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Hispanoamericanos Madrid CUADERNOS HISPANOAMERICANOS X V J MADRID JULIO 1976 313 CUADERNOS HISPANO­ AMERICANOS DIRECTOR JOSE ANTONIO M AH AVALL JEFE DE REDACCIÓN FELIX GRANDE HAN DIRIGIDO CON ANTERIORIDAD ESTA REVISTA PEDRO LAIN ENTRALGO LUIS ROSALES DIRECCIÓN, SECRETARIA LITERARIA Y ADMINISTRACIÓN Avenida de los Reyes Católicos Instituto de Cultura Hispánica Teléfono 244 06 00 MADRID HISPANOAMERICANOS Revista mensual de Cultura Hispánica Depósito legal: M 3875/1958 DIRECTOR JOSE ANTONIO MARAVALL JEFE DE REDACCIÓN FELIX GRANDE 313 DIRECCIÓN, ADMINISTRACIÓN Y SECRETARIA: Avda. de los Reyes Católicos Instituto de Cultura Hispánica Teléfono 244 06 00 MADRI D INDICE NUMERO 313 (JULIO 1976) Páginas ARTE Y PENSAMIENTO CARLOS AREAN: La pintura abstracta en España 5 JOSE ECHEVERRÍA: La novela espejo 30 ANTONIO FERRES: Historia de la cabeza encantada 58 FELiX GRANDE: El «Siglo de Oro» del flamenco 68 HORACIO SALAS: Los mecanismos de la mente 89 CARLOS DROGUETT: Pablo de Rokha, trayectoria de una soledad. 100 MOTAS Y COMENTARIOS Sección de notas: CARLOS GARCÍA GUAL: Interpretaciones actuales de la mitología antigua 123 MIGUEL ANGEL GARRIDO GALLARDO: El estructuralismo genéti­ co, cinco años después 140 M.a ELISA GOMEZ DE LAS HERAS: Julián Gallego ante la pintura española del Siglo de Oro 146 ALEJANDRO AMUSCO: Lectura de un poema de Aleixandre 167 ALBERTO ANDINO: Notas a propósito de «Tabaré» y del velatorio de Carace ..i 179 ROBERT M. SCARl: especies distintivos del lenguaje de «Morriña». 191 Sección bibliográfica: JACK WESNER: M. Damianí: Francisco Delicado 200 JUAN PEDRO QUIÑONERO: Rosa Chacel: «Barrio de maravillas» ... 201 JOSE ORTEGA: Asedio a «Recuento», de Luis Goytisolo 208 SABAS MARTIN: Vigencia del teatro del 98 217 DIONÍSIO G. CAÑAS: Una muestra integra! de José Martí en su prosa 227 FERNANDO AINSA: Una forma del arraigo: las «Prosas apatridas», de Julio Ramón Ribeyro 231 MONiCO MELIDA: Sepúlveda, al trasluz de su crónica indiana ... 235 GALVARINO PLAZA: Notas marginales de lectura 238 Cubierta de ANTONIO BENEYTO. Siguiente ARTE Y P E N S A M l E N T O Anterior Inicio Siguiente LA PINTURA ABSTRACTA EN ESPAÑA l.e ESPAÑA, PAIS DE FRUTOS PREMATUROS Y DE FRUTOS TARDÍOS No creo en la perdurabilidad de los caracteres nacionales. Hay constantes a las que llamamos así porque duran a veces siglos, pero que son—vistas con perspectivas de milenios—tan perecederas como las más efímeras modas. Ningún país europeo se halla conformado antes del año 1000 y ninguno comenzó a adquirir conciencia de sus supuestas constantes antes de 1500. A pesar de ello, y sólo para entendernos, podemos aceptar que algunas maneras de ser, de actuar y de valorar son, hasta ahora, más habituales en unos países occiden­ tales que en otros, pero sin que ello constituya una prueba de que haya de seguir sucediendo así en el futuro. Hecha esta salvedad, podemos afirmar estadísticamente que una de las constantes de la evolución histórica del pueblo español parece consistir en la abundancia de frutos prematuros y de frutos tardíos de máxima significación. Lo desconcertante para quienes nos estudian apresuradamente es que ambas faltas de sincronía se hallan sepa­ radas por la época de los frutos maduros, que suele ser o menos pura o menos ubérrima en España que en otras latitudes occidenta­ les. Un ejemplo nos basta; La bóveda de crucería—característica fun­ damental de la arquitectura gótica—tiene en España precedentes abundantísimos, anteriores a los franceses y a los ingleses. El gótico de plenitud es, en cambio, más horizontal y menos ansioso—menos gótico, en suma, si aceptamos las características de Worringer— que el de Alemania o el de Inglaterra. No es tampoco purista a la manera del de la Isla de Francia, sino con más complejas rupturas de la dinámica de la luz y con escasa visibilización de la interpene­ tración entre los espacios envolventes y envuelto a través de la po­ licromía vibratoria y translúcida de las vidrieras. Las catedrales de León y Barcelona no constituyen excepciones a esta realidad estadís­ ticamente detectable, ya que la primera es estilísticamente francesa del Norte y la segunda languedociana. 5 Los frutos tardíos del gótico español son, en contrapartida, en nuestro riquísimo flamígero entreverado de plateresco, más mórbidos y deslumbrantes que en cualquier otro país europeo, y no sólo abun­ dan en la totalidad de ¡a Península ibérica, sino que se desparraman, íntimamente compenetrados con ]a concepción del espacio y las so­ luciones aborígenes, a lo largo y a lo ancho de toda la América hispánica. Podrían multiplicarse los ejemplos desde el prerrománico hasta el cubismo y siempre nos encontraríamos con esta misma intrigante asincronía. No parece fácil explicarla, pero yo creo que se halla re­ lacionada con la posición geográfica liminar de España dentro del ámbito de la cultura occidental. Ello nos hizo, tras ocho siglos de convivencia íntima con musulmanes y judíos, menos occidentales en nuestra manera de valorar que a los otros pueblos germánicos o la­ tinos, pero acrecentó nuestro afán de afirmarnos como miembros de nuestra comunidad cultural, si no queríamos ser enteramente sumer­ gidos bajo la marea islámica. Los frutos prematuros pueden responder a esa necesidad de afirmación. Lo diferencial en los de madurez se debe posiblemente a que en las épocas de plenitud fue menor la vi­ gilancia ante las infiltraciones de otras culturas que contribuyeron también a la formación de nuestro propio ser. Europa estaba ya sóli­ damente conformada y España dejaba de temer un posible desgaja- miento: La perfección de los frutos tardíos puede deberse, en cambio, a una mezcla de nostalgia y de deseo acuciante de recuperar el tiem­ po perdido. No hago más que esbozar aquí esa explicación. La he discutido detalladamente en mi libro Cultura autóctona hispana, pu­ blicado en 1973 por la Editorial Magisterio Español, y por eso no me extiendo ahora más sobre ella. 2." LOS FRUTOS PREMATUROS Y LOS INTERMEDIOS EN LA ABSTRACCIÓN ESPAÑOLA Los frutos prematuros, en lo que a la pintura abstracta se refiere, se dieron en España desde 1889, pero cayeron en aquel entonces en el vacío. Cabe señalar, no obstante, que se anticiparon en veintiún años a la Primera acuarela abstracta, de Kandinsky, origen oficial de la pintura no imitativa en 1910, y que en cualquier otro país hubieran pasado posiblemente tan inadvertidos como en España, ya que eran aquellos los tiempos de la liquidación del impresionismo y no, toda­ vía, los de esa búsqueda de las formas-madres de todos los objetos posibles que, a través del puente de! cubismo, abriría el camino de ß la abstracción geométrica. Menos todavía era posible entonces reela- borar la factura desgarrada y la palpabiiidad polémica de la materia, impuestos por el primer expresionismo, o el arabesco deformado, el color arbitrario y puro y la concepción del objeto exterior como sim­ ple pretexto transfigurabie, características del fauvismo, y abrir con su confluencia y exacerbación el camino hacia las restantes modali­ dades de la pintura no imitativa, y muy en especial a las de tipo lírico o informal. Todo llega en la evolución histórica por sus pasos contados y el expresionismo se hallaba en mantillas y al fauvismo le faltaban toda­ vía dieciséis años para comenzar a existir, Por eso la invención de Kandinsky tuvo larga progenie, en tanto la del arquitecto Antonio Gaudí—veintiún años anterior—no traspasó nuestras fronteras hasta que resultó digerible. Dicha anticipación consistió en una serie de mosaicos íntegramente abstractos, hechos con restos de porcelana y cerámica, en la invención de unas formas sinuosas y llameantes, en una utilización expresionista del color y de la materia en bruto, y en la inclusión—anticipo muy curioso deí dadaísmo—de una muñeca de porcelana, copas de vidrio, tazas doradas, ampollas y platos rotos en las rodelas en verdes, violetas y azules de! parque Güel!. Como ar­ quitecto modernista y ornamental, pero funcional e inventor de! hiper­ boloide parabólico, tuvo más Inmediata progenie Gaudí. También la tuvo en cuanto escultor abstracto de pináculos horadados, en los que buscaba la intercomunicación entre los espacios envolvente y en­ vuelto, pero esas otras dedicaciones suyas son de sobra conocidas y se salen, además, de los límites de este estudio. Después de Gaudí vino un largo silencio en lo que a la pintura abstracta respecta, silencio que coincidió con la primera madurez de la abstracción en otros países. Los afanes renovadores se limitaron, desde principio de siglo hasta la güera civi!, a la recepción y reela­ boración de las variedades expresionistas, fauves, cubistas y surrea­ listas más en boga en Europa, pero apenas se despertó otro interés que el puramente experimental por el arte abstracto. En ese aspecto, y a diferencia de lo acaecido en los Estados Uni­ dos, en ambas orillas de! río de la Plata o en la Alemania prehitlería- na, los marchantes, pintores y entendidos españoles no se atrevieron a reñir a fondo una batalla en defensa de la vanguardia no imitativa. Gabe, no obstante, señalar en España las excepciones de Juan San­ dalinas y Ramón Marinel-lo, abstractos geométricos que no alcanza­ ron el éxito que merecían, pero que tampoco fueron abucheados o ridiculizados, tal como acaeció bastantes años más tarde en París o Berlín con sus camaradas de anticipación. 7 Sandalinas inicio en 1924 sus experiencias neoplasticístas, en las que incurvaba virtualmente algunos de los planos hasta convertirlos en un juego de cilindros encadenados. Había en su pintura ecos de Mondrian, pero eran más perceptibles en el rigor de la composición que en el color a menudo compuesto o en la tridimensionalidad en escorzo. Su obra no suscitó la reacción deseable, lo que le condujo a abandonar en 1948—precisamente en el año en que su semilla co­ menzaba a fructificar— toda actividad artística. Marinel-io pintaba en tres dimensiones reales y era, por tanto, eso que en la actualidad ¡lamamos un escultopintor.
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