2015 Dissertação Apresentada Ao Programa De Pós-Graduação Em

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2015 Dissertação Apresentada Ao Programa De Pós-Graduação Em PAULA NOGUEIRA DE VASCONCELOS GONÇALVES CONEXÃO HISTÓRICA ENTRE SAVANAS LITORÂNEAS DO NORDESTE E O CERRADO CENTRAL: DEMOGRAFIA EVOLUTIVA E FILOGEOGRAFIA DE DUAS ESPÉCIES ARBÓREAS SIMPÁTRICAS Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-graduação em Genética do Departamento de Biologia Geral do Instituto de Ciências Biológicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, como requisito para obtenção do título de mestre em Genética. Orientadora: Profª. Drª. Maria Bernadete Lovato DEPTO. DE BIOLOGIA GERAL INSTITUTO DE CIÊNCIAS BIOLÓGICAS BELO HORIZONTE 2015 À Hannah & Carol 1 Vita brevis, ars longa, occasio praeceps, experimentum periculosum, iudicium difficile Hipócrates But academic divisions are, to some significant degree, accidents of history; there is no guarantee that the problems that actually arise in inquiry can always be resolved by methods internal to a single approach. Elliott Sober We feel that even if all possible scientific questions be answered, the problems of life have still not been touched at all. Of course, there is then no question left, and just this is the answer. The solution of the problem of life is seen in the vanishing of this problem. Ludwig Wittgenstein 2 AGRADECIMENTOS Como começar de outra forma senão agradecendo à minha mãe? Sou grata pelo seu apoio irrestrito, pela crença inabalável, pelo amor incondicional, por todas as oportunidades que você me deu. Sou grata por ter me incutido tanta paixão pelo conhecimento, pelos livros, pela leitura, e por não ter tido medo de fomentar minha curiosidade inesgotável. Agradeço pela formação humanista, por ter me incentivado quando resolvi cursar filosofia e também quando decidi fazer mestrado em genética. Você forneceu as bases para que eu me tornasse a pessoa que sou hoje, com todas as minhas qualidades e imperfeições. E graças a você esse trabalho existe, assim como está, com todas as qualidades e imperfeições típicas da autora. Agradeço ao meu pai, que desde cedo cativou minha curiosidade para a ciência. Sempre me lembrarei com carinho das noites vendo estrelas, identificando galáxias, lendo cartas celestes, olhando planetas e cometas pelo telescópio. Acabei desviando da astronomia, mas o espírito científico que herdei de você permanece inalterado. Agradeço ao Liszt, meu marido, minha alma gêmea. Minha vida está entrelaçada na sua, agora e para sempre. Te agradeço por ter estado ao meu lado, por ter sido meu companheiro, por ter me apoiado, me encorajado e me amado. Sua crença em mim me fortalece e engrandece, e eu espero conseguir ser para você pelo menos um pouco de tudo que você é para mim. Obrigada por me manter sã e feliz, apesar de todos os estresses dos últimos meses. Te amo. Agradeço à Hannah por ter me dado um amor puro e sem restrições, por ter sido o cão mais amável. Em vida, me ensinou o significado de força, resiliência e estoicidade... ainda estou tentando compreender o sentido de sua morte. Apenas sei que sempre estará comigo, nas minhas memórias e no meu coração. Agradeço às minhas outras meninas peludas Sara e Rosinha. Vocês nunca conseguirão ler essas palavras, mas espero que meus gestos transmitam todo o amor e gratidão que sinto por vocês. Como diria Mary Oliver: "Because of the dog’s joyfulness, our own is increased. It is no small gift. It is not the least reason why we should honor as well as love the dog of our own life, and the dog down the street, and all the dogs not yet born. What would the world be like without music or rivers or the green and tender grass? What would this world be like without dogs?" Agradeço à Bernadete, minha orientadora, por ter me aceitado como orientanda e pela oportunidade de executar um trabalho que me abriu tantas portas. 3 Tenho especial gratidão pela grande confiança depositada em mim, pois não é todo dia que uma filósofa bate à porta pedindo para fazer um trabalho de biologia molecular. Agradeço imensamente ao Anderson (Miyoshi) por ser uma pessoa tão maravilhosa. Você fez uma aposta enorme ao me encorajar a fazer mestrado na genética e eu espero ter correspondido às suas expectativas. Obrigada por acreditar em mim, você um professor hors concours. Obrigada também por todo apoio que sempre me ofereceu, pelo carinho, por ouvir minhas mágoas e alegrias. Espero sempre poder contar com sua amizade. Agradeço à Bárbara, Luciana e Renata, por tudo. A vocês cito William Blake: "The bird a nest, the spider a web, man friendship". Sua amizade foi meu lar nesses últimos dois anos. Agradeço todo o conhecimento compartilhado comigo, mas, acima de tudo, agradeço a partilha dos risos, das lágrimas, do companheirismo e de toda a gama de emoções que vivenciamos juntas. Nossos laços se estreitaram com o tempo e espero conseguir mantê-los apertados por toda a vida. Agradeço aos colegas do GenePop: Alison e Andrea, sem vocês esse trabalho não existiria - de uma forma bem literal! Sou profundamente grata a vocês pelo esforço que possibilitou a concretização desse trabalho. Bruno, Larissa, Priciane e Beatriz, obrigada pela amizade, pela ótima companhia, pela convivência animada, por todo o apoio e pela calorosa acolhida. Agradeço aos colegas do LDGH: Fernanda, Ferdi, Gil, Mateus, Moara, Nathalia, Roxana, Thiago e Rennan (espero não estar esquecendo ninguém), muito obrigada por terem sido tão carinhosos e acolhedores comigo. Agradeço a ótima companhia, a convivência super divertida e a amizade nesses 2 anos. E um obrigada especial ao Thiago por ser tão solícito e prestativo! Agradeço ao Juliano (in memoriam) por todo o apoio técnico. Sem você essa dissertação também não existiria! Sua ajuda, paciência e conhecimentos foram essenciais para uma parte fundamental do trabalho. Além disso, sua amizade foi um bônus precioso. Você se foi cedo demais e deixou uma lacuna em nossos corações. Agradeço aos grandes amigos Gabriel e Thomaz. Vocês foram encontros fortuitos da vida. Obrigada pela amizade, pelas conversas extremamente estimulantes, pelas discussões e compartilhamento de ideias, por todo o fértil terreno intelectual que cultivamos nesses últimos quatro anos. Nossa experiência com o Dia Darwin foi fantástica e é algo que nunca me esquecerei. Agradeço ao Leandro pela amizade e também pelas estimulantes trocas 4 de ideias no âmbito da filosofia, da biologia, e desse híbrido que é a filosofia da biologia! Obrigada também por ter embarcado conosco no Dia Darwin, foi uma viagem alucinante. Agradeço aos professores da pós graduação em Genética por todos os ensinamentos, especialmente ao Eduardo Tarazona e ao Fabrício Santos, que contribuíram com a minha formação. Também estendo minha gratidão ao professor José Lemos Pires, do departamento de Botânica, por ter coletado o material desse trabalho, e ao Fernando Silveira, também da Botânica, pelas sugestões. Agradeço aos amigos de longa data e de outras paragens: Ana Carolina, Aurélia, Camila, Carlão, Emilly, Gabi, Flávio, Maíra (Nena), Maria Clara, Mateus, Nanda, Ricardo.... Obrigada por serem parte da minha vida, por fazerem dela mais linda, interessante e divertida. Adoro vocês. E um agradecimento especial à Camila, minha querida amiga há mais de 20 anos, por ter lido o texto todinho à caça de erros de escrita. Você é a única pessoa em quem confio para isso! 5 ÍNDEX List of figures..............................................................................................8 List of tables................................................................................................9 List of abbreviations.................................................................................10 Resumo......................................................................................................11 Preface.......................................................................................................12 What does it mean to be the same?................................................12 Brief epistemological account of the historical sciences.............16 Brief historical account of bio and phylogeography.....................20 The ABC of Approximate Bayesian Computation.........................27 The Cerrado.......................................................................................29 The northeastern savannas.............................................................32 The studied taxa................................................................................33 Bibliography..............................................................................................35 Goals..........................................................................................................52 Article.........................................................................................................54 Abstract.............................................................................................55 Introduction.......................................................................................56 Materials and Methods.....................................................................61 Results...............................................................................................69 Discussion.........................................................................................75 Conclusions......................................................................................83 Literature Cited.................................................................................84 Figure captions.................................................................................98 6 Figures.............................................................................................100
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