“...and that government of the people, by the people, and for the people, shall not perish from the earth.” ABRAHAM LINCOLN TheThe VVolunteerolunteer JOURNAL OF THE VETERANS OF THE ABRAHAM LINCOLN BRIGADE

Vol. XXII, No. 3 Summer 2000 Arlo Guthrie, Pete Seeger, Mime Troupe and Garzón Highlight NY Reunion By Trisha Renaud A capacity crowd of 1,000 cheered the introduction of 28 Lincoln Brigade veterans, then EVENSON

L cheered again and again in response

RIC to the remarks of Judge Baltasar E Garzón from Spain, music from three generations of folk troubadours, and a moving theatrical presentation by HOTO BY P the San Francisco Mime Troupe. Arlo Guthrie, Tao Rodriguez-Seeger, and Pete Seeger The music and speeches focused on similarities between the struggle against fascism 63 years ago in Spain ALBA SUSMAN LECTURE and the more recent struggle against fascism in Chile. The Protection of Human The New York Abraham Lincoln Rights in the International Brigade reunion, held at the Borough of Manhattan Community College, Justice System marked the 63rd anniversary of the brigadistas' arrival in Spain. The by Judge Baltasar Garzón, packed house paid tribute to the 28 page 6 veterans called forward by Moe Fishman to stand before the stage. In attendance were Emilio ERMACK B Cassinello, Spain's Consul-General in New Film by Abe Osheroff, Art In the New York; Anna Perez, representing

ICHARD Struggle for Freedom, page 14 Asociación des Amigos de Brigades R Tampa Remembers , page 4 Internationales, a Madrid-based orga- Swiss Monument to IBers, page 5 nization; and James Fernandez,

HOTO BY Director of New York University's

P George Watt Awards, page 11 continued on page 7 Judge Baltasar Garzón BBaayy AArreeaa By David Smith oe Fishman’s article in the last issue of The Volunteer acted as a catalyst for me to com- MMplete this short report of our activities. For many years the Bay Area VALB has planned and produced most of its activities with the direct aid of associates (relatives and friends of the vets). Under Milt Wolff’s leadership, the organization was formalized as VALB and Associates, with the associates as a voting and integral part of the orga- nization. Now I must state that the associates are ERMACK B the key to our existence. We have an organization of 24 vets and 55 associates and an executive ICHARD board of 10. The officers are Corine Thornton, R Executive Secretary; Linda Lustig, Treasurer; Martha Jarocki Olson, Vice Chair; and David

Smith, Commander. We have regular meetings HOTO S BY P with potluck lunches about 5 times per year. Al Tanz celebrates his 92nd birthday. Younger members have been and are now playing an important role. The proceeds from our excellent February event were Garzón and Guatemalan human rights attorney Mynor distributed among the following organizations: ALBA; The Melgar at La Peña Cultural Center in Berkeley. Volunteer; Soler Pediatric Hospital in Havana, Cuba; S.F. In September our annual picnic will take place at Mime Troupe; School of America’s Watch West; Global Live Oak Park in Berkeley. Potluck plus grilled chicken Exchange; and Bulgarian and Romanian veterans in prepared by our associates—a wonderful gathering for need of aid. 75-80 friends. About 50 vets and friends celebrated Nate Thornton’s 85th birthday at a dinner party at La Peña Cultural Center—great gathering. At home, Al Tanz’s 92nd birth- day was celebrated with friends and vets. At the Bird and Becket Bookstore in SF, we vets “talked of Spanish Civil The Volunteer War and politics.” It was stimulating to be with a group of Journal of the us, Milt Wolff, Hank Rubin, Clifton Amsbury, Corine Veterans of the Thornton and myself, exchanging ideas and joking with the audience during the session. During the past year Milt Abraham Lincoln Brigade Wolff, Clifton Amsbury and I have been guests at University an ALBA publication of California, Berkeley classes. I have become good friends of 2 Spanish high school exchange students, having met 799 Broadway, Rm. 227 them during a presentation to combined Spanish classes at New York, NY 10003 Berkeley High School. The Diablo magazine of this area fea- (212) 674-5552 tured a full-page article about Milt Wolff. I became acquainted with Claudia Durst Johnson, retired professor and chair of the University of Alabama Editorial Board English Department, now residing in Berkeley. Sophie and Peter Carroll • Leonard Levenson I were interviewed at length and appear in her book con- Fraser Ottanelli • Abe Smorodin cerning the 1930’s, the Spanish Civil War and the Design Production blacklisting period, Understanding the Crucible: A Student Richard Bermack Case Book on Issues, Sources and Historical Documents, A Literature in Context Series, Greenwood Publishers. It is a Editorial Assistance very good book for senior high and college freshmen, exam- Nancy Van Zwalenburg ining the past and drawing parallels with today’s society. Submission of Manuscripts “Pinochet is back in Chile—What’s next?” On June 15 Please send manuscripts by E-mail or on disk. the VALB post and Asociación de Guatemaltecos Unidos E-mail: [email protected] sponsored a conversation with Spanish judge Baltazar 2 THE VOLUNTEER, Summer 2000 CChhiiccaaggoo BBrrigadierigadier NNeewwss

hicago Friends of the Lincoln Brigade opened a cam- by Moe Fishman paign last May for a monument to honor and CCremember the 160 volunteers from the Chicago area. The effort was launched at a New York area press covers ALBA-VALB event: successful theater party fea- The Villager, published in Greenwich Village, carried a turing Peter Glazer’s lengthy article featuring Al Koslow and Abe Smorodin. theatrical production, Heart of The New York Times had a good piece in the city sec- Spain: A Musical of the Spanish tion featuring a large photograph of Moe Fishman and Civil War. Brochures announc- quoting Harry Fisher. The Hartford Courant, the largest ing the new campaign were newspaper in Connecticut, ran a feature article on distributed at all performances Sunday, May 28, with a picture of Milt Wolff. Jewish at Northwestern University’s Currents ran a full-page description of the event by Barber Theater. Morris Schappes. Finally, the Brooklyn Bridge This new play by Glazer Magazine will soon run a feature article with pictures skillfully combines the writ- and interviews with Abe Smorodin, Al Koslow, Moe ings of some of the American Fishman, Matty Mattson, and Milt Wolff. volunteers with dramatic scenes that clarify the histori- A plaque in Provincetown: cal context. It weaves together Playwright Peter Glazer, A plaque was placed in Provincetown, MA. It reads: materials of the time—diaries, producer of Heart of Spain “Gene and Dick Fein: Fighters for Justice; Lovers of letters, poetry and songs— and We Must Remember, Provincetown; Inspiring us still.” Dick was a long-time with music by Eric Bain with his father, Tom Glazer member of our executive committee and his wife Gene Peltoniemi. Heart of Spain worked for many years helping our organization. smoothly takes the audience from the general world scene in the 1930’s to the thoughts, feelings, and actions of a vari- News from Spain: ety of Lincoln volunteers. That it is a riveting, exciting On April 30, 2000, El Periodico of Barcelona head- piece of theater will not surprise the many who have seen lined: “Slaves of Franco.” The article described how a Glazer’s works in recent years, including Woody Guthrie’s number of former Loyalist soldiers had filed a class- American Song and the Spanish Civil War musical presenta- action suit demanding full payment for their work as tion Pasiones. Glazer prefaced his recent success in Chicago forced laborers under Franco. by writing and directing the highly regarded We Must Remember, performed in San Francisco and New York. The bulletin of the organization of Loyalist Veterans In other recent activity, CFLB co-sponsored an African reports “there has been slight increase for all veterans American History Month program on Langston Hughes at in the 2000 budget. However, the Loyalist veterans are International House at the University of Chicago, where campaigning for a retirement pension equal to those Hughes resided while teaching at the Laboratory School. given to today’s other veterans upon retirement.” Cranston Knight, poet and historian, spoke of Hughes’ writings and poetry in support of Republican Spain to an Mac-Paps continue quest for a national monument: audience of students and community residents. The provinces of Ontario and British Columbia and the In another collaboration in March, CFLB co-chair city of Winnipeg have monuments honoring the Chuck Hall spoke to an audience at a “La Peña” evening at Canadian volunteers of the International Brigades. the popular Old Town School of Folk Music. A multimedia However, the Canadian veterans will not rest easy until presentation, The Spanish Civil War, written and directed by they achieve the dedication of a national monument in Dr. Oscar Ballester, combined narration, text by Pablo the national capital of Ottawa. Neruda, and poems by Federico Garcia Lorca, Miguel Hernandes, Antonio Machado and Rafael Alberti with music by Pablo Casals and Manuel de Falla and the art of spoke of his grandparents, Loyalist refugees who went to Pablo Picasso. Local poets, actors and musicians participat- Mexico after the fall of the Republic: “Staunch anti-fascists, ing in the program included Jose Bono, Juan Borja, they never gave up their hope for the restoration of democ- Gonzalo Cordova, Hoy Son, Hal Ehrich, Kerry Sheehan, racy in Spain.” Jamie O’Reilly, and Michael Smith. The program in English Those wishing to receive a copy of the brochure and to and Spanish was part of a weekly showcase of Latin folk make contributions for Chicago recognition of the Lincoln music and dance enthusiastically supported by Chicago’s volunteers are urged to write to CFLB, 211 Elgin Avenue, large Latino community. Juan Dies, Director of La Peña, #3D, Forest Park, IL 60130. THE VOLUNTEER, Summer 2000 3 TTaammppaa DDooeess NNoott FFoorrggeett EElliissaa MMoorriiss by William F. Garcia

n her farewell speech to the depart- ing International Brigades, “La IIPasionaria” exhorted the mothers of Spain not to let their children forget the heroism of the brigadistas. Her words sounded anew recently in Tampa, Florida, at a ceremony honor- ing the memory of Elisa Moris. During the Spanish Civil War Moris, a cigar maker by trade and a tireless organizer, was a leader of the self- defined “retroguardia de Tampa,” the Tampa rearguard, in support of Spanish democracy. Under her stew- ardship a “ladies’ auxiliary” grew to more than 1,000 dues-paying mem- bers as it sent tons of clothing to Spain and helped raise funds to purchase Tampa’s “No Pasaran” group assembled in the cemetery of Centro Asturiano for ambulances. On February 15, 1938, the re-dedication of the grave of Elisa Moris. Moris was presiding at a meeting at the “Centro Obrero,” the Labor Temple, in Tampa’s cigar workers’ in Tampa during the war, spoke on community of Ybor City. As she rose Tampa’s Latinos’ support for democ- to greet a delegation from West racy in Spain. Elvira T. Garcia, Tampa, she suffered a cerebral hemor- president of the Centro Asturiano, ¡No Pasaran! rhage. Four days later she died at the extended words of welcome, and a let- Centro Asturiano Hospital. ter from the New York office of the Over the years Moris’s grave in VALB was read. The high point of the Original lyrics written by a the Old Centro Asturiano Cemetery event was the playing of an original Tampa cigar maker in 1937 had fallen into disrepair. However, recording of the song “No pasaran,” her example and life-long commit- written by a Tampa cigar maker in There march the militiamen ment to the values of freedom and 1937. Many in the audience had sung With great valor to the front. democracy have not been forgotten. this song as children and young They go singing to give their lives On April 22, 2000, in the shadow of adults as they marched alongside Lest Franco, the traitor, triumph. the large Republican flag that had neighbors and parents to demand the once flown over the Asturian workers’ end of the arms embargo against the The fascists are in the skies. mutual aid society (the Centro democratically elected Spanish gov- Their aerial bombs may destroy Asturiano), four generations of ernment. When the singing was over Our beautiful capital city, Moris’s descendants and a large num- there were few dry eyes in the crowd. But to Madrid . . . They Shall Not Pass! ber of Tampeños gathered around her This event was sponsored by the restored grave to celebrate her memo- same group of Tampeños who had They kill women, children, and the ry and reaffirm their commitment to organized a series of community elderly the ideals to which she dedicated her activities in conjunction with the visit Who are out and about on the streets. life. With ALBA associate William F. of ALBA’s “Shouts from the Wall” Garcia serving as master of cere- exhibit at the University of South This is the deed of the fascists monies, two professors from the Florida in 1997. By restoring the grave Which will be inscribed in history. University of Tampa, Martin Favata of Elisa Moris, they help keep alive Where heroes’ blood watered the fields and Susan M. Taylor, read Cesar the memory of the over 20 volunteers Beautiful seedlings will flourish. Vallejo’s poem “Masa,” Federico who left Ybor City to fight for Spanish Garcia Lorca’s “Despedida” and “La democracy and of the enlightened The cannon roars, the earth trembles, Pasionaria’s” speech Hasta Pronto community that supported them. But to Madrid . . . They Shall Not Pass! Hermanos. Then Gus Jimenez, grand- son of the Spanish Republican consul 4 THE VOLUNTEER, Summer 2000 Monument to Swiss IBers in Geneva By Robert Coale view of the Matterhorn, expen- sive yachts at the city docks, Aand bumper-to-bumper luxury cars are not what one would expect to find in a town that has recently financed and inaugurated a monu- ment to International Brigade volunteers. Nevertheless, that is what one sees in Geneva. Renowned as the headquarters of the International Red Cross and the failed League of Nations, the interna- tional organization that abandoned Fluvio Mosentoni, president of the the Spanish Republic to the wolves of Swiss IB association, at the dedication fascism, Geneva is in fact the most progressive canton of Switzerland. It The monument is a metal sculp- is also the seat of the Association of ture by the Andalusian-born artist Support for Swiss International Manuel Torres, consisting of three Brigade Veterans, which has been at four-meter high columns and a plaque the forefront of many initiatives, with an inscription of La Pasionaria’s including exhibits, conferences, the farewell speech. The artist was new monument, and the unsuccessful inspired by the role of three Swiss Due to the unique multilingual attempt earlier this year to obtain offi- women who went to Spain to defend composition of Switzerland, Swiss cial amnesty for Swiss brigadistas. The the Republic. A total of 766 Swiss vol- volunteers did not fight together in refusal of the Federal Council to unteers served in Spain, where one unit. German speaking IBers approximately one-third were killed. became members of the Thaelman The location chosen for the monu- batallion, while the francophone ment is significant. Very close to the recruits fought in the 14th Brigade. university, it is situated just across the The youngest Swiss veteran, Eolo square from the site of the 1932 mas- Morenzoni, crossed the Pyrenees at sacre, when the Swiss Federal Army machine-gunned a crowd attending an antifascist rally, killing 12. The date of November 9, 1932, is commemorat- ed yearly by the political left of Geneva, and many brigadistas cite the tragic event as a factor in their deci- Spanish IB nurse (l) and Swiss volunteer sion to fight in Spain. During the ribbon-cutting ceremo- approve the motion to grant amnesty ny, Señor Ortega, consul of Spain, for the surviving Swiss volunteers addressed the veterans and friends. made the inauguration of this new He underlined the parallel between monument in Geneva on June 17 all the steel sculpture of the monument Two Swiss brigadistas the more poignant. Ten of the surviv- and the steel will of the volunteers who ing 15 Swiss veterans, as well as left their homes to defend democracy the age of 16 with a group of Italians, several widows and other family beyond the Pyrenees. Fluvio Moruzzi, one of whom lent him a tie to make members, attended the unveiling. The chairman of the Association, used the him appear older. Spanish consul, progressive politicians words of a brigadista to remind the The luncheon that followed the from the municipal and federal gov- crowd that despite the Federal inauguration ceremony recalled ernments, members and friends of the Council’s refusal to give amnesty to images of the 1996 “Homenaje” in Association of Support for Swiss the surviving veterans and to erase Spain, in that three or four languages International Brigade Veterans, and prison sentences from their records, were spoken simultaneously in the representatives from international and “nothing prevented us from holding restaurant, often at the same table, and local media were also present. our heads high upon leaving prison.” Spanish was used as a lingua franca. THE VOLUNTEER, Spring 2000 1999 5 Judge Baltasar Garzón Presents Third ALBA- EVENSON L RIC

E Bill Susman HOTO BY

P Lecture Tony Geist introducing Judge Baltasar Garzón By Tony Geist Garzón into prominence outside interest in a system of international he standing ovation thundered Spain. This is what prompted ALBA law grows out of this sense of a moral before he uttered a word, setting to invite him to speak at our spring obligation toward strangers. Tthe tone for Judge Baltasar 2000 slate of activities. Yet the The end of authoritarian regimes Garzón’s lecture, “The Protection of Pinochet case is still open, and Garzón throughout Europe, Africa and the Human Rights in the International made clear that he would not be able Americas has often been followed by Justice System.” The applause was not to address any of the particulars. what Garzón calls “voluntary amne- for the third annual ALBA-Bill Instead, he outlined the development sia.” And yet, he maintains, true Susman lecture, delivered to a capaci- of a new international legal code for reconciliation is possible only after a ty crowd of 500 in NYU’s Tishman the defense of human rights. process of collective knowledge and Auditorium. Not yet. That would He explained that the Holocaust catharsis through the application of come later. Rather, it was the gave rise to an awareness of the need the law has taken place. acknowledgement of Garzón’s indict- for an international tribunal to prose- Globalization has created a world ment of Augusto Pinochet, an action cute crimes against humanity, and without borders for money, but it has that had the former dictator of Chile indeed the structure was put in place not been accompanied by a social and under house arrest in England for soon after the end of World War II. political restructuring. “Inequalities over a year before British authorities Yet enforcement of international law between the rich and poor countries released him into Chilean custody. in the last 50 years has met nearly continue to grow,” says Garzón, “with The sound of a thousand hands clap- insurmountable obstacles. The politi- the accumulation of huge foreign ping represented the hope that crimes cal and economic self-interest of many debt, corruption, and the systematic against humanity will no longer go of the more powerful nations has left violation of the most elementary unpunished in the name of national loopholes in the definition of genocide human rights.” security and executive immunity. and the means for its prosecution. At the Rome meetings of 1998, the Garzón is one of six investigating Garzón sees television—and other Statute of the International Penal judges for Spain’s Audiencia Nacional more recent telecommunications tech- Tribunal was drawn up. It would (National Court). His function is to nologies—as the agents of a new guarantee the international prosecu- investigate the cases assigned to him international awakening. “Television tion of violations of human rights. The by the court, gathering evidence and is the principal mediator between the International Tribunal can work only evaluating whether the case should be suffering of strangers and the con- if ratified by the wealthy nations. Yet brought to trial. He does not try the science—slight though it may be—of to date the United States, China and cases himself. the inhabitants of the few safe places Russia have not signed. Despite this, His 1998 indictment of Pinochet on the planet.” Through TV we witness Garzón has faith in the rule of law: on charges of genocide, torture and a new reality: the universalization of “At times,” he concludes, “utopia can terrorism opened a new chapter in victims and the recognition that geno- be reached.” international law and propelled cide is a global crime. The renewed Continued on page 9 6 THE VOLUNTEER, Summer 2000 ERMACK B ICHARD R HOTO BY P NY Reunion continued from page 1 King Juan Carlos I of Spain Center. office. “Because of our guest,” MC Spanish actor Antonio Banderas sent a Henry Foner told the New York audi- message of support. ence, “no tyrant will be able to rest A particularly poignant moment easy.” was the introduction of Joyce Garzón's speech focused on the Horman, widow of Charles Horman, a struggle for freedom and justice, a U.S. freelance journalist who was fight he described as always having murdered in Chile in 1973. Charles been the task of “a few who put their

Horman died, along with thousands lives at the service of others.” The ERMACK of Chileans, in the aftermath of the brigadistas who fought in Spain are B bloody coup in which dictator part of “this new awakening of justice ICHARD

General Augusto Pinochet seized today," he said. "The founding of the R power from the democratically International Brigades moved the elected government of President hearts and minds of the world.”

Salvador Allende. Following Garzón's remarks, the HOTO BY P While Pinochet no longer heads entertainment began as veteran singer Chile's government, the fight to bring and activist Pete Seeger (who recently the former dictator to justice, led by turned 81), folk artist Arlo Guthrie, featured speaker Baltasar Garzón, and Seeger's grandson, Tao recently made worldwide headlines. Rodriguez-Seeger, took center stage Garzón is a 43-year-old Spanish mag- before an enthusiastic crowd. istrate judge. In 1998, his criminal The musical set ranged from sing- investigations of human rights abuses along standards like "Midnight led him to issue an arrest warrant for Special" and "Guantanamera" to Pinochet and order that the ex-dicta- Guthrie's moving rendition of "Victor tor, then in England undergoing Jara," about poet-singer Victor Jara's medical treatment, be extradited to life and murder in the days following Madrid for trial. the 1973 fascist coup in Chile. EVENSON Garzón's efforts focused the atten- Then came Peter Glazer's multi- L

tion of the world on Pinochet's crimes media theatrical presentation, We RIC E and established a precedent that heads Must Remember!, which had debuted of state can be held accountable for continued on page 13

their crimes against humanity while in HOTO BY P THE VOLUNTEER, Summer 2000 7 Judge Baltasar Garzón The International Brigade

all of us who are here for these things. today, together with other Evidently my answer didn’t satis- kindred spirits, will lead fy him, and he said, “Give me an the way into this extraor- example of solidarity.” In truth it dinary new century, in wasn’t too difficult to find one to illus- which the struggle for lib- trate the meaning of my words. erty, solidarity and I said, “Remember yesterday” (it human rights will be the was November 8, 1996), “when we most intense and difficult were going into the Monastery of San to win, but also the Pedro de Carde in Burgos, which had greatest challenge for been a fascist prison for internationals the survival of the during the civil war, and we saw a ERMACK B human race. group of veterans with Republican This belligerent atti- flags and placards that read: INTER-

ICHARD tude must prevail over NATIONAL BRIGADES? There’s R that of the unaware citi- your example, one of the most impor- zen. No matter how little tant in history, of international

HOTO BY we may achieve, it will solidarity and sacrifice for freedom in P always be more than the war against fascism.” I then told Editor’s note: Two days after presenting those who sit back and wait for things him some of the stories of the Spanish the ALBA-Bill Susman Lecture at New to happen around them, doing noth- Civil War that I had learned not in York University, the Spanish magistrate ing to change history. books but from the lips of those who, spoke informally at the annual reunion of Let us remember Holderlin’s like my uncle Gabriel, fought on the the Veterans of the Abraham Lincoln words: “The very fire of the gods, Republican side and suffered injustice Brigade at Borough of Manhattan day and night, urges us on. Come! for fighting for legality and liberty. Community College, April 30, 2000. Let us gaze upon open spaces, let us The 20th century has been the most claim what is rightfully ours, no mat- violent period in human history; it has owardice, with the exception of ter how distant.” also been the most humiliating for a small number of fighters, has One day my son asked me: “Dad, mankind, to the point of making us Calways been the norm through- what is solidarity?” I thought it over question our idea of man as a rational out the world. The struggle for the for a moment and answered him: being, in the face of so many disasters freedom of the rest of humanity has Solidarity is not a concept, it is a and massacres of innocent beings. always been the task of the few who system of life; it is the generous offer- But it is also true that, following have put their lives at the service of ing of one’s life to others, to the each disaster, piece by piece we have others, to assure their future. The spir- community and to the world to make assembled a universal structure of eth- it of the pure man that Shakespeare it better, to create ever better and ical conscience that today opens the referred to is incarnate in these men greater justice, greater equality and portal of hope for a better world, with and women, a spirit that today and fewer differences between all citizens. greater solidarity and justice, at least always they transmit to us and that This is a goal worth fighting for, and in the face of the great disasters. gives us the strength to keep living, finally, it is the essence of the freedom Those who 63 years ago made the confident that we will create a better of all men and women, and the way in decision to be volunteers for liberty, world. which the most disadvantaged peo- and whose selfless solidarity with the On Friday I said that life is a road ples can emerge from poverty. But our Spanish Republic, broken by the fas- of hope that we make, as our beloved challenge is also to denounce injustice; cist coup, are also part of this new Antonio Machado said, by walking, it is commitment, honesty; it is simul- awakening of justice today. and when we look back we do so not taneously utopia and reality and, in The formation of the International to stop, but to gather strength to keep the final analysis, it is the very breath Brigades was an act that moved the moving forward. Just as in the past, of life that inspires us to keep fighting continued on page 10 8 THE VOLUNTEER, Summer 2000 ALBA-Susman Lecture continued from page 6

This time the thunderous ovation to the struggle was for his words. Judge Garzón han- for human rights dled an hour of questions from the and economic floor with intelligence, aplomb, humor justice. and grace. He responded to the expres- In private sion of gratitude from Chilean exiles conversation and others in the crowd with charac- Garzón is consid- teristic modesty: “Don’t thank me,” he erably less said. “I am simply doing my job.” guarded than in

When asked how he felt about los- his public ERMACK ing the Pinochet case, Garzón replied remarks. When B that as a judge he did not consider it a one of the guests ICHARD

matter of winning and losing, but of at the Hormans’ R right and wrong. He expressed full home repeated a confidence in the Chilean justice sys- question the HOTO BY

tem. Perhaps the most moving judge had skill- P comment from the floor was the testi- fully avoided Joyce Horman, whose husband was killed during the coup mony of a retired New York State after his lecture, in Chile, thanks Judge Garzón for his attempt to bring Supreme Court Judge, who rose to Garzón con- thank Garzón for his efforts toward firmed that he Pinochet to justice. international justice. would indeed like to indict Henry College. Garzón was in the wings as Kissinger, Nixon’s Secretary of State Moe Fishman introduced, one by one, and architect of his Chile policy in the the vets in attendance and asked them early 70s, except the United States will to stand. Garzón moved out on to the not release the incriminating docu- stage to see the 28 elderly men who ments. As we were leaving, Elizabeth had fought for his country nearly 20 Horman, Charlie’s 95-year-old moth- years before he was born. A smile of er, clasped the judge’s hand and pride and satisfaction creased his face ERMACK

B thanked him. The emotion that passed as he applauded them. between them, borne on a few simple Garzón and the brigadistas both words, filled the room. recognize that his fight in the arena of ICHARD R The final moment that remains international law and human rights is with me took place at the VALB annu- the extension by other means of their al event on Sunday afternoon, at the good fight on the battlefields of Spain HOTO BY

P Borough of Manhattan Community over half a century ago. Retired New York State Supreme Court Judge Arthur Blynn (r.) and Bill Susman (m.) congratulate Judge Garzón.

I had the good fortune to accom- pany Judge Garzón as his translator for much of the weekend. The air of intelligence, modesty and sincerity that he communicates in public were confirmed in private. Two moments stand out in my memory. Sunday morning, we went to lunch at the home of Joyce Horman, the widow of Charlie Horman, whose disappearance and murder in Chile were dramatized in Costa Gavras’ Missing and form part of Garzón’s indictment of Pinochet. Judge Baltasar Garzón with ALBA board members Frazer Ottanelli, Peter Carroll, Joyce has devoted her life since 1973 and Tony Geist. THE VOLUNTEER, Summer 2000 9 Garzón speech continued from page 8 hearts and minds of the entire world and better world. your youth and you wagered all for in 1936, a tragic year for all Spaniards. the freedom of mankind. Today we are For many the IB were a sign of inspi- They all deserve the heartfelt proud of our Lincoln Battalion and ration and hope that finally the world recognition that Rafael Alberti dedi- the fight for Madrid that it made. For was reacting to the expansion of fas- cated to them in his poem “To the it was there that we fought like true cism. From the first moment of their International Brigades”: sons of the people, as part of the XV appearance, rivers of ink ran, from You come from far away... Yet that Brigade. We have left that valley of both those who came to vilify them distance, sorrow, but its memory shall always and those who sang the praises of what is it to your blood, which sings remain. Today we face other problems their courage and their unshakable without borders? and other sorrows, but your example love of freedom and democracy. A Necessary death names you day by gives us the strength to continue the number of Americans attended the day, struggle to conquer the future. European Conference for the Defense no matter whether in city, field or of the Spanish Republic, organized by byway. Of the 2800 American volunteers the World Committee Against War From this country and that, from big in the Lincoln Brigade, 750 died in and Fascism and held in Paris on countries and small Spain, and neither Hemingway, nor August 13, 1936. Its aim was to mobilize from one that scarcely is a blot on the Orwell, nor Koestler, three great writ- public opinion on the side of the Popular map, ers and friends of the Republic, had Front government, and it formed an with the same roots in the same time to praise their death in battle. The informational coordinating committee in dream, survivors of that fratricidal horror, support of the Spanish Republic. simple and anonymous, talking as which we know can never happen you came. again, once more offered their lives for In 1936, the International Brigades freedom and against fascism in the were created, at the same time that You do not even know the color of the Resistance, when on June 22, 1941, Alvarez del Vayo alerted the League walls Hitler invaded the former USSR. of Nations to the danger of the inter- that your unbreachable commitment Today we pay homage to the nationalization of the Spanish conflict. shores up. undying presence of those who went In early January 1937, the XV You defend the earth that covers you, to fight not moved by fraud, or stu- International Brigade was formed, confident, pidity, or glory, or vengeance, or pay: while the United States declared an shooting it out with Death dressed for They went with their eyes wide open embargo on the sale of arms to both battle. because solidarity was the only road sides. Following terrible losses suf- they saw. There was no other way to fered on July 12, 1937, the Washington and Lincoln Battalions were merged into a new Lincoln Battalion. Its mem- “The struggle for liberty, solidarity and human rights will be the bers were American and Canadian, most intense and difficult to win, but also the greatest chal- but also Chinese and Japanese. There lenge for the survival of the human race....No matter how was also a significant percentage of Jews (at least one-third), and nearly little we may achieve, it will always be more than those who sit 100 African-Americans. back and wait for things to happen.” Today we remember with deep- felt pride those knights of liberty who fought against the evils of internation- Stay here, so cry the trees, the plains, keep alive the unassailable truth of al fascism, moved by loyalty to the tiniest particles of light that join humanity striving for its freedom and Spanish constitutional democracy and one sentiment alone to shake the seas: dignity. This is the only thing that the legitimacy of its republican gov- Brothers! was, is, and will always be worth ernment. Today the unforgettable Madrid with your name swells and fighting for. Robert Hale Merriman, Oliver Law, shines brighter. For this reason, here today, I am Steve Nelson, Leonard Lamb, Al honored to pay the simple homage of Kaufman, Stephen Daduk, and so The Lincoln brigade had its own words to these heroes of the 20th cen- many others are with us, in the memo- poetry: tury who have taught us so much, and ries of many; they are and will always There’s a valley in Spain called who have made the road to freedom be unforgettable, for they gave their Jarama. It’s a place that we all know and the dawning of democracy for all lives for an idea, to build a different too well, for it’s there that you gave wider and brighter. 10 THE VOLUNTEER, Spring 2000 The George Watt Memorial Awards

African-American Spain. It furthermore discusses the audience and subject matter, if not support given to the Spanish Republic one’s language. To be exiled is to be Volunteers by the African-American press. Spain displaced in both time and space; one by Creighton Chandler III represented a chance to combat not could even say that, in a way, the only European fascist forces but also exile is a living anachronism, exclud- In Spain, white, black, between, we were similar fascist forces in America such ed from history itself. all one.We shared tobacco, water, blankets, as racial oppression. African- Perhaps nobody embodies the food. Lice drew no color line; so why American volunteer Walter Garland tragic dilemmas of exile like Max Aub should we? noted that African Americans “can’t (1903-72), one of the many Spaniards “Lice Drew No Color Line,” forget for one minute that the oppres- who traded their homeland for By Lincoln Veteran Barney Baley, 1940 sion of blacks is nothing more than a Mexico. Everything in Aub’s life very concrete form, the clearest seems to have been out of sync with he Spanish Civil War represents expression, of fascism.” African his time. For one, he considered him- a crucial moment in world his- Americans wanted to be treated with self a Spanish writer, even though he Ttory. While a civil war was equality and with fairness. The desire was born in Paris and only moved to being waged in Spain, the major of black Americans to be viewed as Spain when he was 11. He was forced democratic world powers watched equal by their white comrades is to leave again in 1939, at age 36. And silently. Despite the lack of aid to nowhere more evident than when it while he was a member of the Spanish Spain, nearly 40,000 people from 52 manifested itself in the actions of the Socialist party, he consistently kept countries came together under 80 to 100 African Americans who believing in a popular-frontist “Third Communist direction to form the fought valiantly to restore the free- Way,” which he defined as “a socialist International Brigades. Of those dom and equality offered by the economy in a liberal state structure.” 40,000, about 80 to 100 were African endangered Spanish Republic. Even at the height of the Cold War he Americans. In Spain, African refused to pick between East or West. Americans fought in the first integrat- His sympathies for the Communists ed fighting units in American history Max Aub in Exile made him suspect in the eyes of and were afforded an equal opportu- by Sebastiaan Faber everyone else and caused him to nity for meritocratic advancement. spend almost three years in French About African-American volun- “Exile and Cultural Hegemony: Spanish prisons and concentration camps, teers, Milton Wolff wrote, “I Intellectuals in Mexico (1939- falsely accused of being a CP militant. remember them not as Blacks but as 1975),”University of California, Davis At the same time, his unveiled criti- strong, dependable comrades—men cism of the Communists’ methods for whom this struggle in Spain was a panish culture was dealt a heavy and mentality cost him their friend- continuation, not a beginning. In one blow by the defeat of the ship and trust. And yet Aub persisted: way or another they had ‘been there SRepublic. By April 1939, the “I will never be a Communist,” he before.’” Spain was a chance for great majority of Spain’s intellectu- said, “but I will never be an anti- African Americans to fight racial als—university professors, writers, Communist either.” oppression. To them, combating poets, judges, doctors, scientists—had Aub’s most tragic lack of synchro- Franco, Hitler, and Mussolini in Spain gone into exile. Most of them would nization with history was related to was an opportunity to combat oppres- never return. It is true that they con- his literary production. Most of his sion for all African Americans. They tributed a great deal to the cultural major works dealt with Spain, mainly took their duty seriously and fought development of their host countries, the Republic and the war. They were with valor. especially Mexico, which generously written with a sense of urgency and The sacrifice made by African received tens of thousands of meant to be read by a Spanish audi- Americans in the Spanish Civil War refugees. Still, it is undeniable that the ence—yet they were published in did not go unnoticed by the African- intellectuals’ leaving robbed both exile and barred from Spain. American press. Newspapers such as them and Spain of what, judging by Ironically it is only now, a quarter of a the Pittsburgh Courier and The Chicago the developments in the 1920s and century after his death, that Aub’s Defender extolled Spain’s lack of dis- 30s, would have been an extraordi- works are getting the distribution and crimination towards blacks and the nary flourishing in the future. Exile, recognition they deserve. men who had come from all over the after all, is a traumatic experience Aub was a versatile writer who world to defend the Republic. My from which it is hard to recover. For a published plays, poetry, short stories, paper explores why many African writer especially, being cut off from and essays. His magnum opus is El Americans felt compelled to fight in one’s community means to lose one’s Continued on page 18 THE VOLUNTEER, Spring 2000 1999 11 The Mauthausen Millenial Commemoration By Gabriel Jackson death”—to the floor of the quarry. and down the irregularly paved steps he concentration camp near the Thomas Klestil, President of the to the quarry floor. The ceremonies northern Austrian town of Austrian republic, Franz Fischler, were well organized, with ample time TMauthausen is particularly Austrian member of the Commission for laying wreaths before the dozens remembered by Spanish Republicans. of United Europe, and Leon Zelman, a of delegations lined up for the parade More than 10,000 veterans of the former Mauthausen prisoner and cur- through the camp gates. People lis- defeated loyalist army, many of whom rent chairman of The Jewish Welcome tened quietly to the bands and the had spent some months in French Service in Vienna, spoke briefly. singing accompanying each group as internment camps, and then had Contemporary musical settings of the it marched through the gate. I use the fought in the French Resistance Male Rachamim and the Kaddish verb “march” because they were between June 1940 and the summer of were performed by a Viennese cantor indeed executing more or less orderly 1941, were captured by the Nazis and and a choral group under the supervi- movements, but there was absolutely deported to Mauthausen. There, along sion of the chief rabbi of Vienna, after nothing military about the style. The with other thousands of Italian which Beethoven’s Ninth Symphony principal themes of the banners were antifascist Partisans, they were put in was performed by the Vienna anti-fascism, anti-racism, the need to a category labeled “return not Philharmonic under the invited remember and to educate future gen- desired.” Seven to eight thousand of English director Simon Rattle. During erations in the meaning of the Nazi them were literally worked to death in the final movement, the choral setting era, and the vow that such things the granite mines, which formed part of Schiller’s “Ode to Joy,” candles must never happen again. of Heinrich Himmler’s SS industrial were distributed to and lighted by the There were national delegations empire. The semi-starving remainder audience. from all the east European and Balkan were liberated by the US Army on This year’s commemoration, countries, Israel, the US, and all the May 7, 1945. planned to coincide with the milleni- European Union nations. The large um, had received additional publicity Italian and Spanish delegations When I first visited Mauthausen, and participation due to the recent marched in groups under banners in the summer of 1961, the camp was victory of Jörg Haider’s right wing, from different cities and provinces. hard to find. It had already been ironically named, “Freedom” Party in There were also representatives from declared an official World War II the Austrian parliamentary elections. the many small Marxist parties and memorial site, but the residents in the The party was represented for the first anarchist trade unions. It was a digni- town didn’t seem to know much time in the national cabinet. This fied, friendly, not too solemn reunion about it. Yes, a few kilometers over development had been widely of the anti-fascist Left in all its distinc- there, somewhere in the pine forest, deplored by the governments of the tive national and ideological variety. there was a granite quarry. They European Union countries and had As for the concert, the whole pro- weren’t sure whether you could visit, led to a partial diplomatic boycott of ject had been controversial. Some felt and whether there was any permanent Austria. Whether a neo-fascist party that it was unacceptable for the pre- staff taking care of the grounds. This that wins a substantial share of the sent Austrian government to take part year the situation was entirely differ- votes in a free election should be per- in a tribute to the Mauthausen prison- ent. On May 7, the 55th anniversary of mitted to participate in democratic ers. Some emphasized that the Vienna the liberation of Austria’s largest con- governments is an extremely difficult Philharmonic had flourished during centration camp, dozens of tour buses question potentially facing all the the Nazi era, had not protested the and hundreds of automobiles, guided countries in the European Union. In dismissal of its Jewish members, etc. by Austrian traffic police, parked in the present context it was an addition- Also, they had played Beethoven’s the rolling meadows below the stone al factor in the many discussions Ninth under Nazi auspices, so that and mortar walls. Around mid-day, arguing the pros and cons of the even the choice of the music was in some 14,000 people of many nationali- whole millenial commemoration. bad taste. And was Schiller’s “Ode to ties laid wreaths on the numerous The most striking thing to me was Joy” an appropriate text for memorial- statues and gravestones and then the atmosphere of genuine seriousness izing a Nazi death camp? marched through what had been the and goodwill. The police were thor- These criticisms must have been main gate to the camp. oughly relaxed and courteous. taken into account by those who Later, beginning at sundown, an Members of several non-governmen- arranged the final program. Klestil, audience of 11,000 persons descended tal youth organizations helped old Fischler, and also the Minister of the the 180 stairs—the “staircase of people negotiate the rocks and get up Continued on next page 12 THE VOLUNTEER, Spring 2000 Interior, Ernst Strasser, spoke frankly and directly about the full nature of Reunion Austrian responsibilities. They stated that more than half the prisoners had died; that indeed the purpose of quar- ry labor was to work the prisoners to death, literally, while producing prof- itable income for the SS wartime commercial empire; and that on an openly racist basis, Soviet war prison- ers, Poles, Jews, and gypsies had been treated with special cruelty. The European commission delegate Fischler stated that “everywhere in Europe fear of foreigners is breaking out again, and the success of xeno- EVENSON phobic parties in elections shows us L

how ephemeral the spirit of coopera- RIC tion can be.” Leon Zelman stated that E “Mauthausen was built at a time

when many SS-owned companies and HOTO BY concentration camps were built near P quarries and brickworks....Almost all The vets take the stage. authorities, numerous corporations continued from page 7 and business people were involved in the killing machine.” He added that February 27 at the West Coast veter- Weaving together dramatic readings, “as a survivor” he had “a moral obli- ans’ reunion in San Francisco. poems, slides and music of the gation for the future of this Spanish Civil country...to build a world of humani- War, the pro- ty, tolerance, and peace.” gram told the The whole occasion was dignified story of the men and moving. If Zelman and the chief An invitation and women of rabbi of Vienna found it appropriate the Lincoln to participate, why should the world Brigade, who democratic Left not join them? The for posterity risked their lives Nazis claimed Schiller and Beethoven as fighters for for themselves, but there were The Volunteer invites our readers to con- freedom and then undoubtedly some involuntary mem- sider making a bequest to the Abraham stood in the fore- bers of the Hitler Youth who Lincoln Brigade Archives. front of freedom responded more to Schiller than to the ALBA is a non-profit tax-exempt organiza- struggles in their Führer. Hitler should not be allowed tion. Contributions and bequests provide own homeland. the posthumous victory of spoiling donors with significant advantages in plan- The production, the noblest of Austro-German culture ning their estates and donations. led by musical for the survivors and descendants of For more information, contact director Bruce the Nazis’ victims. The creative work Diane Fraher Barthol and fea- of recent decades should be more executive secretary turing members widely heard than it is, but on this VALB/ALBA of the San particular memorial occasion nothing 799 Broadway, Rm. 277 Francisco Mime could have drawn wider public atten- New York, NY 10003 Troupe (some tion and achieved greater spiritual of whom are consensus than the performance of Telephone: relatives of Beethoven’s Ninth in the presence of 212-598-0968 brigadistas), left leading Austrian political figures who E-mail: the audience were fully acknowledging Austria’s [email protected] enthused and past and present responsibilities. inspired.

THE VOLUNTEER, Spring 2000 1999 13 AArrtt inin thethe StruggleStruggle forfor FFrreedomeedom AA NNeeww FFilmilm bbyy AAbbee OsherOsheroffoff

hen King Alfonso XIII building more schools abdicated in 1931, he left behind the lines. WWa country in crisis. Twelve One of the brightest million Spaniards—half the popula- moments in the defense of tion, largely concentrated in the Madrid was the evacua- impoverished pueblos—were illiter- tion of the Prado Museum. ate. Eight million lived in poverty, 2 In his siege of the capital, million of them landless peasants. Franco targeted for aerial Twenty thousand people owned half and artillery bombard- of Spain. Entire provinces were the ment not only working property of one family. The country class neighborhoods and was run by the traditional aristocracy, hospitals, but the bolstered by a top-heavy army and a National Library and the bloated church. Prado. A crew of blue- At the same time, the 1920s—often clad milicianos, many called Spain’s second Golden Age— of whom no doubt had witnessed an astonishing flowering of never before set foot in the arts. Spanish poets, playwrights a museum, carefully and painters were the equal of any in removed and crated Europe and the Americas and today every painting and form part of a distinguished roster: sculpture in the collec- Lorca, Picasso, Dali, Bunuel, Alberti, tion. The works of art Manuel de Falla, to name just a few. were loaded onto One of the most brilliant achieve- trucks and, under the ments of the new democratic cover of night, trans- government that came to power on ported to safety in April 14, 1931, was its ability to Valencia. From there engage this contradiction. Spain’s they made their way to intellectual elite immediately went to Switzerland, where work with the Republic to alleviate they remained for the the conditions of ignorance and duration of the war. poverty afflicting the people. The gov- The Spanish peo- ernment built thousands of schools ple defended their and trained teachers to staff them. country’s artistic trea- Some of the country’s finest young sures, and in turn, writers and artists participated in the painters and poets in overwhelming leges and universities in the United first mass literacy campaign in history, numbers, both Spanish and foreign, States and abroad, opened the door and others took plays, movies and rallied to the defense of the Republic. for him to teaching and lecturing. Art paintings to the people. Lincoln Brigade veteran Abe Osheroff, in the Struggle for Freedom grows in When war broke out in the summer in his new film Art in the Struggle for large measure out of Abe’s experi- of 1936 the government continued its Freedom, tells that compelling story. ences teaching the Spanish Civil War commitment to culture under the most Osheroff’s award-winning 1974 at UCLA and the University of arduous conditions, teaching soldiers to personal documentary, Dreams and Washington. It is also a response to his read and write in the trenches and Nightmares, shown at hundreds of col- desire to make “Shouts from the 14 THE VOLUNTEER, Spring 2000 Wall”—ALBA’s traveling exhibit of posters from the war—as widely available as possible. Abe Osheroff Film Aimed at high school and college students, Abe’s half-hour film gives a Premiers in Austin, Texas thumbnail sketch of the history of the by Dr. Miguel Ferguson war and a taste of the great wealth of UT School of Social Work. Though I poetry, music and posters produced be Osheroff visited the have seen him lecture many times, by the Republic. Under assault by its University of Texas in April to Abe never ceases to amaze me with own army and severely outgunned, Apremiere his new documentary the way he is able to connect with the government turned art itself into a film, Art in the Struggle for Freedom. young students. As one of the organiz- weapon. Many of the most accom- A front page article appeared in the ers of Abe’s visit, I have received plished poets of Spain, Europe and the Austin-American Statesman. The pre- many letters and emails from students Americas not only wrote of the strug- miere was well attended and very and community residents thanking me gle, but read their works to soldiers in well received. After the film, Abe for inviting him to campus. One stu- the trenches. ALBA vice-chair Cary responded to comments and questions dent activist told me that Abe had Nelson, award-winning poet Martin from a panel of professors and com- inspired her to keep dreaming of a Espada, and Osheroff himself read stir- munity leaders. Young and old alike better world, and that it was “an ring poems by Manuel Altolaguirre, were impressed with the way the film honor to be in his presence.” Edwin Rolfe, Antonio Machado, Pablo relates the history of the Spanish Civil It is clear that the story of the Neruda, Leon Felipe, and Spain’s shep- War through use of archival footage, Abraham Lincoln Brigade continues herd-poet Miguel Hernandez. dramatic poetry readings, and colorful to inspire the hearts and minds of The centerpiece of Art in the samples of the posters that were creat- new generations of Americans. The Struggle for Freedom, occupying the ed by republican artists during the extraordinary response to Abe’s visit last third of the film, is a sampling of conflict. The film clearly demonstrates indicates that truly, you are history, the nearly 2,000 posters produced on that the art of the time reflected the you are legend! the Republican side during the war. most profound passions of a people Osheroff explains their ability to com- struggling for freedom against over- Dr. Miguel Ferguson is an Assistant municate, with a striking image and whelming odds. Professor of Social Work at the very few words, an urgent message to The next day, Abe presented The University of Texas at Austin. an often illiterate audience. Their pre- Good Fight to an overflow crowd. sentation enhances the beauty and However, as impressed as the power of these “shouts from the audience was with the film, it wall.” Each poster is rolled out over a was clear that nothing could “wall” of archival footage careful- compare to Abe’s own telling ly selected to echo the subject, of the conflict and its after- while songs of the war play in the math. Audience members background. English subtitles give stayed long after the film to accurate translations of the ask a broad range of questions Spanish, Catalan and French texts about the Spanish Civil War of the posters. and the Abraham Lincoln Abe ends his film by reminding Brigade. With humor, keen us that history that tells us who, when insights, and what can only be and why can never succeed in making described as an encyclopedic us know how it felt. Only art can do knowledge of the Spanish Civil that. Art in the Struggle for Freedom War (even the professors in gives us a sense of how it must have attendance were visibly felt to those who, like Abe, were there impressed!), Abe provided a when it counted. personal testament to the sig- nificance of the war and the Art in the Struggle for Freedom runs 27 lifelong achievements of those minutes and is available, with an who dedicated themselves to instruction guide, for $25 plus ship- the cause of liberty during that ping and handling. For more crucial point in history. information call (206) 364-4521. In addition to the film Osheroff’s first film, Dreams and screenings, Abe lectured in Nightmares, is also available. four social work classes in the

THE VOLUNTEER, Spring 2000 1999 15 Book Reviews

valuable writings that have rarely, if Come and Tell What Happened in ever, been collected in other histories of the war. This is the first time that Spain: A Review passages of the writings of the most Ve y cuenta lo que pasó en España: famous women involved with Spain in the 1930s—Emma Goldman, Mujeres extranjeras en la Guerra Civil: Dorothy Parker, Edna St. Vincent Millay, Simone Weil, and Lillian Una antología Hellman—have been published in one volume. The value of Ve y cuenta, Edited and with an introduction by of the title is another clue to the inten- however, is not exclusively in the Aránzazu Usandizaga. Barcelona, tion of the collection. What these memories of the cultural elite. Leah Planeta. 2000 women activists, journalists, nurses, Manning, the founder of the impor- novelists, and politicians have in com- tant Spanish Aid Committee, is well mon, regardless of their political and represented here, and the selections By Gina Herrmann cultural differences, is a talent for an from her autobiography stand as ome and tell what happened in almost photographic recreation of the important documents of British politi- Spain: Foreign Women in the events they witnessed. Given the cal history. And from a literary C Spanish Civil War, An Anthology. highly visual quality of the testi- standpoint, the excerpts from My English translation of the Spanish monies, then, the title takes on two Josephine Herbst’s memoirs, The title of Aránzazu Usandizaga’s mar- meanings: “come and tell” and “show Starched Blue Sky of Spain, are some of velous anthology of the writings of and tell.” the most intense and sensitively writ- British and North American women Just what these women show and ten statements about the complexities who witnessed or participated in the tell constitutes two simultaneous and of the Spanish war. Spanish Civil War echoes another well- related milestones in the history of the Much continues to be made in known title of collected memories, The West: the emancipation of women and Spain about whether or not that coun- Blood of Spain, by Ronald Fraser. The the empowerment of the labor classes. try suffers from amnesia or an excess Spanish translation of Fraser’s book The presence of so many foreign of memory about its civil war. has an injunction for its title: women in the Spanish theater of war Usandizaga is clearly on the side of “Recuérdalo tú, y recuérdalo a otros” was a unique event. It was the first those who hold that the war story (“Remember it, and recall it to oth- time women were able to involve must continue to be told by as many ers”). It is likely that Usandizaga had themselves, mentally, politically, and protagonists as possible. This text the Fraser text in mind when she put bodily, in the action of war. Nurses reminds its Spanish readership about together her selection of excerpts from Lini de Vries and Winifred Bates expe- the deep passion and international fer- diaries, news correspondence, autobi- rienced the dangers of trench warfare. vor sparked by the Republic, the ographies, memoirs, letters, short POUM sympathizer Mary Low joined confusion and disillusionment that set stories and poems of primarily leftist or a women’s militia group. Martha in among warring antifascist forces, left-radical women who were com- Gellhorn and Lillian Hellman relate and the selfless participation of non- pelled or even obsessed by Spain and the bombings of Madrid. Well-known Spaniards. The book also has the the promise of progressive government intellectuals and writers Sylvia capacity to teach Spaniards about the when the rest of Europe moved steadily Townsend Warner and Valentine ideological and historical intersection toward conservative extremism. Ackland drove ambulances on the between revolutionary politics and This anthology accomplishes what Aragon front. One of the most incredi- feminism and the role that Spain its title appears to promise: it presents ble stories of the anthology is that of played in the formation of many trail- short, powerful, visually charged and Sheila Grant Duff, who went to Spain blazing feminist leftists. easily remembered anecdotes and por- as a spy on behalf of the Chicago Daily The last two decades have seen a traits of Spain from the first moments News. Her dual mission—to report on growing corpus of book-length studies of Franco’s insurrection until the last the atrocities committed in rebel pris- of women in the Spanish Civil War, heartbreaking days of exile, concentra- ons and to locate Arthur Koestler— most notably works by Mary Nash, tion camps, imprisonments, and firing almost landed her in the very penal Giuliana di Febo, and Shirley squads. In Spanish, the command system she was to investigate. Mangini. Ve y cuenta is a welcome “ve” can mean both “come” and One of the strengths of this continued on page 18 “see.” The ambiguity of the first word anthology is that it gathers together 16 THE VOLUNTEER, Spring 2000 Book Reviews

admirers, wanted to know. Yet he Civilization and Barbarity in would not talk. And how was it that 20th-Century Europe French scholar and Nazi collaborator Paul de Man could come to this coun- by Gabriel Jackson realized how futile it was to await an try, erase that past, and bask in the Humanity Books, New York, 1999 awakening of consciences in the inter- admiration of generations of students national community. The picture of until the day he died? Such questions Neville Chamberlain assuring the do not go away. Recent disclosures By Michael Batinski world that peace had been secured have moved the Catholic Church to oral courage and sadistic bar- finally “broke the morale of the reconsider the war years. Jackson’s barism, peace keeping and Spanish Republic.” discussion of the papacy and Hitler Mbrute aggression, toleration The Spanish Republic does not provides a thoughtful introduction to and bloody prejudice, democracy and disappear from the narrative with that thorny issue. He also argues that totalitarianism—this is the stuff that Franco’s victory. Jackson believes that public memories of the Jewish resis- centers Gabriel Jackson’s story of what happened in Spain must be tance have been distorting and Europe’s struggles from the slaughters remembered as part of a continuing denigrating. His discussion of Jewish of the Great War to the defense of the struggle for decency against barbarity. engagement in the resistance to Hitler, Spanish Republic, the Holocaust, the Jackson wants to know how it is that from the International Brigades in Cold War, and the collapse of the people take responsibility for doing Spain to the Eastern Front, is persua- Soviet Union. Jackson writes out of a what is decent or how they fail to do sive, though too brief. moral urgency that makes this book a so. Thus he chooses to move rapidly Jackson refuses to let the past good book. How is it that when peo- over the campaigns of the Second alone. This historian teaches by exam- ple look at evil, they can look away, World War so that he can discuss the ple that moral passion need not cloud step to the other side of the street, or German occupation of Europe and the one’s abilities to reason. While admit- even make their private peace with the barbarian? The question pursues Jackson as it pursues us all. The Jackson believes that what happened in Spain must be answers he proposes are unsettling, remembered as part of a continuing struggle for decency indeed for some of us discomfiting. Yet against barbarity. Jackson refuses to descend into despair. Readers of The Volunteer will not be surprised that the struggle to pre- ways Europeans addressed the ques- ting that fascists and republicans serve Spanish republicanism figures tion of responsibility. The “obedient committed violent deeds in Spain, he prominently in this book. Jackson, a armies” that served a “psychopathic does not lose sight of essential differ- renowned historian of the Republic dictator,” the resistance movements ences between egalitarian ideals and and the civil war, renders a succinct from Denmark and France to Eastern selfish traditionalism. While he readily and clear discussion of the tangle of Europe, the collaborationist who recognizes the crimes of Joseph Stalin, internal political divisions within the “opportunistically,” even “gleefully,” he steers clear of Cold War simplicities. republican and the fascist camps and seized the “jackal’s portion of power,” His treatment of early Soviet social of the international jockeying and bul- the Jews who fought the Nazis on all achievements, of Nikita Krushchev, of lying. Before the end had come, fronts—these people and their stories Mikhail Gorbachev, and even of nov- Winston Churchill and Franklin haunt this narrative. elist Boris Pasternak demonstrate that Roosevelt realized the error of appease- Jackson is effective because he moral commitment and reason can ment. The Munich Conference, chooses to focus carefully on individual work in partnership. And perhaps according to Jackson, must not be cases of sadism, such as Auschwitz’s most important, Jackson looks unflinch- remembered as that singular test and Dr. Mengele. In later sections of the ingly at the barbarities of this century, failure of the democracies’ nerve, but history he returns to this frightfully still working to keep faith in our poten- rather as “the last opportunity” in “an revealing era by way of personalities tial to be responsible for one another. extended diplomatic crisis” that began perhaps less grotesque, but in their Michael Batinski teaches U.S. history at with Ethiopia and Spain. As the belea- own way equally troubling. How was Southern Illinois University in guered Spanish Republic watched the it that philosopher Martin Heidegger Carbondale. democracies allow Hitler to gobble up had served Hitler’s genocidal govern- a fellow sovereign democracy, many ment? Good people, even his THE VOLUNTEER, Summer 2000 17 Join us in a cause that will never die

ver two decades ago four vet- www.alba-valb.org, helps send exhibi- In the coming months and years erans of the Abraham Lincoln tions of photographs, documents and ALBA will greatly expand its activity. Brigade— Bill Susman, O artwork throughout the United States To do so effectively ALBA must have Leonard Lamb, Oscar Hunter and and Canada, and organizes confer- your support. Please fill out the Morris Brier — created a new organi- ences and seminars on the Spanish coupon below, enclose a $25 (or larg- zation: ALBA, the Abraham Lincoln Civil War and on the role of the er) check made out to ALBA, and send Brigade Archives, bringing in a group International Brigades in that conflict it to us. It will insure that those of you of scholars interested in the Spanish and afterward. ALBA has established who are not veterans of the Abraham Civil War and the International the George Watt Memorial prizes for Lincoln Brigade, or family members of Brigades. the best college and graduate school a veteran, will continue to receive The From the outset, one of ALBA’s essays on these subjects and has Volunteer and will enjoy other benefits main tasks was to help manage and designed a widely-used Spanish of associate status. expand the Spanish Civil War archive Civil War high school and college Fill out this coupon and send it to housed at Brandeis University in curriculum. the address indicated below. Waltham, Massachusetts. Explicit in this undertaking were the educational goals of preserving, disseminating and ❑ Yes, I wish to become an ALBA Associate, and I enclose a check for $25 transmitting to future generations the made out to ALBA. Please send me The Volunteer. history and lessons of the Spanish ❑ I would also like to receive a list of books, pamphlets and videos available Civil War and of the International at discount. Brigades. ❑ I would like to have ALBA’s poster exhibit, Shouts from the Wall, in my To carry out these goals ALBA, in locality. Please send information. collaboration with VALB, publishes ❑ I would like to have ALBA’s photo exhibit, The Aura of the Cause, in my The Volunteer. ALBA also collaborates locality. Please send information. on the production of books, films and videos, maintains a website at Name ______

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web site: City______State ______Zip______www.alba-valb.org I enclose an additional donation of ______. I wish ❑ do not wish ❑ to www.alba-valb.org have this donation acknowledged in The Volunteer. Please mail to: ALBA, 799 Broadway, Room 227, New York, NY 10003

Tell What Happened continued from page 16 Watt Awards continued from page 11 addition to what happily has become a new field of specialization in a vari- laberinto mágico, five novels and a film this chaotic narrative structure is ety of disciplines. But insofar as this script on the Spanish Civil War and its another manifestation of the political anthology is a collection of memories, immediate aftermath, written between deadlock of exile. This deadlock is a it also holds a prominent place among 1939 and 1968. In reality it would be result of the Republic’s defeat and the the autobiographies of the Spanish mistaken to call these texts novels. political climate of the Cold War, in Civil War and stands as a comple- Lacking a real plot, they are chroni- which Franco could gain international ment to oral histories, particularly cles: labyrinths of storylines and legitimacy, and the republican cause Fraser’s Blood of Spain. Now all we characters—partly historical, partly was swept under the carpet. But it is need is the English version. fictional—in which nobody really has mostly a consequence of exile itself— a clear sense of the whole. In the last that is, of the author’s separation from Gina Herrmann is an Assistant Professor volume, Campo de los almendros, his national community; of his exclu- of Spanish at Colby College even the author himself confesses to sion from history and the nagging have lost his way. One could say that absence of an interested readership. 18 THE VOLUNTEER, Summer 2000 ALBA BOOKS, VIDEOS AND POSTERS

BOOKS ABOUT THE LINCOLN BRIGADE Dreams and Nightmares Madrid 1937 — by Abe Osheroff (VCR) $25 Letters from the Spanish Civil War The Good Fight ed. by Nelson & Hendricks (cloth) $35 a film by Sills/Dore/Bruckner (VCR) $35 Another Hill Forever Activists by Milton Wolff (cloth) $25 a film by Judith Montell (VCR) $35 You Are History, You Are Legend Our Fight— a film by Judith Montell (VCR) $25 Writings by Veterans of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade: POSTERS Spain 1936-1939 Two Spanish Civil War posters (Madrid Lion and ed. by Alvah Bessie & Albert Prago (pbk) $15 Victoria) are available at $10 plus postage, and thanks The Anti-Warrior to Eva and Mark Fasanella, copies of five of Ralph by Milton Felsen (pbk) $15 Fasanella’s posters are available ($20 each, plus Trees Become Torches, postage). They are: Subway Riders (1960); Family Selected Poems Supper (1972); The Great Strike, Lawrence, 1912 by Edwin Rolfe (pbk) $10 (1978); The Daily News Strike (1993); South Bronx Collected Poems of Edwin Rolfe (pbk) $21 Rebirth (1995). From Mississippi to Madrid These books and tapes are available at the indicated by James Yates (pbk) $15 prices from: Spain, the Unfinished Revolution Veterans of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade by Arthur Landis (cloth) $25 799 Broadway, R. 227 Prisoners of the Good Fight New York, NY 10003-5552 by Carl Geiser (pbk) $15 Tel: (212) 674-5552 Spain’s Cause Was Mine Shipping cost: $2 per copy of book, album or tape. by Hank Rubin (cloth) $29 Make checks payable to ALBA. (pbk) $15 Comrades by Harry Fisher (cloth) $25 (pbk) $12 Odyssey of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade VisitVisit thethe ALBALBAA wwebeb by Peter Carroll (pbk) $15 Remembering Spain: sitsitee aat:t: Hemingway’s VALB Eulogy by Ernest Hemingway, Cary Nelson and Milton Wolff (audio tape & pamphlet) $15 wwwwww.alba-v.alba-valbalb.or.orgg Prison of Women by Tomasa Cuevas $15 andand subscrsubscribibee ttoo EXHIBIT CATALOGS Shouts from the Wall, a poster album ALBALBAA’’ss neneww emailemail ed. by Cary Nelson (pbk) $16 The Aura of the Cause, a photo album nenewwslettsletterer,, ShoutsShouts ed. by Cary Nelson (pbk) $25 VIDEOS FFrromom thethe WWall.all. Art in the Struggle for Freedom by Abe Osheroff (VCR) $25

THE VOLUNTEER, Winter 2000 19 Added to Memory’s Roster

Saul Friedberg 1985, he was present at the unveiling, on London’s South Bank, of a memori- 1913-2000 al to the more than 2,200 men and women who left Britain and Ireland to Saul Friedberg, lawyer and serve in the International Brigades. activist, died May 15 at 87. During his The South Bank memorial to the vol- first year at Harvard Law School, he unteers is now one of more than 55 in participated in protests against a Britain, many of which owe much to German ship that flew the swastika, the efforts of Bill Alexander in his role for which he was beaten and arrested, as honorary secretary of the and became hooked on political International Brigade Association, a action. He joined the Young position he held for more than 30 Communist League and on gradua- years. Although his family was poor, tion, instead of going into law, he education was encouraged, and like went into the Chicago steel mills to most of his siblings, Bill went to uni- organize the workers. versity, studying chemistry at Trained as a sniper, he served Reading. Influenced by his mother’s with the MacKenzie-Papineau battal- free-thinking philosophy—and the ion and was wounded at both Teruel sight of hunger marchers—he joined and the Ebro. the Communist party in 1932. He After returning home, he was found work as an industrial chemist. unable to pursue the law. The Unwilling to be seen as “manage- character committee of the bar Saul Friedberg ment,” he repeatedly turned down association would not approve offers of promotion. He also took part him because of his service in University in 1933. He fought with the in the battle of Cable Street, which Spain. He also had difficulty gain- Lincolns in 1937 and 1938. prevented Oswald Mosley’s British ing entry into the U.S. military During World War II, Alper Union of Fascists from marching during World War II, though he taught aerial gunnery and aircraft through the East End of London. enlisted in the navy as an electron- recognition in Florida and He volunteered for the ics trainee. Wyoming, then served with the 8th International Brigades in the spring of He later practiced law in New Air Force in England and flew 35 1937. Arriving in Spain soon after the York. After retirement, he remained missions over Europe as a tail gun- murderous battle of Jarama, in which active in political movements, includ- ner in B-24 bombers. two-thirds of the British battalion ing the Nuclear Freeze ballot After World War II, Alper were killed or wounded, he joined the proposition in Suffolk County. He was rejoined his family food brokerage, newly-formed anti-tank battery, an enthusiastic supporter of the new where he worked until his retirement which was equipped with modern, Labor party and was involved in the in 1969. During the McCarthy era, he high-velocity Soviet guns. Described Suffolk Health Advisory Committee, appeared as an unfriendly witness by a comrade as “a strict disciplinari- which defends local health centers for before the House Committee on Un- an, but fearless,” Bill showed that his low-income people. He is survived by American Activities and the Joint military efficiency matched his politi- his wife, Nina, and three children. Investigative Committee of the cal resolve and was appointed the Massachusetts House and Senate. He battery’s political commissar. Bill was Marcus Alper remained a lifelong supporter of pro- cited for bravery at the battle at gressive ideals and causes. He leaves Belchite in September 1937; four 1911-2000 his wife, Jeannette, four children, and months later, at Teruel in January eight grandchildren. 1938, he was promoted to captain and Marcus Alper of Brookline, commander of the British battalion. Massachusetts, a Lincoln vet and Bill Alexander The following month he was injured retired food broker, died last May at by a bullet and sent home. the age of 89. 1910-2000 Back in Britain, Bill continued to Born in Newark, he spent his campaign for the Spanish Republic early childhood in Mexico City, Texas, Bill Alexander, the last comman- and was involved in numerous and Cuba, attended Brookline High der of the British battalion, has died at Continued on page 21 School, and graduated from Brown age 90. Fifteen years ago, in October 20 THE VOLUNTEER, Summer 2000 Added to Memory’s Roster demonstrations outside the Spanish be its lessons: the importance of embassy. He also became Merseyside “strength and unity.” He always area secretary of the Communist turned up with numerous pamphlets party, which he remained until the and books in aid of the International outbreak of World War II. He served Brigade Association. in north Africa, Italy and Germany, -Richard Baxell rising to the rank of captain in the reconnaissance corps, even though the promotion board made it clear they Sam Gonshak knew his history and political back- Sam Gonshak passed away on ground. After the war, Bill resumed May 9, 2000. Sam was a child of his political activities in Britain and, in poverty, born on New York’s lower addition to becoming Coventry secre- East Side of Jewish parents who came tary of the Communist party, stood from Czarist Russia. He never out- unsuccessfully against Richard grew his lifelong sensitivity to the Crossman at Coventry East in the 1945 poor and to those he felt did not get a general election. From 1947 to 1953, he fair shake. Early on he identified him- was party secretary for the Midlands self with those he considered to be the area. Following a six-year period as “underdog.” As a very young man secretary for Wales, he became assis- during the depression years, he joined tant general secretary of the party in the movement known as the 1959, a position he held until 1967. He Unemployed Councils. The two main later taught chemistry in southeast objectives of this organization were to London until retirement. fight for a social security system and From 1989 to 1996 Bill was presi- for unemployment insurance. When dent of the Marx Memorial library in people were evicted from their homes London. The library holds the because they could not pay the rent, International Brigade archive, where Sam and his group would take their Bill researched a number of works on belongings (as their furniture had the brigades, including the official his- been placed in the street) back up into Sam Gonshak, Barcelona, Spain, 1938 tory of the volunteers from Britain and their apartments, giving them another Ireland, British Volunteers For Liberty two weeks to try to come up with the Mooney. Often he and his family paid (1982), No To Franco (1992) and, with rent. They also helped people find a heavy price for his determined others, Memorials Of The Spanish Civil jobs. Sam remained active in the stands. His political activism and War (1996). He also wrote articles and Unemployment Movement for several civil disobedience earned him a letters challenging what he felt to be years and was arrested a number of three-year sentence in Sing Sing the mythology of the Spanish civil times in demonstrations at welfare Penitentiary on a trumped-up charge war. He was always strongly critical stations, where he went with the peo- (assault of a policeman). He served of the perception of the Spanish war ple who could not pay their rent. one year in 1933. as “the poets’ war.” Sam was a leader in early union A major turning point in Sam’s For many years, Bill was tireless days, and though small in stature, he life occurred in 1937, when he joined in his efforts for the International was out there throwing up picket lines the International Brigades. Sam went Brigade Association, which he ruled and carrying banners. He fought for to Spain with 20 young volunteers with a rod of iron. He represented the better working conditions, improved from Brownsville, Brooklyn. Sam was organization at numerous events and health laws, reasonable wages, and in Spain for more than a year and a led a group of surviving volunteers employment and dismissal laws. He half, serving with the Lincoln and their families on an emotional laughed when he described being Battalion when it captured Belchite. journey to Spain in 1986 to revisit the thrown down the steps of city hall and Sam participated in the Brunete cam- sites of the British volunteers’ exploits. being arrested for civil disobedience. paign and went on to the Aragon (The visit was filmed by the BBC for a Sam believed it was important to campaign, where the Battalion helped television documentary, Return To The make a contribution to society and not take Quinto and Belchite. He was Battlefields.) Bill regularly gave impas- to be consumed with self interest. wounded and was hospitalized at sioned talks about the Spanish Early on he championed Sacco and Continued on page 22 “anti-fascist war” and what he felt to Venzetti, the Scottsboro Boys and Tom THE VOLUNTEER, Summer 2000 21 Added to Memory’s Roster

Gonshak Corps as an engineer in the cially in disseminating information Continued from page 21 Philippines, he returned home to be about the activities of VALB. Sam’s hounded by the F.B.I. Undaunted, activism has been documented in Benicasim. After recuperation in the Sam continued to be an activist, numerous books and in several hospital, he was sent to Tarazona, out- attending freedom marches and civil movies, including The Good Fight and side of Albacete, and given the rights demonstrations. He and other Forever Activists. responsibility of instructing and ori- vets were some of the first to march Sam’s legacy cannot be measured enting new recruits. He later became against American involvement in the in wealth and acquisitions. Rather his commander of truck transports and, Vietnam War, in support of nuclear legacy is about making a contribution finally, political commissar of the 15th disarmament, and against American to society while we are here. He never Brigade transports. All of Sam’s life he intervention in Nicaragua, Chile and stopped speaking out and marching was extremely proud of his decision to El Salvador. He worked tirelessly to for what he believed in and what he go to Spain. raise money for ambulances and med- felt would be a contribution to society. Sam once again paid a heavy price ical supplies and for a variety of other His honesty and integrity live on in for his determination and the strength causes not always popular in estab- those with whom he came in contact, of his convictions. Franco’s victory lishment circles. He served as especially his daughter Essie, Buddy, over the Spanish Republic in 1938 sent commander of the New York Post of his son-in-law, and Heather and Sam home not identified as a hero, but VALB for several years, working at Amber (his grandchildren). rather labeled as a subversive. After arranging many annual dinners and serving for four years in the Army Air several of the trips to Spain and espe-

ALBA’S TRAVELING EXHIBITIONS SHOUTS FROM THE AURA OF THE CAUSE THE WALL ALBA’s photographic exhibit,The Medford, MA Aura of the Cause, has been shown at October 12-Dec 10, 2000 Medford, MA the Puffin Room in New York City, Tufts University Gallery October 12-Dec 10, 2000 the University of California-San Aidekman Art Center Tufts University Gallery Diego, the Salvador Dali Museum in 40 R Talbot Ave. Aidekman Art Center St. Petersburg, FL, the Fonda Del Sol Medford, MA 02155 40 R Talbot Ave. Visual Center in Washington, DC, 617 627-3505 Medford, MA 02155 and the University of Illinois. This 617 627-3505 exhibit, curated by Professor Cary For further information about The Nelson of the University of Illinois, Riverside, CA Aura of the Cause exhibit, and its consists of hundreds of photographs companion exhibit, Shouts From The March 15, 2001-April 30, 2001 of the Lincoln Brigaders, other inter- Wall, posters from the Spanish Civil Sweeney Art Gallery national volunteers and their War, contact ALBA’s executive sec- University of California Spanish comrades, in training and at retary, Diane Fraher, 212-598-0968. Riverside CA 92521 rest, among the Spanish villages and Both exhibits are available for muse- For information contact in battle. um and art gallery showings. Katherine Warren 909-787-3755

BRING THESE EXHIBITS TO YOUR LOCALITY Contact Diane Fraher, ALBA executive secretary: 212-598-0968; Fax: 212-529-4603

22 THE VOLUNTEER, Winter 2000 Contributions

Frederic M. Alper in memory of Marcus Alper, $50 Al Amery in memory of Rudy Haber, $20 Gino Bauman in honor of Sam Schiff, $25 Ann Anthony, $25 Dr. and Mrs. Norman Berezin in memory of Mark Alper, $25 Ann (Rusty), Beatrice and Marion in honor of Irv Frankel, $50 Mary E. Blair in memory of John C. Blair, $50 Fran and Bob Boehm in memory of Saul Friedberg, $50 Tibby Brooks for aid to destitute IB veterans in Bulgaria and Rumania, $100 Mr. and Mrs. Israel Buckman in honor of Marcus Alper, $50 Robert M. Carney in memory of Marcus Alper, $50 Charles Caruso in memory of Ernesto “Papa” Hemingway and Che Guevara, $50 Rick Cottam on behalf of the IB veter- ans of the Netherlands, $50 Rosalyn J. Cottler in memory of Marcus Alper, $10 Elizabeth M. Cregger in memory of Marcus Alper, $50 Janice A. Dolan in memory of Marcus Alper, $25 Melvin J. Dorfman in memory of Marcus Alper, $10 Les Fein in memory of Dick Fein, $100 Irene Fiala in memory of Marvin Nelson, $100 Hulda Rees and Sarah C. Flynn in memory of Marcus Alper, $100 Karen Fox in memory of Marcus Alper, $100 Esther and Bert Glassberg in memory of Sam Gonshak, $100 Dr. Nathaniel and Emily Lehrman in memory of Ben Goldring, $100 Polly Nusser Dubetz in memory of Charles Nusser, $100 Dorrit Gloss in memory of Marcus Alper, $50 Paul Gottlieb in memory of Al Finkel, $10 Julius Grossman, $50 Ilsa Halpern and Susan Mende in memory of Curly Mende, $50 Anne Jackson in honor of Marcus Alper, $10 Lee Tuft Joseph, $100 Ron and Barbara Koocher in memory of Marcus Alper, $10 Gabriel Jackson in honor of Alvah Bessie and Robert Colodny, $50 Elissa Krauss in memory of Sam Slipyan, $25 Charles S. Lavin, $150 Hannah C. Levin in memory of Marcus Alper, $50 Henrietta and Max Levine in memory of Vince Lossowski, $30 Kenneth Levine in memory of Dr. William Pike, $10 Sally Levine in memory of Dr. William Pike, $18 Anna and Davis Loomis in memory of Marcus Alper, $100 Aaron Mahler, $10 Jane Nadel and Lionel Williams in honor of Paul Funt, $50 Polly Perlman in memory of Mark Alper, $25 Mrs. R. Mastin, $20 Matti A. Mattson in memory of Joe Luftig, $20 Robert J. Muildoon, Jr. in memory of Marcus Alper, $100 Dr. Murray B. Nesbitt in memory of Arthur Munday, $25 Sylvia and Carl Pierce in memory of Marcus Alper, $10 Esther Pirkot in memory of Marcus Alper, $25 Edith Pollach in honor of Henry Giler, $30 Alex Robkin in memory of Polly Rabkin, $100 Brooke Remmert in mem- ory of Lawrence Cane, $20 Mr. and Mrs. Louis Rom in memory of Sam Schiff, $25 Armando G. Rosa, $25 Mildred Rosenstein in memory of Herman (Gabby) Rosenstein, $50 Rothman and Reshevsky family in memory of Sam Schiff, $15 Sherman and Ruby Saltmarsh in memory of Marcus Alper, $50 Tom Sarbaugh, $25 Elizabeth Savage in memory of Nat Gross, $25 Beatrice Shaffer in memory of Marcus Alper, $50 Dorothy and Jerome Siegal in memory of Maury Colow, $60 Jane Simon, M.D., in memory of “Doc” Simon, $100 Vera and Lawrence Smith in memory of Marcus Alper, $20 Myrtle and Helen Simon in memory of Dr. John Simon, $5000 Birdie and George Sossenko in memory of Francois Mazou, $25 Diane Sovern in memory of Lester Gittelson, $25 Marilyn Stewart in memory of Marcus Alper, $25 Michael S. Strauss in memory of Marcus Alper, $18 Nancy and Len Tsou in memory of Dr. Rolf Becker, German IBer who fought in Spain and later in China, $100 Evelyn and Sam Vigo in memory of Marcus Alper, $25 Josie Yurek in memory of Steve Nelson, $50 Lillian Uretsky in memory of Marcus Alper, $10 David Warren in memory of Alvin Warren, Maury Colow and Arthur Munday, $25

THE VOLUNTEER, Fall 1999 23 ALBA traveling exhibits Shouts from the Wall and Aura of the Cause to be exhibited at Tufts University October 12-Dec 10, 2000 Tufts University Gallery Aidekman Art Center 40 R Talbot Ave Medford, MA 02155 617 627-3505

The Volunteer c/o Veterans of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade NON-PROFIT 799 Broadway, Rm. 227 U.S. POSTAGE New York, NY 10003 PAID PERMIT NO. 280 SHIRLEY, N.Y. 11967

24 THE VOLUNTEER, Summer 2000