International Communism and the Spanish Civil War: Solidarity and Suspicion Lisa A

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-10627-7 - International Communism and the Spanish Civil War: Solidarity and Suspicion Lisa A. Kirschenbaum Index More information

Index

Aalto, Bill, 173, 195 Antonov-Ovseenko, Vladimir, 144 Abortion, 1, 2, 127 Archer, Amos, 144 Abraham Lincoln battalion, 5, 86. See also Arguelles,¨ Laureano, 50 Fifteenth Brigade Arvola, Ranse Edward, 95 anniversary celebrations, 187, 240, 241, 245 as translator, 91 Abraham Lincoln Brigade. See Abraham on cigarettes, 100 Lincoln battalion on languages, 83, 95 Abramson, Adelina, 131, 132 on solidarity, 110 Abramson, Paulina, 132 Ashleigh, Charles, 59, 65 Aﬁnogenov, Aleksandr, 129 Axelbaum, Jacob, 34 Agnew, Jeremy, 17, 231 Aho, Oscar, 144 Barber, John, 40 Albacete, 84 Bart, Phil, 161 Albania, 221 Beal, Fred, 70 Alberti, Rafael, 130, 228 Bebel, August, 153 Alcohol Becker, Klaus, 92 communist attitudes toward, 43, 163, 165 Beimler, Hans, 155, 165 in Spain, 166–167, 168 Belknap, Michal, 227 Alien Registration Act of 1940. See Smith Act Bender, Edward, 174 American Mercury (magazine), 62, 63, 192 Bennett, Milly, 187, 220 Amery, Alfred, 168 and American press, 62, 63, 77 Amlie, Hans, 179, 187 and Communist Party, 174–175, 177, 179 FBI investigation of, 192, 218 and Evgenii Konstantinov’s arrest, 73–75 fundraising tour, 187–188 and George Kennan, 56, 62 Amlie, Thomas, 179 and Hans Amlie, 179 Anticommunism, 220, 221 and Hermann Muller, 175–177 trial of U.S. communists, 226–228 and Lindsay Parrott, 76 Antisemitism and Nazi-Soviet Pact, 192 and anticommunism, 220, 221 and Tom Wintringham, 192 and postwar purges, 223, 224 and Wallace Burton, 177–178 at International Lenin School, 43, 45 at Moscow News, 55, 56, 57, 61 in International Brigades, 104, 169 decision to go to Spain, 77–78, 79 Anton,´ Francisco, 151 FBI ﬁle, 193, 220

269

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-10627-7 - International Communism and the Spanish Civil War: Solidarity and Suspicion Lisa A. Kirschenbaum Index More information

270 Index

Bennett, Milly (cont.) Carrillo, Santiago, 199, 238 FBI investigation of, 217–220 Carroll, Peter, 8, 154, 189, 234, 240 in China, 56 Cecil-Smith, Edward, 169 on radiant Soviet future, 64–65, 69 Chaintron, Jean, 91 on Soviet queues and shortages, 60 Chapaev (film) on Walter Duranty, 61 and masculinity, 124 Bentley, Elizabeth, 90, 215, 216 at International Lenin School, 44 Berzin, Yan, 144 in Spain, 122, 123, 159 Besig, Ernest, 219 Chapaev, Vasilii, 122 Bessie, Alvah, 143 Chen, Eugene, 57 on Chapaev, 123 Chen, Jack, 57 on cigarettes, 98, 100 Chen, Percy, 57 on comradeship, 83 China, 27 on prostitution, 166 CIA (Central Intelligence Agency), 221 on sabotage, 104, 108 Cigarettes, 99, 98–100 on shortages, 101 and World War I, 99 on smell of war, 98 Cimorra, Clemente, 123 Bethune, Norman, 136 Circus (film), 122 Biddle, Francis, 218 City College of New York, 169 Birch, Lorrimer, 165, 174 Coad, Mack, 23, 50, 145 Bjoze, Jack, 193, 194 at International Lenin School, 41 Bloor, Ella Reeve, 232 in Spain, 145 Bodas de sangre (play), 126 Col, Antonio, 123–124 Bogardus, Ethel, 61 Cold war, 213, 227, 235 Bolshevization, 17, 18 and Spain, 210–211, 214 Borodin, Mikhail, 54, 219 Cole, Cecil, 94, 110, 114 and Moscow News, 55, 56, 66–67 Colow, Maury, 240 arrest, 222 Communist Academy, 134 FBI file, 59 Communist International (Comintern), 3 in Chicago, 57 and Nazi-Soviet Pact, 184 in China, 57 and Spanish Socialst Party (PSOE), 121 Bourne, Jim, 148 Conditions for Admission, 17 Boves, Pilar, 152 dissolution, 211, 230 Bowler, Kitty, 191 Fifth Congress, 15 Boym, Svetlana, 164 question of Soviet control, 3, 4, 7, 17, 19, Brailovskii, Grigorii, 130 231 Bremler, Mildred. See Bennett, Milly Seventh Congress, 18, 28 Browder, Earl, 37, 54, 148, 231 Sixth Congress, 18, 28 Brown Book of the Hitler Terror and the Thirteenth Plenum, 52 Burning of the Reichstag (book), 75 Communist norms of behavior, 43–44, 49. See Brown, Hillary, 59 also International communism Brown, Richard deWitt, 117 abstinence, 165, 166 Buchanan, Tom, 121 and race, 152–153 Bukharin, Nikolai, 27 discipline, 165 Bulgaria, 239 femininity, 127, 151, 152 Bullitt, William, 78 masculinity, 49, 124, 161–165, 169–170, Burton, Wallace, 177–178 172–174 Burton, Wilbur, 178, 219 putting the party ahead of private life, 155–158 Cahiers du Communisme (journal), 231 toughness, 48 Canto,´ Lupe, 204 Communist Party of Catalonia (PSUC), 197 Cardona, Gabriel, 107 Communist Party of China (CPC), 27

Index 271

Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (KSC),ˇ Dıaz,´ Jose,´ 7, 28, 50 27 in Soviet exile, 197, 203 Communist Party of France (PCF), 46, on Nazi-Soviet Pact, 198 183–184 Dimitrov, Georgi, 183, 195, 202, 205, 231 Communist Party of Germany (KPD), 27 Dobson, Miriam, 239 Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB), Doran, Dave, 120 27 Dreiser, Theodore, 53 and International Lenin School, 4, 22, 24 Duclos, Jacques, 231 and Nazi-Soviet Pact, 183–184 Dunham, Vera, 164 Communist Party of Poland (KPP), 27 Duranty, Walter, 60, 73 Communist Party of Spain (PCE), 1 and International Lenin School, 22–23, Edmonds, Lloyd, 141 25–26, 27–28, 46 Ehrenburg, Il’ia, 125, 129, 239 and memory of Spanish civil war, 185 Eisler, Gerhart, 225 and Nazi-Soviet Pact, 198–200 Eleventh Brigade, 85, 93, 164 in Soviet Union, 196 Engels, Friedrich, 76, 112 Communist Party of the Soviet Union England, 27 (Bolshevik), 45, 54 Epstein, Catherine, 229 Communist Party of the United States Espionage (CPUSA), 27 in Spain, 139 African American members, 23 Soviet, 215–216 and International Lenin School, 23–51 Soviet fears of, 222 and Nazi-Soviet Pact, 185, 189 U.S., 215, 221 and Spanish civil war, 50, 87, 102, 148, 187 U.S. fears of, 212, 217 and white chauvinism, 37, 38, 42 Evaluations (kharakteristiki), 44 immigrant members, 24, 33 at International Lenin School, 47–49 in Third Period, 18–19 in Spain, 144–145 reactions to secret speech, 238, 241 trial of party leaders, 217, 226, 227–228 Fadeev, Aleksander, 79 Communist University of National Minorities Falcon,´ Irene, 151, 225, 232 of the West (KUMNZ), 16 Falkowski, Ed, 58, 61 Communist University of Toilers of the East Fasanella, Ralph, 142 (KUTV), 16 FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation), 192, Condoms, 166 215, 217, 225 Copi´ c,´ Vladimir, 119, 132 Felipe, Pedro, 204 and Great Purges, 144 Femininity. See Communist norms of behavior and Harry Haywood, 146 Field, Noel, 223–224, 225 Cordero Bazaga, Francisco, 26 Fifteenth Brigade, 86, 93. See also Abraham Cornford, John, 165 Lincoln battalion Crome, Len, 114 languages, 91 Cuban revolution, 240 “nationality” groups in, 103 Czechoslovakia, 26, 224, 226, 232 problems with alcohol, 165–166 volunteers’ reasons for ﬁghting in Spain, Dahlem Franz, 225 110, 156, 157 Daly, Francis, 165 Finland, 189 David-Fox, Michael, 53 Firsov, Fridrikh Igorevich, 118 De Vries, Lini, 90, 216 Fischer, Louis, 60, 133 on languages, 89–90, 93 and Robert Merriman, 134 on Spanish people, 115 decision to go to Spain, 78 Delicado, Manuel, 233 on Mikhail Borodin, 57 Demery, Pearl, 39 on Nazi-Soviet Pact, 69 Di Vittorio, Giuseppe, 95 on radiant Soviet future, 68

272 Index

Fishman, Moe, 240 on homosexuality, 161, 172 Fishnelson, Nelson, 117 on kul’turnost’ (culturedness), 164 Flynn, Elizabeth Gurley, 232 on singing, 96 For Whom the Bell Tolls (book), 148 on Spanish people, 115 Fortis, Pavlos, 123 SACB testimony, 235 Fourteenth Brigade, 93 Gladstein, Richard, 227 France, 210 Glukhov, P., 205 Francis, Hywel, 155 God that Failed (book), 68, 78 Franco, Francisco, 6, 188, 210 Goff, Irving, 173, 194 Frankson, Canute, 115 Gordon, Dave, 155 Friedman, Jack, 141, 142 Gordon, Joe, 96 Friends of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade, 187, Gordon, Leo, 157, 159 188 decision to fight in Spain, 156 Friends of the Soviet Union, 121 on masculinity, 170 Frunze Military Academy, 197, 199 Gorev, Vladimir, 144 Fuente Ovejuna (play), 126 Gottwald, Klement, 225 Fuhr, Lee Moerkirk. See De Vries, Lini Graffy, Julian, 123 Fussell, Paul, 90, 98, 165, 166 Graham, Helen, 8, 89, 101 Great Purges. See Purges Garcıa´ Lorca, Frederico, 126 Great Retreat, 131 Garcıa,´ Cristino, 210 Great Terror. See Purges Gardner, Ben, 157 Green, Gilbert, 228 decision to fight in Spain, 110, 156 Grieg, Nordahl, 78 during World War II, 194 Gruzenberg, Michael. See Borodin, Mikhail in Barcelona, 116 Guernica, 6 letters to Alice Gardner, 112, 113, 154, 159, 160 Habeck, Mary R., 7 on 7 November holiday, 112 Halff, Max, 58 on camaraderie of soldiers, 171 Harris, Abe, 98 on cigarettes, 99 Haumann, Heiko, 4 on languages, 94 Hayes, Carleton, 210 on Steve Nelson, 170 Haynes, John Earl, 118 on We’re from Kronstadt, 122 Haywood, Harry, 50 Gates, John, 145, 147 at International Lenin School, 35 at Smith Act trial, 227 Comintern file, 146 during World War II, 193, 194 in Spain, 147 Gayman, Vital, 84 memoir, 35 on cigarettes, 102 Healey, Dan, 75 on national tensions, 104 Hellman, Lillian, 187 on sabotage, 106, 107 Hemingway, Ernest, 148, 194 on shortages, 101 Herker-Beimler, Centa, 155 Geminder, Bedrich,ˇ 225 Hernandez,´ Jesus,´ 25, 28, 50, 207 Germany, 26 and Pilar Boves, 151 East, 225, 229 Herrick, William, 141, 234 Gheorghiu-Dej, Gheorghe, 232 and Veterans of the International Brigades, Giron,´ Domingo, 152 Anti-Totalitarian, 191 Gladnick, Robert, 234 as Third Period communist, 140 and Veterans of the International Brigades, on prostitution, 166 Anti-Totalitarian, 191 on sex, 169 as Third Period communist, 140 SACB testimony, 235 languages, 91 Hirschfeld, Magnus, 76 on alcohol, 161, 167, 168 Hiss, Alger, 215, 223

Index 273

Hitchens, Christopher, 9 letters home, 90, 112–113, 153–155, 155, Hitler, Adolf, 6 160 Hobsbawm, Eric, 184 marital status of volunteers, 153–154 Hodos, George, 229 organization of, 84–86, 93 Homage to Catalonia (book), 7 participation of International Lenin School Homosexuality alumni in, 50, 84, 145–149 and Moscow News, 59 shortages, 100–101 communist attitudes toward, 40, 75–76, Spanish participation in, 87, 105, 107, 108 172–173 volunteers’ understandings of Trotskyism, in Spain, 171–174 140–144 Soviet recriminalization of, 73, 75 withdrawal, 115 Hoover,J.Edgar,192, 218 International communism. See also How to Operate a Maxim Machinegun (film), Communist norms of behavior 122 and identity, 12, 18, 53 HUAC (House Un-American Activities and personal ties, 34, 36, 39, 55–58, Committee), 212, 216, 217 188–189 Hungary, 224, 226, 240 and transnational networks, 2, 5, 19, 20, 33, 34, 36, 194, 228, 231–234 I Change Worlds (memoir), 67 as way of life, 2, 43, 156, 159–161, 165 Ibarruri,´ Dolores, 52, 115, 186 International Labor Defense, 134 and Francisco Anton,´ 151 International Lenin School (ILS), 4 and “legend” of International Brigades, alumni in Spanish civil war, 50, 84, 145–149 116 and Great Purges, 29–30 and memory of Spanish civil war, 242, 243 atmosphere and student life, 21–22, 30–32, and Ruben´ Ruiz Ibarruri’s´ death, 204–205 37 and Stalin, 209, 214 conditions of admission, 21, 22 correspondence, 202–204, 205, 214, curriculum, 15–16, 69 231–233 difficulties of recruitment, 22–26 in Soviet exile, 196, 197, 209 dissolution, 30, 50 in Soviet media, 125, 126, 129 founding, 55 memoir, 205 languages, 17, 27, 28 on Nazi-Soviet Pact, 198, 200–201 mission, 20–21 public image, 128–129, 200, 201 student body, 16, 27–28, 46 Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), 59 student motivations and expectations, 32 International Brigades, 5, 84. See also Eleventh students’ views of Soviet life, 70–72 Brigade, Twelfth Brigade, Thirteenth white chauvinism incident, 38–43 Brigade, Fourteenth Brigade, Fifteenth International News Service (INS), 77 Brigade International Red Aid (MOPR), 200 and cigarettes, 98–100, 102–103 International Women’s Day, 232 andEbrooffensive,115 Internationale (song), 94, 96–98, 238, 245 and fears of sabotage, 104–109 Isenberg, Robert W., 117, 120 and party affiliation, 87 Ispaniia (film), 126 and solidarity with the Soviet Union, 111 and song, 95–98 Jewish Antifascist Committee, 223 at Brunete, 105 Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee, 212 at Teruel, 107 “Joven Guardia” (song), 94, 152 defense of Madrid, 85 Judt, Tony, 8 executions, 117–118, 119–120, 143 humor, 141–143 Kaganovich, Lazar’, 41 languages, 83–84, 89–98 Kalinin, Mikhail, 1 “legend” of, 7–8, 88, 98, 116 Kamenev, Lev, 27 letters from home, 103, 157 Karmen, Roman, 126, 132

274 Index

Kaufman, Sidney, 171 Longo, Luigi, 85 Kea, Salaria. See Kee, Salaria on cigarettes, 100 Keating, Fred, 187 on languages, 92 Kee, Salaria, 152–153 on national differences, 85 Kennan, George on shortages, 101, 102 and Milly Bennett, 56, 62 Lope de Vega, 126 “Long Telegram”, 211 Lorca. See Garcıa´ Lorca, Frederico on Spain, 211 Luca, Elisabeta, 225 Kennell, Ruth, 62, 63 Lucas, Frank, 144 Khlevniuk, Oleg, 137 Lukacs,´ Pavol. See Zalka, Mat´ e´ Khor’uptenko, Nina, 130, 200 Lutz, Frederick, 97 Khrushchev, Nikita, 237, 238, 239 Lyons, Eugene, 53, 59 Kirov, Sergei, 45 Lysenkoism, 136 Kirsanova, Klavdiia Ivanovna, 21, 29 Klehr, Harvey, 118 MacLeod, Don, 88, 111 Kol’tsov, Mikhail, 122, 126, 129, 132 Madrid Defends Itself (ﬁlm), 126 and Great Purges, 144 Magidoff, Bob, 222 on Trotskyites in Spain, 138 Makaseev, Boris, 126 Kollontai, Aleksandra, 153 Maken, Morris, 191, 234 Komar, Waclaw, 225 Manso, Juan Jose,´ 50 Komsomlskaia pravda (newspaper), 204 Manuil’skii, Dmitrii, 183, 195 Konstantinov, Evgenii Vasilevich, 73, 77 Mao Zedong, 222 Kotkin, Stephen, 53 Markovicz, Mirko, 92 Kowalsky, Daniel, 8, 132 Martin, Fredericka, 236, 241 Krangle, Murray, 118 Marty, Andre,´ 50 Kruth, Helen, 112 at International Lenin School, 32, 44, 46 Kruth, Mito, 109, 137 in International Brigades, 84, 104, 148 letters to Helen Kruth, 112, 154, 158, 159, Masculinity. See also Communist norms of 160 behavior on alcohol, 165 at the front, 170–172 on Chapaev, 122, 124, 159 in Spanish Republic’s propaganda, 124 on languages, 85, 92, 94 “respectable” working-class manhood, 161, on masculinity, 171 162–163 on 1 May holiday, 112 “rough” masculinity, 161, 162–164, on Soviet role in Spain, 111 168–170 on Spanish people, 113 Matson, Hal, 78 Kul’turnost’ (culturedness), 164 Matthews, James, 124 Kuznick, Peter, 136 Mauthausen, 196, 225 McDermott, Kevin, 17, 225, 231 LaPorte, Norman, 4 McElligott, John “Paddy,” 169 Largo Caballero, Francisco, 121 McLellan, Josie, 95, 124 Last, Jef, 78 Medina, Harold, 227 Lattimore, Owen, 220 Meloff, Harry, 98, 166, 171 Lee, Laurie, 101, 109, 113 Mencken, H. L., 62 Left Review (journal), 76 Mendelowitz, Joseph. See Gordon, Joe Lenoe, Matthew, 66 Mendelowitz, Leo. See Gordon, Leo Leon,´ Marıa´ Teresa, 130 Mendelson, Wilfred, 85 Levenstein, Pearl, 153 Meredith, Karl, 69, 72 Libedinskaia, Lidia, 130 Merriman, Marion, 92, 134 Lıster,´ Enrique, 197, 198 effort to locate Robert Merriman, 188 Litwin, Alfred, 144 on husband’s decision to ﬁght in Spain, 133 London, Artur, 225, 227, 229, 230, 238 on Milly Bennett, 78

Index 275

Merriman, Robert, 88, 119, 121, 134, 159, Nelson, Steve, 24, 50, 147, 148 166 accused of espionage, 186 and communist party, 133 after World War II, 217, 220, 231 and Great Purges, 136 and memory of Spanish civil war, 242, 244 at Jarama, 91 and VALB, 188, 241 decision to fight in Spain, 110, 133–136 at International Lenin School, 31, 33, 35, disappearance, 188 36, 37 letters to Marion Merriman, 154, 157 Comintern file, 148 on Hans Amlie, 179 decision to fight in Spain, 157 on languages, 95 FBI file, 185 on radiant Soviet future, 68 in prison, 228, 233 on Spanish people, 113 in Spain, 92, 146, 147–148, 170 Mexico, 196 letters to Margaret Yeager, 154 Mickenberg, Morris. See Maken, Morris memoir, 36 Mikalauskas, Wesley, 166 on discipline, 44, 109 Miller, Bob, 178, 188 on languages, 94 Miller, Jenny, 178, 188 on Nazi-Soviet Pact, 185, 186, 190 Minor, Bob, 188 on Spanish people, 114, 167 Mints, Isaak Izrailevich, 35, 41, 42 on white chauvinism incident, 37, 43 Mitchell, Milly. See Bennett, Milly reaction to secret speech, 238 Mitrofanovka, 206 view of Soviet life, 71 Modesto, Juan, 197, 233 Neruda, Pablo, 205 Molotov, Viachaslav, 183 Nexø, Martin Andersen, 78 Mora, Constancia de la, 174 Nin, Andreu, 118, 132 Morgan, Kevin, 4 NKVD (People’s Commissariat of Internal Moscow Daily News. See Moscow News Affairs), 118 Moscow Mike, 62, 63, 65 Nonintervention Agreement, 6, 101 Moscow News, 11, 54, 56, 61 Nowell, William Odell, 23, 39, 40, 41 and anticosmopolitan campaign, 222 and censor, 61 O’Reilly, Patrick, 152 and returning Russian immigrants, 57 Ogonek (journal), 222 and socialist realism, 66 Operation X, 88 at International Lenin School, 44 Orlov, Aleksandr, 132 founding, 55 Orwell, George, 7, 120 on radiant Soviet future, 65 on POUM, 139 readers, 66–67 on smell of war, 98 Muller, Hermann, 136 on Soviet aid to the Republic, 121 and Great Purges, 136, 177 OSS (Office of Strategic Services), 173, 194, and Milly Bennett, 175–177 210, 223 effort to locate Robert Merriman, 188 Munich Agreement, 115 Parker, DeWitt, 100 Murphy, Arthur, 42 Parrott, Lindsay, 77 Murphy,J.T.,15, 16, 20, 28 Patterson, Leonard, 39, 42 Mussolini, Benito, 6 Pauker, Ana, 232 My Generation (memoir), 43 Paul´ Nelken, Santiago de, 186, 202–203, 205, 206 Nation (magazine), 192 Pavlichenko, Liudmila, 201 Nazi-Soviet Pact, 69, 179, 183, 184 Pavlov, Dmitrii Grigorevich, 91 and memory of Spanish civil war, 185, 189, Payne, Stanley, 118 198 Paynter, Will, 43, 50 Negrın,´ Juan, 115 Peeks, Henny, 166 Nelken, Margarita, 186, 202, 203 Petrou, Michael, 141, 153

276 Index

Philby, Kim, 221 Sacher, Harry, 227 Phillips, Laura, 162, 163 Salisbury, Harrison, 222 Picasso, Pablo, 239 Salut, Ispanii! (play), 129 Pike, David Wingeate, 202 Secret speech, 237 Plotnick, Henry, 117 reactions to, 237–239 Poland, 26, 183, 225 Segal’, Lev Khonanovich, 20 Popular Front, 18, 45, 140 Self-criticism, 44, 229 POUM (Partit Obrer d’Unificacio´ Marxista), at International Lenin School, 44–45 7, 138 Self-defining memory, 191–192 Preston, Paul, 207 Sennett, William Prohme, William, 219 and 1 May holiday, 112 Prokofiev, Rosie, 58 decision to fight in Spain, 157 Prostitution, 165, 166–167 letters to Gussie Machen, 113, 154, 158, Purges, 45 159, 160 and Spain, 118, 137, 143 on camaraderie of soldiers, 171 anticosmopolitan campaign, 213, 223, 237 on languages, 83 Great Purges, 29, 229 on prostitution, 165 in postwar Eastern Europe, 213, 223–226, on Trotskyism, 141 228–230 Sevostianov, Grigory, 7 Sexually transmitted disease, 165, 166, Racism. See white chauvinism 176 Radosh, Ronald, 7 Shapiro, Henry (UP correspondent), 135 Rajk, Laszl´ o,´ 224, 226 Shapiro, Henry (volunteer in Spain), 117, Rakosi,´ Maty´ as,´ 224 119 Randolph, William, 25 Shub, Esfir’, 126 Raven, Robert, 187 SIM (Military Intelligence Service), 118 Rees, Tim, 18 Skoutelsky, Remi,´ 154 Regler, Gustav, 78 Slansk´ y,´ Rudolf, 224, 226 Renn, Ludwig, 79, 173 Slater, Hugh, 191 Riley, Rose, 39 Smith Act, 216, 217, 227, 228, 232 Robbins, Sidney, 145 Socialist realism, 66, 68 Robles, Jose,´ 118 Solidarity, 12, 32, 36, 226, 243 Rochester, Sterling, 145 and song, 95–98 Rolfe, Edwin, 99, 167, 194 in Spain, 116 Rolfe, Mary, 155 Sorge, Richard, 219 Roman, Valter, 225 Soviet Union Romania, 225 aid to Spanish Republic, 7–9, 84, 87–89, Romilly, Esmond, 164, 165 111, 121 Roosevelt, Franklin, 210 and abortion, 2 Rose, Sol, 175 cultural products in Spanish Republic, Rosenberg, Ethel, 216 121–125 Rosenberg, Julius, 216 famine, 1932–33, 60 Rosenblatt, Morris, 34 foreign children in, 1 Rosenthal, Leon, 155, 157, 158, 160 foreign workers in, 33, 34, 63, 66 Royce, Lee, 167 image of Spanish civil war in, 125–128 Rubin, Hank, 100, 168 queues and shortages in, 52, 70 Ruiz Ibarruri,´ Ruben,´ 186, 202–203, 204 relations with Franco’s Spain, 214 Ruiz, Julian,´ 128 resonance of Spanish civil war in, 129–131, Rust, William, 115 132, 133, 239 Spanish exiles in, 186, 195–199 SACB (Subversive Activities Control Board), Western visitors to, 53 216, 234, 240 women’s emancipation in, 127

Index 277

Spain Betrayed (book), 7, 8 Studer, Brigitte, 4 Spanish civil war Supreme Council of the National Economy Army of Africa, 6 (VSNKh), 55 as self-deﬁning memory, 185, 187, Suspicion, 12, 32, 37, 226 191–192, 194, 198, 235 among International Brigades, 105–109 defense of Madrid, 85 of Spanish veterans, 193, 213–214, 224, German and Italian aid to the rebels, 6 225, 230 Great Retreats, 108 Sverchevskii, Karol. See Swierczewski,´ Karol in Soviet media, 7, 125–128 Swierczewski,´ Karol, 119, 149, 173 origins of, 5–6 on antisemitism in the Brigades, 104 participation of International Lenin School on discipline, 109 alumni, 50 on languages, 114 People’s Army (Republic), 107, 124, 127 on national tensions, 108 resonance of in Soviet Union, 129–131, 132, Szurek, Alexander, 164 133, 239 Soviet aid to the Republic, 7–9, 84, 87–89, Tague¨ na˜ Lacorte, Manuel, 18, 199 111, 121 Taillon, Paul Michel, 161 Spanish exiles and refugees 195–196 Taylor, Jack, 169 in France, 190, 206, 209 Third Period, 18, 140 in Red Army, 202 and Communist Party of the United States, in Soviet Union, 186, 195–199, 202 18–19 Spanish Republic Thirteenth Brigade, 93 and abortion, 2 Thompson, Dave, 142 shortages in, 101–102 Thorez, Maurice, 184 Soviet cultural products in, 121–125 Thorpe, Andrew, 162 women’s emancipation in, 127 Tikhonov, Nikolai, 126 Springhall, Dave (Douglas), 35, 50 Tobacco. See Cigarettes Stalin, Josef, 26, 27, 29, 237 Togliatti, Palmiro, 50 and Comintern, 230 at International Lenin School, 45, 46 and CPUSA, 231 evaluation of Jesus´ Hernandez,´ 152 and Dolores Ibarruri,´ 202, 214 on languages, 94 and Spanish civil war, 7, 130 Transchel, Kate, 162 and Spanish exiles, 202, 209 Trotsky, Lev, 27 letter to Proletarskaia revoliutsiia, Trotskyites/Trotskyism 40 and Popular Front, 45 on alcoholism, 164 and postwar purges, 224 on Ana Pauker, 232 at International Lenin School, 29, 40, 41, on homosexuality, 76 42, 46, 46–48 on Nazi-Soviet Pact, 184 in Spain, 138–139, 140–144 Stalingrad, battle of, 204 Truman, Harry, 210, 212 Stalinism, 243 Twelfth Brigade, 90, 93 Stashevskii, Artur, 144 Twentieth Party Congress. See Secret Stibbe, Matthew, 225 speech Stites, Richard, 123, 124 Stolar, Abe, 57, 58 UN (United Nations), 210, 211, 214 Stolar, Morris (Moshe), 57 Unfried, Berthold, 43 Stone, Hy, 170 United States of America, 25, 27, 214, 225 Strong, Anna Louise, 54, 60, 220 University of California, Berkeley, 134 and Moscow News, 55, 56, 61 University of Texas, 136 expelled from Soviet Union, 221, 226 UP (United Press), 53, 59 memoir, 54 USSR in Construction (journal), 196 on radiant Soviet future, 67–68 Utley, Freda, 74, 219

278 Index

VALB (Veterans of the Abraham Lincoln Williamson, Bill, 169 Brigade), 188, 213 Wintringham, Tom, 191–192 after secret speech, 241 Wolff, Milton, 209, 228 aid to Spanish refugees, 190 and VALB, 240 and Nazi-Soviet Pact, 189 during World War II, 194 and SACB, 234, 235, 240 on Nazi-Soviet Pact, 190 during World War II, 186 Wolman, Gene, 95, 110 Vega, Angel,´ 26 Workers’ News. See Moscow News Veterans of the International Brigades, World War II, 201, 209 Anti-Totalitarian, 191 in Soviet media, 201–202 Villanueva de la Jara, 122, 168 Spaniards’ participation in, 196, Volunteer for Liberty (newspaper), 142 202 Volunteer for Liberty (VALB newsletter), 189, Worley, Matthew, 4 193, 240 Wright, Jim. See Coad, Mack Voros, Sandor, 167 Yakovlev, Alexander, 238 We’re from Kronstadt (ﬁlm), 122, 123 Yeager, Margaret, 31 White chauvinism, 37. See also International Youth Festival (1957), 239 Lenin School (ILS) White, David McKelvy, 190 Zalka, Mat´ e,´ 90 Whyte, Harry, 55, 59, 74, 76 Zhelezniakov, Vladimir, 130 Wicks, Harry, 71 Zinoviev, Grigorii, 27