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The Coastal Pine Ridge Soils of British Honduras and Their Fertility Status

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The Coastal Pine Ridge Soils of British Honduras and Their Fertility Status THE COASTAL PINE RIDGE SOILS OF BRITISH HONDURAS AND THEIR FERTILITY STATUS By RUFO BAZAN A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE COUNCIL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 1969 - ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author wishes to express his sincere appreciation to Dr. during the William G. Blue, for his guidance, assistance, and interest course of this investigation. Appreciation is extended to Dr, Charles C. Hortenstine, Dr. Hugh Ruelke for their L. Popenoe, Dr. Earl G. Rodgers, and Dr. 0. Charles constructive reviews of this manuscript and participation on tne Graduate Supervisory Committee. Appreciation is also extended to Mr. A. A. Hunter, Minister or Natural Resources, Commerce and Industry, British Honduras, sr.d to the following governmental officers, who in one way or another helped the Mr. E. W. author in different phases of his work in Sritish Honduras: Agricul King, Chief Agricul tural Officer; Mr. C. D. Atkins, Assi stant A. turai Officer; Mr, M. W. Si Ivey, Agronomist, Central Farm, Mr . >1. Weight, Surveyor General; and Mr. L. Day, Acting Marketing Officer. The author wishes to extend his appreciation to the Center foi Tropica! Agriculture of the University of Florida, for granting the the research project assi stantshi p, and for financial assistance to which made this study possible. Institute of Agricultural He is indebted to the 1 nterAmer i can absence Sciences, in Turrialba, Costa Rica, for granting the leave of which made possible the continuation of graduate studies at the University of Florida. Special word of recognition is given to Professor Frederick Hardy, Agricultural i Institute of formerly Soil Scientist at the 1 nterAmer can guidance, and Sciences, in Turrialba, Costa Rica, for his instruction, years of association, training in the field of soils during the several Professor first as his graduate student and later as his assistant. Hardy was also instrumental in encouraging graduate study at the University of Florida. for the excellent He is grateful to Mrs. Lillian S. Ingenlath, job of typing this dissertation. for Last, but not the least, the author wishes to thank his wife years her understanding, patience, constant encouragement during his happiness of enjoying as a graduate student, and for giving him the the existence of their three beloved children. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ii LI ST OF TABLES vi i Li ST OF FI CURES xi i INTRODUCTION 1 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 4 The Country 4 Topography 4 Climate 5 Geology 5 Slate series 6 Granitic igneous intrusions 6 Rio Du Ice limestones and marls 6 Toledo beds. ... 7 Old coastai alluvium 7 Recent depos its 7 Vegetation 8 The Coastal Pine Ridge Soils 10 Location 10 East central region, coastal plain sub-region 10 Belize region, pine ridge sub- region ! 1 Climate.,... 11 Vegetat i on 11 Geology 14 Soil Phosphorus 15 Forms of Soil Phosphorus 16 Phosphorus Fixation .... ....... 17 Liming and Phosphorus Availability 24 Chemical Soil Tests for Available Phosphorus 27 Mobility of Phosphorus in Sandy Soils 30 Plant Chemical Composition as an Index of Soil Fert i 1 i ty 35 Effect of Soil Properties on Plant Composition J>6 Effects of Fertilizers on Plant Composition 37 Page MATERIALS AND METHODS 45 Field Work 45 Laboratory Investigations . 50 Soil Physical Measurements ........ 50 Soil Chemical Measurements 53 Phosphorus Fixation and P Fractionation 55 Mobility of Phosphorus in Puletan Soils 55 Experiment I 56 Experiment 2 56 Available Soil Phosphorus and Crop Yield Study 58 Plant Chemical Analyses 59 Greenhouse Investigations 59 Exploratory Nutrient and Nutrient Residual Study . 60 Tomato plant response, , . , 60 Pangolagrass plant response. 62 Hairy indigo plant response. 62 Lime and Phosphorus Study . 63 Pangolagrass plant response. 63 Pigeon pea plant response. 63 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 65 Field Work 65 Description of Soil Profile Features 65 Prof i lei 65 Prof i le 1 I 66 Drainage 67 Laboratory Investigations 69 Soil Physical Measurements 69 Soil Chemical Measurements. ...... 80 Phosphorus Fixation and Phosphorus Fractionation Studies 86 Mobility cf Phosphorus in Puletan Soiis 90 Experiment I 90 Experiment 2 . 95 Available Soil Phosphorus and Crop Yield Study 102 Greenhouse Investigations 103 Exploratory Nutrient and Nutrient Residual Study 103 Tomato plant response 103 Pangolagrass response. 120 Hairy indigo response. 128 v Page Lime and Phosphorus Study 132 Pangolagrass response 132 Pigeon pea response 1^1 APPENDIX SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS '88 LITERATURE CITED >97 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH 209 LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Climate of Belize City, 1957*1967 12 2. Phosphorus applied and herbage phosphorus content 41 3. Calcium and phosphorus in white clover from various fertilized plots at several experiment stations 42 4. Potassium requirements for some pasture crops in Florida 43 5. Minimum potassium content required of pasture herbages for optimum growth rate 43 6. Puletan soil textural types 45 7. Nutrient quantities and sources for exploratory study 61 8. Nutrient quantities and sources for the lime-phosphorus study 64 9. Textural classification of Puletan soils 70 10. Comparative textural classification of Puletan soi Is 71 11. Clay minerals present in Puletan soils 77 12. Chemical analysis of Puletan soils 81 13. Phosphorus fractions in Puletan soils 87 14. Phosphorus fractions and pH before P treatment 88 15. Phosphorus fractions after P treatment and P removed 88 16. Phosphorus recovered in leaching from surface soi 1 91 vi I Table pa 9 e 17. Phosphorus recovered in leaching from surface soil 91 18. Phosphorus recovered in leaching from Profile I 97 19. Phosphorus recovered in leaching from Profile II 97 20. Effect of lime and fertilization on tomato plant yields 1 08 21. Effect of lime and fertilization on nutrient concentrations in tomato plants 11/ 22. Effect of lime and fertilization on nutrient concentrations in tomato plants 119 23. Effect of lime and fertilization on yields of pangolagrass forage 124 24. Effect of lime and fertilization on nutrient concentration in pangolagrass forage . 125 25. Effect of lime and fertilization on nutrient concen tra t i on in pangolagrass forage 127 26. Effect of lime and fertilization on hairy indigo forage yields 129 27. Effect of lime and fertilization on nutrient concentrations in hairy indigo forage 130 28. Effect of lime and fertilization on nutrient concentrations in hairy indigo forage 131 29. Effect of lime and phosphorus fertilization on yields of pangolagrass forage 133 30. Effect of lime and phosphorus fertilization on nutrient concentrations in pangolagrass forage 137 31. Effect of lime and phosphorus fe r t i 1 i za t i on on pangolagrass root weights 142 32. Effect of lime and phosphorus fertilization on pigeon pea forage yields 143 33. Effect of lime and P fertilization on nutrient concentrations in pigeon pea forage ’44 vi i i Table Page 34. Effect of lirne and phosphorus fertilization on pigeon pea root weights. 146 35. Textural classification of Puletan soils 1 48 36. Actual weights of cylinder samples and calculated pore space 149 Capillary and 37 . Porosity characteristics: non-capillary pore space: Partition of water 150 151 38 . Sticky point and index of texture 39. Chemical analyses of Puletan soils 152 40. Chemical analysis of Puletan soils 153 41 . Chemical analysis of Puletan soils 154 42. Phosphorus recovered in leaching from - surface soil Profile I 155 43. Phosphorus recovered in leaching from - surface soil Profile I 155 44. Total phosphorus concentration in leached surface soils 156 45. Phosphorus fractions in leached surface soils 157 46. Phosphorus recovered in leaching from surface soil - Profile II 158 47. Phosphorus recovered in leaching from surface soil - Profile M 158 48. Phosphorus recovered in leaching from surface soil after standing 48 hr - Profi le II 159 49. Phosphorus recovered in leaching from surface soil after standing 48 hr - . Profi le I 1 159 50. Phosphorus recovered in leaching from Prof i 1 e I . 160 51. Phosphorus recovered in leaching from Prof i 1 e I . 160 i x Table Page 52. Phosphorus recovered in leaching from Prof i le I 1 161 53. Phosphorus recovered in leaching in Prof i le 1 I 161 54. Total phosphorus concentration in leached soils 162 in 55 . Total phosphorus concentration 1 eached soils 162 56 . Phosphorus fractions in leached soils 1 63 Puletan 57 . Amounts of phosphorus removed from soils by different extractants 164 58 . Effect of lime and fertilization on tomato root weights . 1 65 on 59 . Effect of lime and fertilization nutrient concentration in tomato roots 166 60. Effect of lime and fertilization on nutrient concentration in tomato roots 167 61. Effect of lime and fertilization on pangolagrass forage yields . 168 62. Effect of lime and fertilization on pangolagrass forage yields 169 63 . Effect of lime and fertilization on pangolagrass roots weights 170 64. Effect of lime and fertilization on nutrient concentrations in pangolagrass roots 171 65 . Effect of lime and fertilization on nutrient concentrations in pangolagrass roots ..... 172 66 . Effect of lime and fertilization on hairy indigo root weights 173 67 . Effect of lime and fertilization on nutrient concentrations in hairy indigo roots 174 68 . Effect of lime and fertilization on nutrient, concentrations in hairy indigo roots 175 x Table Page phosphorus fertilization 69 . Effect of lime and on parigolagrass forage yields 1 7& 70. Effect of lime and phosphorus fertilization on pangolagrass forage yields 177 pangolagrass forage 71 . Analysis of variance for yields as affected by lime and phosphorus - fertilization Profile I 178 72. Analysis of variance for pangolagrass forage yields as affected by lime and phosphorus fertilization - Profile II 179 73. Effect of lime and phosphorus fertilization on micronutrient concentration in pangolagrass forage 180 74 . Effect of lime and phosphorus fertilization on nutrient concentrations in pangolagrass roots 18! 75.
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