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SURVEILLANCE OF AEDES ALBOPICTUS (SKUSE) (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE) SUBURBAN AND SYLVATIC POPULATIONS USING TRAPS AND ATTRACTANTS IN NORTH CENTRAL FLORIDA By PETER JOSEPH OBENAUER A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2009 1 © 2009 Peter J. Obenauer 2 To Kathy, Lauren, Alexandra and my mom 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I greatly appreciate the United States Navy, specifically the Navy Medicine Manpower, Personnel, Training and Education Command’s (NMMPTEC) Duty Under Instruction program for providing me this great opportunity to pursue a Doctor of Philosophy degree in entomology. Mrs. Patricia Edwards and the NMMPTEC command staff have been extremely supportive and gracious while I’ve been in school. I also thank Dr. Andreas Rose of BioGents for providing BG-Sentinel® traps used in this study. I thank my major advisor, Dr. Phillip E. Kaufman for his guidance and support throughout this project. He provided me office space, vehicles, materials, lab use, as well as financial support to various professional meetings. He has been instrumental in guiding me through these past three years and was especially patient while I analyzed my research data. It has been an honor to be his first Ph.D. student. I am indebted to the members of my graduate committee, Dr. Daniel Kline, Dr. Sandra Allan, Dr. Phil Lounibos and Dr. Ellis Greiner for their tremendous support, attention and consideration of my research. I especially thank Dr. Sandra Allan for providing statistical insights, additional equipment and lab space. I am grateful for her patience and assistance with my research; she always kept her office door opened, never once turning me away. I gratefully acknowledge Jimmy Pitzer for his countless hours of editing this dissertation and providing valuable suggestions regarding my research. I consider him a good friend and scientist. In addition, many thanks to the following people for assistance with collection of data throughout this project: Kathy Obenauer, Lauren Hurst, Catherine Zettel, Derek Puckett, Bart Bass, Amanda Kushner and Ryan Larson. Special thanks to Lois Wood for assistance with researching and purchasing materials used in this research. Special thanks to my fellow shipmates, Dr. David Hoel and Dr. Craig Stoops, for their helpful suggestions regarding my research. I deeply appreciate their encouragement and support 4 during the last three years. In addition, I want to recognize CDR Michael Mann (retired) and CDR Bill Kanour (retired) for encouraging me to pursue a Ph.D. I consider them both great mentors. I thank the staff of San Felasco Hammock Preserve State Park and private landowners who granted me the privilege to conduct research on their property. These people include: Dr. Jerry Hogsette, Dr. Faith Oi, Dr. Don Dickson, Dr. Don Hall, Dr. Kenneth Dodd, Dr. Amy Simone and Mr. “Bubba” Grainer. The professors in the Entomology and Nematology department are an exceptional group of scientists. I especially thank Dr. Don Hall, Dr. Jerry Hogsette and Dr. Jerry Butler (retired) for their scientific insights and wisdom. They always treated me like a professional, rather than a graduate student and for that I am extremely grateful. I will miss our weekly conversations. I thank Debbie Hall for her assistance with all of my administrative requirements. I am indebted to the personnel and staff at USDA-ARS-CMAVE’ Gainesville, FL. I especially thank Erin Vrzal who educated me on mosquito rearing, infusion preparation and the use of the olfactometer. I also thank Dr. John Sivinski for providing screened cages and Mr. Charlie Stuhl with their set-up. I thank my wife, Kathy, for her loving support during these stressful and challenging years. She is my best friend and I owe her more than words can describe. I thank my mom, Patricia Andrews, for providing loving support throughout my life. In remembrance of my father, Peter James Obenauer, I thank him for the lifelong sacrifices he made to provide me the opportunity to attain higher education. I am confident that I have made him proud. Finally, I thank God for this great life, I am truly blessed! 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...............................................................................................................4 LIST OF TABLES...........................................................................................................................9 LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................................10 ABSTRACT...................................................................................................................................13 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW OF AEDES ALBOPICTUS SKUSE.....15 Introduction to Aedes albopictus ............................................................................................15 Taxonomy and Distribution.............................................................................................16 Habitat .............................................................................................................................18 Bionomics...............................................................................................................................19 Host Preference, Host Seeking and Biting Behavior.......................................................19 Mating and Flight Range.................................................................................................22 Diapause and Photoperiod...............................................................................................22 Oviposition, Fecundity and Longevity............................................................................24 Medical Importance................................................................................................................26 Dengue.............................................................................................................................26 La Crosse virus................................................................................................................29 West Nile virus................................................................................................................30 Competition and Displacement...............................................................................................31 Surveillance Devices ..............................................................................................................33 Host Seeking Traps and Attractants ................................................................................34 Ovitraps and Gravid Traps ..............................................................................................35 Control Measures....................................................................................................................36 Biological and Cultural Control ......................................................................................37 Chemical Control.............................................................................................................39 Research Objectives................................................................................................................40 2 HOST-SEEKING HEIGHT REFERENCES OF AEDES ALBOPICTUS WITHIN SUBURBAN AND SYLVATIC LOCALES IN NORTH CENTRAL FLORIDA ...............42 Introduction.............................................................................................................................42 Materials and Methods ...........................................................................................................45 Site Selection...................................................................................................................45 Traps and Baits................................................................................................................46 Trapping Scheme.............................................................................................................48 Statistical Analysis ..........................................................................................................50 Results.....................................................................................................................................50 Aedes albopictus..............................................................................................................51 6 Other Mosquito Species ..................................................................................................51 Discussion...............................................................................................................................53 3 OVIPOSITON RESPONSE OF AEDES ALBOPICTUS TO INFUSIONS USING COMMON NORTH CENTRAL FLORIDA PLANTS .........................................................69 Introduction.............................................................................................................................69 Materials and Methods ...........................................................................................................72 Infusions ..........................................................................................................................72 Mosquitoes ......................................................................................................................73 Laboratory Cage Bioassays