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Taimeselts Fagales Süstemaatika Ja Levik Maailmas

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Taimeselts Fagales Süstemaatika Ja Levik Maailmas Tartu Ülikool Loodus- ja tehnoloogiateaduskond Ökoloogia ja Maateaduste Instituut Botaanika osakond Hanna Hirve TAIMESELTS FAGALES SÜSTEMAATIKA JA LEVIK MAAILMAS Bakalaureusetöö Juhendaja: professor Urmas Kõljalg Tartu 2014 Sisukord Sisukord ............................................................................................................................ 2 Sissejuhatus ...................................................................................................................... 4 1. Taimeseltsist Fagales üldiselt ................................................................................... 5 2. Takson Betulaceae ................................................................................................... 7 2.1 Iseloomustus ja levik ......................................................................................... 7 2.2 Morfoloogilised tunnused .................................................................................. 8 2.3 Fülogenees ......................................................................................................... 9 2.4 Tähtsus ............................................................................................................... 9 3. Takson Casuarinaceae ............................................................................................ 10 3.1 Iseloomustus ja levik ....................................................................................... 10 3.2 Morfoloogilised tunnused ................................................................................ 12 3.3 Fülogenees ....................................................................................................... 12 3.4 Tähtsus ............................................................................................................. 12 4. Takson Fagaceae .................................................................................................... 13 4.1 Iseloomustus ja levik ....................................................................................... 13 4.2 Morfoloogilised tunnused ................................................................................ 16 4.3 Tähtsus ............................................................................................................. 16 5. Takson Juglandaceae .............................................................................................. 17 5.1 Iseloomustus ja levik ....................................................................................... 17 5.2 Morfoloogilised tunnused ................................................................................ 19 5.3 Tähtsus ............................................................................................................. 19 6. Takson Myricaceae ................................................................................................. 20 6.1 Iseloomustus ja levik ....................................................................................... 20 6.2 Morfoloogilised tunnused ................................................................................ 21 6.3 Tähtsus ............................................................................................................. 21 7. Takson Nothofagaceae ............................................................................................ 21 7.1 Iseloomustus ja levik ....................................................................................... 21 7.2 Morfoloogilised tunnused ................................................................................ 22 7.3 Tähtsus ............................................................................................................. 23 8. Takson Ticodendraceae .......................................................................................... 23 8.1 Iseloomustus ja levik ....................................................................................... 23 2 8.2 Morfoloogilised tunnused ................................................................................ 24 8.3 Tähtsus ............................................................................................................. 24 Kokkuvõte ...................................................................................................................... 25 Summary ......................................................................................................................... 26 Tänuavaldused ................................................................................................................ 27 Kasutatud kirjandus ........................................................................................................ 28 Lisa 1…………………………………………………………………………………...35 3 Sissejuhatus Taimeseltsi Fagales pöögilaadsed kuulub 7 sugukonda ja 32 perekonda. Takson on levinud eelkõige parasvöötme heitlehistes või igihaljastes metsades nii lõuna- kui põhjapoolkeral. Töö eesmärk on luua kirjanduse põhjal selts Fagales globaalne sugukondade, perekondade ja liikide nimestik, mis põhineks kõige uuemal teadmusel ning lisaks koguda informatsiooni nende taksonite leviku kohta maailmas. Antud töös iseloomustatakse kõiki seitset sugukonda. Olemasolevatel elurikkuse andmebaase majutavatel infosüsteemidel aga ka andmebaasidel endil on rida puudusi. Andmetes esineb palju vigu; ei ole kasutajasõbralikud- ei saa lisada andmeid juurde, ligipääs puudub; informatsioon, mis üleslaaditud ei pruugi olla eelnevalt kontrollitud – ebausaldusväärsed; tihtipeale ei ole kasutusel standardiseeritud mõisted, mis ei võimalda kiiret andmevahetust ja eri andmetel põhinevaid analüüse. Tartu Ülikoolis arendatud PlutoF pilve põhimõte on võimalus talletada väga erinevat eluslooduse alast infot, sealhulgas taksonoomilist, geneetilist ja ökoloogilist informatsiooni. Eesmärk oli luua platvorm, mis võimaldaks üle veebi sisestada, talletada, toimetada ja analüüsida elurikkuse ning sellega seotud metaandmestikku (Abarenko, 2011). Kuna infosüsteem rajaneb rahvusvahelistel standarditel, siis on kõik PlutoF pilves majutatud andmekogud omavahel automaatselt seostatavad ja analüüsitavad. See võimaldab erinevate andmebaaside põhjal kiiresti läbi viia huvipakkuvaid metaanalüüse. Samuti võimaldab PlutoF pilv ligipääsu teistes infosüsteemides majutatud andmebaasidele nagu näiteks geenipankade konsortsiumi International Nucleotide Sequence Databases (INSD) (National Center for Biotechnology Information- NCBI, European Nucleotide Archive- ENA, DDBJ) andmebaasidele (Abarenko jt, 2010). Nii taksonite nimestik kui ka levikuandmed on koostatud põhimõttel, et need oleks hiljem võimalik viia PlutoF pilve infosüsteemi ja teha kättesaadavaks teistele seal majutatud andmekogudele. Projektid, mis uurivad selts Fagales esindajatega interakteeruvaid liike, sealhulgas seened ja putukad, vajavad sellist korrastatud infot oma andmekogude arendamiseks PlutoF pilves. Kirjanduse põhjal korrastatud seltsi Fagales klassifikatsioon ja andmed leviku kohta võimaldavad luua esialgsed sugukondade levikukaardid. 4 1. Taimeseltsist Fagales üldiselt Taimeselts Fagales pöögilaadsed on riiki Plantae taimed hõimkonda Anthophyta õistaimed klassi Eudicotyledonae päriskaheidulehelised kuuluv lehtpuude selts. Taimeseltsi Fagales kuulub APG III (2009) süsteemi, mille aluseks on nukleotiidsete järjestuste fülogeneetiline analüüs (18S rDNA, rbcL, atpB) järgi seitse taimesugukonda: Betulaceae kaselised, Casuarinaceae kasuariinilised, Fagaceae pöögilised, Juglandaceae pähklipuulised, Myricaceae porsalised, Nothofagaceae lõunapöögilised ja Ticodendraceae. Rhoipteleaceae sugukond, mis APG II (2003) järgi oli eraldiseisev takson liideti APG III süsteemis Juglandaceae taksoniga (Bremer et al., 2009). Fagales taimeseltsi kuuluvad taimed on enamasti tuultolmlejad põõsad ja puud, mille lehed on kaetud näärmekarvadega. Sageli on taimed ühekojalised ning ühesugulised õied asuvad silmapaistmatud nutjates või tähkjates ning sageli rippuvates õisikutes. Õiel on lihtne ehitus koosnedes üldjuhul kuuest õiekattelehest, reeglina redutseerunud õiekate ja alumine sigimik väga väikese arvu seemnealgmetega emakkonnas. Vili on tavaliselt ühe seemnega tiibadega pähkel. Seemnel puudub endosperm (Li et al., 2004). Elavad sümbioosis Frankia perekonna bakteritega (Diagne, 2013). Kõigil sugukondadel on täheldatud 2 nädalast kuni 15 kuulist viivitust tolmlemise ja viljastumise vahel, kuna emakas pole selleks ajaks, kui õietolm jõuab emakasuudmele, veel täielikult väljaarenenud (Sogo & Tobe, 2006). Fagales seltsi siseste taksonite määratlemiseks on kasutatud kolmest taime genoomist kuute regiooni- trnL-F, matK, rbcL, atpB (plastiid), matR (mtDNA) ja 18S rDNA (nukleaarne), nukleotiidseid järjestusi. Antud geenid kodeerivad produkte, mis on seotud taime energia metabolismiga, süsivesikute sünteesiga ja informatsiooni töötlemisega. AtpB, rbcL, matK ja trn-L geenid asuvad ühekoopiana suures kloroplasti DNA regioonis. Selts Fagales on väga lähedalt seotud järgnevate taimeseltsidega: Cucurbitales kõrvitsalaadsed, Fabales oalaadsed ja Rosales roosilaadsed. Üheskoos nad moodustuvad rbcL ja 18S rDNA analüüsi alusel klaadi- lämmastikusidujad (Li et al., 2004). Kromosoomide arv taimeseltsis on üldjuhul n=7 (Furlow, 1990). Kõik parsimoonilised fülogeneesipuud märgivad ära Fagales taimeseltsi sees kolm klaadi: Nothofagus, Fagaceae ning kõrgemate hamameliidide hulka kuuluvad taimeperekonnad: Casuarinanceae- Ticodendraceae- Betulaceae ja Myricaceae- 5 Juglandaceae- Rhoipteleaceae. Fagales seltsi sees saavad taksonid kõrgeid BS väärtusi (85-100%)
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