12.TheBlackSeaBasinandICZM

Environmentalsetting The Black Sea41 is one of the most remarkable regional seas in the world, being almost completelyseparatedfromtherestoftheworld'soceansandembodyinganabyssalbasinwith maximum depth of 2300 m adjoining a very wide continental shelf area. Its waters are permanentlystratifiedundertheinfluenceoffreshwatersuppliedbylargerivers(Fig.1)andthe inflowofMediterraneanwaterthroughtheBosphorusandDardanellesStraits.

Figure62:TheCatchmentAreaoftheBlackSea(source:http://envirogrids.net)

TheBlackSeaisconsideredtobeafantasticlaboratorynaturallyhostingoxic,hypoxicandanoxic water masses permanently existing due to strong vertical stratification. While strong vertical stratificationsupportsisopycnaldistributionofvariousbiogeochemicalspecies,thewiderange ofredoxconditionssupportsspecificprocessesrenderingtheBlackSeaauniqueplacetostudy

 ,QWURGXFWRU\SUHVHQWDWLRQRIWKH%ODFN6HD%DVLQLVWLJKWO\IROORZLQJWKHUHIHUHQFH7ž%ò7$.   428    theEarthSystemresponsestoclimatechangesandanthropogenicforcing.Sincealargepartof thebasin(i.e.approx.deeperthan100m)isanoxic,lifeformsintheBlackSeadisplaylimited diversity and almost all pelagic and benthic fauna and flora dwell in the shallower upper oxic waterlayers. Besidesitsnaturalpeculiaritiesanddisadvantages42,thelongͲtermandintensiveanthropogenic pressuresexertedonthesystemaggravatedthethreatstotheBlackSeaecosystemrelatedto climate change43. Large amounts of various pollutants (oil, trace metals, nutrients, pesticides, etc.) have been discharged from coastal sources to the nearshore waters since the 1960’s. Excessivenutrientsareconsideredtobethemostpersistentinnegativeeffectscomparingtoall other pollutants. Their input via rivers, agricultural drainage waters, and insufficiently treated municipal/industrialwastewatershasincreasedmanyͲfoldoverthelastfewdecades,supporting progressive cultural eutrophication. The latter has led to radical changes in the Black Sea ecosystem since the 1960s and especially after 1970s when critically important key habitats disappeared from the large shelf areas. It has been scientifically and politically accepted that eutrophicationhascausedamajortransboundaryimpactonwaterquality,biologicaldiversity, bioͲresourcesabundance,adverselyaffectingallsectorsrelyingonmarineservices.



Figure63:TypicalsummerbioͲopticalremotesensing "colour"oftheBlackSea(seemoreonthisinBarale andJaquet,2006)

Itwasalsorecognisedthatotheranthropogenicforceslikeoverfishingandtheuseofdestructive fishingtechniques,coastalzonemismanagementandtheintroductionofinvasivespecies(most notablythectenophorejellyMnemiopsisleidyi)simultaneouslyoccurredfurtherdamagingthe functioningofthisecosystemthroughtrophiccascades.

 6LQFH%ODFN6HDLVYLUWXDOO\LVRODWHGLWVUHVLOLHQFHWRFKDQJHLVZHDN7KHSUHVHQFHRIDSHUPDQHQW DQR[LF]RQHLVDQDGGLWLRQDOULVNIDFWRU &OLPDWLFFKDQJHVDUHDVVRFLDWHGZLWKLQFUHDVHGIUHTXHQF\LQIORRGVQRUWKERXQGPRYHPHQWRIVSHFLHV VHDOHYHOULVHHWF 429    SomerecoverystartedbymidͲ90sduetolessextensiveuseoffertilizersforeconomicreasons. Consequently, anthropogenicallyͲinduced hypoxic conditions at the sea shelf somewhat decreased and biodiversity in benthic flora and fauna increased. The appearance and establishment of the predator of Mnemiopsis (Beroe ovata) was seen to improve certain ecosystemparameters. Morethan300riverscontributeinflowtotheBlackandAzovSeas.ThenorthͲwesternBlackSea receivesthedischargeofthelargestriversintheBlackSeadrainageareaͲtheDanubeRiverwith ameanwaterdischargeofabout200km3/yrandtheUkrainianriversDniepr,SouthernBugand Dniestrcontributingwithabout65km3/yr. The influence of the Danube River and its large Delta is predominant regarding the sedimentation on the northͲwestern Black Sea shelf area, and not only. The Delta impact on hydrographicprocesses,transportofspeciesandthegenepoolformation,chemicalcontentof waterandsediment,migrationsoffishpopulationsandbirds,etc.,opensarangeofscientific challenges. Fromthisperspective,theexistenceoftheDanubeDelta–theEurope’slargestdeltaicsystem– furtherincreasesthespecialcharacteristicsoftheBlackSea. Impactsofclimaticvariabilityand/orclimatechangeareclearlyindicatedbythearrivalofmore MediterraneanspeciesandestablishmentofnewnichesintheBlackSea,phenologicalchanges inbiota,directcorrelationsbetweenseawatertemperaturechangesandabundance/biomassof species(planktontofish)aswellasvariationsinthedissolvedoxygencontentofupperwater columnlayers.

Governancearrangements TheBucharestConventionanditsProtocolstogetherwiththeirimplementationplan,SAP(2009), constitutetheregionallegal/policyframeworkfortheprotectionoftheBlackSeaenvironment. The Black Sea Commission (BSC) is made up of one member from each of the six Black Sea nationalgovernments.SixregionalactivitycentresandsixthematicadvisorygroupsoftheBSC contributetotheregionalimplementationscheme. At a regional level, the four priority transboundary problems for the Black Sea ecosystem, reͲconfirmedbyBlackSeaTransboundaryDiagnosticAnalysis(TDA,2008)andbytheStrategic ActionPlanfortheEnvironmentalProtectionandRehabilitationoftheBlackSea(SAP,2009),are (1) eutrophication/nutrient enrichment, (2) changes in marine living resources, (3) chemical pollution (including oil), (4) biodiversity/habitat changes, including alien species introduction. TheBSSAP(2009)definedthecomprehensivesetofEcosystemQualityObjectives(EcoQOs)to managethesefourtransboundaryenvironmentalissues(SAP,2009.SeealsoBox2inTÜB7TAK, 2011). TheCausalChainAnalysesintheBlackSeaTDA(2008)foundthatfourtransͲboundaryproblems cannotbedealtwithindividually.Itisstatedthat"improvementsinmanagementofoneproblem will have knockͲon effects for other problems, and addressing individual causes is likely to 430    improve the situation with regard to at least two, if not more, of the four environmental problems". Clear, coherent scientific understanding of coastal (land and water) margins and efficientmanagementofhumanactivitiesintheseareasarevitallyimportantforachievingall fourSAP(2009)EcoQOs. Inparticular,throughsigningtheBSͲSAP(2009)countriesconfirmed(Article3.1)toadheretothe following governance and management approaches: (i) Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM);(ii)TheEcosystemApproach;and(iii)IntegratedRiverBasinManagement(IRBM). ThegeographicalscopeforthebasinisdefinedbytheBucharestConventionanditsProtocolsas the marine and coastal waters of the Black Sea proper. However, in terms of linkage to the Mediterranean,theTurkishStraitsSystemaswellastheAzovSeaandtheKerchStraitcanalso beconsideredinthecontextofthemarineandcoastalgovernancesuchasICZM. ICZMisalsoaimedtointegratecoastalgovernanceissueswiththeeventswithinthecatchment basinsofriversdrainingintothesea(Fig.1).Hence,theBlackSeawithitswatersheds(catchment area),beingoneoftheLargeMarineEcosystems(LME)oftheworldwithecologydissimilarfrom thatoftheadjacentseasandocean,hastobeconsideredinthiscontexteither. ThecombinedapplicationofICZMandIRBMwasaffirmedasalegallybindinggeneralobligation in the updated Protocol on the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Black Sea from LandͲBased Sources and Activities (LBSA, 2009), which is urging countries (Article 4f) "to endeavourapplyingtheintegratedmanagementofcoastalzonesandwatersheds". Another Protocol, relevant for ICZM is the Black Sea Biodiversity and Landscape Conservation ProtocoltotheConventionontheProtectionoftheBlackSeaAgainstPollution(BLC,2002).At leasttwoitsarticlesaredirectlyrelevanttotheissueofICZM.UnderitsArticle3,theProtocol applies to coastal zone, which have to be designated by each Contracting Party, including wetlands.Importantly,theContractingPartieshavealsocommittedthemselves"toencourage introductionofintersectoralinteractiononregionalandnationallevelsthroughtheintroduction oftheprinciplesanddevelopmentoflegalinstrumentofintegratedcoastalzonemanagement seeking the ways for sustainable use of natural resources and promotion of environmentally friendlyhumanactivitiesinthecoastalzone"(Article7). The regional Black Sea institutional framework for the protection of the marine environment involvestworegionalorganizations:primarilytheCommissionontheProtectionoftheBlackSea AgainstPollution(BlackSeaCommission,BSC),establisheddejurein199244throughArticle17of theBucharestConventionandsupportedbytheUnitedNationsEnvironmentalProgramme,and theOrganizationoftheBlackSeaEconomicCooperation(BSEC),alsoestablishedin1992.The BlackSeaCommission(http://www.blackseaͲcommission.org)wasestablishedexclusivelyforthe protectionoftheBlackSeamarineenvironmentandiscomposedoftheBlackSeacoastalstates, whileBSEC,asaregionaleconomiccooperationforum,includesevenstatesnotfallingwithinthe

 %6&3HUPDQHQW6HFUHWDULDWEHFDPHRSHUDWLRQDOLQ2FWREHU 431    ecologicallimitsoftheBlackSeaCatchment.BSCandBSEChavegrantedeachothertheobserver status. InstitutionallytheBlackSeaCommission(BSC)istheintergovernmentalorganizationresponsible fortheimplementationoftheConventionfortheProtectionoftheBlackSeaAgainstPollution (Bucharest Convention), its four Protocols and Strategic Action Plan, aiming at preserving the Black Sea ecosystem as a valuable natural endowment of the region, while ensuring the protectionofitsmarineandcoastallivingresourcesasaconditionforsustainabledevelopment oftheBlackSeacoastalstates,wellͲbeing,health,andsecurityoftheirpopulation. ThePermanentSecretariatoftheBSCstartedfunctioningin2000.Oneofitssubsidiarybodiesis theICZMAdvisoryGroup,whichactivelysupportstheICZMactivitiesoftheBSC.Thegroupis responsiblefortheannualICZMreportoftheBSC,submittingalsoregularlydataonthestateof thecoastanddevelopmentofICZMintheBlackSeastates.Theannuallyreporteddatacovers developmentofpolicy/legislation,projectsanddifferentICZMindicatorsinthefieldsandsectors of: population and geography, energy, water and wastewater, biodiversity, coastal erosion, economy,tourism,solidwastemanagement,agriculture,industry,transport,andclimate. In the period of 2002Ͳ2013 as of to date 17 meetings of ICZM AG were organized with participationofBlackSeacountriesrepresentativesandinternationalexperts(includingPegaso partners).ActivitieswereconnectednotonlywithICZMissues(developmentofsetofindicators fortheassessmentofcoastalzone,introductionofICZMprinciples,guidelinesonEnvironmental ImpactAssessmentinaTransboundaryContext,etc.),butalsowithothersharedproblems.The Black Sea Biodiversity Strategy was discussed and improved jointly with Advisory Group on ConservationofBiologicalDiversity,whilejointlywiththeAdvisoryGrouponLandͲBasedSources ofPollutionICZMAGworkedtoimprovetheupdatedProtocolfortheProtectionoftheMarine EnvironmentoftheBlackSeafromLandͲBasedSourcesandActivitiesandICZMcomponentin thisProtocol. TheICZMAGacceptedin2007tomeasuretheimplementationofICZMintheBlackSearegion usingthecolourcodedmarkersetofindicators,developedearlierbytheICZMExpertGroupof the European Commission (EC, 2005). The results were published in the SAP Implementation report of the BSC 2002Ͳ2007 (BSC, 2009), showing certain progress in the region during the previous5yearsincoastalmanagementanddevelopmentoflegal/policyframeworkforICZMat thenationallevel.Thisexercisewillberepeatedin2014toreporttoMinisterialoftheBucharest ConventionParties.

Programmesandprojects Internationalinstitutionsfirmlycommittedtotheprotection,preservationandrehabilitationof the Black Sea marine environment include European Commission, GEF/UNDP, the IntergovernmentalOceanographicCommissionofUNESCO,InternationalMaritimeOrganization (IMO),MemorandumofUnderstandingonPortStateControlintheBlackSeaRegion(MoUPSC), InternationalCommissionfortheProtectionoftheDanubeRiver(ICPDR),DanubeCommission,

432    United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE), United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Agreement on the Conservation of Cetaceans of the Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea and continuous Atlantic area (ACCOBAMS), Organization for Security and CoͲoperation in Europe (OSCE), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), regional NGO networksandmanyothers. BlackSeacooperationhasthereforebeenactivatedbymanypanͲEuropean,regionalscaleand bilateral/multilateralprojectsbetweentheBlackSeacountries.Investigatingandunderstanding the Black Sea ecosystem and its problems at regional and subͲregional scales have been supportedbydifferentdonorslikeEU,UNDP/GEF,NATO,TheWorldBank,EBRD,UNEP,IMOand others. TheEUFrameworkProgramme(s)(IVͲVII)fundeddaNUbs,EUROGEL,IASON,SESAME,HERMES, HYPOX,MEECE,ODEMM,THRESHOLDS,PERSEUS,andmanyotherprojectstotacklewithBlack Seaecosystemissuesconsideringbothclimaticandanthropogenicforces. AnothergroupofEUFP(VI,VII)Projectsarefocusedontheachievementofefficientgovernance practices including ecosystemͲbased management to support sustainable development in the Region,likeINTERREGPlanCOAST,SPICOSA,ENCORA,DEDUCE,KnowSeas,ODEMM,COCONET, aswellastheIASON,enviroGRIDSandPEGASO. GEFfundedandexecutedthroughUNDPBSEP45andBSERP46(PhasesIandII)projectsinsupport oftheBucharestConventionimplementation.Itcontributedtosustainablehumandevelopment in the Black Sea area through reinforcing the cooperation of the Black Sea countries to take effectivemeasuresinreducingnutrientsandotherhazardoussubstancestolevelsnecessaryto permitBlackSeaecosystemrecovery. EU/TACIS/EuropeAid Projects, such as ECBSea, SASEPOL served to strengthen regional cooperationfortheprotectionoftheBlackSea. Projects focused specifically towards improving the monitoring and forecasting capacities and theoperationalstatusofoceanographicservicesinconjunctionwithbettermanagementofdata collectionandnetworkingoftheBlackSeascientistsare:ARENA(FP5),ASCOBOS(FP6),ECOOP (FP6), MONINFO (EC), BS SCENE/UBSS (FP6, 7), SEADATANET I/II (FP6, 7) EnviroGRIDS (FP7), EMODNET.Suchprojectshavehadvaluableimpactonnetworkingandcapacitybuildinginthe BlackSeamarineresearcharea. InrelationtothedevelopmentofGlobalMonitoringforEnvironmentandSecurity(GMES)core services, MyOcean (FP7) has also played an important role through its implementation in the BlackSea.Finally,theECEuroARGOProject(partofGOOS)hasenhancedeffortstodeployArgo floats in the Black Sea to support GMES services and did the advancement of operational monitoringintheBlackSearegion.

 %ODFN6HD(QYLURQPHQW3URJUDP %ODFN6HD(FRV\VWHP5HFRYHU\3URMHFW 433    TheBlackSeaERANET(2009Ͳ2012)andRUSERANET(2009Ͳ2013)Projectshavebeencrucialto identify long term thematic priorities of environment, health, energy, marine & maritime researchintheregion(TÜB7TAK,2011).

ICZMexperiences Managementofcomplexsystemsrequiresintegratedapproachwhichallowsrationallyandina coordinatedwaytobringtogethernumerouscontradictingandoverlappinginterests.TheBlack Sea countries47, Bulgaria, Georgia, Romania, Russian Federation, Turkey, and Ukraine, have reached a consensus on the necessity of reconstruction of existing management systems in compliancewithICZMprinciplesintheOdessaDeclaration(1993),StrategicActionPlan(1996), andinthenewStrategicActionPlanfortheProtectionandRehabilitationoftheBlackSeawhich wasadoptedinApril2009(SAP,2009). ThehistoryofICZMintheBlackSearegionstartedfollowingthesigningoftheConventiononthe ProtectionoftheBlackSeaAgainstPollution(BucharestConvention,1992).ICZMactivitieswere launchedwithintheBlackSeaEnvironmentalProgram(BSEP)fundedbyGEFandjointlymanaged byUNDP,UNEP,WorldBank,andEuropeanUnion’sPHARE,TACISandEuropeAidprogramsin theperiod1993Ͳ2008. ICZMinitiationactivitieswerecarriedoutwithinseveralinternationalprogrammes,suchasBSEP (1993Ͳ1999), EU TACISͲPHARE/EuropeAid (in three phases, 1995, 1998Ͳ2000 and 2002Ͳ2004), BlackSeaEcosystemRecoveryProject(BSERP,2002Ͳ2007,GEF/UNDP). MainachievementsofBSEPPhaseI(1993Ͳ1997)includedtheestablishmentoftheICZMRegional ActivityCentre(RAC)inKrasnodar,RussianFederation(notoperationalcurrently);presentation of ICZM concepts, methodologies and tools to various authorities in Black Sea countries; elaboration of the guidelines for defining national coastal zone boundaries; preparation of NationalICZMReports;basedonwhichRACpreparedReportonICZMintheBlackSeaRegion. Since 1995 the EC has provided technical assistance to BSEP, especially through Phase I and PhaseIIoftheTACISproject(1995,1997funds)andPHARE.In1995anumberoftrainingcourses and workshops on ICZM, EIA, and Ecological Audit were organized for different experts in Bulgaria,Georgia,Romania,RussianFederation,andUkraine.WithintheTACISprojectfurtherin 1998Ͳ2000thenumberofdocumentswereproduced,includingthePolicyofCoastalDefence, perspectivesofsustainabletourismdevelopment,aswellastheCoastalCodeofConductforthe Azov and Black Seas (latter based on similar European document); and the importantly the Methodology of Spatial Planning for the Coastal Zones (TACIS, 2000, further developed by Yarmak, 2004). Draft Regional Black Sea Strategy on ICZM was developed by the RAC with a technical support from the EuropeAid Project “Technical Assistance to the Black Sea Environmental Program”. The Black Sea Commission endorsed the Strategy during its 11th Meeting(November,2004).

 3UHVHQWDWLRQLQWKLVVXEVHFWLRQLVFORVHO\IROORZLQJWKHUHIHUHQFH$QWRQLG]H   434    BasedonabovemethodologytwoICZMpilotprojectswereimplementedforthecoastalresorts ofMalayaYalta(Ukraine,AzovSeacoast)andGelendzhik(Russia,BlackSeacoast)in1998Ͳ2000 (TACIS)and2002Ͳ2004(EuropeAid)projectsupport(seeICZMRAC,2004),followedbyanother twoICZMpilotswithBSERPsupportinAkçakocaMunicipalityontheBlackSeacoastofTurkey (ITU, 2007) and with EuropeAid Environmental Collaboration for the Black Sea (2006Ͳ2009) project support in Tskaltsminda community of Georgia (ECBSea, 2009a, see Fig. 3), latter complemented with the participatory development of national ICZM Strategy for this country (ECBSea,2009b).SeealsoOzhan(1997)forconcisepresentationofthetypicalconflictsbetween coastaldevelopmentandconservationforGelendzhikandotherlocationsaroundtheBlackSea.     

 



Figure64:FunctionalzoningmapsforGelendzhik,AkçakocaandTskaltsmindapilotareas

LatestpreͲPegasoICZMactivityworthmentioningisthefeasibilitystudyonICZMinstrumentto theBucharestbyVinogradov(2007),implementedunderBSERP.Afteracomprehensiveanalysis, this reference recommended a twoͲstep approach for ICZM in the Black Sea Regional: (i) adoption and implementation of the suggested combination of ICZM instruments: ICZM Declaration, Code of Practice, and Action Plan in the shortͲmedium term (2Ͳ5 years); and elaborationofanICZMprotocoltotheBucharestConventionLongͲterm(5Ͳ10years). Basedontheserecommendations,theBlackSeaSAP(2009)containstwobroadlydefinedtargets (and related outputs) in the field of ICZM: (i) to further recognise and implement integrated coastal zone management principles (through development of ICZM Guidelines); and (ii) to 435    disseminate the knowledge of ICZM at various levels of governance (through development of educationpackagesanddeliveryofpracticaltraining). Two seminal joint international Mediterranean and Black Sea conferences, organized by Medcoast (1996, 2008) network should also be mentioned in the context of cooperation betweentwobasins. AgainstabovedescribedbackgroundandbackdropiswherethecomprehensiveandmultiͲscale rangeofPegasoactivitieswereimplementedaspartoftheSharedMediterraneanandBlackSea ICZM Governance Platform pioneered by PEGASO, including experiences with three Black Sea CASESdescribedandreportedfurtherbelowinthisdeliverable. ICZMstockͲtakingexerciseunderPEGASOcontributedenormouslytofurtherdocumentingthe issuesandprogresswithICZMintheBlackSeaBasin.ComprehensivecompilationofICZMevents andactivitiesinthecountriesandtheregion,aswellasthestockͲtakingassessmentwithregard to the requirements measured against the model of the Mediterranean ICZM Protocol is reportedelsewhereinAbazaetal.(2011)andPegasoDeliverableD2.2C(Antonidzeetal.,2013).

436    ʊ References Abaza,V.,Antonidze,E.,Ikonomov,L.,Gvilava,M.,IspasͲSava,C.,Yarmak,L.P.,Hamamci,N.b., Karamushka,V.,andBreton,F.,Škariēiđ,Ž.,Shipman,B.,Özhan,E.(2011):TakingtheStockof andAdvisingtheWayForwardwithICZMintheBlackSeaRegion,proceedingsofMEDCOAST 2011, the 11th International Conference on the Mediterranean Coastal Environment, 25Ͳ29 October2011,Rhodes,Greece. Antonidze, E. (2010): ICZM in the Black Sea region: experience and perspectives. Journal of Coastal Conservation, Special Issue: Advances in Integrated Coastal Management for the Mediterranean&BlackSea.14:265Ͳ272.doi:10.1007/s11852Ͳ009Ͳ0067Ͳ6. Antonidze,E.,Ikonomov,L.,Gvilava,M.,IspasͲSava,C.,Costache,M.,Yarmak,L.P.,Hamamci, N.b.,Özhan,E.,Karamushka,V.,Abaza,V.(2013):ImplementationAudit(2012),StockͲTakingon ICZMintheBlackSeaRegion.PEGASOTask2.2DeliverableD2.2Csubmittedon31August2013. Barale, V. and Jaquet, J.M. (2006): BioͲoptical Environmental Assessment of Marginal Seas. ProgressReport3.EuropeanCommission,CollaborationAgreementNo.21698Ͳ2004Ͳ02SOSCISP CH.EUR218999EN,61p. (http://ies.jrc.ec.europa.eu/uploads/fileadmin/Documentation/Reports/Global_Vegetation_Mon itoring/EUR_2006Ͳ2007/EUR_22479_EN.pdf) BlackSeaSAP(2009):StrategicActionPlanfortheEnvironmentalProtectionandRehabilitation oftheBlackSea,Sofia,17April2009.(http://www.blackseaͲcommission.org/_bssap2009.asp) Black Sea TDA (2007): Black Sea Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis of 2007. (http://www.blackseaͲcommission.org/_tda2008Ͳdocument.asp) BLC(2002):TheBlackSeaBiodiversityandLandscapeConservationProtocoltotheConvention ontheProtectionoftheBlackSeaAgainstPollution. (http://www.blackseaͲcommission.org/_conventionͲprotocolsͲbiodiversity.asp) BSC(2008):StateoftheEnvironmentoftheBlackSea(2001Ͳ2006/7),editedbyTemelOguz, publicationsoftheCommissionontheProtectionoftheBlackSeaAgainstPollution(BSC)2008Ͳ 3,Istanbul,Turkey,448pp.(http://www.blackseaͲcommission.org/_publͲSOE2009.asp) BSC(2009):ImplementationoftheStrategicActionPlanfortheRehabilitationandProtectionof the Black Sea (2002Ͳ207), publications of the Commission on the Protection of the Black Sea AgainstPollution(BSC),2009Ͳ1,Istanbul,Turkey,252pp. (http://www.blackseaͲcommission.org/_publͲBSSAPIMPL2009.asp) EC(2005):MeasuringProgressintheImplementationofICZM–GuidanceNotesforCompleting theProgressIndicator,EUWorkingGrouponIndicatorsandData,2005. (http://ec.europa.eu/environment/iczm/pdf/iczm_guidance_notes.pdf)

437    ECBSea (2009a): Integrated Plan for Sustainable Development of Tskaltsminda Coastal Community,Georgia,EUfundedprojectEnvironmentalCollaborationfortheBlackSea(ECBSea), ISBN:978Ͳ9941Ͳ0Ͳ1361Ͳ4,April,2009. (https://sites.google.com/site/iczmgeo/Home/20090422_Tskaltsminda_SD_Plan_ENG.pdf). ECBSea(2009b):IntegratedCoastalZoneManagementStrategyforGeorgia,EUfundedproject EnvironmentalCollaborationfortheBlackSea,draft(versionMarch22,2010). (https://sites.google.com/site/iczmgeo/Home/20100322_Draft_ICZM_Strategy_GEORGIA_ENG.p d) ICZM RAC (2000): Methodology of Spatial Planning for the Coastal Zone, TACIS funds for the BlackSea,environmentalprogramme,componentICZM.Krasnodar,RussianFederation. ICZM RAC (2004): Functional Zoning for the Territory of Gelendzhik Resort, Pilot Project, EuropeAidtechnicalassistancetotheblackseaenvironmentalprogramme.Krasnodar,Russian Federation. ITU(2007):TestingofmethodologyonspatialplanningforICZM,AkçakocaDistrictPilotProject (2007)UNDPͲGEFBlackSeaEcosystemRecoveryProject,PhaseII,IstanbulTechnicalUniversity. LBSA(2009):ProtocolontheProtectionoftheMarineEnvironmentoftheBlackSeafromLandͲ BasedSourcesandActivities.(http://www.blackseaͲcommission.org/_od_LBSAProtocol.asp) Medcoast(1996):ProceedingsoftheInternationalWorkshopontheStateͲofͲtheͲArtofICZMin the Mediterranean and Black Sea: Immediate Needs for Research, Education & Training, & Implementation2Ͳ5November1996,Sarigerme,Turkey. Medcoast (2008): Proceedings of the Med & Black Sea ICZM 08, the 2nd International Conference/WorkshopontheStateͲofͲtheͲArtofICMintheMediterranean&theBlackSea: Immediate Needs for Research, Education/Training & Implementation, 14Ͳ18 October 2008, Akyaka,Turkey. Ozhan,E.(1997):CoastalConflicts:theNeedforManagement.TheBlackSeainCrisisbySarah Hobson (Editor), Laurence David Mee (Editor), World Scientific Pbl. Religion, Science & The Environment. Symposium II: International Cruise Seminar along the Black Sea Shores, 20Ͳ28 September,1997. TÜB7TAK (2011): Strategic Research Agenda for the Black Sea Basin, SEASͲERA project, April, 2012.(http://www.seasͲera.eu/np4/162.html). UNEP/MAP/PAP (2008): Protocol on Integrated Coastal Zone Management in the Mediterranean.Split,PriorityActionsProgramme. Vinogradov, S. (2007): A feasibility study for the ICZM instrument to the 1992 Bucharest Convention,UNDPͲGEFBlackSeaEcosystemRecoveryProject,PhaseII.

438    Yarmak, L. (2004): Methodology for spatial planning within integrated coastal zone management, EuropeAid technical assistance to the Black Sea environmental programme, Krasnodar,RussianFederation:3Ͳ8. 

13.GuriaCoastalRegion(Georgia)

1.1 Introductionandcasesetting GuriaCoastalRegionislocatedalongtheBlackSeacoastofGeorgiaspreadingapprox.21.5km fromRiverNatanebitothesouthernedgeofthecityofPoti.AnothercoastalregionofAdjara AutonomousRepublicislocatedtothesouth,whiletothenorththeregionisneighbouredby theportcityofPotiinSamegreloͲZemoSvaneti.Theregioniscomposedoftwoadministrative districtsbelongingtoLanchkhutiandOzurgetiMunicipalities–twomostimportantsettlements oftheregion,bothofwhicharenonͲcoastalandlocatedinthemountainfoothillhinterland.Four small settlements are located along the Guria coast, from north to south: Grigoleti and Tskaltsminda(LanchkhutiMunicipality),UrekiandShekvetili(OzurgetiMunicipality).Ozurgetiis theadministrativecentreofGuria–oneofthe12administrativeͲterritorialregionsofGeorgia. Therearetwomainlandscapetypes(thissubsectioncloselyfollowsHalcrow,2005): Coastal plains, which are characterised by flat, open landscapes with distant views of the Caucasus Mountains. The undeveloped coastline in Guria is characterised by a lack of human influence,specialqualitiesofnaturallightandwideopenvistasofseaandsky. 1.1.1 FoothillsoftheLesserCaucasus ThisareaisessentiallyatransitionbetweenthecoastandthehighermountainsoftheLesser Caucasus, stretching from Guria further south to Adjara, where it is characterised by a very attractiveundulatingtopography,ofchangingvistasandpanoramicviewsofthesea.Agriculture isdominatedbyteaandcitrusplantations,whichproducesaveryattractive,woodedagricultural landscape. Largepartsofthelowlandswerebroughtintoagriculturaluse.Inthedryerareasagricultureis more intensive and larger scale. Towards the wetter areas landuse is more extensive and the plots are divided by rows of trees, ditches and canals. In the lowlands the settlements have mainly grown up on sand/clay ridges between the boggy wetlands. This has resulted in an elongated settlement pattern, which has developed into typical ribbon development (e.g. Lanchkhuti). Maize, vegetables, citrus, fruit, tea, and honey are key products produced in the coastalareaofGuria.Ozurgetiisparticularlyimportantfortea,vegetableandhoneyproduction. There is particular potential to develop fuelwood plantations to relieve pressures on natural forests. Suitable sites for these should be sought in accessible locations on the edge of settlements. Agricultureisandshouldprobablyremainthepredominantlanduseinthisarea.Supportand encouragement to the agricultural sector is required to sustain and improve rural livelihoods,

439    thoughtheprospectofincreasedagriculturalactivityinthecoastalareaneedstobemanagedto control environmental impacts, including increased runͲoff of sediments, fertilisers and pesticidesandtheeffectsofdrainageworksonvaluablewetlands.Inthelowlandsbufferzones of uncultivated land between agricultural land and waterways would have three principal functions: to reduce erosion; to reduce transport of sediment and other contaminants; to providewildlifehabitat. Shoreline in Guria area is influenced by the character of the coastal bathymetry, which is considerablyshallowerthaningraveldominatedcoastlinestretchesinAdjaratothesouth.The majority of the coastal substrata here is comprised of coarse to fine sands, including the importantmagnetiteblacksandbeachesinUreki. CoastallowlandsareeitherwithinoradjacenttothebufferzonestotheKolkhetiNationalPark, so land use and management decisions need to be guided by the need to protect these important environmental assets. The management plan governs detailed land management decisionsinthePark,thereforethefollowingbriefcommentsaremadehereonthecharacterof theterrestrialenvironmentoutsidetheprotectedareas,wherethefollowingtwosouthernand northernsubͲunitscanbeidentifiedandbrieflycharacterizedfortheGuriaCoastalRegion: 1.1.2 RiverNatanebitoRiverSupsa ThereisanimportantclusteroftourismactivitiescentredonUrekiresort.Potentialistofocus furthersmallscaletourismdevelopmenthere,asanucleusofactivitiesalreadyexistsandthe area has good accessibility to the local railway station. Recent developments have been uncoordinated and have detracted from the environment of the beach and the amenities of neighbours. Coastal setbacks need to be better defined and enforced and there must be no physical restrictions imposed on public access to the beach. The southern (Shekvetili) and northern(Tskaltsminda)partsofthisareashouldbeproposedasUndevelopedCoastline,either side of the rivers Natanebi and Supsa, respectively. A potentially damaging tourism/marina development is under construction to the south (construction is currentlystalledduetounreliablefunding). This will require careful monitoring and mayjustifymitigationmeasureselsewhere. Even more alarming is the recently revealed proposal to develop new oil terminal(seefigurewithstrikinglydifferent plans)inthesamelocationwheretheBP's subsidiaryisoperatingSupsaterminaland where the EuropeAid supported ICZM pilot project in the sameperiodimplementedplanningeffortwithnoroomfor oildevelopmentidentified.

440    TheBritishPetroleumcontrolsSupsaoilterminalwith4x40,000m3storagecapacityandtanker loadingfacility3kmoffshoreforexportingoilpumpedwithsmalldiameterBakuͲSupsapipeline. Adjoined are the areas proposed as Undeveloped Coastline, within which there is a strong presumption against development. Any proposals for expansion (or addition) of the terminal wouldhavetoestablishaclearandcompellingneedfordevelopment,includingexaminationof potentialalternatives,toovercomethispolicyobjectionandtodemonstratetherewouldbeno adverseimpactsontheadjacentcoastlineorenvironmentthroughasatisfactoryEIA. The seabed here supports faunally reduced communities in the deeper waters, with the anaerobicenvironmentpotentiallyextendingintowaterlessthan100mindepth.Thisareaalso has the most contaminated seabed sediments with respect to hydrocarbons, which are apparently caused by natural infiltration of oil from the seabed. Restrictions are imposed on fishing activities near the Supsa Oil terminal and there needs to be an improved dialogue establishedbetweentheterminaloperatorsandthefishingcommunity.Impactoftheterminal illuminations on flocks of birds migrating along the coastline should be better recognized and mitigated. 1.1.3 RiverSupsatosouthofPoti The levels of suspended solids within this section of coastline are periodically raised above backgroundduetotheinfluenceoftheRiverRioni,LakePaliastomiandRiverSupsa.Although someseabedcontaminantsareraisedabovebackgroundlevels,theyareforthemostpartnot indicativeofseriousseabedcontamination.TheRioniwouldappear,however,tobethemain sourceofanycontaminationthatexists.Thebenthiccommunitiesinthissectorwerethemost diversealongthispartofthecoast.Thecoastalenvironmentcomprisesfinesandybeaches.In severalareascoastalfeaturesofenvironmentalinterestexist,particularlyinrelationtotheriver mouths and adjacent to the entrance to Lake Paliastomi. These include isolated bodies of brackishwaterthatmayconstitutecoastallagoons,althoughseveralofthesehavealreadybeen developed. The landscape of the Kolkheti lowlands was formed after the rise in sea level from the breakthroughoftheBosporus.Stimulatedbythedampclimateandhighrainfall,boggylowlands developed;lakeswerefilledupwithsphagnumresultinginraisedpeatbogswithathicknessof upto12metres.Thelandformischaracterisedbyasmallscaleboggylandscape,withswampy forest,floodedmeadows,crosscutbyriversmainlyfedbyrainandsnowfromthemountains. Sandandgravelfromtheriversspreadalongthecoastundertheinfluenceofwindandwaves, resultingingravelandsandybeachesandlowsandduneswithwetvalleys.Thedunesarenow forestedwithmixedwoodland;partlynaturalandpartlyplantedpineforest.Thispinevegetation onthebackbeachesprovidesattractiveshadeareasandhelpstodefineavisualboundarytothe coastline. The coastline just south of Poti can be regarded as relatively undeveloped. The channel connectingLakePaliastomitotheseaisnotwithintheNationalParkboundarybutisvitaltothe maintenanceofwaterlevelsthroughoutthePark.Considerationshouldbegiventoextending

441    theParkboundaryhere,andtoincludetheareaofformerpeatextractionimmediatelytothe southofLakePaliastomi. The northern part of this subͲunit along Grigoleti settlement contains unauthorised dacha (summerhouse)developments.Theseareinanareapronetocoastalfloodingandvigilanceis requiredtoensurethereisnofurtherexpansionofthistypeofdevelopment. OffshorefacilityoftheSupsaoilterminalisactuallylocatedinthissubͲunitontherightbankͲside oftherivermouth.Justbetweenthislargediameterpipelineconnectingtheterminalwiththe single mooring loading buoy and the river it was proposed to squeezeͲin new port and oil terminal with rail shipment. Two operators operating adjacently and with little to no coordination invites for substantial increasein risks of collision and major oil spill. If this ever happensthevaluablebeachesofUrekiwouldvanishwithunrecoverableimpactontourismand publicperceptionofoilindustry.

1.2 CoastalIssues

 

Figures65:Cleanandnotveryclean:”beautifulwavesonthesandybeachinUreki(left) and“hugequantityoftrashatUrekibeach”(right)(photosandtitlesfromPanoramioby PogromcaGašniē)

1.2.1 Identificationofcoastalissues,theirsocioͲeconomicandpolicyrelevance LonglistofissuesinDriversPressuresStateImpactResponses(DPSIR)framework,providedin Appendix3.1,includestheissuessuchascoastalaccessandencroachment,habitatloss,tourism development, oil transhipment and port development pressures, oil spill risks, inadequate erosion control, deficient infrastructure, bathing water quality, beach litter, solid waste, pollution.

Followingaretheshortlistofchoicesmadeandjustifications:

Habitatloss–ruralandurbanencroachmentanddevelopmentpressuresleadtolossofhabitats and transformation of green or less developed coastal and open areas into developed and congestedspacesalongthecoast,inthehinterlandandthewatershed.Dueto'creeping'nature

442    ofsuchchangesspatialindicatortoolsetsareneededtotakeaccountofthesegradualbutmostly irreversibletransformations.

Coastaldevelopmentprojects(suchasportandoiltranshipment)–suchprojectsareprimarily funded from international lending sources (public and private) with benefits collected at that level,whileseriouscostsarebornatalllevels(local,national,international).Relatedtothisis weakqualityofEIAprocess.

Inadequateerosion control – leading to potential loss of most valuable beaches (Ureki resort) due to potential port and oil marine infrastructure developments. Improved capability for assessment of coastal dynamics would require watershed management and sediment flow modellingtools.

Bathingwaterqualityandbeachlitter–thisisthepervasiveissuealongtheBlackSeacoastat the local, national and international levels. This issue is focused along the coastline. It seems appropriatetofacilitatetheestablishmentofindicatorbasedbeachmanagementtools.

Itshouldberecognized,thatICZMisalongtermprocess,andmajoroutcomesareunlikelyto expect within one research project. There have been no improvements observed in bathing water quality or beach litter management. EIA regulations and quality of EIAs for coastal developmentprojectsremainweak.SupsaPortEIAisagoodexample–lowqualityofEIAwas approved,andaswasrecentlyreportedinthemedia,initiatedworksresultedindestructionof coastal habitat (natural wetland), but construction is now halted probably due to lack of financing.Inaddition,dozensoflocalhouseholdswereresettledfromtheirlands.Positivefactor ofhaltinconstructionisthatexpectedcoastalerosionriskwasnotenhancedfurther. 1.2.2 Applicationofindicatorsandothertoolstoillustrateissues On a more positive side it should be concluded that application of PEGASO tools provide excellentbasisforaddressingthesemanagementissueswithpersistenteffortsinthelongrun.

Indicators tools were applied (but obviously more work needs to be done in future), to take account of changes in land cover and land use in the coastal zone, as illustrated on figure 3, utilising SDI to disseminate detailed dataset for small community within cases area, Figure 5, where the spatially explicit indices are used to visualise development pressures and natural capitalandFigure6,outliningnaturalcapitalandurbanspacesatthecaseslevel.

Ofgreathelpbothtoaddresscoastalerosionduetoprojectedsealevelriseaswellasthebeach managementwouldbetheBlackSeabeachesdatasetdevelopedbyUNIGEPegasopartner(see Allenbachatal.2014)andavailableinPEGASOSDI.

Perhapsthemostimportantistheroleplayedbytheapplicationofthesetoolsinapproaching case stakeholders and to inform the participatory process, which may result in changes in governance of the coastal zone to address the shortcomings in the medium to long term. It

443    indeed seems that participatory process provided good groundwork for positive consideration and decision by key stakeholders to start resolving the problems (see further below in participationpart).

1.3 RelationsbetweencoastalissuesandICZMProtocolandPrinciples. By participating in PEGASO the Black Sea partners agreed to test the applicability of the legal instrumentsuchasICZMProtocoltothisregion.CASESworkproceededinamannertomaintain compatibilitywiththerequirementsoftheProtocol. 1.3.1 SelectionofcoastalissuesinrelationtotheICZMprinciplesandprotocol At least the following themes provided for in the ICZM Protocol were of relevance for Guria CoastalRegionCASESiteinGeorgia:

Article15AwarenessͲraising,Training,EducationandResearch–regionalandlocalleveltraining invariousaspectsofICZMsuchasapplicationofindicators(workshoporganizedinNovember 2013).

Article16MonitoringandObservationMechanismsandNetworks–applyingcoastalinventories andindicatorsattheregionalaswellasCASESlevel(certainprogressachieved).

Article18NationalCoastalStrategies,PlansandProgrammes–monitoringtheperformanceof thelocalICZMplandevelopedearlier(progresswithTskaltsmindapilotprojectevaluated).

Article19EnvironmentalAssessment–accomplishedthroughmonitoringofEIAqualityinthe entirenationalcoastalzone(twoexamplesincludeAdjarabyͲpassroadandanalysisofEIAsfor hydropower projects including for rivers draining into the Black Sea, including from Guria Region).

Article 22 Natural Hazards – assessing coastal erosion (utilising watershed modelling); anticipatinginanintegratedmannertheimpactsofthecoastalerosion(suchaseffectsofsea levelrise).

Article 27 Exchange of Information and Activities of Common Interest – defining coastal managementindicatorsandcooperatingwithstakeholdersintheuseofsuchindicators;aswell asbyimplementingdemonstrationICZMprojectssuchasCASES.

MoreinformationonapplicabilityofICZMProtocoltoGeorgiaisprovidedforintheresponsesto ICZMStockͲTakingQuestionnaire(finalizedinJune,2012,seereferences).

1.4 PolicyissuesandICZMprinciplesandapproaches Again, as yet local and regional governments had only limited progress in addressing coastal issues, although some progress was monitored at the local level, as documented by the participatory meeting in local community where small ICZM pilot project was implemented in recent past (see Appendix 3.2). This illustrates that long term attention and monitoring of

444    progresshascertainpositiveimpact.Itisthereforeexpectedthatdespitelimitedprogressbythe end of the project in changing the governance practice, the outcomes of the participatory training workshop with local and regional authorities (Appendix 3.3) sensitized them to usefulnessofICZMprocessandindicatortoolsappliedatlocalandregionallevelsandresultedin agreementofstakeholderstomaintaintheprocessandproceedfurtherwiththeestablishment ofregionalcoastalcouncilasaninstitutionalmechanismofinformedparticipation.Availabilityof regionalandnationalinstrumentsmandatingtheapplicationofICZMprinciplesandtoolswould indeedsupportandenhancetheprocess.

1.5 RelevancewithnationalICZMprocess ICZMInitiativesinGeorgia(asinallotherBlackSeacountries)canbetracedbackintimesince thesigningoftheBucharestConvention(1992)andthefirstmentioningofICZMintheOdessa MinisterialDeclaration(1993);thereforeinitiativestakenweremostlyoftopͲdownnature.There werecertainnationalimplementationinitiativesconcernedwiththeGeorgianCASE,theGuria Region. Firstly, the Ramsar Site (since 1996) and wetland Kolkheti National Park (since 1999) wereestablishedalongthecoast,atKolkhetiLowland,withlargeandimportantpeatlandpartof ImnatiͲGrigoletiandpartofPaliastomiLakebelongingtocoastalRegionofGuria.TheWorldBank andGEFsupportedtheseinitiativesintheperiodof1999Ͳ2005.Secondinitiativewasconcerned withthedevelopmentofanICZMPilotProjectforsmallTskaltsmindacommunity:theECBSea project, implemented with support of the EuropeAid in the period of 2008Ͳ2009. This pilot activitywascomplementedbythedevelopmentoftheICZMStrategy–notapprovedyet,similar todraftoftheICZMLawforGeorgia(latterwithWorldBanksupport),whichisalsolongpending consultationandadoption.

CASEworkunderPEGASOprojectwasveryrelevantforthenationalICZMprocess.Regionaland locallevelengagementisprettymuchinlinewithnationalarrangementscontemplatedinthe draftlegislationanddraftnationalICZMstrategy.Conversely,activitiesandprogressatthecases level can undoubtedly inform the national process and work done in Guria Region can be of immediate interest for other coastal regions of the country, while cases experience can also inform ICZM needs and activities at the international arena as well within the Black Sea Commission framework. Process was indeed strongly supported by development of tools and instrumentswithinthemajorEuropeanprojectsuchasPEGASO.

Mainconstraintfeltwasthelackofgenuinepoliticalcommitmentatthenationalleveltoacton alreadyexistingpolicyinstrumentssuchasnationalICZMstrategyanddraftlegislation.Binding orguidinginstrumentatBlackSearegionallevelcoulddefinitelycontributeinthisrespect.

1.6 Stakeholdersinvolvement The approach undertaken in Georgia CASE was to capitalize on earlier developments and to implementthePEGASOprocessandtoolsasthecontinuationandgradualexpansionofearlier initiatives,treatingtheprocessaspartofthenationalICZMprogramandplanofactions,rather than isolated shortͲterm project initiative. This was indeed one of the reasons for selecting

445    coastal Region of Guria, which was hosting earlier ICZM activities for Kolkheti wetlands and Tskaltsmindapilotproject.

Similarapproachwaspursuedintermsofparticipatoryprocess,tryingtobalancetheimmediate projectneedtoprovidefor"participatoryaction"withthelongertermneed,nottoriskraising falseexpectations,butatthesametimenottodelayactionsandthusriskloosingtheinterestof key stakeholders and decisionͲmakers. It is considered important, therefore, to maintain the integrityoftheprocessinpostͲPEGASOperiodaswell. 1.6.1 Stakeholderidentification ThefirststepintheparticipatoryprocesswastheidentificationoftheGuriaCASEstakeholders, whichwasrelativelyeasysteptomakeduetoprevioushistoryofinteractionandearlierproject work, moreover that selected CASE coordinator was key representative of the regional civic societyandtheleaderofalocalNGO:LanchkhutiInformationCentre,akeystakeholderinoneof thetwocoastalmunicipalitiesofLanchkhutiandOzurgetiintheGuriaRegion).Itisinterestingto reproduce initial stakeholder list with the list of actual parties involved in the participatory process at various phases of the PEGASO project, indicated with bold and colour in Table 1 below. Stakeholder Roleincoastalzonemanagement BlackSeaICZMguidanceandforum(ICZM AdvisoryGroup),internationalcooperation International:BlackSeaCommission andexchangewiththeotherPEGASOCASES – thankstotheICZMGovernancePlatform MinistryofEnvironment&Natural BlackSeaCommissionMember(represented ResourcesProtection(MoE)ofGeorgia byICZMFocalPointandCASECoordinator) MinistryofEconomyandSustainable Development Spatialplanning DepartmentofTourism,Ministryof EconomyandSustainableDevelopment Tourism MinistryofRegionalDevelopmentand Water,roads,coastalprotectionandother Infrastructure infrastructure GeoStat StatisticaldataonsocioͲeconomicindicators MoENationalEnvironmentalAgency Researchandmonitoring GuriaGovernorAdministration Regionalgovernment OzurgetiandLanchkhutiMunicipalities Localmunicipalgovernment Grigoleti,Tskaltsminda,Urekiand Shekvetili Localcommunitygovernment NGOLanchkhutiInformationCentre Publicparticipation,facilitation OperationofSupsaoilterminalanditsmarine GeorgiaPipelineCompany base NGOTchaobi Wetlandandcoastalhabitatconservation KolkhetiNationalPark Wetlandprotectedareasmanagement National, regional, local level and other appropriate stakeholders would be invited to from the Regional Coastal Council. Members would be persons with experience or responsibilities relevant to coastal management on regional scale, and would include representativesofthecentralauthoritieswithcriticalICZMmandates,executiveofficesof theGovernorofGuria,localgovernment,localselfͲgovernance,coastprotection,tourism, environmentandnatureprotection,fisheries,ports,energyandindustry.Atleasthalfof thememberswouldberepresentativesofNGOsandelectedbodiesoflocalgovernment.

446    Table20:ListofinitiallyidentifiedandfactuallyinvolvedICZMstakeholders,GeorgiaCASE 1.6.2 Implementationoftheparticipatoryprocess In the Guria CASE the participatory process was addressed at several levels: international, national,andmostimportantlysubͲnational:regionalandlocallevels.Asmentionedabove,the firststepintheparticipatoryprocesswastheidentificationoftheCASEstakeholdersalalllevels.

At international level participation was accomplished through presentations and information provisionstoregionalfora,suchastheICZMAdvisoryGrouptotheBlackSeaCommission.Atthe nationallevel,theBlackSeaCommissionMemberofGeorgiawasinformedonprogressthrough regular briefings. Participation of the representatives of central agencies, such as Ministry of EconomyandGeoStatwasaccomplishedthoughtheirinvolvementintheCASEWorkshop.Atthe local level the CASE coordinator conducted the progress monitoring sessions with the local Tskaltsmindacommunitytoassessandevaluateinaparticipatorymannertheprogressachieved withtheimplementationandoutstandingactionsinthelocalICZMplan,developedearlier.As fortheparticipationattheregionallevel,keystakeholderswereintroducedwithPEGASOtools, suchasICZMindicators,attheCASESWorkshopheldon20November2013inGrigoleti(Guria Region,Georgia).Theoutcomeofthisimportanttechnicalworkshopwastheendorsementby thekeyregionaldecisionͲmakersoftheagreedwayforwardforthiscoastalregionthroughthe establishmentoftheGuriaRegionalCoastalCouncil,aparticipatoryforum,whichisinlinewith the very nature of PEGASO ICZM Governance Platform, as well as the requirements of the national policy instruments such as the draft ICZM Strategy and draft ICZM Law for Georgia. (ParticipationatlocalandregionallevelisfurtherdocumentedinAppendices3.2and3.3.)

ItisnotedindeedwithsatisfactionthatinthecourseofimplementationGuriaCASECoordinator, keyrepresentativeoftheregionalcivicsocietyandtheleaderofalocalNGO,waselectedasthe ChairpersonofLanchkhutiMunicipalCouncil,becomingthekeystakeholderandenduser. 1.6.3 Resultsandprospectsforfuture ThereweresomeadvantagesofengagementwithhighlevelstakeholdersanddecisionͲmakersin theprocessatthelaterstagesofPEGASO.Theprojectwasindeedmorepreparedtopresentthe achievementsofPEGASO,tosharewithstakeholdersandlocalendͲuserssubstantiallyadvanced tools(suchascoastalsustainabilityandprogressindicators),aswellastobepreparedtoanswer andmeetcomplicatedissuesraisedandrequestsmadebytheregionalleveldecisionͲmakers. ParticipationofthePEGASOCoordinatorandWP3representative(VLIZ)inthetrainingworkshop wasofparticularimportanceinachievingtheunderstandingofthemultiͲscalenatureofICZMby Georgian CASE stakeholders, setting the comprehensive context of linkages between international, national, regional and local processes. In addition, it was very helpful to demonstrate coastal sustainability indicators already produced by partners for Constanta (Romania,BlackSea)andBouchesduRhône(France,Mediterranean).

ThefollowingcanbeidentifiedastheStrengths,Weaknesses,OpportunitiesandThreats(SWOT) forParticipatoryICZMintheGuriaCoastalRegion: 447     STRENGTHS OPPORTUNITIES - Existinginternational/regionalnetwork - Positiveattitudeexpressedbyregional throughBlackSeaCommissionandits andlocalstakeholdersinsupportof ICZMAG proposedforum,suchastheGuria - BestpracticessetbyICZMProtocolwith RegionalCoastalCouncil,andtheir regardtorequirementsforpublic willingnesstoparticipatefurther participationandICZM - Immediateavailabilityofcertain - NetworkofMediterraneanandBlackSea internationalprojectsinsupportof ICZMpractitionerswellestablished, participatoryICZMinGuria,andthe thankstotheICZMGovernancePlatform potentialforfurtherEUandregional - Internationalgovernancesupportivefor supportthroughtheBlackSeaICZM ICZMandparticipation network - Limitedbutpositiveexperiencewith - IncreasedvisibilityoftheGuriacoastand participatoryengagementofstakeholders theavailabilityoftheecosystembased withintheGuriaCASE governanceoptionsforasyet - Certainexperiencegainedbynationaland undevelopedpartsofthecoastlineinthe localcoastalmanagerswithin GeorgianCASE internationaldemonstrationactivitiesand - ChangingpoliciesofGeorgianstatewith earlierinternational/nationalICZMefforts moresupportforregulatoryframework, - Localstakeholdersparticipatinginthe includingformoreparticipationin ICZMGovernancePlatform decisionͲmakingprocess - Availabilityofinternationallyvalidated toolsets WEAKNESSES THREATS - Lackofsomeessentialcoastaldatafor - NonͲbindingnatureofICZMinstruments, fillingtheinformationgapsandforusing availableatinternationalandnational ICZMtools levels - Lackofbindinginstrumentsinsupportfor - Furtherdelayswiththeintroductionof ICZMandparticipatoryprocess legalandpolicyinstrumentsforICZMsuch - WeakornonͲexistentlegislationfor ascoastallegislationandnationalstrategy environmentalandstrategicassessment aswellasstrongerinternational aswellasspatialplanning,includingthe instruments integratedframeworkforcoastal - Continuedtrendsincoastaldevelopment developmentprojects,plansand pressuresbothfromprivateandpublic programs funding - Developmentpressuresfromprivate - Potentialforchangeinnationalpolicies sectoralongthecoastlineandlackof withregardtoparticipatorygovernance, setbackrules revertingbacktolibertarianeconomyand - Decisionmakinginclosedelitesversus nonͲregulationofdevelopmentpressures, openprocessthroughparticipatoryfora atthecoastinparticular Table21:SWOTAnalysisforICZMprocessandparticipation,GeorgiaCASESite

It can be considered as excellent “exist strategy” for the Georgia CASE to proceed with the establishment of the Regional Coastal Council for Guria and to have the consensus of the stakeholders with this regard, much in line with participatory nature of the PEGASO ICZM GovernancePlatform,aswellastherequirementsofthenationalpolicyinstrumentssuchasthe draftICZMStrategyanddraftICZMLawforGeorgia.Guriastakeholdersarealreadybeginningto implement the provisions of these important draft national policy documents, and prospects seem positive for the Guria Coastal Region in joining, as well as contributing into the Joint GovernancePlatformforICZMintheMediterraneanandtheBlackSea.

448    Inthisregardthenewlyapprisedregionalproject“IntegratedLandͲuseManagementModelling ofBlackSeaEstuaries”underJointOperationalProgrammefortheBlackSeaBasinmayprovide bridgingsupport;itwasdeliberatedecisiontoincludeGeorgianCASE,GuriaRegion,asthepilot case area under this followͲup project as well, covering the coastal zone and the catchment. Hopes are also high for sustainability of the PEGASO Platform, so that methodological advancementscanbeusedinthesubsequentworkattheCASESlevel.

Similarly hopes are connected with the project IASON entitled "Fostering sustainability and uptakeofresearchresultsthroughNetworkingactivitiesinBlackSea&Mediterraneanareas"is the FP7 project under the Theme "Knowledge platforms, networking and uptake of research resultsformorestrategicinternationalR&IcooperationKnowledgeplatforms,networkingand uptake of research results for more strategic international R&I cooperation", to 'uptake' the expertiseandmethodologiesofEUprojectsincludingenviroGRIDSandPEGASO). 1.6.4 Constraintsidentified Followingareamongtheconstraintsfacedintheparticipatoryprocess:

ʊ There is no statutory requirement for the participatory process in ICZM. Stakeholders will appear several times due to personal respect and due to project initiatives, but statutory requirements are needed to make process permanent and establish quality forum for the discussionandresolutionofcoastalissuesatlocalandregionalaswellasnationallevel. ʊ Lackoffundingmaypreventcontinuedengagementofthecoastalforum.Withoutproper fundingevenconsultationprocesscannotbecontinued,nottomentiontheresolutionof coastalissues.ItwouldbeindeeddesirabletotieͲupparticipatoryprocesswithprovisionof certainearmarkedfundsfortheimplementationofparticularactions(suchasbeachcleanup, bathing water quality monitoring, coastal planning, indicator data collection, geonode and alike).Participatoryprocesswouldthenallowbuildingcapacityinmostreasonableallocation ofresourcestoaddresstheissuesandidentifynewones. ʊ Programmaticapproachshouldbefavouredratherthanadhocinterventions.Engagementof stakeholderswouldleadtodemotivationofstakeholdersifendofprojectfundingwouldstop theparticipatoryprocess.Thesubsequentiterationwouldthenbefacedwiththedifficultyto motivatethestakeholderstoreengageagain. 1.7 Toolsappliedandmainresultsofthecase The great advantage of PEGASO was the rich selection of ICZM set of tools furnished at the disposalofCASES.Georgiancaseoptedforthosewhichwererelativelyeasytoimplementwithin the lifetime of the project and which would be more accessible for understanding of the stakeholders. Such tools include indicators, simple form of LEAC and SDI utilised for dissemination of results and stimulation of informed participation, while more sophisticate instruments such as scenarios and economic assessment and valuation will be retained for subsequent application. In addition to this, even the tools applied were implemented at the inception level and much more needs to be done in the immediate future to fully utilise the potentialoftheseinstruments. 449    The following below is the brief description of capacity building, research and dissemination activitiesaccomplishedundertheGeorgianCASES(GuriaRegion),includingthepresentationof mainachievements,aswellasdiscussiononsomeconstraintsencounteredandlessonslearned.

More detailed discussions on application of each of these instruments are provided in publications generated within the PEGASO effort, reproduced in the references section at the end.Thissectiononlyprovidedsomegraphicalillustrationandbriefcharacterisationtoprovide thesnapshotofresultsderived.   1.7.1 ApplicationofSpatialDataInfrastructure(SDI) TestingandsucceedinginSDIdeploymentoftheexistinglocalpilotprojectspatialplanningunit GISforGuriaregion.OnlineversionwasmadeaccessiblethroughPEGASOViewer/Catalog,as well as enviroGRIDS portal, latter providing GeoServer space (published in proceedings of the Global Congress on ICM, Gvilava at al., 2013a). SDI Atlas proved as an excellent avenue for dissemination.



450   



Figure66:LandͲusemapoflocalICZMpilotprojectareaasrenderedPEGASOAtlasat http://pegasosdi.uab.es/geoportal/index.php/guriaͲcoastalͲregionͲcase

451     1.7.2 SpatiallyexplicitICZMindicators Attemptwasmadeforthesameareatoapplythetrafficlighttypemappingasintegrallandand wateruseanddevelopmentindicatorforthissmallpilotcaseforwhichmoredetaileddatasets wereavailable(abstractandposterpreparedfortheBlackSeaOutlook2011,Gvilavaetal.2011; articlepublicationpending).

Figure67:Spatiallyexplicitcoastalindicatorsatlocallevelinthecontextofthenational ICZMstrategy

1.7.3 ICZMprogressmarkerindicators GeorgiaCASESCoordinatorandICZMNFPdevelopedtoolforsimplifiedcompilationofEUICZM Progress Indicators for application at international, national, regional and local levels. Tool is currentlybeingusedandtastedbyICZMAdvisoryGroupMembersoftheBlackSearegion.After thetestingintentionistomakesoftwaretoolandsourcecodeavailablethroughcoastwiki.Tool is generic for application by any regional sea end users, even at local level of governance (presented at and published in the proceedings of the Global Congress on ICM, Gvilava & Gigineishvili,2013a).





452   

 

Figure68:MainandsamplepopͲupwindowsoftheICZMprogressindicatorsoftware tool

1.7.4 Hydrologicalmodelling InsynergywithenviroGRIDSproject,hydrologicalmodellingtoolswereappliedtoGuriaRegion and its main rivers Supsa and Natanebi. Figure below display basins of these two key rivers discharging to the Black Sea in Georgian CASE (Guria Region): Supsa (north) and Natanebi (south).Imagemapshowstopography,landcoverandsoilsintheriverbasins.Administrative boundariesofGuriaRegionareshowninredcolouraswell.LayersareoverlaidagainstMODIS true colour image. These images show dataͲsets available for hydrological modelling the river basinsoftheGuriaRegion.



Figure69:GuriaregionanddataͲsetsavailableforhydrologicalmodellingitstwomain riverbasins



453    

1.7.5 Someoftheconstraintsfacedduringtheapplicationoftools Significant experience was gained with the application of PEGASO Toolbox, but there were certainconstraintsencounteredaswellinthisprocess,listingsomeofthesebelow:



ʊ Lack of essential data or access to quality data was experienced while collecting indicator data. ʊ Someindicatorsmaynotbepossibletocompilewithoutmajordatagenerationeffort. ʊ CalibrationofhydrologicalmodelwithinͲsitudailydischargetimeseriesisrequired,whichis notfreelyavailable. ʊ Despite simplicity in mind when developing the PEGASO Toolbox, still significant learning curveisrequiredfromusersbeforearrivingtomeaningfulresults. ʊ Wouldhavebeenmorehelpfulorganizingtrainingontoolsatearlierstages,butonlineand internationaltrainingopportunitiesmitigatedthisissue,moreoverthattrainingtookplaceat moreadvancedlevelofdevelopment. ʊ Continuity of efforts is indeed required to achieve changes in the governance practice throughconsistentapplicationanduseofICZMtools.

454     1.7.6 Remotesensingofnaturalcapitalandurbandevelopment Demonstration of the application of tools is completed with an example of the utilisation of remote sending datasets to rapidly visualize the urban development pressures in the coastal zone.

Figure70:Drapingurbansprawl(asindicatedwithNPPVIIRSdayͲnightband)overthe naturalcapital(representedbyLandsat8)forGuriaCoastalRegion(red)&wetlandsof KolkhetiNationalPark(green)

 

455    ʊ References Allenbach, K., Garonnad, I., Herolda, C., Monioudic, I., Giuliania, G., Lehmann, A. and Velegrakis, A.F. (2014): "Black Sea Beaches Vulnerability to Sea Level Rise", submitted for publicationinEnvironmentalScience&Policy. Bakuradze, T., Gvilava, M. and Gigineishvili, A. (2011): "Pilot Testing the Relevance of the NationalICZMStrategyfortheLocalCoastalPlanninginGeorgia",Posterandabstractspublished in the to 3rd BiͲannual Black Sea Scientific Conference and UPͲGRADE BSͲSCENE Project Joint Conference BSͲOutlook, 31 OctoberͲ04 November 2011, Odessa, Ukraine. (See http://documents.blackseaͲ commission.org:88/Downloads/3BSCConf/Posters/20111102_ECBSea_ICZM_Strategy_vs_Tskalts minda_Plan_BSͲOutlook_3_Odessa_Ukraine_MGvilava.pdf). Gvilava,M.(2012):"StockͲTakingonIntegratedCoastalZoneManagement(ICZM)intheBlack Sea: Implementation Audit Questionnaire 2012 – GEORGIA", EC FP7 PEGASO Project, Work Package2,June8,2012,Tbilisi,Georgia. Gvilava,M.andGigineishvili,A.(2013a):"EasytoUseToolforICZMProgressReporting", submittedforpublicationintheproceedingsofGlobalCongressonICM,EMECS10ͲMEDCOAST 2013JointConference,October29Ͳ03November2013,Marmaris,Turkey. Gvilava,M.andGigineishvili,A.(2013b):"InputtoDeliverableD2.4A:GeorgiaCASESite,Guria CoastalRegion",ECFP7PEGASOProject,WorkPackage2,December10,2013,Tbilisi,Georgia. Gvilava, M., Bakuradze, T., Gigineishvili, A., Allenbach, K., Guisado, E., Martínez, C. and Malvárez, G. (2013): "Data Sharing INSPIREd by Pegaso SDI – Georgian CASES", submitted for publication in the proceedings of Global Congress on ICM, EMECS 10ͲMEDCOAST 2013 Joint Conference,October29Ͳ03November2013,Marmaris,Turkey. ECBSea(2009a):"IntegratedCoastalZoneManagementStrategyforGeorgia",EUfundedproject EnvironmentalCollaborationfortheBlackSea,draft(versionMarch22,2010). (https://sites.google.com/site/iczmgeo/Home/20100322_Draft_ICZM_Strategy_GEORGIA_ENG.p d) ECBSea (2009b): "Integrated Plan for Sustainable Development of Tskaltsminda Coastal Community, Georgia", EU funded project Environmental Collaboration for the Black Sea (ECBSea),ISBN:978Ͳ9941Ͳ0Ͳ1361Ͳ4,April,2009. (seehttps://sites.google.com/site/iczmgeo/Home/20090422_Tskaltsminda_SD_Plan_ENG.pdf). GICMP (2005): "Draft Law of Georgia on Integrated Coastal Zone Management", Georgia Integrated Coastal Management Project (World Bank), ICZM Centre, Tbilisi, Georgia, April 12, 2005. (seehttps://sites.google.com/site/iczmgeo/Home/20050412ͲeͲdraftͲICZMͲLawͲGEORGIA.pdf)

456    Halcrow(2005):TheWorldBank/GEFGeorgiaIntegratedCoastalManagementProject(GICMP), Component 1: "ICZM Institutional Capacity Building in Georgia", Final Report, Halcrow Group Limited(UK),ICZMCentre,Tbilisi,Georgia,June,2005. Matchutadze,I.andBakuradze,T.(2009):"HabitatsofKolkhetiLowland",PosterPresentation, IMCGFieldSymposiumandScientificCongress,15Ͳ16September2009,Kobuleti,Georgia.

457    ʊ Appendices 3.1 CoastalissuesinDPSIRframework  Drivers Pressures State Impact Responses Economicand Declinein Neglectof Reductioninthe Kolkheti social traditional fisheriessector. diversityand NationalPark problems. economic Overfishing. abundanceof Management Absenceof sectorssuchas Poaching. speciesand Plan(weak employment fisheries. stocks. enforcementin opportunities. Increasein Depletionof Paliastomi subsistence fisheries. Lake).Catch fishing. licensing. Human Encroachment Declineinareas Lossofhabitats Establishment activities. onwetlands occupiedby (wetlandsin ofKolkheti Economic& andother wetlandsand particular). protected social habitats. otherhabitats. Pollutionofinland areas. problems. Peatextraction Expansionof watersdueto Management Drainage. fromwetlands. agricultureinto destructionof plans. Deforestation. Urban naturalareas. wetlands. Demarcationof International encroachment Decreasein Pollutionfrom boundaries. demandfor agricultural agriculturalrunͲ Equipmentof peat landareason offs. protectedareas resources. theexpenseof Peatland personnel. Urban settlements. degradation. Awareness development. raising. Demandfor Accelerated Increasebuilt Lossofcoastal  coastal land upareasalong habitats(wetlands developments privatisationin thecoast. inparticular). andtourism, coastal Numberof Pollutionand includingfor locations. developments wastefrom private Beachfront without tourismfacilities residences. development. sanitation (includingnoise Residential Developmentin facilities. andlight development erosion,flood Decreased pollution). closetothe andother naturaland Limitedcoastal coastline. hazardprone semiͲnatural accessand areas. areas. congestion. Demandfor Coastalpine Impactofcoastal protectionfrom forestcuts. defencestructures coastal Landscape ontourism. hazards. alteration. Increasedflood Coastaldefence exposure. construction. Fencesalong thecoastline. Global Coastalnatural, Expected Habitatloss. EIAcapacity demandfor tourismand increaseof Agriculturalland (weak). oil. agricultural builtͲupand loss. Nationaloil Fluctuatingoil landtakeforoil industrialareas Impacton spillplan. prices. facilities. alongthecoast. tourism.Increased Spatialplan Increased Increased Increased oilspillrisk. (missing). investment competition pollutionlevels Limitedaccessto Enforcement opportunities betweenoil includingnoise coast. (weak). foroil facilities. andlight Impactonbird shipmentand Increased pollution. migration. 458    Drivers Pressures State Impact Responses processing. interference Lostopportunities withsmoothoil fordevelopment export options. operations. Fishingexclusion zones.

Pollutionfrom Pollutionof Elevated Impactontourists Provisionof untreated batingwaters. bacterial andvisitors. beachtoilet municipal Decliningbeach pollutionof Healthhazard. facilities sourcesinthe amenities. batingwaters Impacton (insufficient watershed Pollutionof insummer. terrestrialand coverage). andalongthe inlandwater Inadequateand marine coast,aswell bodies. declining environmentsand asfrom Spreadof infrastructure. species. tourist deceases.  facilities. Waste Litteronthe Amountof Impactontourists Prioritybeach generatedin beaches. litteronthe andvisitors. cleanup the Hazardous beaches. Decliningvisual (sporadic, watersheds litter(including Amountof appearanceofthe seasonal). without medicalwaste) hazardouslitter coast. Provisionof control. onthebeaches. (including Severehealth bins(isolated Touristand medicalwaste) hazard. coverage). beachuser onthebeaches. Impacton waste. terrestrialand marine environmentsand species. 

459    3.2 Localparticipatorymeeting PublicMeetinginTskaltsmindaCommunity,2013.03.13



Figures71:MeetingwithlocalcommunityinTskaltsminda,LanchkhutiMunicipality, GuriaRegion

Background

Coastal Village Tskaltsminda, belonging to Grmagele Community, is located in Lanchkhuti Municipality, Guria Region of Georgia, on the southern/left bank of Supsa River where it dischargestotheBlackSea.Averagesealevelis2m.Thevillageinfrastructureincludespublic school, one hotel, other tourism facilities developing, fishing. The beaches are quite valuable withmagnetitecontaininggreysand.BPhasbuiltandopenedin1999SupsaOilTerminaland Offshore Loading Facility – end point of the BakuͲSupsa western route oil pipeline with 4 reservoirsof40,000tonescapacityeach.

Initialconsiderations

In 2008 was completed implementation of the EuropeAid funded project EU funded project EnvironmentalCollaborationfortheBlackSea(seeECBSea,2009),whichsupportedICZMpilot project, with objective of setting an exampleof spatial planning in support of the sustainable development of the local coastal community by maintaining natural environment and simultaneously enhancing economic potential of the community, contributing into improved incomesandlivingconditionsforlocalpeople.

460    LocationselectedforsuchapilotprojectwasTskaltsmindavillageinLanchkhutiMunicipality,for whichtheintegratedplanforsustainabledevelopmentwaselaborated(ECBSea,2009).ThePlans wasapprovedbytheSakrebulo(Council)ofLanchkhutiMunicipalityinMay,2008.

Theobjectiveofthepublicmeetingwiththelocalpopulationwastojointlyreviewtheprogress withtheimplementationoftheplan,problemsencounteredandperspectivesforfuture.

GeneralImpressions

The meeting was held in the centre of Tskaltsminda, in local hotel "Prestige". Special credit shouldbegiventostrongparticipationofTskaltsmindacommunityrepresentatives.Theyhave fullyrealisedtheimportanceofthemeeting,thereforewerestronglyengagedinthediscussions andworkingprocess.Thisactiveparticipationpleasantlyresultedintheaccomplishmentofall taskssetforthemeeting.

 

Figures72:PublicmeetinganddiscussionswithTskaltsmindacommunityinLanchkhuti, Guria.

AmiranGigineishvili,GeorgianCASECoordinatorforBSCPS,intheintroductionhaspresented Pegasoprojectideastoparticipants,explainedtheimportanceandbasicprinciplesofintegrated coastalzonemanagement,brieflypresentedongoingactivitiesunderthisinternationalproject, answeredquestionsofparticipants.

SpecialimportancewasgiventothevalueofactiveparticipationofTskaltsmindapopulationin success of the project activities in Georgian CASE. Participants appreciated the importance of publicparticipation,whichinthiscasemeansparticipationinlocaldecisionͲmakingandactive stewardshipforthedevelopmentofthevillageandthecommunityandcaringforitsfuture.

ReviewingtheprogresswiththeimplementationofTskaltsmindaPlan

Asmentionedabove,SakrebuloofLanchkhutiMunicipalitywithitsOrdinanceNo.12,datedMay 27, 2009 approved Integrated Plan for Sustainable Development of Tskaltsminda Coastal Community,preparedwithsupportoftheEUfundedEnvironmentalCollaborationfortheBlack Sea (ECBSea) Project. The facilitator of the public meeting, Amiran Gigineishvili reminded

461    participantstheplanofactionwritteninthisdocument.Heinvitedparticipantstoexpresstheir opinions which actions were implemented and which are pending from this plan. It appeared thatfollowingplannedactionswereimplemented: x Provisionofwatersupplyintwodistrictsofthevillage x Cleaningofriver/streambanksfromwaste x PublicationofinformationbookletaboutTskaltsminda x Constructionofsportsfield x Openingofalternativekindergarten Itwashighlightedthatmanyplannedactionsareoutstanding,including: x Provision of public access from community centre to the beach (the territory was expropriatedbytheinvestorforthepurposesofSupsaPortconstruction). x Partofinternalroadsrehabilitatedbuttheyagainneedrepairs. x Sewagesystemisstilltobearrangedinthevillage. Workingonnewprojectideas

ParticipantsthroughBrainstormingMethodologyelaboratedonfollowingprojectideas: x Rehabilitatinginternalroadsinseveraldistrictsofthevillage. x Coastalprotectionworks. x Organizingfullboardkindergarten. x Connection of the village to water supply and canalisation system of the nearby Ureki resort. x Transferofabandonedroadtrafficpolicebuildingtolocalcommunitytoestablishnew youthcentre. x ConstructminiͲstadiumnexttothenewlybuiltpoliceheadquarters. x Shiftingfromcollectiveelectricitymetersystemtoindividualmeteringsystem. x Allocatingpublicbustoschoolfortransportationofchildrentoclasses. Summaryandnextsteps

Work in target groups was summarized by Amiran Gigineishvili. He thanked participants for productive work and explained what could be the next steps in the process. Participants expressed their satisfaction to further collaborate for the benefit of the development of their community. Amiran Gigineishvili promised that as a newly elected Chairperson he will bring thesemeterstotheattentionofLanchkhutiMunicipalitySakrebulo(LocalCouncil),initiatingthe proper amendments to the action plan, to reflect community project ideas as the endorsed plannedactivities.



462    3.3 Stakeholderstrainingworkshop Trainingworkshoponcoastalsustainabilityindicators,organizedbyFP7Pegasoprojectwasheld inGrigoleti,GuriaCoastalRegionofGeorgia,on20November2013.Objectiveofthetraining workshop was to provide basic understanding of coastal indicators in the view of their applicationattheinternationallevel,aswellastoapplycoastalindicatorsfortheGuriacaseas thebasisforregionallevelreportingonthestateofthecoastalenvironment.

Main content of the training workshop was delivered by Pegaso representatives Dr Françoise Breton,Manager&CoordinatorofFP7PegasoProject(UniversitatAutònomadeBarcelona,UAB) and Nathalie De Hauwere of Pegaso project partner from Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ). Dr BretonpresentedPegasoprojectindetailsaswellaselaboratedonsubjectssuchasLandcover andCumulativeIndexMappingofcoastalandmarineenvironments.MsDeHauwereprovided comprehensive introduction into coastal sustainability indicators on example of European DEDUCEandPEGASOandothercoastalindicators,aswellasconductedaninteractivesession illustratingtheuseofSpatialDataInfrastructure(SDI)indisseminatingthecoastalindicators.

Participantsofthetrainingworkshopincludedthoseagenciesandorganizations(local,national), whichcancontributeintothecoastalindicatordataandinformationprovisionandcompilation, representedbypersonnelfromGeorgianStatisticsOfficeGeoStatandthespatialplanningunitof the Ministry of Economy and Sustainable Development of Georgia. Regional/local level participantsincludedpublicservantsfromLanchkhutiandOzurgetiMunicipalities,represented by the Members of the Municipal Councils of these two coastal districts of Guria Region. Participants (25 in total) also included some representatives of the local public and environmentalNGO.

 

Figures73:Facilitatorsofthetrainingcontent:DrBretonandMsDeHauwere(left). StakeholdersfromGuriaRegionviewingPegasovideopresentations(right)

ThemeetingwasmoderatedbyFrançoiseBreton,supportedwithlocalfacilitationfunctionby the Chairman of the Municipal Council of Lanchkhuti Municipality Mr Amiran Gigineishvili. In addition to facilitation of the meeting agenda, Mr Gigineishvili, together with Dr Mamuka

463    Gvilava, BSC PS Task Manager for Pegaso and ICZM NFP for Georgia, presented the software instrumentdevelopedinsupportofthecompilationofEuropeanprogressmarkerindicatorsfor integrated coastal zone management. Mamuka Gvilava also demonstrated presentations on behalfofAlinaSpinuofNIMROD,Romania(seeFigure10below)andLisaErnoulofTourduValat resultsoftheindicatorandLEACworkrespectively,highlightingthatsimilardatasetsforGuria arehighlydesirable.



Figures74:PopulationdensitytimeseriesatNUTS5/LAU2levelforConstanta,Romania

(source:A.Spinu,M.Golumbeanu,NIMRD“GrigoreAntipa”,Romania)

Thetrainingworkshopbenefitedbydetailedpresentationof“IntegratedLandͲuseManagement ModellingofBlackSeaEstuaries”,performedbyMrGiorgiMeskhidzeofNGOCivitasGeorgica. HealertedparticipantsthatwithinILMMͲBSEprojectitmightbefeasiblethroughresearchand datacollectionactivitiestocompileinacomprehensivewayallcoresetsofcoastalsustainability indicatorsforGuriaRegion.ThiscouldbeanexcellentfollowupofthePegasoinGeorgianCASE.

Thetechnicalandintroductorypresentationswerefollowedbytheopendiscussionsession,with majorcontributionofregionalandlocalleveldecisionͲmakersandrepresentativesofthepublic. Mostinterestingoutcomeofthemeetingisthatstakeholdersagreedtosupporttheformationof the joint regional coastal forum/council to further the policy discussion on good coastal governanceinGuriaRegion.GeorgianCASEcanindeedcapitalizeonthisagreementandprovide itsfacilitationandsupportinorganizingfurthermoredetailedactionsattheregionalandlocal levels.

464   

 

Figures75:Kolkhetiwetlands&GreaterCaucasus,photobyNathalieDeHauwere(left) ReconnaissanceofGeorgiancoastpreͲandpostͲtrainingworkshop(right)

Training participants at the end of the workshop filled evaluation forms rating the training content and expressing opinions on various aspects of the training session. The meeting was filmedbylocalTVstationteam,planningtoproduceshortvideoaboutthetrainingandthepreͲ and postͲworkshop factͲfinding visits along the Guria coast to observe negative and positive examplesofcoastalmanagement.

3.4 Summarylistofcaseactivities



Figures76:SDIcapacitybuildingtraininginOostende,Belgium,22Ͳ25October2012(left) andtwoMunicipalCouncilChairmenfromGuriaatPEGASOannualmeeting,19Ͳ22April, 2012,Rabat,Morocco

PEGASOcapacitybuilding,coordinationanddisseminationevents ParticipationinallPEGASOCASESmeetingsexceptfinal: ProjectMeeting,Tulcea,Romania(2011.07.04Ͳ08); CASESͲ2Meeting,Venice,Italy(2012.07.02Ͳ03); VisioningWorkshopfortheBlackSea;BSCͲPS,Istanbul,Turkey(2012.12.05Ͳ07); ProjectMeeting,Rabat,Morocco(2013.03.19Ͳ22). ICZMAGMeeting15,Istanbul,Turkey(2011.10.04)

465    ParticipatoryTraining(Oct31Ͳ3Nov,2011),organizedbyUNIVE. EͲlearningSDItrainingorganizedbyWP3inAprilͲJune2012. TrainingonSDI,22Ͳ25Oct2012,UNESCO/IOC/IODE,Oostende,Belgium. ParticipationofCASESCoordinatorinMedOpenBasicandAdvancedeͲlearning(2012). enviroGRIDSFinalMeetingandBlackSeaDay2012.10.31,Batumi,Georgia ICZMAGMeeting16,Istanbul,Turkey(2012.12.04) ICZMAGMeeting17,Istanbul,Turkey(2013.09.11) BlackSeaBSͲGESBiannualConference(2013.10.27Ͳ30) EMECS/MedcoastGlobalCongressonICM(2013.11.01Ͳ03) Participatoryprocess Evaluation meeting to assess progress since the adoption of local community pilot ICZM plan (Tskaltsminda,GuriaRegion,2013.03.13). OrganizingCASEStrainingonPEGASOIndicatorsforNationalandGuriaRegionstakeholdersand endusers(Grigoleti,GuriaRegion,2013.11.20Ͳ21). Researchpublications Preparationof2researchpapers,oneabstractandoneposterfor2internationalconferences (BSOutlook2011,MedcoastGlobalCongress2013,BSͲGES2013). In the course of the project Georgia CASES Coordinator, visible representative of the nonͲ governmentalsector,waselectedastheChairpersonofLanchkhutiMunicipalCouncil.This development can enormously contribute into the dissemination and the application of Pegasoexperienceatlocalgovernancelevel. Reportsandoutputsgenerated PreparatoryReportforGeorgiaCASESParticipatoryTraining(submitted2011.10.24). GeorgiaCASESReportforPhaseIPeriod2(submitted2012.03.04). GeorgiaCASESReportPhaseIIPeriod2(submitted2012.05.07). CASESͲ2MeetingWorkingGroupReportonBSICZMGuidelines(submitted2012.07.13). CASESͲ2MeetingWorkingGroupReportonPegasoandProtocol(submitted2012.07.13). FilledCASESQuestionnaireforPEGASORabatGeneralMeeting(submitted2013.03.14). ParticipatoryMeetinginTskaltsmindaCommunity,13.03.13(reportsubmitted2013.03.16). CASESUpdateforPegasoSteeringCommittee,September,2013(submitted2013.08.28). GeorgiaCASESTrainingWorkshop(AgendaOutline)forPegasoSteeringCommittee,September, 2013(submitted2013.09.02). TwopaperssubmittedforGlobalCongressonICM–PegasoSession(seereferences). FinalCASEevaluationreport(submitted2014.01.30) PlannedfollowͲupactions Posting more resources on PEGASO SDI Viewer, Catalogue and Atlas utilising enviroGRIDS SDI geoserverandgeonetworkrepositories. BuildingprototypelocallevelGeoNodeforLanchkhutiMunicipality(http://lanchkhuti.org.ge). FurtherapplicationofselectedandfeasiblecoastalindicatorsforGuriaRegion. CalibrationofhydrologicalmodelforGuriacasewithinͲsitudailydischargetimeseriesdata. Developmentofbeachmanagementinitiativestostartaddressinglitteranderosionproblems. EstablishmentandorganizingregularworkoftheGuriaRegionCoastalCouncil. 466    

14.SevastopolBay(Ukraine)  Section1.CoastalIssues: 1.2 Whydidyouselecttheidentifiedcoastalissues?

TheBayofSevastopol(Fig.1)isoneofrarenaturalinlandharborsatthecoastofCrimeaonthe Black Sea that has being serving as a marine shelter and residence for sequencing human civilizationsforover25centuries.Thisbaythatisseveralhundredmeterswideinitsseawardpart goesinlandforabout8kmprovidingexcellentconditionsforshipdocking,harboring,andother maritimeactivities.ThisistheveryreasonthatAncientGreekcityKhersonesswasfoundherein the6thcenturyB.C.andlaterSevastopolasaRussiannavybasewasfoundedin1783.Thisbay hasbeenunderveryheavyanthropogenic/industrialpollutionforseveralrecentdecades,though itisanareathatisvitallyvaluableforrecreationandinhabitation.Thisbayhadalsoservedas place for intensive fishing and harvesting other marine biological resources before the fleet relatedactivitiesalmostcompletelydestroyeditsecosystemandminimizeditsbiodiversitytoa state of a polluted marine desert in its inner part. Biogeochemical conditions in the bay's environmenthavebecomesoextremethathypoxiaisaregularfeatureoftheinnerpartofthe bayonsummertime.Sedimentshavebecomesulfidicandserveasasourceofhydrogensulfide forthebottomlayerofwateranddestroyingbenthiccommunities.Tomakematterworse,upto 40μMofsulfidehavebeenregisteredinthebottomlayerofwaters.Thus,theinnerpartofthe Bayisasite,whereregularhypoxic/anoxiceventsandconsequencescanbetracedtostudythe effectsofanthropogenic/industrialpollutionandwaterexchange.

  Fig. 1: The Bay of Sevastopol (images have been taken from http://gamelika.com/imaginator/1/4e5fa9dd2ed5a_sevastopol.jpg and http://www.sevtaksi.com/foto/0014ͲcrimeaͲ sevastopolͲjuzhnajaͲbuhtaͲfoto.html).  Historically,thisbayisthenaturalreasonfortheexistenceofSevastopol,asanavybaseandthe citywithallitsmaritimeactivities.Thus,theBayhasbeenintensivelyusedsinceSevastopolwas founded in 1783, but the importance of specific maritime activities has been changing over a twoͲcentury period. Most important maritime activities were related to navy and seafood harvestingintheinitialperiod.Recreationalactivitiesbecameimportantatthebeginningofthe

467    20th century, but they were almost completely wiped out on Soviet time, when the navy activitiesbecameoftheprimaryandexclusiveimportance.Currently,navyactivitiesaremodest andtheSevastopolBayisaplaceforabigandintensivelygrowingseaport(thetotallengthof placeforshipdockingandmooringin~11km),shipdocking,seaͲlandtransportationofvarious goods.ThepopulationofSevastopolisabout400,000permanentresidents,butthispopulation can easily double on summer time. Unfortunately, the major part of municipal and industrial sewagewaters(~10,000m3perday)loadedtothebayfrom~30sewerswithoutorafterminimal treatment. Theouterpartofthebayisstillratherclean.ThispartisactuallyapaleoͲriverbedofthesame river that currently releases its waters in the head of Bay. Intensive alongshore currents effectively mix and transport pollutants off the coastal sources and the bay. Hypoxic events, pollutionandintensiveeutrophicationhaveneverbeenreportedforthewaterouterpartofthe Sevastopol Bay and the oxygen content is under influence of natural seasonal changes in TͲS properties and biological activities. Still, reducing conditions have been recently reported for bottomsedimentsfromthissitethataccumulatesparticulateorganiccarbon.Thispartcanserve as a reference site with rather natural conditions in the water column and with potentially hypoxicconditionsintheupperbottomsediments. TheBaygoesalmostpreciselylatitudinallyfromEasttoWest,butitssoutherncoastisfarmore developed,ascomparedtoitsnortherncoast,anditcomprisesforanumberofsubͲbays.The seawardpartoftheBayhasbeenartificiallyblockedbytwocoastaldams.Thishasdecreasethe waterexchangeby40Ͳ70%anddoubledtheresidencetimeofthebay'swaters. TheBlack(Chernaya)riverloadsitswaterstothemostinnerpartofthebay.Theriverloadison average56.8ͼ106m3peryearoffreshwater,but80%ofthisamountisloadedonwinterand springtime. Thethermohalinestructureofthebay'swatersdependsonthewaterexchangewiththeopen seaandthewaterdischargeregimeoftheBlackriver.Itvariesdramaticallyontheseasonaland synopticscale,dependingoncoolingorheatinganddependinggreatlyonthewindstress. ThereispatchyinformationthatthecirculationpatternistypicalforatwoͲlayersystemonthe warmperiod,whentheverticalstratificationisstrongandsupportedbytheloadoffreshriverine waters and warmer surface waters. On average, the currents in the upper layer are directed seaward and support transportation of fresh riverine waters off the bay. There is an average transport of water from the sea to the bay in the bottom layer. Incoming waters of a higher salinityaremixedwiththesurfacewatersofalowersalinitytoformtheobserveddistributionsof salinity. This mixing is restricted on summer time, but it is far more intensive on winter time, whencoldsurfacewaterssinkandintensifymixingbetweenthesurfaceandbottomwaters.As theresult,thethermohalinestructurerevealsastrongverticalstratificationonsummertime,but alateralstratificationistypicalonwintertime. In order to account for the Sevastopol bay environmental problems, the next PEGASO CASE priorityissueshavebeenidentified: x eutrophicationandpollution,especiallypollutionfromcoastalsources; x biologicaldesertificationandchanges; 468    x climatechangeandextrememeteorologicalevents. There are several other threats. These are urban development, industrial development, recreationaldevelopment,agriculturaldevelopment,dramaticchangesinlanduse,andcoastal erosion. They are currently less important but they will grow in line with the coastal development.ThesecoastalissuesandproblemsareveryusualfortheBlackSeacoastofUkraine (Odessa, Chernomorskoe, Eupatoria, Yalta, Feodosia, Kerch, etc.) and, as far as it can be seen fromthepublisheddata,thisistruefortheentirecoastoftheBlackSea.  1.3 Whatisthesocial,politicalandeconomicalrelevanceoftheidentifiedcoastalissues? x (Pleaseprovidedatathatcanconfirmtheirrelevance). x Haveyoudeveloped,selectedorcalculatedindicatorsinordertodepictthesituation andtheproblemsyouplannedtoconsider?

TherearenationalregulationstoaddressindividualICZMissues.ThereisanICSMgroupatthe MinistryofEcology.Yet,anintegratedonͲgoingNationalICZMStrategydoesnotexist,aswellas thereisnoICSMProtocolfortheBlackSea. NationalInstitutionsinvolvedinnationalmonitoring: x UkrSCESͲtheUkrainianScientificCenterofEcologyoftheSea,MoEP x SABSI–StateEcologicalInspectionofAzovandBlackSeas,MoEP x SEINWRBSͲStateEcological Inspection ofEnvironmental Protection of the Black Sea'sNorthͲWestregion,MoEP TheProgrammeisannuallysupportedandbiologicalinvestigationsareincluded.Thebiological monitoringiscarriedoutbytheInstituteofSouthernSeas–Odessawhichisnotorganizedin parallel with the hydrochemical investigations. Biological data concerning for the NͲW part is reported,datafromCrimeaandotherUAwatersarenotmadeavailable. 

Map of sampling stations in Ukrainian Black Sea waters. FisheryͲYugNIRO, Kerch, Crimea (Southern Scientific Research. InstituteofMarineFisheriesandOceanography). Thestationsgivenonthemaparenotregularlysupportedduringeachyear.Forinstance,the mapfor2008looksinadifferentwayandonlythestationsoftheOdessaEcologicalInspection (they cover the region of the city of Odessa, nearby hot spots situated) are sustained on an annualbasisandreported.OtherUAwatersarenotreported.Thiskindofdataiscompiledinthe 469    MarineBranchoftheUkrainianHydroͲMeteorologicalInstitute(MBUHMI)–Sevastopol. Monitoring at defined stations network is carried out by the UA ecological inspections on a monthlybasis(orasotherwisestatedbelow)since2003andlessfrequentlybeforethat.Afullset ofhydrochemicalparameters,includingcontaminantsinwateraremonitored.Contaminantsin biotaandsedimentsarenotincludedintheProgramme. Inaddition,MBUHMI–Sevastopolisinpositiontocompiledatafromallecologicalinspection stationsinUkraine–thesestations(ofSABSIandSEINWRBS)areannuallyreportedintheMarine WaterPollutionAnnualReportoftheStateOceanographicInstitute(SOI)–Moscow.Thestations monitoredareinmostaffectedbyhumanactivitiesareas(hotspots): InfrontoftheriversDanube,SuhoiLiman(nearbyIlichevsk),riverSouthBugandBugskiiLiman, Odessa port, Yalta – monthly observations; Ilichevsk town – once per two months; In the branchesoftheDanuberiver–AprilͲSeptember;DnieprLiman–AprilͲNovember. NationalmonitoringactivitiesintheBlackSeastatesaresupportedbyMinistriesofEnvironment. OtherMinistries,suchasMinistryofEducation,Agriculture,TransportandAcademiesofScience supportproblemͲorientedmonitoringintheframesofdifferentprojects.MinistriesofAgriculture are responsible for fisheries investigations (stock assessments, catches, fishing fleets, etc.) and Ministries of Transport support/supervise most of the investigations related to environment safetyaspectsofshipping. The Bay of Sevastopol has become and remains the subject of regular oceanographic investigationsandmonitoringsince1997.Ithasbeeninitiatedbyseveralinternationalprojects (INTAS 96Ͳ1961, INTAS 99Ͳ01390, INTAS 03Ͳ51Ͳ6196) and it is currently supported by national ("Marine Expeditions", "Fundamental Oceanography", "Ecoshelf", "Interaction" 05Ͳ05Ͳ10˄) and international (EC FP7 "Hypox" #226213, ) projects. Various issues of the Sevastopol Bay meteorology,hydrology,biogeochemistry,biology,andchemicalpollutionhavebeenintensively studied. These data have been traditionally summarized in the form of oceanographic atlases (Konovalovetal.,2009).Thoughtheseatlasesareavaluablesourceofscientificinformation,its formhasalwayslimiteditsutilizationtoscientificstudiesleavingstakeholdersandmanagerswith theproblemsofdataaccessibilityandutilizationofdataofdifferentnatureforintegratedcoastal zonemanagement. The FP7 PEGASO project (2010Ͳ2014, #244170) has been recently launched to investigate different aspects of and local conditions for integrated coastal zone management (ICZM) and applicationoftheICZMProtocolintheMediterraneanandBlackSeas.TheBayofSevastopolhas beenchosenasoneofthesites(CASES)forpracticalapplicationoftheresultsoftheproject,to assess local conditions and provide practically useful endͲproducts for the purpose of ICZM implementation.Thus,whentheICZMProtocolisdeveloped,adopted,andputinforce,thelocal stakeholderswillhavepracticaltoolstoimplementtheICZMprinciples. RegularoceanographicstudiesandmonitoringofenvironmentalconditionsoftheSevastopolBay aretypicallycarriedoutat32oceanographicstationsataquarterlybasis.   

470    

31 28 Northern Side Bay of Holland 24 16 13 27 7b 30 23 15 32 12 10 aven 29 22 14 26 11 9 7 Oil H 20 K Inkerman 25 21 il 6 le 8 Artillery Bay n 5 4 y B a a 3 B y 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 E a C 2 y N 19 h na 46 46 e r n i n t a n o y 1 a 18 44 Sevastopol 44 a r a Sevastopol Bay R i K Black Sea v e Southern Bay 42 42 r 17 28 30 32 34 36 38 40   OceanographicstationsintheSevastopolBay. ResultsofmonitoringhavebeencontributedtodatabasesoftheNationaloceanographiccenter of Ukraine (http://www.nodc.org.ua/) and presented in a number of publications and, in particular,intheformof"AtlasoftheSebastopolBayoceanographicproperties"(Konovalovet al.,2009).ThishasmadepossibleadetailedoceanographicdescriptionoftheSevastopolBay.  Severalresearchinstitutions,includingMarineHydrophysicalinstituteandInstituteofBiologyof theSouthernSeasoftheNationalacademyofsciencesofUkraine,andcontrollingorganizations carryoutmonitoringprogramsforthestateofthemarineenvironmentoftheSevastopolBay. ThecurrentlyaccounteddataforutilizationinthePEGASOprojectarelimitedtothoseinTable1. Table1DataforutilizationinthePEGASOproject. Datadescription Typology Temporalseries Spatialresolution

Weatherconditions Meteorological From1997to2012 1pointperbay Riverdischarge Hydrology From1997to2012 1pointperbay Marineenvironment Physicaldata From1997to2012 Upto40pointsperbay Marineenvironment Chemicaldata From1997to2012 Upto40pointsperbay Marineenvironment Biologicaldata From1997to2012 Upto5pointsperbay  ResultsofmonitoringhavebeencontributedtodatabasesoftheNationaloceanographiccenter of Ukraine (http://www.nodc.org.ua/) and presented in a number of publications and, in particular,intheformof"AtlasoftheSebastopolBayoceanographicproperties"(Konovalovet al., 2009). This has made possible a detailed oceanographic description of the Sevastopol Bay (Konovalov et al., 2011) and utilization of these data as a metrics for marine provinces identificationintheSevastopolBay(Dolotovetal.,2012).  Section2.RelationsbetweencoastalissuesandICZMProtocolandPrinciples. 2.1HowdotheselectedcoastalissuesrelatetotheICZMprinciplesandprotocol? The following objectives of "Protocol on Integrated Coastal Zone Management in the Mediterranean"(UNEP/MAP/PAP,2008)listedinArticle5havebeenfoundrelevantforworkin 471    theSevastopolBayCASE: (a)facilitate,throughtherationalplanningofactivities,thesustainabledevelopmentof coastal zones by ensuring that the environment and landscapes are taken into account in harmonywitheconomic,socialandculturaldevelopment; (c)ensurethesustainableuseofnaturalresources,particularlywithregardtowateruse; (e) prevent and/or reduce the effects of natural hazards and in particular of climate change,whichcanbeinducedbynaturalorhumanactivities.  Thefollowinggeneralprinciplesof"ProtocolonIntegratedCoastalZoneManagementin theMediterranean"(UNEP/MAP/PAP,2008)listedinArticle6havebeenfoundrelevantforwork intheSevastopolBayCASE: (a)Thebiologicalwealthandthenaturaldynamicsandfunctioningoftheintertidalarea andthecomplementaryandinterdependentnatureofthemarinepartandthelandpartforming asingleentityshallbetakenparticularlyintoaccount. (b) All elements relating to hydrological, geomorphological, climatic, ecological, socioͲ economicandculturalsystemsshallbetakenintoaccountinanintegratedmanner,soasnotto exceedthecarryingcapacityofthecoastalzoneandtopreventthenegativeeffectsofnatural disastersandofdevelopment. (c)Theecosystemsapproachtocoastalplanningandmanagementshallbeappliedsoas toensurethesustainabledevelopmentofcoastalzones. (d)Appropriategovernanceallowingadequateandtimelyparticipationinatransparent decisionͲmaking process by local populations and stakeholders in civil society concerned with coastalzonesshallbeensured. (e) CrossͲsectorally organized institutional coordination of the various administrative servicesandregionalandlocalauthoritiescompetentincoastalzonesshallberequired. (i)Preliminaryassessmentsshallbemadeoftherisksassociatedwiththevarioushuman activitiesandinfrastructuresoastopreventandreducetheirnegativeimpactoncoastalzones. (j) Damage to the coastal environment shall be prevented and, where it occurs, appropriaterestorationshallbeeffected. TheICZMprotocolhasnotbeenimplementedatthenational,regional,orlocallevel,but therearedifferentagenciesandofficialguidelinesandinstructions. ThefollowingOBJECTIVESOFINTEGRATEDCOASTALZONEMANAGEMENT(listedinArticle 5)havebeenfoundrelevantforworkintheSevastopolBayCASE: (a)facilitate,throughtherationalplanningofactivities,thesustainabledevelopmentof coastal zones by ensuring that the environment and landscapes are taken into account in harmonywitheconomic,socialandculturaldevelopment; (c)ensurethesustainableuseofnaturalresources,particularlywithregardtowateruse; (e) prevent and/or reduce the effects of natural hazards and in particular of climate change,whichcanbeinducedbynaturalorhumanactivities.  ThefollowingGENERALPRINCIPLESOFINTEGRATEDCOASTALZONEMANAGEMENT(listed inArticle6)havebeenfoundrelevantforworkintheSevastopolBayCASE:

472    (a)Thebiologicalwealthandthenaturaldynamicsandfunctioningoftheintertidalarea andthecomplementaryandinterdependentnatureofthemarinepartandthelandpartforming asingleentityshallbetakenparticularlyintoaccount. (b) All elements relating to hydrological, geomorphological, climatic, ecological, socioͲ economicandculturalsystemsshallbetakenintoaccountinanintegratedmanner,soasnotto exceedthecarryingcapacityofthecoastalzoneandtopreventthenegativeeffectsofnatural disastersandofdevelopment. (c)Theecosystemsapproachtocoastalplanningandmanagementshallbeappliedsoas toensurethesustainabledevelopmentofcoastalzones. (d)Appropriategovernanceallowingadequateandtimelyparticipationinatransparent decisionͲmaking process by local populations and stakeholders in civil society concerned with coastalzonesshallbeensured. (e) CrossͲsectorally organized institutional coordination of the various administrative servicesandregionalandlocalauthoritiescompetentincoastalzonesshallberequired. (i)Preliminaryassessmentsshallbemadeoftherisksassociatedwiththevarioushuman activitiesandinfrastructuresoastopreventandreducetheirnegativeimpactoncoastalzones. (j) Damage to the coastal environment shall be prevented and, where it occurs, appropriaterestorationshallbeeffected.  The following articles from the ICZM Protocol have been found relevant for work in the SevastopolBayCASE: Article8.PROTECTIONANDSUSTAINABLEUSEOFTHECOASTALZONE Article9.ECONOMICACTIVITIES Article10.SPECIFICCOASTALECOSYSTEMS Article15.AWARENESSͲRAISING,TRAINING,EDUCATIONANDRESEARCH  WhereitcomestoINSTRUMENTSFORINTEGRATEDCOASTALZONEMANAGEMENT,thefollowing articleshavebeenfoundrelevantforworkintheSevastopolBayCASE: Article16.MONITORINGANDOBSERVATIONMECHANISMSANDNETWORKS Article19.ENVIRONMENTALASSESSMENT  WhereitcomestoRISKSAFFECTINGTHECOASTALZONE,thefollowingarticleshavebeenfound relevantforworkintheSevastopolBayCASE: Article22.NATURALHAZARDS Article24.RESPONSETONATURALDISASTERS  Where it comes to INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION, the following articles have been found relevantforworkintheSevastopolBayCASE: Article25.TRAININGANDRESEARCH Article26.SCIENTIFICANDTECHNICALASSISTANCE Article27.EXCHANGEOFINFORMATIONANDACTIVITIESOFCOMMONINTEREST

473       Section3.PolicyissuesandICZMprinciplesandapproaches. 3.1Sofar,howhavebeenthecoastalissuesaddressedbythelocal/regionalgovernment? TheSevastopolCityAuthoritiesdeclaretheimportanceofICZMforSevastopolcity,thusforthe Sevastopol Bay, yet the current state of the bay's environment and interͲannual trends of the bay'senvironmentalpropertiesexposeseriousconcernsabouteffectiveISZM.  3.2Atwhichspatialscale? Local.  3.3Canyouassesstheresultsoftheimplementedpolicies?Whicharethemainresultsachieved? TherearenationalregulationstoaddressindividualICZMissues.ThereisanICSMgroupatthe Ministry of Ecology of Ukraine. The ICZM activities in the Black Sea region date back to 1992, whentheConventionontheProtectionoftheBlackSeaAgainstPollution(BucharestConvention) wassigned(Antonidze,2010).Yet,anintegratedonͲgoingNationalICZMStrategydoesnotexist, aswellasthereisnoICSMProtocolfortheBlackSea.AllICZMissuesareaddressedwithinthe frameofnationalandregionalregulations,yetalltheseissuesarepoorlyaddressedconsidering thestateoftheBlackSeaanditscoastalareas(‘DiagnosticReport’toguideimprovementstothe regularreportingprocessonthestateoftheBlackSeaenvironment,2010). Where it comes to the regional scale, some progress has been achieved and the Black Sea ecologicalcrisishasbeen"softened". Whereitcomestothelocalscale,thproblemsofindustrialpollutionhavebeenchangedforthe veryseriousproblemsofdomesticpollution.  3.4.OnthebasisoftheICZMprinciples(astheyareexpressedbytheProtocol),doyouthinkthat thecoastalissueswereaddressedwithanintegratedapproach(intermsoforganization,politics, tools,etc)? TherearenationalregulationstoaddressindividualICZMissues.ThereisanICSMgroupatthe MinistryofEcology.Yet,anintegratedonͲgoingNationalICZMStrategydoesnotexist,aswellas thereisnoICSMProtocolfortheBlackSea.AllICZMissuesareaddressedwithintheframeof nationalandregionalregulations,yetalltheseissuesarepoorlyaddressedconsideringthestate oftheBlackSeaanditscoastalareas(theDiagnosticReportoftheBlackSeaCommission,2011). TheSevastopolCityAuthoritiesdeclaretheimportanceofICZMforSevastopolcity,thusforthe Sevastopol Bay, yet the current state of the bay's environment and interͲannual trends of the bay'senvironmentalpropertiesexposeseriousconcernsabouteffectiveISZM. IthasbeenstatedinStrategicActionPlanfortheRehabilitationandProtectionoftheBlackSea:  1. The Black Sea ecosystem continues to be threatened by inputs of certain pollutants, notably nutrients. Nutrients enter the Black Sea from land based sources, and in

474    particular through rivers. The Danube river accounts for well over half of the nutrient inputtotheBlackSea.Eutrophicationisaphenomenonwhichoccursoverwideareasof theBlackSeaandshouldbeofconcerntothecountriesoftheBlackSeabasin. 2. Inputs of insufficiently treated sewage result in the presence of microbiological contaminants,whichconstituteathreattopublichealthandinsomecasesposeabarrier tothedevelopmentofsustainabletourismandaquaculture. 3. Inaddition,inputsofotherharmfulsubstances,andespeciallyoil,continuetothreaten the Black Sea ecosystem. Oil enters the environment as a result of accidental and operationaldischargesfromvessels,aswellasthroughlandbasedsources.Almosthalfof theinputsofoilfromlandbasedactivitiesarebroughttotheBlackSeaviatheDanube river. 4. Moreover,thepastintroductionofexoticspecies,throughthedeballastingofvessels,has seriously damaged the Black Sea ecosystem and constitutes a threat to the adjacent MediterraneanandCaspianSeas. 5. Inadequateresourcesmanagementand,inparticular,inadequatepolicieswithrespectto fisheriesandcoastalzonemanagementcontinuetoimpedethesustainabledevelopment of the Black Sea region. Most fish stocks in the Black Sea, already stressed as a consequence of pollution, have been over exploited or are threatened by over exploitation;manycoastalareashavedeterioratedasaresultoferosionanduncontrolled urban and industrial development, including the resultant construction activities. Consequently, there is a serious risk of losing valuable habitats and landscape and ultimately,thebiologicaldiversityandproductivityoftheBlackSeaecosystem. 6. TheaboveconsiderationsledtosuggestionsthattheprocessofdegradationoftheBlack Sea is irreversible. However, environmental monitoring, conducted over the past 4Ͳ5 years, reflects perceptible and continued improvements in the state of, some localised componentsoftheBlackSeaecosystem.Theseimprovementsappeartobetheindirect resultofreducedeconomicactivityintheregion,andtoacertaindegreeofprotective measurestakenbygovernments.Thechallengewhichtheregionnowfacesistosecurea healthy Black Sea environment at a time when economic recovery and further developmentarealsobeingpursued. "In1993fortheimplementationoftheICZMcomponentoftheBlackSeaEnvironmentalProgram anActivityCenteronDevelopmentofCommonMethodologiesforICZM(ICZMActivityCenter) wasestablishedinKrasnodar(RussianFederation)byorderoftheMinisterofNaturalResources oftheRussianFederationandwiththesupportofBlackSeaEnvironmentalProgram(BSEP,1993– 1997,GEF/UNDP).ExpertsoftheCenterwithsupportofinternationalconsultantsinitiatedthe introductionofICZMprinciplesintheBlackSearegion.Relevantactivitieswerecarriedoutwithin severalinternationalprojects,suchasBSEP(1993–1999),EUTACIS–PHARE/EuropeAid(inthree phases,1995,1998–2000and2002–2004),BlackSeaEcosystemRecoveryProject(BSERP,2002– 2007,GEF/UNDP). During phase I of BSEP (1993Ͳ1997) three ICZM Workshops were held with participation of representativesofallBlackSeacountriesandtheBlackSeaICZMnetworkwascreated.Therewas

475    a constant exchange of experience, for capacity building specialists were trained (World Bank trainingonICZM,SustainableDevelopmentandSustainableTourism,Bulgaria,Varna,1995).   ThemainachievementsofBSEPPhaseIwere: –ICZMActivityCenterwasestablishedwithtrainedstaff,anumberofconsultantswereinvolved intheactivityoftheCenter,equipmentwassupplied; – ICZM concept, methodology and tools were presented and distributed at governmental and locallevels;authoritiesandexpertswereinvolvedinICZMimplementation; – Guidelines for defining of National Coastal Zone Boundaries were approved, National Boundariesofcoastalzonesweredefinedinall6countries; – National ICZM Reports were prepared; the actual situation, problems, priorities in ICZM developmentwerepresented; BasedonICZMNationalReportstheICZMActivityCenterpreparedReportonICZMintheBlack SeaRegion."(AntonidzeE.J.Coast.Conserv.,2009)  Section4.RelevancewithNationalICZMprocess 4.1DoyouthinkthatyourworkisrelevantfortheICZMprocessofyourcountry?Whyandhow? Scientific support, which is one of the components of ICZM (UNEP/MAP/PAP, 2008), assumes participationofvariousspecialistsandutilization of variousdatadependingonaspecifictask. The major disadvantage of traditional sources of data, which are atlases and data base, is the needtoaddressvariousspecialists,differentsourcesofinformation,andusuallypaperͲprinted materials. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are more helpful. This is the reason that we have designed the system incorporating the data base, digital atlas and GIS features, but also allowinginteractionwithdataandapplicationofdifferentICZMtools. A standalone version of the GISͲtype system for the Sevastopol Bay is available at http://wiki.iczm.org.ua/en/index.php/Download_the_latest_version_of_the_atlas. It starts with informationondataavailableforspecificchemical,physical,ecologicalparametersandpollutants forindividualmonthsandyears.ThesystemincorporatesgeneralinformationfortheSevastopol Bay, including meteorological, physical, biogeochemical, and ecological properties, and supplementarymaterials,butitalsoincorporatesanextensivesetofdocumentsandscientific publications.Yet,themostvaluablepartofthisatlasinthesetofpreprocessedmapsthatcanbe displayedandcomparedorprintedforfurtheranalysis.  4.2Onthebasisoftheworkthatyouhavedone,whichareinyouropinion,themainconstraints inimplementingICZMprinciplesandtools?Whatismissing?Wherearethemaingaps?Where weshouldputmoreenergyandresourcesinthefuture? ThemaingapisintheabsenceoftheICZMProtocolfortheBlackSea.Anotherproblemisinthe existing mechanisms that divide, rather than consolidate and cooperate, legal authorities, stakeholders,andscientists. 

476     Section5.Stakeholdersinvolvement 5.1Haveyouinvolvedthemainstakeholders?  Atthefirststage,wehavemadeanextensivesetofpotentialstakeholders/endͲusers:

Name Link

Nationalauthority VerkhovnaRada(Parliament)ofUkraine,Committeeon http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/site/p_komity?pidid=2074 environmental policy, nature management and breakdowneliminationofChernobyl MinistryofEcologyandNaturalRecoursesofUkraine http://menr.gov.ua/ Ministry of Economical Development and Trading of http://me.gov.ua/ Ukraine MinistryofAgriculturalPolicyandFoodofUkraine http://www.minagro.kiev.ua/ MinistryofEmergencySituationsofUkraine http://mns.gov.ua/ MinistryofPublicHealthofUkraine http://www.moz.gov.ua/ua/portal/ MinistryofCultureandTourismofUkraine http://mincult.kmu.gov.ua/mincult/uk/index Ministry of regional development, construction and http://www.minregionbud.gov.ua/uk/index housingandcommunalservicesofUkraine Ministry of education, science,youth and sport of http://www.mon.gov.ua/ Ukraine NationalAgencyforEcologicalInvestments http://neia.gov.ua/nature/control/uk/index Regionalauthority RepresentativeofficeofthePresidentofUkraineinthe http://www.ppu.gov.ua/ AutonomousRepublicofCrime CrimeanRegionalCenterOfInnovativeDevelopment http://www.krcir.org.ua/ MinistryofAgriculturalPolicyofCrimea http://www.minagro.crimeaͲ portal.gov.ua/rus/index.php?v=1 MinistryofPublicHealthofCrimea http://www.minzdrav.crimeaͲportal.gov.ua MinistryofHealthResortsandTourismofCrimea www.tourism.crimea.ua MinistryofAbdicationandScienceofCrimea http://minobr.crimeaͲportal.gov.ua MinistryofIndustrialPolicyofCrimea http://www.minindustry.crimeaͲportal.gov.ua MinistryofEconomyofCrimes www.minek.crimeaͲportal.gov.ua Republic Committee of Crimea onHydro economic www.vodhoz.crimea.ua constructionandIrrigatedCropping RepublicCommitteeofCrimeaonForestryandHunting www.comleshos.crimeaͲportal.gov.ua RepublicCommitteeofCrimeaonLandResources http://comzem.crimeaͲportal.gov.ua/ Republic Committee of Crimea onCultural Heritage http://www.commonuments.crimeaͲportal.gov.ua Protection Republic Committee of Crimea onenvironmental www.arhus.crimea.ua protection Localauthorities Sevastopol City State Administration , Sevastopol City http://sev.gov.ua/ DeputyCouncil PermanentCommissiononLandManagement http://sev.gov.ua/economy/zemleystroistvo/norm_akti_ze mleystr/ Fund of Municipal Assets of Sevastopol City http://fki.com.ua/ Administration NakhimovDistrictCityAdministration(DCA) http://sev.gov.ua/district/nahim/strukrukN/ LeninskaDCA http://sev.gov.ua/district/lenin/strukrukL/ GagarinskaDCA http://sev.gov.ua/district/gagarin/ BalakhlavskaDCA http://sev.gov.ua/district/balaklava/ StateAgencyonEnvironmentalProtectioninSevastopol http://menr.gov.ua/content/article/41 477    NGO Ukrainian society for the protection of birds (USPB) / http://www.birdlife.org.ua/index.htm BirdsLifePartnerinUkraine MamaͲ86 www.mamaͲ86.org.ua AllͲUkrainianEcologicalLeague www.ecoleague.net NationalEcologicalCenterofUkraine(NECU,partnerof www.necu.org.ua/ Bankwatchinternational) GreenpeaceUkraine www.greenpeace.org WWFUkraine http://wwf.panda.org/who_we_are/wwf_offices/ukraine/ CenteronResearchCity’sProblems http://www.municipalcentre.org International NGO “Black Sea Commission on Sea http://www.dolphin.com.ua/index.php?page=4smm_links Mammals” RegionalNGO AssociationofthefarmersofCrimea http://www.afzk.org/index.php?option=com_content&vie w=article&id=21&Itemid=6 SocietyofGeoecologists www.ccssu.crimea.ua/internet/Education/geoecology ZelenyiSvit/FriendsoftheEarthUkraine http://www.zelenysvit.org.ua/ CrimeanRepublicanAssociationEKOLOGIYAiMIR http://www.ekomir.crimea.ua/ ChamberofCommerceandIndustryofCrimea http://cci.crimea.ua/ Creativeunionofscientificandengineeringsocietiesof http://old.crimeaͲ Crimea portal.gov.ua/index.php?&v=10&tek=169&par=105&f=ua LocalNGO SevastopolChamberofCommerceandIndustry http://www.stpp.org.ua/ Scientificandeducationorganizations MarineHydrophysicalInstituteNASofUkraine www.mhi.iuf.net IBSSNASofUkraine www.ibss.org.ua SevastopolNationalTechnicalUniversity http://sevntu.com.ua/ Sevastopol National University of Nuclear Energy and http://www.sinp.com.ua/ Industry ResearchInstituteofCityEconomyandDevelopment http://sevastopol.ospͲua.info/chͲ1_flͲcii.html Companies PublicenterprisesSevgorvodokanal http://sevgorvodokanal.org.ua/ State sanitaryͲandͲepidemiologic institution of http://sevses.gov.ua/ Sevastopol ChornomorͲturCoLtd http://www.chernomor.com/ SeaDepthCoLtd  DivingCompanyCrimeaͲMarineͲService http://www.cmsdive.com.ua/ SevastopolMarineFishingPort http://www.sevmrp.com/ru/index.htm SevastopolMarineCommercialPort http://www.morport.sebastopol.ua/ NationalPreserveTauricChersonesos http://www.chersonesos.org/ SevastopolShipyardofBlackSeaNavy http://whoͲisͲwho.com.ua/bookmaket/sevast/4/69.html  Shipyard“SouthSevastopol” http://yusev.com.ua/ru/main/ SevastopolFishCannery http://www.rada.com.ua/ukr/catalog/8421/ 

Severalorganizationsandinstitutionshavebeenidentifiedasstakeholders/endͲuserstopresent and utilize results of the project: National focal point of ICZM in Ukraine, Ministry for environmental protection and natural resources, Public Administration on Ecology and Environmental Resources in Sevastopol, Black Sea Commission, Sevastopol's authorities, StevedoreEnterprise(privateenterprise),andSevastopol’sdepartmentoftheGeographicsociety ofUkraine.

478      To provide information about ICZM tools (firsts of all, on local indicators); to improve the knowledge of the coastal zone; to provide tools for scientific support of ICZM a webͲportal (http://wiki.iczm.org.ua/en/index.php/Main_Page),a WMS server (as the first example, http://193.42.157.77/ru/index.php?r=atlas/wms/view&id=19),andastandaloneCDversionofa GISͲtype tool for the Sevastopol Bay (http://wiki.iczm.org.ua/en/index.php/Download_the_latest_version_of_the_atlas) has been updated from their initial version to further improve data coverage and provided tools (legal arrangements,environmentalstatusandassessment,interactivedigitalatlas,indexes,scenarios). Thissystemhasmadepossibletoeffectivelyinteractwithstakeholders(Nationalfocalpointof ICZM in Ukraine, Ministry for environmental protection and natural resources, Public Administration on Ecology and Environmental Resources in Sevastopol, Black Sea Commission, Sevastopol’s department of the Geographic society of Ukraine, etc.) both demonstrating the importanceofICZMprinciplesandpossibilitiesofICZM.RegulardiscussionsofallprojectͲrelated issueswithstakeholders,presentationofcurrentresultsofthePEGASOproject,assessmentof theirresponseshavebecomeelementsofajointplatform.Astheresultsanumberoflettersof endorsement have been issues by stakeholders of different level and nature: Permanent commission on environmental protection and safety, and emergencies of the Sevastopol city council; "SGS PLUS" Ltd., Sevastopol; Levant Inc., Crimea; Yalta city council, department of ecology,etc.Thishasalsomadepossibletodisseminatetheresultsofthisworkthroughlocal newspapers and television, as well as via translated issues of the PEGASO newsletters (http://wiki.iczm.org.ua/en/index.php/Dissemination).  5.2Howhaveyouinvolvedthem(e.g.focusgroup,interviews,questionnaire)? TargetAudience Objective Communication tool e.g. Date/ (whom do you need to (why communicate, what is the report,seminar,meetingetc Frequency communicatewith?) aim?) (when?) Sevastopol's Discussion of the PEGASO project Phonecalls,meeting Quarterly department, Ministry of interaction with official bodies at Environment(MoE) the local level, data collection, resultsdistribution. National ICZM focal Discussion of the PEGASO project Phonecalls Annually point at the Ministry of interaction with official bodies at Environment(MoE) thenationallevel. Local branch of the Identification of ICZM issues, Meeting Quarterly Geographic Society of distributionoftheresults. Ukraine Ecologicalcommissionof Discussion of the PEGASO project Phonecalls Annually the local (city) interaction with official bodies at government thelocallevel. Black Sea Commission, Discussion of the PEGASO project Email,meeting Several times per ICZMAdvisoryGroup interaction with official bodies at year theregionallevel.  

479       5.3Whichkindofconstraintshaveyoufaced? TheabsenceoftheBlackSeaICZMProtocolasthebasisforlegalandrequiredcooperationin ICZMissues.  Section6.Tools 6.1 Which tools (indicators, LEAC, scenario, participation, economic assessment and social valuationorothers)haveyouusedduringtheactivitiesoftheCASES? There are several tools developed within the frame of the PEGASO project and incorporatedintheGISͲtypesystemfortheSevastopolBay(Fig.2).Themajorofthesetoolsare GIS and indexes. The GIS tool is basically an extended set of regular numerical grids for all considered properties (Fig. 3) that can be arranged as needed (scale of maps, color scheme, isolines and their format) and combined with other layers of information (municipal and industrialbuildings,sourcesofpollutantsandtheirproperties,etc.).Thoughthistoolisfarmore powerful for environmental assessment, it still provides basically scientific information, but it servesasabasisforcalculationofindexes. 

               480              

 Fig.2:ThedatabaseanddigitalatlasoftheSevastopolBay.  Whileinteractionwithgriddeddatamakespossibletoconstructdifferentmaps,whichhavenot beenpreloaded,indexesmakepossibletoevaluatethestateofenvironment(MartiͲRague,2007) andachieveanintegratedregionalassessmentandICZM(Antonidze,2010).Thus,forexample,a "trafficlight"indexhasbeenconstructedandintroducedintothesystem.Thisindexisuniversal andcanbeappliedtoanyanalyzedproperties.Asanexample,thisindexhasbeenappliedto assessaveragesummerconcentrationsofammoniuminthesurfacelayerofwater(Fig.4).The fiveͲgradecolorscaleiscolorandboundaryvalueadjustableeitherfollowingtheexpertvaluesor making a personal choice. We have used 1Ͳ, 3Ͳ, 5Ͳ, and 10Ͳfold the maximum allowed concentrations for coastal waters used for common purposes. The result clearly demonstrates thatonlythecentralpartofthebaycanbeconsideredas"clean",butthemostinnerpartofthe bayandthatoneunderheavymunicipalandmaritimepressuresarehighlypolluted.        

481                      Fig.3:TheGISͲtypetoolfortheSevastopolBay. 

 Fig.4:The5Ͳgrade"trafficlight"indexfortheaveragesummerconcentrationofammoniumin theSevastopolBaywaters.  Yet,themostvaluablepartofthecurrentversionofthesystemincorporatesanumberofindexes chosen within the PEGASO project for environmental assessment (http://www.coastalwiki.org/w/images/b/b6/PEGASO_T4.1_Indicator_methodological_paper_V1 .pdf).Allindexeshavebeendividedin8groupsinlinewiththeconsideredpolicies: 1. Preservethewealthofnaturalcapitalincoastalzone 1. Distributional pattern of certain marine and coastal habitats under the SPA Protocol 2. Stateofthemainspeciesstocksbyseaarea 3. Effectivemanagementofprotectedareas:shareofcoastalandmarinehabitatsand 482    specieslistedunderinternationalagreements(SPAprotocol)thatareingood 2. Toensureappropriategovernanceallowingadequateandtimelyparticipationina transparentdecisionͲmakingprocessofallrelevantsocialactors 3. ToensurecrossͲsectorialcoordinationamongcompetentauthorities 4. ToformulatelandͲusestrategies,plans,andprogrammescoveringallcoastaland marineuses 1. AgovernancesystemandlegalinstrumentinsupportofMarineSpatialPlanningis inplace 2. There are spatial development plans which include the coastal zone but do not treatitasadistinctandseparateentity 5. Togiveprioritytopublicservicesandactivitiesrequiringtheproximitytothesea, andtotakeintoaccountthespecificcharacteristicsofthecoastalzoneswhendeciding aboutcoastaluses 1. Economicproductionpersector(turnover) 2. Employmentstructure 3. Percentageofeconomicactivitiesareainthecoastalarea 4. Valueaddedpersector 6. Tohaveabalanceduseofcoastalzone,andavoidurbansprawl 1. Land use flows: The area of new developments and its share on previously developedandundevelopedlandinthecoastalzone 2. AreaofbuiltͲupspaceinthecoastalzone(boththeemergedandsubmergedarea ofthecoastalzone) 3. Waterefficiencyindex(specialreferencetoarticle9.1c) 4. Changesinsize,density,andproportionofthepopulationlivingonthecoast 7. To perform Environmental Impact Assessment for human activities and infrastructures 1. Bathingwaterquality 2. Hydrochemicalquality 3. Concentrationofnutrients 4. Numberofhypoxiaeventsorextentofhypoxicareas 5. Eutrophicationindex 6. Watercolumnstratification 7. Pollutionbyhazardoussubstancesinbiota,sedimentandwatercolumns(PLI) 8. Trendsintheamountoflitterwashedashoreand/ordepositedoncoast 8. Topreventdamagetocoastalenvironment,andappropriaterestorationifdamage alreadyoccurred 1. Arealextentofcoastalerosionandcoastalinstability 2. Areal extent of sandy areas subject to physical disturbance (beach cleaning by mechanicalmeans,sandminingandbeachsandnourishment) 3. Risk assessment: economic assets at risk of storm surges and coastal flooding (consideringsealevelrisescenario'sandreturnperiodsofstormsurges)

483        4. Riskassessment:biologicaldiversity(habitats/species)atriskofstormsurgesand coastalflooding(consideringsealevelrisescenario'sandreturnperiodsofstorm surges)  5. Riskassessment:Populationlivingintheatriskareaofstormsurgesandcoastal flooding(consideringsealevelrisescenario'sandreturnperiodsofstormsurges) 6. Productiveandprotectedareaslostduetosiltation,saltwaterintrusion 7. Seasurfacetemperature 8. Sealevelrise                    Fig.5:AnexampleofinformationintheformoftablesandmapsforABi(distributionalpatternof certainmarineandcoastalhabitatsundertheSPAProtocol). 

484      Informationonindexesisgeneratedintheformoftablesandvariousmapsandgraphs (Fig.5and6).Themostimportantadvantageisthatallindexesarecalculated"ondemand"for neededstations,areas,andperiodsoftime.Thismakespossibletoactuallyprovideanintegrated regional assessment, to monitor spatial and temporal variations in the state of coastal environment,totracenegativeandpositivetrendsduetochangesinanthropogenicpressures or/andclimatechanges.                              Fig.6:AnexampleofmapsintheelectronicversionoftheatlasoftheSevastopolBay.   485      6.2Whichhavebeenthemainconstraintsfacedduringtheapplicationofthetools? TheabsenceoftheBlackSeaICZMProtocol.  Section7.MainresultsofCASES 7.1Achievements The FP7 PEGASO project has been launched to investigate different aspects of and local conditionsforICZMandapplicationoftheICZMProtocolintheMediterraneanandBlackSeas. TheBayofSevastopolhasbeenchosenasoneofthesitesforpracticalapplicationoftheproject results,toassesslocalconditionsandtoprovidepracticallyusefulendͲproductsforthepurpose ofICZMimplementation. Scientific support, which is one of the components of ICZM, assumes participation of various specialistsandutilizationofvariousdatadependingonaspecifictask.Themajordisadvantageof traditionalsourcesofdata(atlasesanddatabase),istheneedtoaddressvariousspecialists.We have designed the system (http://wiki.iczm.org.ua/en/index.php/Download_the_latest_version_of_the_atlas)incorporating digitalatlasandGISfeatures,butalsoallowinginteractionwithdataandapplicationofdifferent ICZMtools.Themajorofthesetoolsareindexes.Whileinteractionwithdatamakespossibleto constructdifferentmaps,whichhavenotbeenpreloaded,toolsmakepossibletoanalyzedata. Thecurrentversionofthesystemincorporatesanumberofindexeschosenwithintheframeof thePEGASOprojectforenvironmentalassessment. ThewebͲportal(http://wiki.iczm.org.ua/en/index.php/Main_Page)andastandaloneCDversion of a GISͲtype tool for the Sevastopol Bay (http://wiki.iczm.org.ua/en/index.php/Download_the_latest_version_of_the_atlas) have been updated to incorporate additionally recovered information on the marine environment. Additionaldatainregardtolocalenvironmentalassessmenthavebeenalsoachievedfromour stakeholders. Thelistofthesuggestedindicators,aswellasotheravailableindicators,havebeenevaluatedfor thepurposesoflocalconditionsandapplication.Theselectedindicatorswillbeincorporatedinto thedevelopedCDversionofaGISͲtypetoolfortheSevastopolBayoverthenextworkingperiod andpresentedtolocalstakeholdersforevaluation. WehavealsoevaluatedthewaystoincorporatescenariostooltoourCDversionofaGISͲtype toolfortheSevastopolBay.AdditionalinformationofcurrentsintheSevastopolBayhasbeen incorporatedintheCDversionofaGISͲtypetoolfortheSevastopolBayinlinewiththesoftware toolforitsevaluation.Additionally,wehaveincorporatedinformationonpossibleconsequences ofthesealevelchangesforthecoastalzoneoftheSevastopolBay.    

486      Oneofthemostimportantpartsofourworkhasbeenaddressedtointeractionwithstakeholders inregardtoevaluationofourresults.Asanoutcomeofourinteraction,stakeholders(whenthey feel that our work and results are important) have issued letters of endorsement (http://wiki.iczm.org.ua/en/index.php/Dissemination). So far, we have got 4 such letters and 3 moreareexpectedinthenearestfuture.Ourresultshavebeenalsopublishedandacknowledged in two newspaper publications and presented in several scientific publications (http://wiki.iczm.org.ua/en/index.php/Scientific_publications). WehavetakenpartintheMedOpenVirtualTrainingCourseonIntegratedCoastalZone   Management organized by The Coastal Management Centre Priority Actions Programme/Regional Activity Centre (PAP/RAC) and successfully completed it (http://iczm.org.ua/en/index.php/Capacity_building_and_achievements). We have also taken part in the PEGASO HandsͲon Training workshop: Introduction and implementationofSpatialDataInfrastructures(SDI’s),22Ͳ25October2012,Oostende,Belgium, and participated in special onͲline training on SDI led by Mr. Pablo Fernández Moniz, and successfullycompletedit.GeoServerandGeoNetworksoftwarewasinstalledonlocalserversand necessary settings applied. Grids for oceanographic atlas of Sevastopol Bay are converted to GeoTiFFanddescribedasWMSlayerstoworkasspatialdataservice.WMSdevelopedonthe base of open source web GIS software MapServer (http://193.42.157.77/ru/index.php?r=atlas/wms/view&id=19). We have contributed to the development of SDI. We have initiated a local geonode to make availableourinformation,whichisnotaccessiblefromotheronlinesources: GeoNetworkcatalog http://geonetwork.ibss.org.ua:8080/geonetwork/srv/eng/main.home GeoServerWMS http://geonetwork.ibss.org.ua:8080/geoserver/pegaso/wms InstitutewebͲsite http://mhi.nas.gov.ua/eng/ We have installed and configured one of the latest versions of GeoServer application and GeoNetworktoserveasametadatacatalogue. Our GeoNetwork will provide data and metadata for local stakeholders under different group fromPEGASO.DataandmetadatawillbeavailablethroughourGeoNetworkinterfacetolocal stakeholders. We have restricted available coordinate reference systems advised by the PEGASO community withfewmoreforthelocalusage.

487      

 

  We have distributed information on PEGASO project and available PEGASO tools to local stakeholders.Wehavepresentedourresultsfromtheprojectinformsofscientificpublications, presentationsatscientificmeetings,newspaperarticles,informationonlocalTVprograms.The localICZMPEGASOwebsitewillremainoperationalandactiveforyearsafterthePEGASOproject iscompleted.  

488       7.2Lessonlearnt ResultsofourworkdemonstratetheverypossibilitytoapplyscientifictoolsforICZMissues,but theBlackSeaProtocolmustbeinventedandadoptedtomakeitpossible. “Tools”meansasystemthatmakespossibletochoose,apply,andgetnewmapsorindicators from existing data (readyͲtoͲgo results rarely fit the needs of stakeholders and soon become outdated). The system depends on the data flow, data management, interactive atlas, and indicators calculationandpresentationengines.Thisistheonlywaytofitvariousneedsofstakeholdersand keepgeneratedresultupͲtoͲdate. 







489    

15.DanubeDelta(Romania) Section1.CoastalIssues  Whydidyouselecttheidentifiedcoastalissues? The identified coastal issues were selected due the fact that these are the more often encounteredandhavethemainimpactinthemanagementofthecostalzones. AfterathoroughanalysisonthecoastalissuesafferenttoSulinaCase(fieldresearch),andbased on a basic stakeholder analysis (interviews, meetings), at the beginning of the analysis, DDNI teamdecidedtosumupthemaincoastalproblems,asfollows:

ANTHROPOGENICPRESURES ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS induced by done by the accentuated development of anthropogenicfactor,identifiedintheRomanian differentsocioͲeconomicactivitieswithinnatural coastalzone, spaceofthecoastalzone Agricultureandfoodindustry CoastalErosion/Sediment’sdynamic MarineFishing Naturalresourcesextraction/beachsand Constructions/holidayhouses Water pollution /air (hydrocarbons, greenhouse Ports/Navigation effectgases,s.a.) TouristicPortsExtension:dredging,… Transport Shipyards OverͲExploitationoffishstocks ManufactureIndustry Habitatslosing/Endangeredspecies ExtractiveIndustry:sandminingincoastalareas Populationgrowth Tourismandrecreation Urban expansion: Sulina, St. Gheorghe touristic Military and Defence Activities (inland/marine): resorts seawardshuting Freshwaterintrusion  Uncontrolled development of touristic and recreation activities over the tourism carrying capacity(inefficientsolidwastemanagement) Otheractivitieswithcoastalandmarineecosystemimpact: ͲUrbandevelopment ͲNavigationconstructions ͲOilplatforms Whatisthesocial,politicalandeconomicrelevanceoftheidentifiedcoastalissues? ThesocialidentifiedcostalissuesinthePEGASORomanianCaseStudySulinaareasfollows: • Lackofjobsinthearea; • Migrationofskilledlabor; • Populationdecrease.Overtime,thenumberofpopulationinSulinaregisterednumerical variations,dependingonsocioͲeconomiccontextoftheregion.Ifintheinterwarperiod,the populationreached15,000inhabitants,thisnumberbegantodeclineconsiderablyreaching 5,256 in 1997 and less than 4,569 inhabitants respectively for 2011, due to lower birth, specificisolationoftheDanubeDelta,pooreconomicresourcesanduncertainjobprospects, especiallyforyoungpeople;

490     • If in 1992, a very small percentage (4%) of population was involved in agricultural activities, at present, the weight of this sector is nonexistent according Tulcea County DepartmentofStatistics; • Loweringoflivingstandards; • Lackofinterestinmaintainingtraditionalculturalvalues; • Lackofmedicalservicesinthearea,thehospitalbeingclosed. Therearealotofmissingconditionsforagoodlifestatusinstudiedareaforexampleamain service(medicalone),jobopportunityetc.Alltheseleadtoamajorsocialproblemforthe areanamelythedecreaseoftotalinhabitantsofthestudiedarea.Theverybadfaceofthis issueisthefactthatmostofthepeoplethatleavethetownaretheactiveonesoryoung ones.Themigrationofthepeoplefromthetownhasbadinfluencestothearea,despitethe fact that the pressure seems to be less. But this is just a false less pressure because the tourismisincreasingandthehumanpressure,too. Thepoliticalissuesaremorerelatedtothelawsandrulesthatshouldstipulatetheformand thedirectionofthemanagementofthestudiedareaanditscomponents.Themainpolitical issuesareasfollows: • Legislationonwaste(misunderstandingoftheEuropeanDirectiveonWaste); • Nodelineationofthecoastalzone; • Lackofrulesforimplementationofcoastalzonelegislation; • Interestsinchangingtheutilitiesofthebeach. Thefirstissueisveryimportantinordertohavea“clean”environmentandtohaveagood management of the coastal zone (including the waste management). The Coastal zone delineationisoneofthemostimportantissues;thisoneisthebasisofthemanagementin general and management of the coast in special. The missing legislation regarding coastal zoneistheresultoflowinterestinformerperiods(communismregime)forthoseregions. This situation makes even harder the management of the coastal zones. There are some stakeholdersthatfollowonlytheirowninterestandwanttochangethewayofuseofthe beachinordertoproduceahigherincomefortheirown.Thiscouldbecontradictorywiththe sustainabledevelopmentofthestudiedarea. Theeconomyofaregionisliketheairforthelivingbeings,forthecoastalzonesistoo.Ifina region are economical difficulties that region suffers. For the studied area there were identifiedthefollowingmaineconomicalissues: • Inexistenceofafishstockmarket; • ClosingtheSulinaShipyard; • Lackoflocalinvestments. 491     Theabsenceofafishstockmarketcouldleadtoanalterationofthemerchandiseintheway toamarketfromanotherplace,differentfromtheoneofproduction.Intheseconditionsthe priceofthefishcouldincreaseandthemoneycouldbeblocked.Closingtheshipyardmadea lot people to lose their jobs and to have a lower buying force noticeable in financial circulationwithinthestudiedarea.Inrelationwiththeshipyardactivitywereotheractivities thatinvolvedalotofpeoplethatlosttheirjobs,too.Theinvestmentsareveryimportantfor an area in sense of improving the management considering also the natural and artificial environment. x Haveyoudevelopedselectedorcalculatedindicatorsinordertodepictthesituation andtheproblemsyouplannedtoconsider? FortheRomaniancasestudywithinthePEGASOProjecttherewerenotdeveloped,calculated indicatorinordertodepictthesituationandmentionedissuesthatweretakingintoaccount. Section2.RelationsbetweencoastalissuesandICZMProtocolandPrinciples. 2.1HowdotheselectedcoastalissuesrelatetotheICZMprinciplesandprotocol? TheIntegratedCoastalZoneManagementprinciplesandProtocolideasconvergetothesame desideratetohaveabettermanagementofthecoastalzonestakingintoaccountasmuchasit cancomponentsandparameters. ThereareeightICZMprinciplesasfollows: x Abroad‘holistic’perspective(thematicandgeographic); x Alongtermperspective(ensurethatdecisionstakentodaydonotforecloseoptionsfor thefuture); x Adaptivemanagementduringagradualprocess(integratedplanningandmanagement isaprocessthatdevelopsandevolves–goodinformationprovisionisbasis); x Reflectlocalspecificity; x Workwithnaturalprocesses; x Participatoryplanning; x Support&involvementofallrelevantadministrativebodies; x Useofacombinationofinstruments. The‘holistic’perspectiveiskeptalsoforthecasestudythatisaboutinthesensethatwetook into account the fact that the studied area is an integrated part of Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve.WetriedtointegrateoneofthemainobjectivesofaBiosphereReserve(preservethe biodiversity) into the studied areaas principalscope. The long term perspective is ensured by usingandhavinginmindthemanagementinasustainableway.Thesustainabledevelopment supposes a balanced development in order to have access to actual resources for future generationofhumans.Thesustainabledevelopmentisbasedonapreciseandrigorousspatial planningwheretherearealltheprocessesincludedandanalyzedforallkindofperiods(short, medium and long periods). It is wellͲknown that some processes are suitable for long terms, others for short terms, from these resulted an adaptive management in the spatial planning 492    process.OneoftheissueresultedintheSketchMatchmeetingwasthatthestudiedareaisinthe wayoflosingthetraditionsandspecificity.Thusinthisprojectitismentionedtheproblemof keepingthespecificityoftheareaandmoretoadaptthesolutionswhichshouldsolvetheissues to the local specificity. For having a good biological diversity it is necessary to preserve and ‘encourage’naturalprocesstoremainunalteredandtobelinkedbetweenthem. The Sketch Match is a participatory rural appraisal, and by its definition it involves the knowledge,theexperienceandthewillofthelocalstakeholders(includinglocalinhabitants)in theprocessofrisingtheissuesandintheattempttosolvethemortotrytofindsomedirection todiminishtheirinfluenceintotheirarea(studiedarea).Asidentifiedstakeholderstherewere invited local authorities (e.g. Mayor, County Council, Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve Administration)andtherewasrequestedtheirsupport,involvementtoestablishthemainissues oftheareaandalsothepossiblesolutions.Forthiscasestudytherewerenumeroustoolssuch as: Geographical Information System (GIS), Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA), ConsideoModeller,CrossImpactBalanceanalysis(CIB)etc. The activities done within the PEGASO Project Case Study Sulina were formulated in such manner to promote, to revere and to recommend the ideas and objectives of the Integrated CoastalZonesManagementProtocolinawaythateverystakeholderonthecoastalzonesand alsolimitrophetothesetobeawareofthisProtocolanditsmaindirection.Foragoodspatial planningthereisneedthatmostofthestakeholdersfromanareatohavemeetingswhereshould be discussed the issues and their solutions regarding the coastal zones and others zones that couldinfluencethese. Section3.PolicyissuesandICZMprinciplesandapproaches. 3.1Sofar,howhavebeenthecoastalissuesaddressedbythelocal/regionalgovernment? 3.2Atwhichspatialscale? TheGovernmentofRomaniasetsahighvalueonthedevelopmentandimplementationofan Integrated Coastal Zone Management system. The main challenges to the development of the coastalzonearecausedbythefollowingfactors: •Unsustainableuseofthecoastalresources, •IncreaseinpopulationintheCZareaand •TheenvisagedlongtermimpactsofGlobalClimateChange. Thefirsttwofactorsareamongstothersleadingto(i)coastalerosion,(ii)pollutioncausedby non point sources (as a result of agricultural development and increase use of fertilizers, insecticidesandpesticides)andpointsources(industrialwasteandmunicipalwastewater)(iii) depletion in fish stocks due to over harvesting and (iv) problems with land use planning as a result of conflicting claims to land for urban, industrial and recreational purposes (including tourism).Also,theglobalchangeinclimatethatwillleadtoasealevelriseandpossiblechanges instormregimesandriverdischargeswillhaveanimpactontheRomaniancoastalzone. Asaconsequenceoftheabove,thelegalbasisforICZMwascreatedthroughtheadoptionof theEmergencyOrdinance(EO/2002)andtheformulationandvettingoftheICZMLaw/2003. 493      Further, an Outline ICZM Strategy was developed through the Netherlands funded project “Implementation of WFD and ICZM in Coastal and Transition Waters” (MATO/2/RM/9/1: 2003Ͳ 2005). Despite these developments it is felt that several issues of the legal framework, the institutionalstructurerelatingtoICZMaswellassomeofthecoastalissuesremainunsolved.This specificallyrelatestothefollowingmatters:TheNationalICZMLaw,morethan40pages,isavery comprehensiveLawandisagoodattempttobaseaRomanianICZMProgrammealongthelines oftheEUͲWFDandICZMRecommendations.However,itmighthamperimplementationthrough too many details concerning sectorial obligations and providing too small amount of sectorial incentivesforsustainabledevelopmentoftheRomaniancoastalzone. The National ICZM Committee was established in June 2004 by Government Decree 1015/2004.AsprescribedbytheICZMLaw,about50departments,institutionsandorganizations from the national, county and local level are represented in the National Committee (NC). Although forming a good representation and a good cross section of the national and local coastal communities, it seems to be too large a committee to be an effective body for policy preparationandpreparingpoliticaldecisions.(Coman,Alexandrov,Dumitru,&Lucius) Because the coastal system is complex and multidisciplinary, it needs an integrated approach,asmentionedintheICZMProtocol,atnationallevel,butwithagoodcoordinationat locallevel.TheapproachesoftheRegionalandLocalgovernmentrevealasectorialapproachin thecoastalissues. In its broadest conception, a “system” may be described as a complex of interacting components together with the relationships among them that permit the identification of a boundaryͲmaintaining entity or process. The line that separates the aspects of a system from those of its environment tends to blur as the unit of observation moves from natural and designedphysicalsystemstohumanandconceptualsocialsystems.(Laszlo&Krippner,1997) In Sulina Case, at local level, socioͲeconomic and cultural problems, in the context of environment protection request alternative methods for the systemic approach. One of these approachesreferstospatialsystemmodeling. Sinceatnationallevelthereisahighinterestinthecommitmentsrelatedtothecoastal zone management, the concern at regional and local level increases in a sectorial approach. Having a solid legal basis and an integrated approach stated by the ICZM Protocol, the local authorities can follow the guidelines for an integrated management towards sustainable developmentandanimprovedcoastalzonemanagement.





494    3.3Canyouassesstheresultsoftheimplementedpolicies?Whicharethemainresults achieved?   Toachievethepurposeofplanning,activitiesshouldbeoperatedwithanacceptableand workablesystemthatdefinesthetypeofchangeforwhichplanningisneeded.Spatialplanning presumestheobligationtoprepareplansandpoliciesdecisionmaking,theneedforaconsensus on implementing the change, the obligation to support preparations for a consensus and the righttobeconsulted,inordertoobjecttoaplanoradecision. After the analysis of the spatial planning system, using the participatory approach proposedinourCASE(theSketchMatchsessions),DDNI specialistsdevelopedamodelofthe actualsystem,usingCONSIDEOsoftware(seeSection6Tools).InFig.1a,bthegraphshowsthe system’sevolution,takingintoaccounttheimpactbetweenitscomponents. Fromthisexerciseonmodelingthespatialplanningsystem,wehadthenextobservations: x Eachmajorfactorimpactsthesystemdifferently x Onlongterm,Economicfactorimpactsthesystemstronger,whileonshortterm,the mostimportantfactoris‘Social’ x Theproportionofthemajorcomponentsimpacttendstobeveryclosetothespatial planningdefinition(apositiveimpactofthecoastalzonepolicyimplementation).

Fig.1a–SpatialplanningModel–CoastalzoneSulina

495   

Fig.1b–SpatialplanningModel–CoastalzoneSulina

 Using the stakeholders’ involvement and policy makers contributions, DDNI specialists designedauniquegraphicoftheimpactswithinthespatialplanningsysteminthecoastalareaof Sulina. Following this graph, decision makers can follow the most important steps in the decisional process (conducted until now, but applicable also from now on) and what are the componentsthatneedfirstapproaches. 3.4.OnthebasisoftheICZMprinciples(astheyareexpressedbytheProtocol),doyouthink thatthecoastalissueswereaddressedwithanintegratedapproach(intermsoforganization, politics,tools,etc)?  Nowadays,anewimportantissueistheinterͲsectorialapproachofmanagementpolicies andspatialplanning.Duringtheninetiestheparadigminthe‘waterchallenge’shiftedagain.The attentionthenfocusedondevelopmentandrestorationoflandscape,andnaturedevelopment. Still, for the coastal zone of Sulina there is no decisional structure for an integrated management,forwardplanforthesea.Neitheristhereasystemwherebyplanshavetofitintoa marineplanningstrategy.However,thereisavarietyofregulatoryprocessesbywhichlicenses, permitsandotherauthorizationshavetobeobtainedforspecificproposalsoractivitiessuchas transport,fisheries,oroffshoredrilling.Someregulatorscanimposerestrictionsonactivitiese.g. intheDanubeDeltaBiosphereReservemarineareaortheMarineProtectedArea2MaiͲVama Veche. These regulatory regimes are changing over time due to the developments of the activities in the marine environment and status of marine ecosystem (e.g. diminishing of fish stocksduetooverͲfishingimplyrestrictionsonfisheryactivities,explorationforandextractionof oil,thebuildingorextensionsofports,otherinfrastructuremeasures).Someoftheseregulatory processes have a spatial dimension in the sense that there are defined areas of sea where particularactivitiesarepromotedorrestrained. Section4.RelevancewithNationalICZMprocess 4.1DoyouthinkthatyourworkisrelevantfortheICZMprocessofyourcountry?Whyand how?

496     OurworkbasedonSketchͲMatch(SM)methodfollowtheprocedurewhichpermitextensionof the experience to the entire Danube Delta Coastal Zone, from the Identifying Problems and OpportunitiestotheICZMPlanFormulationͲManagementmeasures,basedonConceptualand EmpiricalModels. Also, Coastal Zone management Landscape Variables identified through several indicators, are essentialforanswerstoquestionsas: Howwilltheproject’sresistanceandresiliencechangeovertime?Isthisacceptable? Whatarethelikelylandscapechangesovertime?Howwilltheyaffectthesite? IntheDanubeDelta,therehadbeendevelopedandapplied,especiallyinthesecondpartofthe XX century, a lot of management plans and policies which were grounded exclusively on neoclassical economy principles. These principles had a large class of economical and social objectivesfromwhichsomewereidentifiedasdrivenforcesforthiswetlandͲcoastalzoneSystem, instructuralandfunctionalchanges,suchas: 1.economicalobjectivetranslatedasarablesurfaceextensionandincrease agriculturalproduction; 2.urbanandindustrialdevelopment; 3.protectionagainstfloods; 4.tomaintainanddevelopthenavigationconditionsandinfrastructure. Achievingthesestrategicandpoliticalobjectivesrequiredthedevelopmentandimplementation ofmanagementplansandprograms,eachconsistingofawiderangeofhumanactivitiesandthat meanstoexercisepressureontheDanubeDeltacoastalzone. Asiswellknown,theproductivityandstabilityofecosystemsdependsdirectlyontheirviability, to provide physical support for the use of natural resources and to provide socioͲeconomic systemservices.Analysisofecosystemsasdynamicsystems,nonlinearandasproductionunits consistsinlengthyprocessesofwhichvariabilityanddiversityareessentialforunitstabilityand productivity. This analysis does not overlook the social and economic implications, taking into account the relationship between Natural Assets of the unit and the existing SocioͲEconomic System,followingthesameprinciples. For a coherent understanding and interpretation due to the spatioͲtemporal dynamics of interactionscomplexitybetweenhumanpopulationandenvironmentitisneededtotacklebya theoreticaltransdisciplinaryintegratingmodelframeworkthatallowschanges,transformations, trendsandadjustmentsidentification/understandinginthesystem,regarding: 1.Ecologicalintegrity.Becauseofstronginterferencefromhumanactivities,itisnotpossibleto restorecoastalzoneecosystemstothepristinestate.Thehealthoftheecosystemmaynotbeas theoriginalecosystem,butitmustbeselfͲsustainingsystem. 2. Objective integrity. Danube Delta is a complex of ecosystems, and should meet the flood controlobjectives,landscapefunction,andachieveaharmoniouswater–humanrelationship. 3. Spatial distribution. Within the context of integrated coastal management theory, the evaluation of the ecological status should consider the characteristics of the different spatial components and the differences of environmental problems in the area, including differences

497    betweencomponentsanddifferentecosystemservicefunction.    4. Ecological improvement. ICZM projects developed under SM creates hydrological, geomorphologicandecologicalconditionsthatallowtherevitalizationofCoastalZonetobea resilientselfͲsustainablesystemandforrecoveryfromrapidchangeandstress. 5.EcologicalassessmentͲpreandpostprojectassessment The circumstances that we seek to address in ICZM are often very challenging. The areas of degradedland,nowadayspresentinvariouspartsofthecoastalzonesarelarge.Somesystems areseverelydegradedandwillbecostlytorepair.Further,peoplearestillusingmanyofthese degradedsystemsandmanyofthesepeoplearepoor.Wemaynotsucceedinfullyeradicating the causes of degradation in these circumstances but there is sufficient evidence for us to be optimistic. This evidence makes it clear that ICZM policy agreed by local people will be a key elementnotonlyofnatureconservationbutalsoforsustainabledevelopment. 4.2Onthebasisoftheworkthatyouhavedone,whichareinyouropinion,themain constraintsinimplementingICZMprinciplesandtools?Whatismissing?Wherearethemain gaps?Whereweshouldputmoreenergyandresourcesinthefuture? StrengtheninginimplementingICZMprinciplestheDanubeDeltaCoastalZone Thedramaticchangessince1989transformedsociety.Particularattentionisneededtothemain issues: - Institutionalcapacityandcooperation - Structures and capacity for private and public sector decisionͲmaking need to improve, including good planning and international cooperation, and supported by the macroͲ regionalapproach. - Theoptimaluseofresourcesisessential. Targetsasexamplescouldbe: - EstablishingbenchmarksforlocalICZMbureausandreducingexcessivebureaucracy; - Efficientexchangeofinformationbetweenrelevantlawsandlawenforcementactorswith theaimofimprovingICZMsustainability.  Toaddresstheseissues,weneedagoodbasetoworktogetherfor: x Asustainableframeworkforcooperation Allstakeholdersmusttakeresponsibility.WorkingtogetherwithinternationalandcrossͲborder organizationsacrosstheCoastalZoneRegionwillencouragesynergiesandavoidduplication.A reinforced territorial dimension will provide an integrated approach, and encourage better coordinationofsectorialpolicies. x Coordination SeveralproposalͲmeasuresareneeded.  PolicyͲlevel coordination which is the responsibility of the ICZM Commission, assisted by a

498    NationalSecretariatmustbecompletedbyLevelGroupofLocalICZMwhichcanbeorganizedat localadministrativelevel.TheCommissionwouldconsulttheGrouponmodificationstoStrategy and Action Plan, reports and on monitoring. The Group addresses policy orientation, disseminationandprioritization.ThecoordinationofeachPriorityAreafromICZMlawisthetask oftheCommissiontogetherwithLevelGroupofLocalICZM,exceptfortopicswhichaddressesat BlackSealevel. The facilitation role of the Commission is assisted by National Secretariat. These ensure coͲ ordinationineachadministrativeunitfromtheGroup,identifytherelevantcontacts,andabove alladvancepracticalaspectsofthework. x LinkswithEUpolicies–likeEuropa2020 It has five headline targets. These are: promoting employment; improving the conditions for innovation,researchanddevelopment;meetingclimatechangeandenergyobjectives;improving educationlevels;andpromotingsocialinclusioninparticularthroughthereductionofpoverty, andaddressingthechallengesofageing.TheICZM,withitsvisionfortheCoastalZoneRegionsin 2020, reinforces this. It supports sustainable growth, aiming to reduce energy consumption, increase the use of renewable energies, modernize the transport sector by making it more environmentally friendly and more efficient, and to promote ‘green’ tourism. It helps remove internalmarketbottlenecksandimprovesthebusinessenvironment. Section5.Stakeholdersinvolvement 5.1Haveyouinvolvedthemainstakeholders? For the participatory process was chosen a wide variety of national, regional and local stakeholderswithexpertiseintheSulinacoastalarea.Participantswererepresentativesofawide rangeofstakeholdersvaryingfromlocalpopulation,fishermenandNGO’storepresentativesof Local and County Council, Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve Authority, as shown in the table below:  Nb. Stakeholder Sector/level Competency 1 Danube Delta Biosphere Public/national xadministrates the natural heritage of national ReserveAuthority interest from the Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve(D.D.B.R.); xprotects and conserves geographical units & life qualityoftheDDBRterritory; xregulation and licensing of economic activities takingplaceinD.D.B.R.; 2 TulceaCountyCouncil Public/regional xprovidesthenecessaryfundsforimplementation thehydroconstruction,buildingandexpanding stocksofmaterialsandmeansofdefenseatthe townhalls,foroperationalactionssuchasflood protection and maintenance and repair of hydraulic engineering and maintenance of watercoursesbedsintheDDBRlocalities; 3 TulceaPrefecture Public/regional xis organized and operates as a public institution withlegalpowersdesignedtomeettheprefect acts. Prefecture Tulcea county contributes to achieving the strategy and objectives of the governmentprogram.

499    4 SulinaCityHall Public/local xaims to accomplish environmental protection measuresandimprovingtheappearanceofthe city and participate together with other specializedlocalbodiestopreventpollutionin thecityandcoastalarea; 5 Dobogea Regional Water Public/regional xunitary and long lasting water resources Branch management both for the surface and for the underground waters, and their protection againstexhaustionanddegradationlikerational andbalancedsharingoftheseresources; 6 EnvironmentalGuard Public/regional xcontrolsactivitieswithenvironmentalimpactand apply sanctions provided by the law on environmentalprotectioninDDBR; xcontrols howare respectedthe provisions of the regulationonenvironmentalprotection; 7 Administration of the Public/regional xassuranceofnavigationconditionsonDanubeby LowerDanube means of dredging works coast and floating signalization, piloting on the maritime Danube sectorbetweenSulinaroadsteadandBraila; 8 Romania Naval AuthorityͲ Public/local xinspecting foreign ships in maritime ports in Sulinaharbour nationalwatersoroncompliancewithrelevant provisionsofinternationalconventionstowhich Romania is a party on the ship and navigation safety, prevention of marine pollution from ships and working and living conditions on board; 9 SulinaBorderPolice Public/local xparticipate, along with local environmental authorities and bodies of the border of neighboring states, as appropriate, to take the necessary measures to prevent environmental risks and damage occurrence and, in accidents affecting the environment, to eliminate the effects; xassuressurveillanceoffluvialandmaritimeborder ; 10 Sulina Free Zone Public/local xSulina Free Zone Administration is streaming its Administration efforts towards these two latter topics: manufacturing and services. In this way, the possibilityofgoods’storageintheFreeZoneis very well completed by processing, sorting, marking,assemblingandmanyotheroperations whicharawmaterialorgoodmaysupport; 11 Danube Delta Friends NonͲProfit/regional xisanonͲgovernmentalorganizationestablishedin Foundation 2004 to protect the Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve; 12 Theoretic Lyceum “Jean Public/local xAwareness and educating young people about Bart” environmental issues and sustainable developmentintheirarea; 13 S.C.ThalasaS.R.L. Private/local xFreshwateraquaculture 14 Localpeople Community group / xLocalpeople local  5.2Howhaveyouinvolvedthem(e.g.focusgroup,interviews,questionnaire)? In order to assure sufficient and correct representation of local concerns and wishes in the 500    participatoryprocess,asmallͲscalesurveywasconductedpriortothepublicworkshop.    9 The 1st step in involving the stakeholders included 3 types of activities in the field: 13 semiͲstructuredinterviews,10surveysbasedonquestionnairesandfieldobservations.Questions usedforsemiͲstructuredinterviewswereadaptedtotheSulinastudyareaandthequestionnaire followedtheissuesbelow: 1) Ecological/economicimportance/significanceofCat’sBendarea; 2) IdentifyingthesignificanceandcontributionoftheactivitiesinSulinacoastalareaforthe regionaleconomy/stakeholder–identifyingtheformalandinformalgroupsthataffectthe managementofthearea; 3) Potentialeconomicvalue(current/future); 4) Rankingoftheircoastalareaissuesincomparisontootherproblems 5) Personalwishesandconcernsfordesignoffuturemeasures 6) Developmentperspectives/posibilities. 9 The2ndstepofourresearchconsistedinorganizingthestakeholderpublicparticipation workshop,entitledthe“SketchMatch”,whichtookplaceinSulinalocalityduring2daysofwork inNovember2012.Inthebeginningofthe2days’worksessiontheparticipantswereaskedto express their expectations related to the application of this participatory approach for Sulina pilotcase,expectationswhichareasfollows: x Reliable information on coastal are management, awareness of local people and stakeholders; x Results’IntegrationinDanubeDeltaBiosphereReserveManagementPlan; x Resultswhichwillhelpimprovingthequalityoflifeforlocalcommunity; x Practicalsolutions,lessonslearnedonhowtobeabletoimplementsolutionsidentifiedfor Sulinacoastalarea; x CoastalareadelimitationinSulina; x PreservationofculturalheritageinSulina; x Involvementoflocalpeopleofarea; x Collaboration between institutions present at the session after the project is ended; institutionalcollaborationforintegratedcoastalzonemanagement; x Solutionsforlandissues(publicvs.private); x FurthersocioͲeconomicdevelopmentofthearea.  Further,waspresentedtheworkmethodologyanddividedtheparticipantsin2(two)groupswith 501    followingtopics:spatialplanning&socioͲeconomicdevelopment.Themembersforeachgroup werechosentakingintoconsiderationtheirfieldactivityandexpertise(whichwasaskedtobe fulfilledintheconfirmationofparticipationform)andsplitin2(two)separaterooms,assistedby theexpertsfromDDNI.Eachgroupfocusedonproblemsandpotentialsoftheareafromtheir topic point of view. For all groups the participants were invited to familiarize themselves with SulinathematicmapsrealizedbyDDNIteam.Further,theparticipantstogetherwiththeDDNI expertsdrawtheirideasonoverlaysforeverythematicmap. Duringtheworkshop,thestakeholderscontributedspecificsubstantiveexpertiseonthe2topic chosenwithintheparticipatoryprocess,includingchangedlanduse,theconsequencesofvarious landuse,socioͲeconomicissues(e.g.unemployment,populationdecline,povertyandisolation) and infrastructure (e.g. roads, irrigation channels or pumping stations). Stakeholders also contributed political expertise, especially during the stakeholder meeting in the completion phase. The result of this 2 days’ workshop, the final sketch, took into consideration all the possible solutionsdrawbystakeholdersaccordingtotheirpointofviewandinterest,givinginthisway, thepossibilityofabetterfuturecoastalareamanagement.Itisimportantthattheawareness roseamongtheparticipantsduringthe2daysplanningsessionstocontinuebeyondtheproject forabetterinterͲinstitutionalcollaborationinSulina. 5.3Whichkindofconstraintshaveyoufaced? Ifinthebeginningofthedesignworkshop,participantsweregenerallyskepticalabouttheirrole intheparticipatoryprocess,attheendofthesessiontheyhaveexpressedtheirenthusiasmand appreciation that they had the chance to express their ideas and opinions openly, working togetherforthesamepurpose. Section6.Tools 6.1Whichtools(indicators,LEAC,scenario,participation,economicassessmentandsocial valuationorothers)haveyouusedduringtheactivitiesoftheCASES? The experience from previous projects, as well as the analysis, revealed the need of integration between the local population knowledge, governmental inputs and scientific coordination. In order to deal with this challenge, to gather the most important information abouttherealsituationatlocallevel,waschosentheparticipatoryapproachof‘SketchMatch’. Theanalysisandscenariostoolswerechosenaftertheanalysisdescribedabove(section3).With the purpose of using all the information and integrating it in a unitary methodology, the combinationofthismethodswasfoundthemostefficient.  ForthecoastalsystemanalysisinPEGASOcasestudySulina,wasusedanapproach thatcombinestheparticipatoryapproachesandscenariodevelopment(systemmodelingusing causalloopdiagramsandthecrossimpactbalanceanalysis).  A causal loop diagram (CLD) is a causal diagram that aids in visualizing how interrelatedvariablesaffectoneanother.Thediagramconsistsofasetofnodesrepresentingthe variablesconnectedtogether.Therelationshipsbetweenthesevariables,representedbyarrows, canbelabeledaspositiveornegative. 502    Causal loop diagrams provide a language for articulating our understanding of the dynamic, interconnected nature of our world. We can think of them as sentences which are constructed by linking together key variables and indicating the causal relationships between them. By stringing together several loops, we can create a coherent story about a particular problemorissue(Kim,1992).  TheCONSIDEOMODELERisatoolthatcanbeusedtovisualizeandanalyzethe causeandeffectrelationshipsthatexistinanycomplexsituationwithinbusiness,politics,and scienceandeveninyourownprivatelife.Itcancreateanewcultureofbetterplanning,better decisionͲmakingandbettercommunication.(Neumann,2009) Wecanopttodothefollowing:  Qualitative modelingͲto quickly weights the connections for factors using the values "weak,"middle"and"strong."Alreadyroughweightingallowsustoidentifythepositive factors (e.g. measures) and the negative factors (e.g. risks) that are involved in a challengeforboththeshortͲtermandthelongͲterm.  OrQuantitativemodelingͲtousedataandformulasinordertorunscenariosinsimulation cockpitstoforeseethelikelydevelopmenteffectsofbothrisksandspecificmeasures.  Cause and effect models go beyond mind maps: arrows are used to indicate relationshipsthatexistbetweenfactorsandtheeffectsthattheyhaveoneachother.Itcanbe usedtorepresenttheargumentsthrougharoughweightingoftheseeffects(systemsthinking). Or, alternatively, it can describe the relations mathematically by integrating data for whatͲif scenarios(systemdynamics).Theanalysisofthemodelshowcounterintuitivecauseandeffect chainsaswellasnonlineardevelopmentsthatarearesultoffeedbackloops.Itcanthenidentify possiblerisksandpromisingmeasurestotakeͲwhichperhapsnoexpertwouldhavecomeup with.(Neumann,2009)  6.2Whichhavebeenthemainconstraintsfacedduringtheapplicationofthetools? The main constraints faced during the application of the tools are related to the uncertainties.Asmentionedbefore,theinformationwascollectedinaparticipatorywayfromall the stakeholders identified previously, but the analysis revealed a lot of uncertainties and assumptions.Asalltheexistingscientificdatawascombinedwiththeinformationcollectedfrom peopleanddecisionmakers,theresultsopenedalotofdiscussionsandfuturesolutions,witha high rate of assumptions on the future developments. Even though the results showed the solutions for integration of coastal management and future thinking, the present conditions constrainedinthinkingsectorialandshortterm. Section7.MainresultsofCASES 7.1Achievements ThemainachievementofSulinaSketchMatchwasthesuccessfuloutcomeofthis“focus group” allowing surveyors to study the interrelations of stakeholders, their knowledge, their awareness of actual issues concerning their impact on the area and the needs to sustainable

503    development. x Enthusiasmandmotivationofparticipants x Excellentcooperationbetweentheorganizingteamandstakeholders x Theattendantswereopenfordiscussionsandcontributedwithrelevantarguments x Availabilityofgoodthematicmapswithrelevantanduptodatedata x Important preparation before the workshop (2 months before and a previous nonͲ formalmeetingwithstakeholders) x WellͲconsidered selection of participants based upon insight in the stakeholderͲ network x Good feedback and satisfaction that was able to address to issues as a team of authorities. x Final map of integrated issues highlighting all the problems and solutions debated duringtheSketchMatch x Systemanalysisonthecoastalzonemanagement,asfollows:  Using Consideo program we can model spatial planning system. As shown, the elements that define this system are: environmental, socioͲeconomic and cultural elements. Throughanalysisandthoroughresearchofthespatialplanningsysteminthecontextofcoastal zone system, spatial planning can be summarized in the Fig. 2. Analysis of the structure and functionsofspatialplanningsystemleadstotheobservationofsystembehaviorindetail. 

 

Fig.2:SubmodeloftheCausalLoopDiagramsforSpatialPlanningSystemModelingincoastalzoneSulina 504       CrossImpactBalanceAnalysis  To complete the spatial planning analysis, the next step in our approach is to address the strategic policy development and the use of scenario to improve the coastal management.  ThecrossͲimpactbalanceanalysis(CIB)isamethodforanalyzingimpactnetworks.The methodusesqualitativeinsightsintotherelationsbetweenthefactorsofanimpactnetworkin ordertoconstructconsistentimagesofthenetworkbehavior.TheCIBmethodisbasedon:  adisciplineindependent,qualitativelyorientedconceptofanalysiswhichpromotesthe applicationofthemethodininterdisciplinaryproblems;  an expert discourse approach which allows to collect, organize and to judge broad (as wellasdissenting)expertknowledgetocomplex,multidisciplinarytopicsinastructured way;  aprovenalgorithmfortheevaluationofthecollectedinformationandforconductinga qualitativesystemanalysis.  AtypicalapplicationfieldofCIBisscenarioanalysis.Theconstructionofscenarios frequently requires the examination of developments in many different fields (e.g. economic, political, social or technoͲlogical developments). Within different fields well established ideas about the possible developments often exist (e.g. in the form of a favorable, middle and unfavorable forecast variant). However, the development of holistic scenarios requires identifyingwhichcombinationsofthesevariantsarepromotedbythenetoftheirinterrelations. Thissystemicsynthesisofisolatedinformationtoanoverallpictureinthecontextofascenario analysiscanbecarriedoutwiththehelpofCIB.(WeimerͲJehle,2013) CrossͲimpactanalysisisagroupofmethodsdesignedtoprovidearoughanalysis of crossͲimpacting social, political, technological, environmental and economic events (multiͲ disciplinarysystems).ThebasicconceptwasdevelopedwithinthecontextoftechnologyforeͲ sight back in the nineteen sixties. Common to all CI method is a systematic approach, which basesonassessmentsoftheinterdependenciesofkeysystemvariablesinpairs,thusproducinga crossͲimpactmatrixasthesystemdescription.Dependingonthemethodused,differenttypesof expertjudgmentsareusedanddifferentalgorithmsappliedintheanalysis.(WeimerͲJehle,2010)  TheprocessstartsfromaninterdependencyͲorientedviewpointonsystems.First itisnecessarytodefineasetofsystemvariables(“descriptors”)withwhichthesystemcanbe adequately described for the purpose of obtaining a qualitative understanding. Relations betweenthedescriptorsaredescribedbyanetworkofinfluences(Fig.3).  505   

 Fig.3:Theimpactnetworkofasimplesystem  An impact arrow from descriptor 1 to descriptor 2 indicates that descriptor 1 impacts on descriptor 2, i.e. under otherwise identical conditions a change in the state of descriptor1causesachangeinthestateofdescriptor2.Thesystemasawholetendstowards stateswhichreflectthedoubleroleofeachdescriptorasbothimpactsourceandimpacttarget. (WeimerͲJehle,2010). The result of your qualitative modeling is the MODELER’s unique InsightͲMatrix that you get throughthecontextmenuforeachfactor(Table2).Itcomparestheimpactthattheotherfactors have on the chosen factor. The matrix shows on the horizontal xͲaxis the sum of direct and indirectinfluences.OntheverticalyͲaxisitshowstheeffectofreinforcing(R)andbalancing(B) feedbackͲloops. A positive x value and a positive y value point to an increasing effect that is escalating. A positive x and negative y value means the increasing effect gets diminished over time.Anegativexandyvaluepointtoanescalatingdecreasingeffectoffactorswhileanegative xandpositiveyvaluemeanthatthedecreasingeffectgetsreducedovertime.Bythisyoucan comparetheshort,mediumandlongterminfluencesoffactors  

  Table.2:CrossͲImpactBalanceMatrixusedinthestrategicpolicydevelopment  506      The image of the insight matrix for spatial planning system (Figure 4) shows how this factorisinfluencedbyotherfactors,invariousstagesofanalysis. One of the most important observations is that spatial planning in the coastal zone is influenced in the same way by its entire four components, but the one that has the most importantimpactisthe‚Economic’factor.

 Fig.4–ZoomonInsightMatrixforspatialplanningsysteminCoastalZoneͲShortTerm  Thus, there can be seen that the factors that influence the system always in an acceleratedandpositivewayare(analyzingtheimpactofshortͲterm)andwillbe(forlongͲterm analysis) ‘private investors support’, ‘investments’, the existence of the ‘beach’, the wellͲ developed ‘coastal zone legislation’ and the initiatives for ‘urban development’. An important increasingimpacthasalsotheexistenceofthehydroͲtechnicalworksforthecoastalzone(inthe Sketch Match session were named the Sulina hydroͲtechnical jetties, Danube’s embankments, and the basin near the coastal zone). With a small increasing impact we also find the ‘past industry’factor(referringheretoSulina’sshipyardandFishFactory).  On the other side, there are the ‘decreasing escalated’ factors. The big number of unemployment,pollution,badinstitutionalcoordinationandillegalfishingorfishstockdecrease willalwayshaveabadimpactonspatialplanningsysteminSulinacoastalzone.Consideringthe problemsofthestudyarea,theinsightmatrixrevealsalsothefactthatthepopulationdecrease, geoͲmorphological changes, coastal extension, natural risks and landscape fragmentation will alwayspreventspatialplanningsystemtodevelopincoastalzoneSulina.  TheCIBanalysisleadstoalistof13consistentcombinationsofstrategicoptions.Oneof thesethirteencombinationscouldbeseeninthenexttable(Table3).These13combinations arethemostconsistentonesfromapossibilityofmorethan1000combinations. 

507    

A.Infrastructure A3.RehabilitationtheroadfromSulinatoSf.Gheorghe B.Industry B4.Generalgoodsmarket– AZL C.Agriculture C1.Greenhouseforvegetables D.Tourism D2.Touristicsmallharbour E.Culturalpatrimony E1.Reabilitatepatrimonybuildings F.Healthservices F2.Facilitiesfordoctors G.Leisure G3.Rehabilitatetheplaygroundpark H.Towndevelopment H1.Buildingnewresidentialplaces,changethelandcover/usetopasture I.Wastemanagement I1.Abolitionofgarbagedump J.Biodiversityconservation J2.IntegratedManagementforDDBR  Table3–Exampleofonelistofoneconsistentcombinationofstrategicoptions  7.2Lessonlearnt Oneofthemainlessonlearntconsistintheproductiveandmorenaturalconversationspattern within the sessions compared to interviews with one citizen at a time. Addressing issues with severalcitizensatoncegetsresultsmorequicklyandmoreaccurately. x Alsoagoodmoderatoristhekeytoaconstructivediscussionespeciallywhenaddressing toissuesconcerningacertainauthority.Discussionscaneasilyderailwhenitcomesto responsibilityofauthoritiesandthat’swhenthemoderatorintervenes. x Thematicmapsarethegroundbaseofthediscussions.Interactiveplanningdetermines theauthoritiestoshareknowledgeandstrengthenthecommunityprideandcohesion. Also, these maps should have a more simplistic yet comprehensive design and their preparationmustbeacollectivetask. x Gooddrawingskillsforamethodicandcleanrepresentationofthediscussedissues x Shouldhavereturnperiodsasaconstantreminderfortheauthoritiestotakeactionsdeal withthemattersathanddiscussedandagreedwithintheinteractivesessions. x Keepingincontactwithstakeholdersandavoidpoliticaldebates.

  

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