in CDKL5 disorders. levels of each mRNA isoform at each isoform 1 (m1) is strongly present The Genetics Society funding gave developmental stage. This was then at early embryonic timepoints (E13 me a huge opportunity to spend two followed by quantitative RT-PCR of and E17), with expression decreasing months doing laboratory research some samples. later in development (E20, P1 and gaining experience of a wide range Brain tissue (whole brain) from P7) and being almost absent in of laboratory techniques. It was mice was collected at embryonic adult mice (P42). Isoform 2 (m2) is an amazing experience and I am stages E13, E17 and E20, and present at all developmental stages grateful that the Genetics society cortical/forebrain samples were while isoform 3 (m3) is absent early provided this support. I feel that I collected at postnatal time points in development (E13, E17 and E20) have acquired both scientific and P1, P7, P21 and P42 (adult). Tissue but appears postnatally and reaches personal skills that will be of great samples were placed immediately its highest expression level in adult use in my future career. I would also in RNAlater, which stabilises and mice (P42). like to thank Dr. Mark Bailey and Dr. protects the RNA. Purification of qRT-PCR was subsequently carried Ralph Hector for hosting my studies total RNA from the brain tissue out on RNA samples from E13, and for their support and help was carried out using the RNeasy E20, P1 and P42. ACTB was used during my summer placement.

Validating weighted burden gene based association tests via simulated studies

Student Martin Kelemen . Supervisor Prof Dave Curtis, University College of London

ne of the most difficult problems number of false positives: assuming would still have to accept a certain Oin genome wide association just a 1000 variants, 50 ‘significant’ number of false positives. studies originates from the fact, false positives are expected. To overcome this challenge, one of that usually, the number of variants One solution is to apply multiple the more successful strategies are tested far exceeds the number of testing correction, such as gene based (burden) tests. In short, samples. This then results in a lack of Bonferroni or FDR, which will then these combine all variants within one statistical power due multiple testing, either greatly reduce power and/or gene, which will increase power as which means that the standard will mean that amongst the hits we all variants have been pooled into a α-threshold of 5% may yield a large

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single test which then can implicate sample t-test. Its main innovation These datasets were then exported the gene itself. is that its weighting scheme follows for analysis in SCOREASSOC and Extra emphasis (burden) may be a parabola that permits weights to finally the results were read back added to certain variants based fall of more gradually, which then and plotted in R. What we were on the following biological and allows us to be able to fine tune its particularly interested in were statistical considerations: parameters. the percentage of the results that 1) Causal variants are rare. However every time parameters achieved significance (p<10-6) and of 2) Causal variants are non- are user defined rather than being course, if there were any anomalous synonymous. driven by the data, the danger exists results. This entire procedure was that if those parameter values are repeated hundreds of times on a Why rare? There are two reasons for cluster with various weights, variant this. The main reason is biological: arbitrarily set, this may amplify signal purely as a function of those consequence settings and sample most random changes in our DNA are sizes. going to be harmful, therefore they user-defined parameters and not are unlikely to be common. The other reflect underlying biological reality. The results were reassuring: the is a statistical reason which could be My work involved assessing this method proved robust against summarised as: rare phenotypes are analytical method using simulated various parameters and not easily caused by rare variants. datasets and exploring the sensitivity disturbed by different arbitrary of such a gene based pooling strategy weights. In our particular project, To understand why this might be the a frequency weight of at around 10 case, consider the following example: to different parameters to determine if there were any such weaknesses. and above, with some extra weight A rare variant has a frequency (~10) assigned to missense variants of 0.1% and the corresponding My project consisted of simulating generating the best results. The only phenotype has the baseline Crohn’s disease studies from the 1000 important limitation of my work was prevalence of 1%. genomes project’s PIII VCFs’ NOD2 that we could not consider variants gene via the following procedure Now, assume that the rare variant is with a protective effect due to time (performed by a Java app I’ve constraints. harmful: it increases risk 10-fold: this written): would then result in an around 10 In conclusion, my project was a times higher frequency in cases than All haplotypes were pooled, then two success and gave me invaluable work in controls. On the other hand, if the were randomly picked to generate an experience in my chosen area of variant is protective: it decreases risk individual. statistical genetics/bioinformatics, 10-fold, then in practice it is likely to As the dataset did not include and will surely improve my CV once I be too rare to be present in the cases phenotype data for Crohn’s disease, start applying for Phd positions later at all! these had to be inferred by this year. Finally, as to the justification of checking how many known risk Thanks go out to my supervisor Prof the assumption of causal variants alleles (Lesage et al, 2002) these Curtis, Dr Plagnol and the rest of the being non-synonymous, this is basic generated subjects carried by Phd students/post-docs in our lab and biology again: a different amino acid calculating a total LOR and assigning of course, my project would not have is more likely to break a pathway. them into into either case or control been possible without funding from There are several tools that can groups based on the resulting the Genetics Society, to whom I am perform the above, one of the probability. This step was repeated especially grateful. more statistically balanced ones until we’ve had enough individuals is SCOREASSOC. This software for both groups. calculates an overall genetic score In addition, we’ve also considered on the level of individuals by both common and rare variants, assigning extra weight based on where rare variants were digitally both variant frequency and their ‘inserted’ onto the chromosomes, if biological consequence, with the they were not originally present in final calculation being a simple two the dataset.

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See the relevant web pages and downloadable Funding Application Forms at www.genetics.org.uk

One-off Meeting Sponsorship

Purpose Sponsorship of genetic research meetings not organised by the Genetics Society.

The Genetics Society receives several requests from members each year to sponsor meetings in the field of genetics. These meetings are usually one-off meetings with an ad hoc organising committee and may be partly sponsored by another Society. The guidelines below indicate a review process for applications and the conditions that must be met for the award of Genetics Society sponsorship.

Review of applications 1) Members may make applications at any time visiting the following website: http://gensoc.fluidreview.com/ 2) The application will be circulated to the full committee for review. The review will cover suitability of the meeting for Genetics Society sponsorship and level of support requested. 3) The committee will be asked to respond within two weeks and the Society aims to respond to requests within four weeks.

Conditions of sponsorship 4) Several levels of sponsorship are possible: (a) single lecture: £200 (b) session: £500-1000 (c) major sponsor: £1500-2000. 5) Genetics Society sponsorship must be mentioned in all pre-meeting publicity (e.g. posters, flyers, website) and in the meeting programme. If the Genetics Society is the major sponsor the meeting should be advertised as a “Genetics Society-sponsored meeting”. 6) Details of the programme of the meeting and registration forms should be sent as far in advance as possible to [email protected], for inclusion in the Society’s newsletter and on the website. 7) A short report on a meeting that receives sponsorship of £1000 or more, for possible publication in the newsletter and on the website, should be sent to [email protected] within one month of the conference taking place. 8) Genetics Society sponsorship may be used at the organiser’s discretion, but budget travel and accommodation options should normally be insisted upon. Any unused grant should be returned to the Genetics Society. The Society will not be responsible for any losses incurred by the meeting organisers. 9) An invoice for the grant awarded should be submitted to [email protected]. The grant may be claimed in advance of the meeting and no longer than one month after the meeting. 10) The meeting organisers agree to make details of how to apply for Genetics Society membership available to non- members attending the sponsored meeting. Meetings that receive maximum sponsorship will be expected to offer a discounted registration fee to Genetics Society members to encourage non-members to join the Society at the same time. New members may then attend at the discounted rate, once confirmation of their application for membership of the Genetics Society has been received from the Society’s Office.

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New Sectional Interest Groups

Purpose Regular sponsorship of genetic research meetings on particular themes. Regular (e.g. annual) funding is available for genetics research communities who wish to run regular series of meetings. Current examples include Arabidopsis, the Population Genetics Group and the Zebrafish Forum.

Members may make applications for new Sectional Interest Groups at any time. Applications should be submitted on the GS Funding Application Form and emailed to [email protected] using message subject ‘New Sectional Interest Group’ and your surname. The award of Genetics Society support will be subject to review of applications by the committee and subject to the following conditions.

1) The sponsorship of the Genetics Society must be mentioned in all pre-meeting publicity (e.g. posters, flyers, website). It should also be acknowledged in the meeting programme booklet. It is understood that wherever possible, the meeting should be advertised as ‘A Genetics Society Meeting’, however, where the Society’s financial contribution support is only partial, and where this formula of words would conflict with the interests of other sponsors, it is acceptable for the meeting to be advertised as a ‘Genetics Society-Sponsored Meeting’. 2) Details of the programme of the meeting should be made available to all Genetics Society members via the Society’s newsletter, and electronic copy should be sent as far in advance as possible to the newsletter editor, at the latest by the advertised copy date for the newsletter preceding the close of registrations for the meeting. The same details will appear on the Genetics Society website. This information should include the programme of speakers, the topics to be covered, plus details of how to register for the meeting. 3) A report on the meeting, once it has taken place, should be submitted for publication in the newsletter, which is the official record of the Society’s activities. This should be sent as soon as possible after the meeting to [email protected], and should include brief factual information about it (where and when it took place, how many people attended and so on), together with a summary of the main scientific issues covered. 4) Genetics Society funds may be used to support speaker travel, accommodation, publicity or any other direct meeting costs, at the organizers’ discretion. It is understood that budget travel and accommodation options will normally be insisted upon. Any unused funds should be returned to the Society. The Society will not be liable for any financial losses incurred by the meeting organizers. Any profits should be retained solely for the support of similar, future meetings, as approved by the Society. 5) A written invoice for the agreed amount of Genetics Society sponsorship should be forwarded to [email protected], no later than one month after the meeting date. Funds may be claimed in advance of the meeting, as soon as the amount of support has been notified in writing. 6) Meeting organizers may levy a registration charge for attendance at the meeting as they see fit. However, it is understood that Genetics Society members will be offered a substantial discount, so as to encourage non- members wishing to attend to join the Society at the same time. The meeting organizers agree to make available to non-member registrants full details of how to apply for Genetics Society membership, such as appear on the website and in the newsletter, and may charge such persons the same registration fee as charged to members, upon confirmation from the Society’s Office that their application and remittance or direct debit mandate for membership fees has been received. 7) The meeting organizers are free to apply to other organizations for sponsorship of the meeting, as they see fit. However, organizations whose policies or practices conflict with those of the Genetics Society should not be approached. In cases of doubt, the officers of the Genetics Society should be consulted for advice.

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New Sectional Interest Groups (continued)

8) If the meeting is advertised on the Internet a link to the Genetics Society website (www.genetics.org.uk) should be included. 9) For those groupings holding their first such meeting with Genetics Society support, it is understood that the Society’s support for future meetings of the series will be decided on the basis of the success of the first meeting, including adherence to all of the conditions listed above. The first meeting is hence supported on a pilot basis only. 10) The meeting organizers will nominate a responsible person who will liaise with the Genetics Society on all matters relating to the meeting, and whose contact details will be supplied to the Society’s Office. This person will inform the Society if he/she resigns or passes on his/her responsibility for the meeting or series to another person, whose contact details shall also be supplied.

Junior Scientist Grants

Purpose To support attendance at genetics research meetings by junior scientists. In this section, junior scientists are defined as graduate students and postdoctoral scientists within two years of their PhD viva.

Travel and accommodation to the Genetics Society meetings Grants up to £150 are available for travel and essential overnight accommodation costs to attend all Genetics Society meetings, including the Genetics Society’s own bi-annual meetings and meetings of our Sectional Interest Groups. The cheapest form of travel should be used if possible and student railcards used if travel is by train. Airfares will only be funded under exceptional circumstances.

How to apply: For the Genetics Society’s own Spring and Autumn meetings, applications should be submitted online (https://gensoc.myreviewroom.com) before the registration deadline of the meeting.

For meetings of our Sectional Interest Groups (e.g. Arabidopsis, Population Genetics Group, Zebrafish Forum), junior scientist travel claims should be submitted on the GS Funding Application Form at any time and emailed to [email protected] using message subject “Travel to GS meeting” and your surname.

There is no limit to the maximum frequency at which the grants can be awarded for attending the Genetics Society meetings.

Travel, accommodation and registration cost at other meetings Grants of up to £750 to attend conferences in the area of Genetics that are not Genetics Society meetings (including sectional meetings) are available to junior scientists.

How to apply: Please visit the website https://gensoc.myreviewroom.com in time for one of the quarterly deadlines (1st day of February, May, August and November). The application must be accompanied by a supporting statement from the applicant’s supervisor or head of department, which must be uploaded via the online application form before the deadline.

Other conditions: Recipients of these grants will be asked to write a short report that may be included in the newsletter. A maximum of one grant per individual per two years will be awarded.

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Training Grants

Purpose To support attendance at short training courses.

Grants of up to £1,000 are available to enable members to go on short training courses in the area of Genetics research. Eligible expenses include travel, accommodation, subsistence and tuition fees.

How to apply: Applications should be made online via the Genetics Society Grants application site. Deadlines are bi-monthly (1 February, 1 April, 1 June, 1 August, 1 October and 1 December). To apply please visit the website https://gensoc.myreviewroom.com.

Closing date: awards will be announced within two months of the closing date. A maximum of one Training Grant per individual per three years will be awarded.

Heredity Fieldwork Grants Purpose To support field-based genetic research and training.

Grants of up to £1,500 are available to cover the travel and accommodation costs associated with pursuing a field- based genetic research project or to visit another laboratory for training. The research field should be one from which results would typically be suitable for publication in the Society’s journal Heredity. The scheme is not intended to cover the costs of salaries for those engaged in fieldwork or training, or to fund attendance at conferences.

How to apply: Applications should be made online via the Genetics Society Grants application site. Deadlines are bi-monthly (1 February, 1 April, 1 June, 1 August, 1 October and 1 December). To apply please visit the website https://gensoc.myreviewroom.com.

A panel of members of the Genetics Society committee will review applications including both information on the student and the proposed project. Feedback on unsuccessful applications will not be provided. Awards will be announced within two months of the closing date.

Other conditions: Only one application from any research group will be admissible in any one year. Recipients of these grants will be asked to write a short report within two months of completion of the project that may be included in the newsletter. A maximum of one grant per individual per three years will be awarded.

50 . GENETICS SOCIETY NEWS . ISSUE 74 GRANT SCHEMES 51

Genes and Development Summer Studentships

Purpose To support vacation research by undergraduate geneticists.

Grants of up to £2,350 are available to provide financial support for undergraduate students interested in gaining research experience in any area of genetics by carrying out a research project over the long vacation, usually prior to their final year.

Applications must be made by Principal Investigators at Universities or Research Institutes. The application must be for a named student. Studentships will only be awarded to students who have yet to complete their first degree i.e. those who will still be undergraduates during the long vacation when the studentship is undertaken. There are no restrictions concerning the nationality , and the student does not have to attend a UK university.

How to apply: there is one closing date of 31st March each year. The student’s tutor or equivalent must also send a reference. Undergraduate students who wish to do vacation research projects are encouraged to seek a PI to sponsor them and to develop a project application with the sponsor. Both the PI and the student involved must be members of the Genetics Society.

The studentship will consist of an award of £200 per week for up to 8 weeks to the student plus a grant of up to £750 to cover expenses incurred by the host laboratory. Both elements of cost must be justified. The award will be made to the host institution.

A panel of members of the Genetics Society committee will review applications including both information on the student and the proposed project. Feedback on unsuccessful applications will not be provided.

Other conditions: Recipients of these grants will be asked to write a short report within two months of completion of the project that may be included in the newsletter. GENERAL INFORMATION 52

The Genetics Society

The Genetics Society was founded­ in 1919 and is one of the world’s first societies devoted to the study of the ­mechanisms of inheritance.

Aims at a Genetics Society Meeting by Specialist interests an internationally distinguished The Genetics Society was ­founded geneticist. Six specialist interest areas are in 1919 and is one of the world’s covered by ­elected Committee first societies ­devoted to the study The Society also awards the Genetics Members: Gene Structure, Function of the mechanisms of inheritance. Society Medal, the Mary Lyon Medal, and Regulation; Genomics; Cell & Famous founder ­members included Balfour Lecture and JBS Haldane Developmental Genetics; Applied William Bateson, JBS Haldane lecture on an annual basis. Winners and Quantitative Genetics; and AW Sutton. Membership is of the Genetics Society Medal and Evolutionary, Ecological and open to anyone with an interest in Balfour lectures present their lecture Population Genetics; Corporate genetical research or teaching, or at a Genetics Society Meeting. Genetics and Biotechnology. The in the practical breeding of plants International links Committee Members are ­responsible and ­animals. for ensuring that the various local The Society has many overseas and national ­meetings cover all Meetings members and maintains links with organisms within the broad spectrum The main annual event of the genetics societies in other ­countries of our members’ interests. Society is the Spring Meeting. This through the International Genetics has at least one major symposium Federation, the Federation of theme with invited speakers, and a European Genetics Societies and number of contributed papers and/ through the International Union of or poster sessions. Microbiological Societies. One day mini-symposia are held Publications during the year in ­different regions The Society publishes two so that members from different major international ­scientific ­catchment areas and specialist journals: Heredity, concerned with groups within the ­society can be ­cytogenetics, with ecological, informed about subjects of topical, evolutionary and ­bio-metrical local and specialist interest. Like genetics and also with plant and the spring ­symposia these include animal breeding; and Genes and papers both from local ­members Development, which is jointly and from invited speakers. One of owned with Cold Spring Harbor these meetings always takes place Laboratories and which is concerned in London in November. with ­molecular and ­developmental Medals and Lectures aspects of genetics. The Mendel Medal, named in honour A newsletter is sent out twice a year of the founder of modern genetics, to inform members about meetings, is usually given on alternative years symposia and other items of interest.

52 . GENETICS SOCIETY NEWS . ISSUE 74 gs the geneticssociety Membership form Membership includes free online subscription to Heredity

Please complete this form and return it, along with your cheque, Direct Debit instructions or credit card to The Genetics Society, c/o Portland Customer Services, Charles Darwin House, 12 Roger Street, London, WC1N 2JU. Complete this section carefully. The information you provide will help us to correspond with you efficiently and ensure that your details are accurately held on our membership database.

1. IDENTIFICATION (as data controllers we adhere to the Data Protection Act 1998)

Title: Prof. Dr. Mr. Miss. Mrs. Ms.

Last Name: First Name:

Institution:

Institution Address:

Postcode: Country:

Telephone: Fax:

Email:

Your home address should only be given when there is no alternative. Please ensure that you have included your email address.

2. AREAS OF INTERESTS (tick as appropriate)

Gene Structure, Function and Regulation Genomics

Cell and Developmental Genetics Applied and Quantitative Genetics

Evolutionary, Ecological & Population Genetics Corporate Genetics and Biotechnology

3. MEMBERSHIP FEES

Membership entitles you to reduced rate entry to meetings, discounts on journals, free Society newsletters plus free online ­access to Heredity. The annual membership charges are as follows (please tick applicable box): Full Member: *£25.00 Postgraduate Member: *£15.00 Undergraduate Member: £5.00

* there is a reduction of £5.00 from the membership charge for full and postgraduate members paying by Direct Debit

4. STUDENT MEMBERSHIP (if this section is not applicable please go to section 5)

As a student member of the Society you are eligible to apply for a grant to defray the cost of attendance at meetings organised by the Society. Full details regarding grants is available on the web site. In addition, after one year full membership you can apply for a grant for overseas travel to international meetings held outwith the Society.

If you are applying for an undergraduate membership please state year of graduation:

If you are applying for a postgraduate membership please state year of starting research degree:

Signature of Head of Department/Supervisor

Please note: After four years’ postgraduate membership you will be required to pay the full subscription fee. 5. PAYMENT

Option 1: Direct Debit (UK Bank Accounts only) Complete this membership form and a Direct Debit mandate form, which can be downlaoded from our website and send them to the address below.

I wish to pay by Direct Debit (tick box if applicable). Paying by Direct Debit entitles Full members and Postgraduates to a saving of £5.00 from the price of their membership. Direct Debit Membership Subscriptions are renewed on an annual basis.

Option 2: Cheque/Bank transfer

I enclose a cheque for the sum of £ made payable to Portland Customer Services Payment made by bank transfer to: Portland Customer Services, National Westminster Bank plc, 25 High Street, Colchester CO1 1DG, UK. Account no. 01863630 Sort Code: 60-06-06.

To facilitate identification please confirm:

Your transfer reference Date of transaction

Amount £ Bank from which the transfer has been made

Option 3: Credit/Debit Card I wish to pay by Credit Card. Credit Card Type: Visa Mastercard Switch I authorise Portland Customer Services to use the credit card details below to pay my membership fees.

Card No Issue No (if available)

Start Date Expiry Date

Name of Cardholder

Signature Date

Address of Cardholder

City Postcode/Zip

Country

6. MEMBERSHIP NOMINATION

Your application for membership of the Genetics Society will not be accepted without the signature of a FULL MEMBER nominating you for ­membership. In instances where no full member is available you must submit a copy of your CV along with a short Academic Reference. Your application will then be considered by the Committee. Alternatively, you may contact the Society by email for a list of Society Reps in your area: [email protected].

Signature of nominating FULL MEMBER Print name in block capitals Membership No.

I do not have a signature of a nominating member. I enclose a copy of my CV along with an Academic Reference for consideration by the Committee (tick box if applicable)

Please return your membership application form along with any attachments to: The Genetics Society, Portland Customer Services, Commerce Way, Colchester CO2 8HP, UK marking your envelope MEMBERSHIP­ APPLICATION.

Please note that the approval of new members is ratified at the Spring Meeting as part of our AGM. However, your membership will begin as soon as your application is processed. Notification of change of address form

If you wish to notify us of a change of address, you can use our online facility by visiting www.genetics.org.uk or by emailing us at [email protected]. Alternatively you can complete the form below and return it to: The Genetics Society, c/o Portland Customer Services, Charles Darwin House, 12 Roger Street, London, WC1N 2JU marking your envelope CHANGE OF ADDRESS NOTIFICATION.

Note that from my new address will be:

Title: Prof. Dr. Mr. Miss. Mrs. Ms.

(Print or Type)

Last Name: First Name:

Institution:

Address:

Postcode: Country:

Telephone: Fax:

Email:

Previous address:

OFFICE USE ONLY

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