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Sharma, Narayan Prasad (2014) Morphosyntax of Puma, a Tibeto‐Burman Language of Nepal

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Sharma, Narayan Prasad (2014) Morphosyntax of Puma, a Tibeto‐Burman Language of Nepal Sharma, Narayan Prasad (2014) Morphosyntax of Puma, a Tibeto‐Burman language of Nepal. PhD Thesis. SOAS, University of London http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/18554 Copyright © and Moral Rights for this thesis are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners. A copy can be downloaded for personal non‐commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder/s. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. When referring to this thesis, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given e.g. AUTHOR (year of submission) "Full thesis title", name of the School or Department, PhD Thesis, pagination. MORPHOSYNTAX OF PUMA, A TIBETO-BURMAN LANGUAGE OF NEPAL NARAYAN PRASAD SHARMA Thesis submitted for the degree of PhD in Linguistics 2014 Department of Linguistics SOAS, University of London Abstract Puma is an endangered Tibeto-Burman language of the Kiranti subgroup spoken by approximately 4,000 people in eastern Nepal. This dissertation investigates the phonology and morphosyntax of Puma. Data are presented and analysed from a cross- linguistic typological perspective where possible. The analysis is based mainly on annotated texts from a substantial corpus of spoken Puma, and from informally collected data and direct elicitation to supplement the corpus. Puma is a polysynthetic and complex pronominalised language where words can consist of a series of morphemes. Verbal agreement, where verbs agree with subjects and objects, is very complex, and differs strikingly from the case-marking system used with independent noun phrases. Case-marking of nouns and pronouns is split between nominative-accusative and ergative-absolutive-dative. Intransitive subjects also exhibit characteristics of a split-S pattern: some intransitive subjects display grammatical properties similar to those of transitive objects, while others do not. In contrast to Dryer’s (1986, 2007) typology of primary object type and direct object type languages, Puma is neither a fully primary object nor a fully direct object language. Transitive verbs can be detransitivised with a kha- prefix or with zero, which is typologically more common (Bickel et al. 2007). For kha-detransitivisation the affected entity must be human; this is typologically unusual, but characteristic of the Kiranti subgroup. The syntactic pivot for both inter-clausal and intra-clausal syntax is ‘subject’, comprising the single argument of intransitive verbs and the agent-like argument of transitive verbs. Interestingly, the morphology does not treat these in a consistent way but the syntax does. Verbs fall into classes that show distinct syntactic behaviours in different constructions. Compound verbs, which are an areal feature of South Asian languages (Masica 1976), comprise verbal, nominal and lexical types. Different nominalisation and relativisation strategies exist for S human and non-human, A and P arguments. The dissertation aims to provide a comprehensive description of Puma and includes hundreds of examples drawn from the corpus, plus Appendices of sample verb paradigms and texts, and names of contributors. 3 Acknowledgements First of all, I owe a huge debt of gratitude to Peter Austin, my supervisor. From the beginning (early stage) he has been a source of insightful advice and encouragement, with an amazing knowledge both of theoretical linguistics and of cross-linguistic data from the world’s languages. He has been patient with my lack of progress, organisation, and understanding. The particular genius of Peter Austin for me was the amount of effort and care for encouraging me to make better progress and be on track. Thank you so much, Peter for having faith on me. I am quite happy with other members of my committee, Irina Nikolaeva and Peter Sells. It has been great to have specialists on Australian languages, Japanese, Korean, and Russian who were willing to read and comment on various chapters. During the first year, when Peter Austin was on sabbatical, Peter Sells inherited me and proceeded to firmly guide me through the process of writing a dissertation. Peter Sells was unique to recognise the essence of what I was trying to achieve, and sort out my jumbled thoughts into an organised pattern. Working with Peter Sells was an invaluable moment for this dissertation. Huge thanks are due to Irina Nikolaeva. I was also able to make many improvements because of auditing her syntax class and thorough discussions with her. This research would not have been possible without financial support. I am very grateful to the SOAS, University of London for their Overseas Research Student Award (ORSAS). Similarly, I am indebted to the Hans Rausing Endangered Languages Academic Programme (ELAP) for their financial support of living expenses and home tuition fees for one year. It would not have been possible to continue my second year study without a grant from the Hans Rausing Endangered Languages Documentation Programme (ELDP) (2010-2013, IGS 0094). I am very grateful to them. Open Society Foundation’s Global Supplementary Grant Program (GSGP) Europe awarded me grants to cover some living and conference expenses. Paper presentations in Singapore, Hong Kong and USA were possible through this grant. Similarly, two conference presentations to Switzerland and Japan were made possible by funding from the Faculty of Languages and Cultures at SOAS. Moreover, thanks are due to SOAS Hardship fund and the Child Care fund. All of this support is gratefully acknowledged. I owe a particular debt of gratitude to many Puma people who contributed 4 stories/autobiography/songs/myths/daily accounts etc. and welcomed me in their villages. I am grateful to all the people who hosted me during my field trips, showing immense hospitality and respect. I owe a particular debt of gratitude to Shree Kumar Rai for his help and interest and for spending so much time teaching me Puma and sharing with me his language and cultural knowledge. Shree Kumar Rai helped me in many ways as a very close friend. He devoted considerable time and effort and was available all the time via Skype, phone, and email whenever I needed help, despite his own job (he is now working for the Government of Nepal, as a Section Officer in the District Election Office). Without this assistance this work would not have been possible. I would like to express my sincere thanks to Kalpana Rai who helped me by transcribing texts very rapidly. Similarly, I owe many thanks to Premdhoj Rai for being an incredible consultant who spent so much time at night with me for elicitation of verb paradigms and other data. He is very amazing, and a god-gifted native speaker of Puma, and working with him was very pleasant and revealing. Sajan Rai, including other members from the Puma Tupkhabangkhala, Sunsari District Committee’s respect and hospitality were more than I could have dreamed of. Special thanks go to Raj Kumar Rai and Kishor Rai for their help during my second field trip. I am grateful to the Chintang and Puma Documentation Project (CPDP), funded by the Volkswagen Foundation, DoBeS Programme, Grant No. II/79 092 (2004-2008), which made it possible to use the Puma corpus for my research. I owe a particular debt of gratitude to Professor Balthasar Bickel, University of Zurich, who introduced me to the study of Kiranti languages and offered me support and insightful advice for my current study. His constructive criticism, helpful comments and encouragement have been invaluable at all stages of my work. I wish to thank to all team members of the Chintang and Puma Documentation Project. I am indebted to my relatives who helped me directly and indirectly to take care of my family when I was alone in London. I received a great deal of assistance from many relatives, including Manoj Paudel. I am grateful particularly to Krishna Subedi, Sharada Paudel, Matrika Rimal, Santosh Paudel, Ananda Rimal, Dinesh Paudel and a friend Madhav Sigdel who lent me money during hardship, which made it possible to start my study. I will never forget one of my relatives who deceived me during this time. I would like to thank my uncle and aunt for providing me with a Kathmandu-London air ticket and financial support, in particular at the time of moving to Nansen Village. 5 It was a great leap for me to come to London from Kathmandu for the first time. I have many reasons to be grateful for the hospitality and help of several friends in United Kingdom. My school friend Hari Kumar Gurung, whom I had not seen for 25 years, and his wife took me up to their home in Farnborough when I was homesick. I am grateful to my friend and his family for their warm hospitality. Many others helped me in various ways. Special thanks are due to Milan Gyawali and Mina Sharma, Pradeep Gurung and his wife, Santa Bahadur Gurung, Krishna Pradhan and his family, the British Gurkha Soldier and his family for their warm hospitality. I wish to thank Shalik Ram Sharma, Bhakta Gurung, Krishna Adhikari and Dipendra Adhikari for their help. While visiting different countries during my PhD for presenting papers I had the help and hospitality of many people. I am grateful to Takahiro Shito, Japan; Takashi Nakagawa, Singapore; (Chandra) Kumar Gurung, Kaji Gurung, Jum Bahadur Gurung, Min Prasad Gurung and Manoj Gurung, Hong Kong; Pradeep Gautam and Bipana Paudel, Raju Shrestha, Ashish, and Piyush, USA. I am grateful to Judith Pettigrew who kindly introduced me to Professor Michael Hutt, Nepali specialist at SOAS. Likewise, I would thank Professor Hutt for his time and sharing many things at the beginning of my studies and for later introducing me to Krishna Pradhan.
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