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Bangor University DOCTOR of PHILOSOPHY Discovering the Big Bangor University DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Discovering the big other : modernisation, otherness, and the nation in early twentieth- century Spanish New York narratives Miranda-Barreiro, David Award date: 2012 Awarding institution: Bangor University Link to publication General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 26. Sep. 2021 Discovering the Big Other: Modernisation, Otherness, and Nation in Early Twentieth-Century Spanish New York Narratives David Miranda-Barreiro Bangor University Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) 1 Discovering the Big Other: Modernisation, Otherness, and Nation in Early Twentieth-Century Spanish New York Narratives David Miranda-Barreiro Abstract In the first three decades of the twentieth century, New York City emerges as a recurrent theme in Spanish literature. However, critical attention to the presence of this city in Spanish letters has been traditionally limited to the study of Diario de un poeta reciencasado (1916) by Juan Ramón Jiménez and Poeta en Nueva York (published posthumously in 1940) by Federico García Lorca. The wealth of popular novels and novellas published in this same period as well as the numerous travelogues where New York played a prominent role, have traditionally been dismissed due to their alleged lack of literary value. This is the case of Pruebas de Nueva York (1927) by José Moreno Villa, El crisol de las razas (1929) by Teresa de Escoriaza, Anticípolis (1931) by Luis de Oteyza, and La ciudad automática (1932) by Julio Camba. Departing from traditional aesthetic and structuralist analyses, I propose that this corpus provides an important insight into the cultural debate on modernity in early twentieth-century Spain. For my analysis, I will be drawing on key theoretical work in postcolonial and gender studies, particularly with relation to the nation. The application of these theories to close textual analysis of early twentieth-century Spanish New York narratives will unveil the pervasive use of the biopolitical criteria of ‘class’, ‘gender’, and ‘race’ by competing projects of national regeneration after 1898 in Spain, as well as the often disregarded connections between the Spanish crisis of national identity and the wider European context. 2 Table of Contents Abstract .................................................................................................................. 2 Table of Contents .................................................................................................. 3 Table of Figures ..................................................................................................... 5 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................ 6 Declaration and Consent ...................................................................................... 7 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 11 New York in Spanish Modernism: the Shadow of Federico García Lorca’s Poeta en Nueva York ................................................................................................................... 16 Spain and Modernity in Hispanic Literary and Cultural Studies .................................. 23 Specific Studies of New York in Spanish Literature .................................................... 32 Pruebas de Nueva York, El crisol de las razas, Anticípolis, and La ciudad automática: Critical Work on Four ‘Forgotten’ Texts ...................................................................... 36 Chapter Synopsis .......................................................................................................... 55 Chapter 1. Otherness, Modernisation, and Nation in Early Twentieth- Century Spain ...................................................................................................... 58 1.1 Views of the United States in Early Twentieth-Century European Literature: the Rise of ‘the Big Other’ ................................................................................................. 60 1.1.1 Mechanisation and the Fear of ‘the Masses’: the Threat to Elitism ............ 61 1.1.2 Modernisation as the Modern Woman: the Threat to Patriarchy ................ 64 1.1.3 The United States and ‘Racial’ Degeneration: the Threat to Ethnic Nationalism .......................................................................................................... 69 1.2 Spanish National Regeneration: Discourses of ‘Otherness’ in the Re-Invention of a National Identity ........................................................................................................... 74 1.2.1 The Degeneration of ‘the Masses’: Joaquín Costa’s ‘Iron Surgeon’ and José Ortega y Gasset’s European Elitism .................................................................... 81 1.2.2 The Spanish Modern Woman and the Challenge to Submission ................ 89 1.2.3 Racist Constructions of ‘Otherness’ in the Formation of Spanish National Identity: ‘The Black’ as a Subaltern ‘Other’ ........................................................ 93 1.2.4 Philosephardism, Anti-Semitism, and National Regeneration .................. 100 1.3 Early Twentieth-Century Spanish New York Narratives ..................................... 104 1.4 Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 107 Chapter 2. The Hidalgo against ‘the Masses’: the Challenge to the Classist Nation ................................................................................................................. 111 2.1 ‘Cirujanos de Siempre-Mata y Nunca-Salva’: Spain’s Modernisation Beyond Regeneracionismo in Pruebas de Nueva York ............................................................ 112 2.2 Anticípolis: a Polyphonic Account of New York’s Modernisation ...................... 128 2.3 Mass society and Mechanisation as a Threat to Social Elitism in La ciudad automática .................................................................................................................. 140 2.4 Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 150 3 Chapter 3. Images of the Modern Woman: the Challenge to the Patriarchal Nation ................................................................................................................. 153 3.1 Pruebas de Nueva York: ‘La Niña Violenta’ and The Subversion of Marriage ... 154 3.2 El crisol de las razas: Tearing the Veil of Patriarchy ........................................... 164 3.3 Anticípolis: the Modern Woman against the Angel in the House ......................... 180 3.4 La ciudad automática: ‘The American Girl’ or the Goddess of Chaos ................ 191 3.5 Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 197 Chapter 4. Racialism versus Multiculturalism: the Challenge to Ethnic Nationalism ........................................................................................................ 201 4.1 Pruebas de Nueva York: ‘Black Dots’ on the ‘Jewish City’ ................................. 202 4.2 The Source of Chaos: ‘Jewish Evilness’ and ‘Racial’ Degeneration in El crisol de las razas ...................................................................................................................... 218 4.3 National Identity beyond ‘Race’ in Anticípolis .................................................... 224 4.4 ‘La España Grande’ versus ‘La España Negra’ in La ciudad automática ............ 230 4.5 Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 244 Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 246 Cited References ................................................................................................ 254 Primary Works ............................................................................................................ 254 Secondary Works ........................................................................................................ 254 Appendix: List of Spanish Literary Works about New York (1912-1935) .. 281 4 Table of Figures Figure 1: drawing by José Moreno Villa (in Pruebas de Nueva York) .......... 112 Figure 2: drawing by José Moreno Villa (in Pruebas de Nueva York) .......... 122 Figure 3: drawing by José Moreno Villa (in Pruebas de Nueva York) .......... 156 Figure 4: front cover of El crisol de las razas by Enrique Varela de Seijas .. 172 Figure 5: drawing by Enrique Varela de Seijas (in El crisol de las razas) .... 175 Figure 6: front cover of Anticípolis by Federico
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