Le Monde De Tivi Etok

bm8N x9MixZ1at5yi6 †[ w5©2 xW3hbsi[izi4 nNc5bym/q5bl u5ñk5 s÷W8 Sèx8 s÷W8 Robyn Bryant Robyn

/ / / xg3ic9ME5gi4 W5nÌ3[sA8Nix3g5 yMgÔizA5 x7ml wo5y[sJ8Nyx3gM‰5, ÔW swÌl5g6/ s÷W8 Sèx8/ Jobie Weetaluktuk / Robyn Bryant Wbc9ME5gw5 eu3D/s5yxg5ni4. wkw9l c9lˆ9l Ì4fNi m2WgC3i bfZ/3d5 si4Ïbsizi4 v2WxÖ5gMEs2 nNytx¬5hil swÌl5g6 ÔW Jobie Weetaluktuk Jobie wªymÔ2, w5JxC5nyx9ME4 s?5tkoµ6. ©N nKx †[ w5©2 Ce livre regroupant des entrevues et gravures wªyz nN1axDyzl si4vsyq9l de Tivi Etok est une véritable source de sagesse et d’enseignements auxquels il faudra s’attarder. K Le monde de / The WorLd of

Inuits et non-Inuits y trouveront l’histoire d’une vie o courageuse, artistique, et un modèle dont on peut s’inspirer dans sa propre vie. eT Donat Savoie

VI TIVI eToK The publication of Tivi Etok’s interviews and stonecuts is a valuable source of wisdom and TI La vIE ET L’aRT D’uN aîNé INuIT teachings, worthy of close examination. Inuit and d of of d

L ThE LIfE aND aRT of aN INuIT ELDER Non-Inuit will find in these pages the story of a si4vsyq9l wªyz nN1axDyzl courageous and artistic life, and a model for us all. – The Wor The Donat Savoie /

†[ w5©2 de monde Le

ISBN 978-2-89544-099-4 ,!7IC8J5-eeajje!

Extrait de la publication

CouvCaisseTivi.indd 1 13/05/08 13:18:19 vq3hJx6 ysCo4 Kangirsujuaq Siuralik sz?4 r9oi6 wrCnr5g6 vq3h4 Baie Killiniq Ikirasakittuq Kangirsuk d’Ungava S[3ig6 vq3hxl5Jx6 Puvirnituq Kangiqsualujjuaq x9lEo4 Allurilik bys/6 sz?4 N Tasiujaq ƒÔx6 Baie d’Ungava Kuujjuaq âi kN[4 Nain NUNAVIK ˜Xgx ˜Xgx2 wm3Wz Labrador N{¿2 vq3hxlz Mer du Labrador Navvaap Kangirsualunga

fÑ4 N{¿6 Navvaaq QUÉBEC

byv9M4 M O N T S L A B R A D O R Tasikallak © cs{[4 ˜X ÷m 3 ô 5 Qauvvik Ramah vsZ6 g x Kaugaq gW3[g3o4 c3 cq Tupirviturlik T O R N G

x9oÙ6 xmDbo4 vq3hxl5Jx6 Allipaaq Amarutalik Kangiqsualujjuaq d3lg6 5 Qurlutuq AT ƒD3Jx6 Kuururjuaq xt5/c5b4 NÙ3gw5 whx5 Napaartuit Isuat Atitjaqattak (mont Haywood) e3igx3J6 n=M6 Qirnituarjuq gk Saglek 9o 6 vq Tu Kangirsualujjuap Kuunga g4gg6 d3lgxl4 nulliq 3hxl5Jx2 ƒz (G eorge River)

Tuttutuq m3 Co4 Marralik Qurlutualuk 01020 40 km

e3ibj5 x?lm/sJ6 kw5yQxDbsK5 ƒD3Jx2 u3awy3[zb r9ozi4. Le tracé noir correspond aux limites du Parc national de la Kuururjuaq eSJi The black line corresponds to the limit of the Parc national de la Kuujjuarjuaq Hebron

PagesDeGardeCarte.indd 1 14/05/08 10:45:23 vq3hJx6 ysCo4 Kangirsujuaq Siuralik sz?4 r9oi6 wrCnr5g6 vq3h4 Baie Killiniq Ikirasakittuq Kangirsuk d’Ungava S[3ig6 vq3hxl5Jx6 Puvirnituq Kangiqsualujjuaq x9lEo4 Allurilik bys/6 sz?4 N Tasiujaq ƒÔx6 Baie d’Ungava Kuujjuaq âi kN[4 Nain NUNAVIK ˜Xgx ˜Xgx2 wm3Wz Labrador N{¿2 vq3hxlz Mer du Labrador Navvaap Kangirsualunga

fÑ4 N{¿6 Navvaaq QUÉBEC

byv9M4 M O N T S L A B R A D O R Tasikallak © cs{[4 ˜X ÷m 3 ô 5 Qauvvik Ramah vsZ6 g x Kaugaq gW3[g3o4 c3 cq Tupirviturlik T O R N G

Tuttutuq m3 Co4 Marralik Qurlutualuk 01020 40 km

e3ibj5 x?lm/sJ6 kw5yQxDbsK5 ƒD3Jx2 u3awy3[zb r9ozi4. eSJi Le tracé noir correspond aux limites du ParcExtrait national de la de publication la Kuururjuaq The black line corresponds to the limit of the Parc national de la Kuujjuarjuaq Hebron

PagesDeGardeCarte.indd 1 14/05/08 10:45:23 Catalogage avant publication de Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec et Bibliothèque et Archives Canada Weetaluktuk, Jobie Le monde de Tivi Etok : la vie et l’art d’un aîné inuit de Kangiqsualujjuaq, Nunavik – The world of Tivi Etok : the life and art of an Inuit elder from Kangiqsualujjuaq, Nunavik Texte en inuktituk, en français et en anglais. Publ. en collab. avec l’Institut culturel Avataq. ISBN 978-2-89544-099-4 1. Etok, Tivi, 1928- . 2. Etok, Tivi, 1928- – Entretiens. 3. Graveurs d’estampes – Québec (Province) – Nunavik – Entretiens. 4. Artistes inuit – Québec (Province) – Nunavik – Entretiens. I. Bryant, Robyn. II. Etok, Tivi, 1928- . III. Institut culturel Avataq. IV. Titre. V. Titre: World of Tivi Etok. NE543.E86W43 2007 769.92 C2006-941335-5F

Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Weetaluktuk, Jobie Le monde de Tivi Etok : la vie et l’art d’un aîné inuit de Kangiqsualujjuaq, Nunavik – The world of Tivi Etok : the life and art of an Inuit elder from Kangiqsualujjuaq, Nunavik Text in Inuktituk, French and English. Co-published with Avataq Cultural Institute. ISBN 978-2-89544-099-4 1. Etok, Tivi, 1928- . 2. Etok, Tivi, 1928- – Interviews. 3. Printmakers – Québec (Province) – Nunavik – Interviews. 4. Inuit artists – Québec (Province) – Nunavik – Interviews. I. Bryant, Robyn. II. Etok, Tivi, 1928- . III. Avataq Cultural Institute. IV. Title. V. Title: World of Tivi Etok. NE543.E86W43 2007 769.92 C2006-941335-5E

x5pax6 yM2Wxzî5g6: †[ w5g4 w8ixEx3ymJ6 N{¿j5 sW3¯at9lA @))#-u. s[Z3ins5hi xuhv9Mi4 bXN1qgCb3i4 x©tymJ6 Ì?i ˜Xgx2 wMzi. x5pax6 gkxî5g6: †[s2 ysC3u x9Max3b[iz srx5nst9lA @))%-u 1re de couverture : Tivi Etok de retour au fjord Navvaaq à l’été 2003. Dans sa jeunesse, Tivi a vécu des expériences insolites dans cette partie du Labrador. 4e de couverture : Dessin dans le sable par Tivi Etok, automne 2005. Cover photo: Tivi Etok revisits Navvaaq Fjord in the Summer of 2003. As a young man, he had many unusual experiences in this part of Labrador. Back cover: A drawing in the sand by Tivi Etok, Fall 2005.

x5pax4 yM2Wxzî5©4 gkxî5gl: x5pox[î4 DWx5 [Eyx5j5, kN[s2 u3awy[zi WNh5t Photographies des couvertures : Robert Fréchette Cover photography: Robert Fréchette

Extrait de la publication

Ittuk-Chew 4.indd 2 13/05/08 12:11:28 †[ w5©2 wªyz nN1axDyzl si4vsyq9l Le monde de / The World of Tivi Etok

Ittuk-Chew 4.indd 3 13/05/08 12:11:28 Ì8N xgxZoxaymJ6 WA8NytbsMsJ6 vJy5yxgi4 wvJ3yAtcc5bMsJ7m5 vNbs2 v?mzb wkoEpgc4fq5b kN[7ËozJi4 xqctŒZhx3tzb x9M[z xW3hc5bg[î4: µo wm3M4 G@)))H, ÔW swÌl5g6 G@))@H Nf3ümEx¬5bsJ5: ©my €Nˆ4, vq3hxl5Jxus6, ÉE4 Ù8y5, kNn{5, otx w5g4 iWox[î5 x9MymJË3cbsJ5 yxy wcl4-M1f„j5 wi9äp: ÔW swÌl5g6, wvJ3tc3hi s÷W8 Sèx8u4 xbs5yƒ3typ: y9[ ƒt ys, x?b6 WsygcoE[4 wk4t©o3tEJ5 b7mymJ3ysht9l: ÷p3M4 [lb+, µo ñ8b, µb Ùon, ÔW swÌl5g6 AwAwt©o3tEJ6: m‰ y¥9 SÇh kN1axi4 xgw8ND3tEJ6: ãm MD+-Dx, vt[4 kNooµ5 v x9MixZ1at5yymJ5: j9tmf5 Éditions MultiMondes-f5 x5pax3ÌE/symJ5 x?bs2 WsygcoE[zb x5paxgc3i4 kx5y[zi,5 sfx q5g©Zlx3tlQ5 ÷4 D§2 x5pdtq5 G!(%!H j8gEx9 kNozb WD3yxoE[zi5 WymJ5 †[ w5©2 Xt5tZox[iq5 fÑ2 b3Czi fxÑ5 wMŒnzi5 WymJ5 †[ w5©2 x9Max3bq5 ñ5g÷ul bfuN3goxEym/z m2WgC6 %!-ü5g6 fÑ4f5 yM3Jxu wªctŒAysJi4 bf/4nf[zi5 WymJ5 kN[s2 x5paxq5 s/S {Eyx5bu5 Wym7uJ5.

Cette publication a été rendue possible grâce à l’aide soutenue du ministère des Affaires indiennes et du Nord, Canada, Bureau du Négociateur Fédéral pour le Nunavik. Entretiens originaux : Molly Emudluk (2000), Jobie Weetaluktuk (2002) Remerciements spéciaux à Tumasi Annanack, Kangiqsualujjuaq, à Éric Poncet, Nunasoft ainsi qu’à Lydia Etok Transcription et traduction originales : Siasie Iqaluk Longue-Épée Rédaction et adaptation : Jobie Weetaluktuk, en collaboration avec Robyn Bryant Coordination : Sylvie Côté Chew, Institut Culturel Avataq Révision et traduction inuktitut : Georges Filotas, Martha Palliser, Malee Saunders, Jobie Weetaluktuk Traduction française : Marie-Cécile Brasseur Cartographie : Simon Larose-Roy, Section des parcs, Admnistration régionale Kativik Publication : Éditions MultiMondes Source des photographies : Collection de photographies historiques de l’Institut culturel Avataq sauf dans les cas suivants : Collection Jacques Rousseau (1951) : Jardin botanique de Montréal Estampes de Tivi Etok : Fédération des coopératives du Nouveau-Québec Dessins de Tivi Etok et bas-relief de la page 53 : Musée de la civilisation de Québec Photos du territoire : Robert Fréchette

This publication was made possible through the continued support of the department of Indian and Northern Affairs, Canada, Office of the federal negotiator for Nunavik. Original interviews: Molly Emudluk (2000), Jobie Weetaluktuk (2002) Special thanks to Tumasi Annanack, Kangiqsualujjuaq, to Éric Poncet, Nunasoft as well as to Lydia Etok Original transcription and translation: Siasie Iqaluk Longue-Épée Edited by: Robyn Bryant and Jobie Weetaluktuk Coordination: Sylvie Côté Chew, Avataq Cultural Institute Inuktitut revision and translation: Georges Filotas, Martha Palliser, Malee Saunders, Jobie Weetaluktuk French translation: Marie-Cécile Brasseur Cartography: Simon Larose-Roy, Parks section, Kativik Regional Government Publisher: Éditions MultiMondes Source of the photographs: Historial Photographs Collection of Avataq Cultural Institute except: Collection Jacques Rousseau (1951): Jardin botanique de Montréal Tivi Etok prints: Fédération des coopératives du Nouveau-Québec Tivi Etok drawings and bas-relief on page 53: Musée de la civilisation de Québec Photos of the territory: Robert Fréchette

Extrait de la publication

Ittuk-Chew 4.indd 4 13/05/08 12:11:28 ÔW swÌl5g6 F s÷W8 Sèx8/ Jobie Weetaluktuk / Robyn Bryant

†[ w5©2 wªyz nN1axDyzl si4vsyq9l Le monde de / The World of Tivi Etok La vie et l’art d’un aîné inuit The life and art of an Inuit Elder

Extrait de la publication

Ittuk-Chew 4.indd 5 13/05/08 12:11:28 ©Éditions MultiMondes, 2008 ISBN : 978-2-89544-099-4 Dépôt légal – Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec, 2008 Dépôt légal – Bibliothèque et Archives Canada, 2008

Éditions MultiMondes 930, rue Pouliot Québec (Québec) G1V 3N9 CANADA Téléphone : 418 651-3885 Téléphone sans frais : 1 800 840-3029 Télécopie : 418 651-6822 Télécopie sans frais : 1 888 303-5931 [email protected] http://www.multim.com

Distribution au Canada Distribution en Suisse Prologue inc. SERVIDIS SA 1650, boul. Lionel-Bertrand chemin des chalets 7 Boisbriand (Québec) J7H 1N7 CH-1279 Chavannes-de-Bogis CANADA SUISSE Téléphone : 450 434-0306 Téléphone : (021) 803 26 26 Tél. sans frais : 1 800 363-2864 Télécopie : (021) 803 26 29 Télécopie : 450 434-2627 [email protected] Téléc. sans frais : 1 800 361-8088 http://www.servidis.ch [email protected] http://www.prologue.ca Distribution en Belgique La SDL Caravelle S.A. Distribution en France Rue du Pré aux Oies, 303 Librairie du Québec Bruxelles 30, rue Gay-Lussac BELGIQUE 75005 Paris Téléphone : 0032 2 240 93 00 FRANCE Télécopie : 0032 2 216 35 98 Téléphone : 01 43 54 49 02 [email protected] Télécopie : 01 43 54 39 15 www.SDLCaravelle.com [email protected] http://www.librairieduquebec.fr

Les Éditions MultiMondes reconnaissent l’aide financière du gouvernement du Canada par l’entremise du Programme d’aide au développement de l’industrie de l’édition (PADIÉ) pour leurs activités d’édition. Elles remercient la Société de développement des entreprises culturelles du Québec (SODEC) pour son aide à l’édition et à la promotion. Gouvernement du Québec – Programme de crédit d’impôt pour l’édition de livres – gestion SODEC. Nous remercions le Conseil des Arts du Canada de l’aide accordée à notre programme de publication.

50 % Imprimé avec des encres végétales sur du papier dépourvu d’acide et de chlore et contenant 50 % de matières recyclées dont 15 % de matières post-consommation.

Imprimé au Canada/Printed in Canada Extrait de la publication

Ittuk-Chew 4.indd 6 13/05/08 12:11:36 †[s2 N9oQ/zb §y ÙC8 w5©2 w3csm/sizk5 wªA8âg[i6 k[7WE @))%-u

À la mémoire de Susie Baron Etok, l’épouse bien-aimée de Tivi, décédée en novembre 2005 To the memory of Susie Baron Etok, Tivi’s beloved wife, who passed away

Photo : Robert Fréchette in November 2005

Extrait de la publication

Ittuk-Chew 4.indd 7 13/05/08 12:11:43 Extrait de la publication

Ittuk-Chew 4.indd 8 13/05/08 12:11:48 Table des matières

Préface...... 77 Carabines, munitions Introduction...... 81 et adresse au tir...... 111 Devenir chasseur...... 112 Première partie – Ma vie et mon art Au bord de la famine...... 116 Parenté et territoire...... 83 Devenir un homme : les femmes Mon premier poisson...... 83 et le mariage...... 117 Mon premier festin...... 85 L’établissement de la coopérative...... 118 Ma première carabine...... 86 Les ravages de l’alcool...... 120 Déménagement à Kuururjuaq...... 87 Perdu et retrouvé...... 122 Ma famille, la maladie et la mort...... 87 Chiens et attelages...... 123 Mon premier phoque...... 88 L’ar t...... 124 Qallunaaq, l’homme blanc...... 91 Expériences spirituelles...... 124 Témoin de changements...... 93 Satan à Killiniq...... 124 Mon art...... 97 Un diable cauchemardesque...... 125 Les Tuurngait...... 103 Mon attelage et la noirceur...... 125 Une légende : Ikkiit...... 104 Les sépultures de Navvaaq...... 126 Autres entités de la péninsule Malices à Navvaaq...... 128 du Labrador...... 107 La belle Qallunaaq-Inuk...... 130 Deuxième partie – Les légendes de ma vie Le pied poilu...... 130 La légende d’Allurilik...... 109 Asiusaijiit...... 130 Mon père...... 110

Extrait de la publication

Ittuk-Chew 4.indd 79 13/05/08 12:14:32 hN1axAiz Nlâ3bs/Zi x9Max3ymJ6 †[ w5gj5 !(&%-u. Sans titre. Tivi Etok, 1975. Dessin. Untitled. Tivi Etok, 1975. Drawing. vNbs2 bf/4nf[z wªctŒAysJi4 yM3Jxu x5paxox[iz Éb M2‰s2 Musée de la civilisation, No 80-11591 Photo: Ida Labrie

Ittuk-Chew 4.indd 80 13/05/08 12:14:34 Introduction

Tivi Etok est né en 1929 dans un campement à surnaturel – ajoute de la profondeur, rafraîchit la Qirnituartuq. Comme bien des Inuits avant lui, Tivi représentation. C’est parfois un geste arrêté net, est né là où se trouvaient ses parents. Il a passé son un air de détermination, ou l’immersion dans enfance dans la tradition nomade de ses ancêtres un moment de réflexion. Il y a aussi la capture et a connu tant l’abondance que la famine. Il a du mouvement, par exemple lorsque les lièvres aussi connu les privations, la joie de donner un d’Amérique en train de danser semblent dire festin et l’innocence qui se fait si rare de nos jours. « nous voilà pris en flagrant délit ». Tivi est devenu graveur dans les années Lorsqu’il parle de son art, les sens aiguisés de soixante-dix, alors que de nombreux et distingués Tivi se font encore plus apparents. Il a un message artistes relevaient le défi de la lithogravure. à donner. Tivi est un magnifique conteur, un mari, Davidialuk de Puvirnituq, Joe Talirunilik aussi de un père, un chasseur, un homme spirituel, mais Puvirnituq, Thomassie Echalook d’Inukjuak étaient au-delà de tout cela, il est, semble-t-il, un artiste sans doute aussi connus que Tivi Etok, mais dans l’âme, le plus captivant des artistes de son l’œuvre caractéristique de Tivi a vite été saluée par époque. Puis, au sommet de sa créativité et de sa la critique internationale. Il a été le premier graveur productivité, il perd tout, parce qu’il vend le dessin inuit à publier sa propre collection en 1975. Tivi d’un artiste, un croquis à partir duquel on procède est déterminé à travailler dans un style particulier à la gravure. On lui avait peut-être expliqué à un lorsqu’il participe à un atelier de gravure donné moment de sa carrière qu’il ne devait pas vendre à Puvirnituq, au Québec, et son talent unique lui de tels originaux, mais en fin de compte, il a vaut alors l’admiration de ses pairs, des marchands transgressé une convention en estampe inuite et a d’œuvres d’art et du public acheteur. violé un contrat. C’est ainsi qu’il mine la réputation L’art de Tivi ne se distingue pas uniquement acquise au prix de tant d’efforts et met fin à sa par son style et la richesse du détail. L’expression carrière artistique. Avec le recul, il dira que cela des visages dans ses lithographies – fussent- lui a donné l’occasion de réfléchir et le temps de ils d’un animal, d’une personne ou d’un être prendre une pause bien méritée, mais il n’a jamais pu surmonter cet événement.

Extrait de la publication

Ittuk-Chew 4.indd 81 13/05/08 12:14:34 Le monde de Tivi Etok

Comme pour bien des Inuits, les récits Le présent ouvrage repose sur des entrevues surnaturels contenus dans ces pages ne sont pas qui se sont échelonnées sur plusieurs années. des contes aux yeux de Tivi. Ils sont aussi réels et En 2000, Mollie Emudluk a interviewé Tivi à indélébiles que les Inuits eux-mêmes. Les récits plusieurs reprises et retracé la voie de sa vie. des Inuits restent incomplets s’ils ne renvoient pas Les transcriptions de ces entrevues forment la aux Tuurngait, Inugagulliit, et Ikuutajuut. Même première partie de l’ouvrage. de nos jours, les Inuits vivent des expériences En 2002, je me suis rendu à Kangiqsualujjuaq du paranormal qu’ils peuvent raconter aussi pour faire un suivi. Tivi a alors partagé avec moi clairement qu’ils vous diront comment évider certains des événements extraordinaires de sa vie. un poisson. Le surnaturel n’est pas seulement Ces récits forment la deuxième partie. une partie importante des estampes de Tivi, il a J’espère que ces récits vous toucheront autant constitué toute son expérience de vie. qu’ils m’ont touché. La légende des Ikkiit et des monts Tuurngait Jobie Weetaluktuk en est un bel exemple. Bien sûr, c’est une légende, mais pour Tivi cela fait partie de l’histoire de la région. Tivi peut identifier précisément chacun des lieux mentionnés dans le récit, mais, tout comme le temps, les sujets infâmes de la légende nous échappent. Nombre des expériences surnaturelles de Tivi dépeignent les forces du mal, ces forces qui ont tenté de le tromper, de le mystifier ou de l’intimider. Après être passé à un cheveu de la mort et s’être converti, Tivi a été catéchiste de sa paroisse anglicane pendant de nombreuses années. Tivi et sa femme, Susie, ont eu quatre enfants, en ont adopté deux autres et ont un grand nombre de petits-enfants.

Ittuk-Chew 4.indd 82 13/05/08 12:14:34 The World of Tivi Etok

Ittuk-Chew 4.indd 153 13/05/08 12:18:42 g4gix3g6 III g4gys3gw5 c3Jgw8Nk5 v2WxN3gmE4ƒ?8id5 Wytx¬Zlxk5. X8i6 ñ5ygw8NExc3m W/sZhx3hi, xo5gwli x3kÇq8i4, ryxi mò5t4 ie5nui4 whmZu xJw8NX5g[i6.

Le chasseur et le caribou III Chasser le caribou à l’arc était fort dangereux, même pour le plus expérimenté. L’ animal attaquait souvent le chasseur et pouvait aussi déchirer ses habits. Mais le chasseur ne pouvait abandonner, car il avait besoin de viande. Hunter and Caribou III Hunting caribou with bow and arrow was dangerous even for the most skilled. The bull often attacked the hunter, and could even rip his clothes off, but the hunter needed the meat and could not give up. Xt5tZ6Fe3ib6/ Gravure sur pierre/noir / Stonecut/black / 19" 3 24 1/2", 1976, #10

Extrait de la publication

Ittuk-Chew 4.indd 154 13/05/08 12:18:43 Foreword

I was extremely pleased to receive Avataq’s their values, and the daily challenges they met invitation to introduce this book on the life and in their quest to supply their families with food work of Tivi Etok. and necessities. I came to appreciate not only I first had the privilege of visiting Nunavik in their capacity to survive, but their ability to come 1967 and 1968 when I went to Kuujjuaq, then up with original solutions to the challenges they known as Fort Chimo. At the time I was a student faced. at the Université de Montréal, studying under For many years I kept in touch with the Ittuk Professor Rémi Simard who had come up with family, especially Mususi, who had to spend some some funding from the Department of Indian time in a hospital in the south after an unfortunate Affairs and Northern Development so that I could hunting accident. conduct field research in an Inuit community. The years went by, and I did not see Tivi It was then that Tivi Etok invited me to stay again until January 2000, when I returned to with him and his family. He lived in the settlement Kangiqsualujjuaq with Jane Stewart who was of Kangiqsualujjuaq (George River) on the east then Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern coast of Ungava Bay, in northern Quebec. Besides Development. This was just after the avalanche Tivi, the household consisted of his wife Susie, his that killed or injured many community members. brother Joe Willie, his children Minnie, Tomasi, A few days later Prime Minister Jean Chrétien also Atami and Charlie, and his mother Sarah. During arrived to attend the funerals. my stay I had the chance to meet other Ittuk family It was at this time that Tivi asked me to stay in members including Mususi, Lucassie and Tomasie, the community for a while so that he could tell me as well as the residents of the community. the story of his life. I was honoured by his request, As a result of this opportunity to participate but my departmental responsibilities made it in family and community activities, I learned a impossible to stay in Kangiqsualujjuaq for several great deal about Inuit life, their way of thinking, weeks. I thought Tivi’s request deserved attention,

Extrait de la publication

Ittuk-Chew 4.indd 155 13/05/08 12:18:43 The World of Tivi Etok

so I contacted the Avataq Cultural Institute. The society. But this Assembly must take as much then President Robbie Watt agreed that the idea inspiration as possible from Inuit tradition. was very interesting, and so interviews with This book of Tivi Etok’s interviews and Tivi began. Eventually, under the presidency of stonecuts is a valuable source of wisdom and Charlie Arngak, Avataq got some funding from teachings, worthy of close examination. Non-Inuit the Department and hired Jobie Weetaluktuk will find in these pages the story of a courageous to complete the interviews, which were then and artistic life, and a model for us all. translated into English and French. I am very happy to be participating as the The book that you are about to have the Chief Negotiator for the Federal Government in pleasure of reading contains the actual words of this project regarding the governance of Nunavik, an Inuit hunter and artist who lived his entire life and to be personally involved in this stimulating in northern Quebec and Labrador. It is a record process. of his travels, his hopes, his experiences and his I want to extend my deepest thanks to Tivi observations. Reading these stories we are carried Etok who taught me so many things that I make away into a world of discovery filled with knowledge use of everyday. and rich with the complexity of a full life. Nakurmiik Tivi! The plan to create an autonomous government in Nunavik (the territory north of the 55th parallel) Donat Savoie which is currently being negotiated by the Ex-Chief Federal Negotiator, Makivik Corporation and the Quebec and Federal Indian and Northern Affairs Canada Governments is a challenge, but also a great and innovative concept that I believe will help the Inuit and residents of Nunavik to deal with the new issues that will arise in a world of ongoing change. Inuit leaders themselves admit that their society is not the homogeneous community it once was. The old methods no longer suffice to develop the traditional consensus that always governed public life among the Inuit. The representative assembly that will be created will allow for opposing points of view to be heard, and will allow us to define solutions suitable to Inuit

156

Ittuk-Chew 4.indd 156 13/05/08 12:18:43 Contents

Foreword...... 155 Becoming a Hunter...... 189 Introduction...... 159 Near Starvation...... 192 Manhood, Women, Part One – My Life and My Art and Marriage...... 194 Relatives and Territory...... 161 The Co-op My First Fish...... 161 of Kangiqsualujjuaq...... 194 My First Feast...... 163 Alcohol Wreaks Havoc...... 197 My First Rifle...... 164 Getting Lost and Found...... 199 We Moved to Kuururjuaq...... 165 Dogs and Dog-teams...... 199 My Relatives, Sickness and Death...... 166 Printmaking ...... 201 My First Seal...... 166 Spiritual Experiences...... 201 Qallunaaq, the White Man...... 168 Satan at Killiniq...... 201 Changes I Have Seen...... 170 The Night I Punched My Art...... 173 a Nightmare Devil...... 202 The Tuurngait...... 178 My Dog-team and the Dark...... 202 Legend of Ikkiit...... 179 The Graves of Navvaaq...... 203 Other Entities of the Labrador The Mischief of Navvaaq Fjord...... 204 Peninsula...... 182 The Beautiful Part-Qallunaaq...... 206 Part Two– Stories from My Life The Black Hair Foot...... 206 Legend of Allurilik...... 185 Asiusaijiit...... 206 My Father...... 187 Rifles, Ammunition, and Marksmanship...... 188

Ittuk-Chew 4.indd 157 13/05/08 12:18:44 hN1axAiz Nlâ3bs/Zi x9Max3ymJ6 †[ w5gj5 !(&(-u Sans titre. Tivi Etok, 1979. Dessin. Untitled. Tivi Etok, 1979. Drawing. vNbs2 bf/4nf[z wªctŒAysJi4 yM3Jxu x5paxox[iz Éb M2‰s2 Musée de la civilisation, No 80-11610 Photo : Ida Labrie

Ittuk-Chew 4.indd 158 13/05/08 12:18:46 Introduction

Tivi Etok was born in 1929 at a camp in Qirnituartuq. reaction, a look of determination, or an immersion Like many Inuit before him, Tivi was born where in a reflective moment. Then there is capturing his parents happened to be. He spent his youth of the movement, such as the Snowshoe Hares in the nomadic tradition of his forefathers and got caught dancing and their expression that says “we to know abundance and starvation. He knew of have been caught in the act.” innocence so rare today, of hardship, and the thrill When Tivi talks about his art, his keen sense of giving a feast. becomes all the more apparent. He has a message Tivi became a printmaker in the 1970s when to convey. Tivi is a great storyteller, a husband, a many distinguished artists took up the challenge father, a hunter, a spiritual man, but beyond all of printmaking. Davidialuk of Puvirnituq, Joe that he seems to be an artist at heart. He was the Talirunilik also of Puvirnituq, Thomassie Echalook exciting artist in an era of exciting artists. Then, at of Inukjuak were probably as well known as Tivi the height of his creativity and productivity, he Etok, but the distinctive works of Tivi won him lost it all. He sold an artist’s drawing, the working international acclaim in short order. He was the first sketch from which a stonecut design is made. He Inuit print artist to get his own published collection may have been told at some point in his career that in 1975. Tivi was determined to work in a unique he must not sell such originals, but the end result style when he went to a printmaking workshop in was that he contravened an artists’ convention, Puvirnituq, Quebec, and his unique artistic voice and broke a contract. So he undermined his hard- won him the admiration of art dealers, the buying won reputation and ended his career as an artist. public, and his peers. Looking back, he said it gave him an opportunity It is not just the style and the rich detailing that to reflect and some time for a much-needed distinguish Tivi’s art. The expressions on the faces break, but it was something he was never able to in his prints – whether it is an animal, a person, or a overcome. being from the beyond – give depth, a depiction of something fresh. Sometimes it is the freezing of a

Extrait de la publication

Ittuk-Chew 4.indd 159 13/05/08 12:18:46 The World of Tivi Etok

For Tivi, like for many Inuit, the stories of the This book is based on interviews that took supernatural that you will read here are not mere place over several years. In 2000, Mollie Emudluk stories. They are as real and indelible as the Inuit conducted several interviews with Tivi charting the themselves. The stories of Inuit are incomplete course of his life. The transcripts of these interviews without reference to Tuurngait, Inugagulliit, and make up the first part of this book. Ikuutajuut. Even to this day Inuit have experiences In 2002, I went to Kangiqsualujjuaq to do some with the paranormal that they can recount as follow-up interviews during which Tivi shared with clearly as the act of gutting a fish. The supernatural me some of the extraordinary events of his life. is not only an important part of Tivi’s prints, but of These stories make up the second section. his whole life experience. I hope you find his stories as moving as I did. The Legend of the Ikkiit of the Tuurngait Jobie Weetaluktuk Mountains is a great example. It is a legend, to be sure, but to Tivi it is part of the history of the region. Tivi can identify each precise location in the account, but – like time – the nefarious subjects of the legend are elusive. Many of Tivi’s supernatural experiences portray the powers of darkness, forces that have in some way tried to deceive, lure, or intimidate him. Following his near-death conversion, Tivi served as a catechist at the local Anglican parish for many years. Tivi and his wife Susie have four children of their own, two adopted children, and many grandchildren.

160

Extrait de la publication

Ittuk-Chew 4.indd 209 13/05/08 12:19:58

Inuits et non-Inuits y trouveront l’histoire d’une vie o courageuse, artistique, et un modèle dont on peut s’inspirer dans sa propre vie. eT Donat Savoie

L ThE LIfE aND aRT of aN INuIT ELDER Non-Inuit will find in these pages the story of a si4vsyq9l wªyz nN1axDyzl courageous and artistic life, and a model for us all. – The Wor The Donat Savoie /

ISBN 978-2-89544-099-4 ,!7IC8J5-eeajje!

Extrait de la publication

CouvCaisseTivi.indd 1 13/05/08 13:18:19