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Harnessing Micrornas for Cancer Immunotherapy Unicentre CH-1015 Lausanne http://serval.unil.ch RRRYear : 2016 Harnessing microRNAs for cancer immunotherapy Monnot Gwennaëlle Monnot Gwennaëlle , 2016, Harnessing microRNAs for cancer immunotherapy Originally published at : Thesis, University of Lausanne Posted at the University of Lausanne Open Archive http://serval.unil.ch Document URN : urn:nbn:ch:serval-BIB_DB15713B16E90 Droits d’auteur L'Université de Lausanne attire expressément l'attention des utilisateurs sur le fait que tous les documents publiés dans l'Archive SERVAL sont protégés par le droit d'auteur, conformément à la loi fédérale sur le droit d'auteur et les droits voisins (LDA). A ce titre, il est indispensable d'obtenir le consentement préalable de l'auteur et/ou de l’éditeur avant toute utilisation d'une oeuvre ou d'une partie d'une oeuvre ne relevant pas d'une utilisation à des fins personnelles au sens de la LDA (art. 19, al. 1 lettre a). A défaut, tout contrevenant s'expose aux sanctions prévues par cette loi. Nous déclinons toute responsabilité en la matière. Copyright The University of Lausanne expressly draws the attention of users to the fact that all documents published in the SERVAL Archive are protected by copyright in accordance with federal law on copyright and similar rights (LDA). Accordingly it is indispensable to obtain prior consent from the author and/or publisher before any use of a work or part of a work for purposes other than personal use within the meaning of LDA (art. 19, para. 1 letter a). Failure to do so will expose offenders to the sanctions laid down by this law. We accept no liability in this respect. Centre Ludwig pour la recherche sur le cancer Harnessing microRNAs for cancer immunotherapy Thèse de doctorat ès sciences de la vie (PhD) présentée à la Faculté de biologie et de médecine de l’Université de Lausanne par Gwennaëlle MONNOT Diplômée en Master d’immunologie des maladies infectieuses, de la London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK Jury Prof. Sanjiv Luther, Président Prof. Pedro Romero, Directeur de thèse Dr. Alena Donda, Co-directeur Dr. Alexandre Harari, expert interne Prof. Michele de Palma, expert externe Prof. Fabienne Tacchini-Cottier, expert interne Lausanne 2016 2 3 4 Remerciements Je souhaite tout d’abord te remercier, Alena. Pour ta grande aide, dans tous les domaines possibles. Que cela ait été pour des problèmes techniques au laboratoire, des corrections d’anglais, des discussions sur des concepts scientifiques, ou même de l’assistance psychologique de doctorant en détresse, tu étais toujours joignable et prête à m’apporter ton soutien. Ta présence a été cruciale dans les accomplissement que je présente dans cette thèse, et je pour cela je te remercie sincèrement et du fond du cœur. Pedro, je te remercie de m’avoir donné l’opportunité de faire cette thèse dans ton laboratoire. Merci de m’avoir fait confiance et de m’avoir laissé faire mes propres expériences, parfois avec succès et parfois non, mais en me permettant d’apprendre de chacune de mes étapes. Finalement, merci de partager ton savoir et tes conseils avec nous, et d’être toujours disponible pour discuter et nous aider à relever les défis. Merci à mes experts, Fabienne Tacchini-Cottier qui m’a suivie depuis le début, Dietmar Zehn qui est maintenant à Münich, ainsi que Michele de Palma et Alexandre Harari. Merci d’avoir investi de votre temps pour m’apporter votre expertise scientifique et vos conseils. Merci à toutes les personnes qui ont contribué à me former, à me montrer, à m’expliquer, à me conseiller, sur les techniques de laboratoires diverses et variées. Dans le désordre chronologique, Stéphanie (travail stérile en culture cellulaire), Rachel (organisation), Jan (supervision et techniques avec les souris), Natalia (conseils pratiques), Agnès (injections s.c.), Georgi (PCR), Suzanne et Daniel (P2 et injections i.v.), Timothy (qPCR et soutien moral), Stephen (clonage et CARs), Nicole et Petra (culture des cellules humaines), Julien (tetrameres et affinité), Michael (conseils), Lianjun (metabolisme), Stefanie (culture de listeria), Camilla (cellules humaines et Chromium 51), Damien (incucyte), et tous les autres qui ont prêté un anticorps, donné un conseil, ou un petit mot d’encouragement. Merci à Faiza, Leyder et Candice, les trois techniciennes qui ont été présentes durant mon projet et ont apporté leur aide sur trop d’aspects pour être individuellement cités. Merci à mes collègues de laboratoire, particulièrement Amaia, Alejandra, Benjamin et Nina, pour les plaisanteries, la bonne entente et l’entraide quotidienne, qui rendent la vie au laboratoire plus belle et plus facile ! Merci aussi aux « humains » de chez Pedro, et aux groupes de Daniel Speiser, Werner Held, Nathalie Rufer pour les colla(bora)tions diverses et variées, et le contact toujours agréable. Merci à mes amis pour leur soutien et leur compréhension quand aux retards, annulations de dernière minute, et mauvaise humeur lorsque les expériences ne fonctionnaient pas. Finalement, merci à ma famille. Mes parents, qui m’ont toujours soutenu quoi que j’entreprenne, mes grands parents, cousins, oncles, et mon frère qui m’ont apportés trop d’amour pour que tout tienne sur cette page. Je vous aime, merci. 5 Résumé grand public: Exploiter les microRNAs pour les immunothérapies contre le cancer Ces dernières années, l’immunothérapie contre le cancer s’est faite connaître du grand public, notamment grâce au magazine Science, qui l’a nommée « découverte de l’année » en 2013. En effet, cette approche est une révolution dans les traitements contre le cancer, car elle s’attache à réactiver le système immunitaire du patient pour qu’il attaque sa propre tumeur. En l’occurrence, les immunothérapies telles que les inhibiteurs de points de contrôle immunitaire, ont démontré des effets à long terme impressionnants, avec certains patients n’ayant à ce jour pas développé de récurrence de leur cancer. Il existe plusieurs types d’immunothérapies. L’une d’elle consiste à extraire des cellules du système immunitaire du patient et à les modifier génétiquement pour qu’elles deviennent spécifiques pour la tumeur. Une fois re-transférées dans le patient, ces cellules peuvent attaquer la tumeur et la détruire. Cette technique se nomme le transfert adoptif thérapeutique. Mon projet s’est attelé à étudier l’importance des microRNAs dans la fonctionnalité des cellules T CD8+ et à utiliser ces connaissances pour améliorer les thérapies de transfert adoptif. Les microRNAs sont des petites molécules qui s’attachent spécifiquement aux molécules d’ARN messager, et qui de cette façon bloquent la traduction de l’ARN messager en protéines. Les microRNAs sont très importants pour les fonctionnements cellulaires, et permettent aux cellules de passer plus rapidement d’un état à un autre. Durant mon projet de thèse, j’ai tout d’abord observé que la présence du cluster de microRNAs miR-17-92 était cruciale pour la bonne fonctionnalité des cellules CD8+. En particulier, pour leur capacité à répondre à une infection et à produire des cytokines qui sont les molécules effectrices de la réponse immunitaire. Nous avons aussi observé que les cellules CD8+ ne possédant pas de miR-17-92 montraient un phénotype « mémoire ». Deuxièmement, nous avons étudié la surexpression d’un autre microRNA, miR-155, dans les cellules CD8+, et l’impact de cette surexpression dans la capacité des cellules à induire une régression tumorale. Nous avons observé dans un modèle murin que la surexpression de miR-155 pouvait améliorer la régression tumorale lorsque les tumeurs exprimaient un antigène de basse affinité. Ceci est intéressant pour les thérapies humaines, car les antigènes tumoraux sont souvent de basse affinité puisqu’ils sont des molécules du « soi » contre lesquelles le système immunitaire est tolérant contrairement aux pathogènes. Finalement, nous avons étudié la surexpression de miR-155 en combinaison avec les thérapies de récepteur d’antigène chimérique (CAR). Dans le modèle murin que nous avons utilisé, la surexpression de miR-155 ne changeait pas l’efficacité du traitement avec des cellules CAR qui probablement était déjà optimale. 6 De par leur capacité à réguler l’expression de plusieurs protéines à la fois et de façon extrêmement rapide, les microRNAs sont des molécules qui comportent un fort potentiel de manipulation à des fins thérapeutiques. Dans mon travail, j’ai démontré que les microRNAs miR-17-92 ainsi que miR-155 pourraient être des cibles intéressantes pour améliorer les immunothérapies contre le cancer. 7 Résumé Ces dernières années, la recherche de thérapies contre le cancer a pris un nouveau tournant. Ceci a eu pour conséquence la nomination de l’immunothérapie contre le cancer en tant que « découverte de l’année 2013 » par le magazine Science. En effet, les dernières publications démontrent une efficacité clinique sans précédent pour plusieurs immunothérapies contre le cancer. En particulier, le transfert adoptif de lymphocytes infiltrants de la tumeur ou de lymphocytes génétiquement modifiés pour attaquer la tumeur. Ces technologies ont suscité l’intérêt des immunologistes ainsi que du grand public car ces approches ont montré des résultats extrêmement encourageants. Pourtant, les tumeurs solides restent les plus difficiles à traiter. Ceci démontre la nécessité d’améliorer les fonctions effectrices des lymphocytes transférés. Pour ce faire, nous avons étudié l’influence des microRNAs sur les fonctions effectrices des lymphocytes T CD8+, ainsi que les façons de moduler l’expression de ceux-ci pour améliorer les immunothérapies contre le cancer. Dans le premier chapitre, nous avons observé l’importance pour la fonctionnalité des cellules T CD8+ du cluster de microRNAs miR-17-92. L’expression de ce cluster est augmentée dans les cellules T CD8+ après leur activation. Nous avons utilisé un modèle murin de délétion du cluster dans les lymphocytes T, et observé une diminution de la fonctionnalité des cellules T CD8+ en son absence.
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