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Flora of the Gopher Farm Sandhill, Wayne County, Mississippi

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Flora of the Gopher Farm Sandhill, Wayne County, Mississippi The University of Southern Mississippi The Aquila Digital Community Honors Theses Honors College Spring 5-10-2012 Flora of the Gopher Farm Sandhill, Wayne County, Mississippi Shira Brittany Nicholson University of Southern Mississippi Follow this and additional works at: https://aquila.usm.edu/honors_theses Part of the Life Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Nicholson, Shira Brittany, "Flora of the Gopher Farm Sandhill, Wayne County, Mississippi" (2012). Honors Theses. 82. https://aquila.usm.edu/honors_theses/82 This Honors College Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Honors College at The Aquila Digital Community. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of The Aquila Digital Community. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The University of Southern Mississippi FLORA OF THE GOPHER FARM SANDHILL, WAYNE COUNTY, MISSISSIPPI by Shira Brittany Nicholson A Thesis Submitted to the Honors College of The University of Southern Mississippi in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in the Department of Biological Sciences May 2012 ii iii Approved by ________________________________ Mac H. Alford, Associate Professor Department of Biological Sciences _________________________________ Glenmore Shearer, Jr., Professor and Chair Department of Biological Sciences ________________________________ David R. Davies, Dean Honors College iv ABSTRACT This study documents the vascular plants and common lichens of the Gopher Farm sandhill, Wayne County, Mississippi. The Gopher Farm sandhill is located within the Chickasawhay Ranger District of the DeSoto National Forest and is one of the most northerly located sandhills in the Coastal Plain of Mississippi. The sandhill was surveyed 11 times from the spring of 2011 to the spring of 2012, primarily during the spring and fall. The survey resulted in 180 species, including 15 lichens, 1 fern, 2 gymnosperms, and 162 flowering plants. Collections included two rare species (Carex tenax and Rhynchospora megalocarpa) and one new range extension (Morella inodora), representing the most northerly reported collection of the species. Not all collections could be identified to species, and thus, additional rare species or range expansions are expected among the collections. Key Terms: sandhill, flora, floristics, lichens, vascular plants, vegetation, Wayne County, Mississippi v TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Page i Approval Page iii Abstract and Key Words iv Table of Contents v Acknowledgments vi CHAPTER 1: Introduction and Literature Review 1 CHAPTER 2: Methods 12 CHAPTER 3: Results (Checklist) 15 CHAPTER 4: Discussion 27 Literature Cited 31 Appendix 1: Free Use Permit 34 vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank Stephanie Steele and J. McLain for providing information about the Gopher Farm sandhill, the USDA Forest Service, Chickasawhay Ranger District, for preserving and allowing us to sample plants at the Gopher Farm sandhill (see collection permit, Appendix 1), Tharangamala Samarakoon for helping with plant identification, Dr. David Beckett for assisting us in finding interesting sites in Wayne County, Tom Mann from the Mississippi Museum of Natural Science for help with rare plant information, Curtis Hansen from Auburn University for identifying the lichens, my parents for silent support, Joel Huber for helpful comments on the manuscript, and Dr. Mac Alford for his guidance and tireless comments. 2 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW Governmental agencies, educational institutions, and the general public have interest in the preservation, restoration, and use of biodiversity. Because plants are the primary producers in most terrestrial systems, the diversity of plants in any system is extremely important. Thus, there is strong need for research that documents the types and quantities of plants. Such research is helpful and important for management decisions, impact assessment, and policy formation (Palmer et al., 1995). The word “flora” refers to the plants of a region or to a guide that lists all the plants of a particular region, and these guides are a general product of floristic research, which includes systematically and thoroughly observing, collecting, and identifying plants from a particular region. Floras are written for many different purposes, some of which include authorities for nomenclature (correct names), guides for identification, and baseline data for monitoring plant abundance or health (Palmer et al., 1995). Compared to other states in the eastern United States, Mississippi has a poor record of its flora. Most of the floristic research has been done in the southeastern and northeastern parts of the state, including areas around the major universities and the longleaf pine belt (Alford, 2001). The location chosen for this floristic study is the Gopher Farm sandhill in Wayne County, Mississippi, and the focus of this project is to document its vascular plant and lichen flora. This site was chosen for two reasons: (1) the flora of Wayne County has never been studied before, although it has one of the highest diversities of geological formations and physiographic provinces in the state, 3 and (2) sandhills are rare plant communities in Mississippi and especially rare as far north as Wayne County. Wayne County and most surrounding areas have never been surveyed for their plant species. Plants have been collected in Wayne County, but no concise list in a flora format has been published to give the public, government officials, or botanists easy access to this information. In terms of geology and soils, Wayne County is one of the most diverse areas in Mississippi (Thornton, 2009), including pine savannah, alluvial floodplain, limestone outcrops, and sandhills. For this study, the focus was on sandhills, because most sandhills in Mississippi are located nearer to the Gulf of Mexico. Thus, this survey will document plants on a sandhill located farther north than most in the state. Because of a lack of floristic study and the Gopher Farm’s northerly location, a survey of the plants is likely to uncover species not known to occur in the area. Usually, sandhills have similar flora, due to their uncommon and strikingly dry and nutrient poor soils. Therefore, we hypothesize that the plants of the Gopher Farm sandhill and other sandhills will be similar. Because most sandhills are also home to rare or uncommon species, species of rare plants are hypothesized to be found at the Gopher Farm sandhill. Wayne County Brief History. Wayne County is named in honor of General Anthony “Mad Anthony” Wayne. The first settlers were from North and South Carolina and many of Scottish decent. Originally, the inhabitants were called the “Chickasawhay Settlers” 4 because of the Chickasawhay River, which is the primary river of the area (Thornton, 2009). The population in 2010 was recorded as 20,747, or 26 people per square mile (10 people per square kilometer) (Census, 2010). Wayne County is land‐locked (Figure 1). Perry County, Mississippi, borders it on the southwest; Greene County, Mississippi, on the south; Clarke County, Mississippi, on the north; Jones County, Mississippi, on the west; Choctaw County, Alabama, on the northeast; Jasper County, Mississippi, on the northwest; and Washington County, Alabama, on the southeast (Thornton, 2009). Figure 1: Location of Wayne County, Mississippi. Map from Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_Mississippi_highlighting_Wayne_County.svg. 5 Physical Environment Climate. Data from the U.S. Department of Commerce Weather Bureau classifies Wayne County as subtropical humid in the subtropical climate group (May, 1974). The average temperature is 49.1°F in the winter with an average daily minimum of 36.7°F. The average temperature is 79.4°F in the summer with an average daily maximum of 91.4°F (Thornton, 2009). Disturbance. The main economic influence on the environment is agriculture, with the principal crops including corn, peanuts, hay, soybeans, and blueberries. Timber, gravel, and oil sand are some of the natural resources. Major industries include poultry, apparel, and forest products. Three major highways that serve the county are State Highway 63, U.S. Highway 45, and U.S. Highway 84 (Thornton, 2009). So, despite the low population density (see above), natural habitats still have strong pressures from anthropogenic activities. Physiography. Located in the Gulf Coastal Plain of North America, Mississippi is separated into 12 physiographic provinces. Wayne County contains three of these provinces: The Jackson Prairie, the Vicksburg Hills, and the Piney Woods. The Jackson Prairie area can be found in the far northeastern part of the county. From the northwest corner of Wayne County, across the area of Waynesboro, and into Alabama extends the Vicksburg Hills. The remaining part of the county contains the Piney Woods Province. The Catahoula geologic formations cause the local areas to be very hilly and rugged; however, hardened portions of the Hattiesburg Formation become hilly surfaces when weathered (May, 1974). 6 Study Site The Gopher Farm sandhill is located in the southwestern corner of Wayne County, within the Chickasawhay Ranger District of the DeSoto National Forest (Figure 2). The sandhill is known as the Gopher Farm because of the numerous gopher tortoises (Gopherus polyphemus) that inhabit the area (Figure 3). The Gopher Farm is located on Brewertown Road immediately around its intersection with Ellis Brewer Drive, just north of Hickory
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