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Anarsist-Portreler-1.Pdf SARMAL YA YINEVI Baş Musahip Sok. Talas Han. 16/6 Cağaloğlu - lstanbul Tel: 522 45 78 Siyasal Kültür : 2 Yazarı Paul Avrich TOrkcesl Osman Aslanhay Birinci baskı: Ekim 1991 CJ Kapak: Zehra Şenoğuz C Dizgi : Sarmal Dizgievi - 522 45 78 O Baskı-Cilt Divit A.Ş.-31448 43 PAUL AVRICH • ANARŞiST PORTRELER �· �Qi;.QQ YAYINEVl,.. .... iÇiNDEKiLER ÖNSÖZ ................................................. ............... ... :9 Bakunin'in Mirası. ...... .... ... ... ........... .........................15 Bakunin ABD'de ............................ : .................... : .... 31 Bakunin ve Neçayev............................................... 55 Kropotki'nin Etik Anarşizmi...................................... 81 Kropotkin Amerika'da ......... ......... .... ....... ............. ..115 Fırtına Martısı Anatoli Jelezniyakov... ....... ............ 155 Nestor Mahna: insan ve Efsane ...... .... ............. .....161 V.M. Eihenbaum (Velin): insan ve Kitabı. ......... ............. .... ........ ..... .............181 .9Lfıme 'T'fwme 'un .9lnısına 1904-1985 ÖN SÖZ Anarşizm Vietnam Savaşı'na kadar ölmeye yüz tutmuş ve ya­ rı unutulmuş bir hareketti. 1930'lardaki ispanya Devrimi'nin yenilgisinden beri, anarşist gruplar dagılmış ve etkisiz, üyeleri çekingen, yayınları tamamen susmuş bir haldeydi. Aslına bakı­ lırsa, 1960'ların ve 1970'lerin toplumsal mayası yeni bir yaşam solugu kazandırdıgında, kimi tarihçiler hareketin mezar taşını yazmaya başlamışlardı bile. Sonra anarşist gruplar canlandı ve çoğaldı; ırk eşitligi ve nükleer silahsızlanma kampanyalarından askere gitmemeye ve savaşa direnmeye dek, yandaşları wplum­ sal eylemlerin pek çoğunda yer aldı. Yeniden görünen anarşist dergiler, kitapçıklar, kitaplar ve bildirgelerde devlet iktidaı.mn temel bir eleştirisi yapılıyor, kendisi dışındaki bütün politik dü­ şünce okullarının öncülleri sorgulanıyordu. Bu eylemlerin peşinden anarşist temaları işleyen bilimsel yapıtlar seliyle -tarihler, yaşam öyküleri, antolojiler, kaynakça­ lar- karşılaşıldı; elinizdeki kitap da bunlardan biridir. Yirmi yı­ lı aşkın bir dönemde yazılan bu denemeler, asıl olarak, benim başlıca uzmanlık alanlarım olan Rusya ve ABD'de odaklanıyor; ancak, anarşizm yeryüzünün her yanıyla ilişkili uluslararası bir hareket olduğundan, Almanya ve Fransa'dan Avusturalya ve Brezilya'ya kadar da uzanıyor. En uzun denemelerden biri ("ABD'deki Yahudi Anarşizmi") özellikle bu derleme için kale­ me alınmıştı. Diğerleri gözden geçirilmiş, genişletilmiş ve kimi­ leri de yeni metinler oluşturacak kadar bugüne uygun hale şeti­ rilmiştir. 10 Anarşist tarih üzerine önceki yazılarımda oldugu gibi, be­ nim yaklaşımım agırlıkla yaşamöyküsünü araştıran, hareketin tarihine giren seçme kişilerin yaşamları aracılıgıyla tadını al­ mayaçalışan, bir niteliktedir. Bazı kişiler ( örnegin, Bakunin ile Kropotkin) dünyada daha geniş olarak tanınmaktadır, çogu ise tanınmaz. Ama hepsi de ilginç yaşamlar sürmüşler; kusurlarını ve tutarsızlıklarını da görmezlikten gelmeden özet olarak aktar­ maya çalıştıgım, dikkate deger insani niteliklerle donanmışlar­ dır. Tanınmış olsun olmasın, anarşistlerin aktifyaşamlarını in­ celerken, adaletsizlige ve her biçimiyle zorbalıga derin bir nefret duymaları, hem ekonomik hem de politik anlamda yogun­ laşan iktidarın tehlikelerine ilişkin uyarılarının yerindeligi be­ nim için çok etkileyici oldu. Polis devletinin büyümesi, bireyin boyunduruk altına alınması, çalışmanın insani olmaktan çıka­ rılması ve din ife kültürün aşagılanmasıyla (kısaca, Herbert Spencer'in yüzyıl önce tanımladıgı gibi "Gelecegin köleligi''yle) biler/enen sol ve sag totalitarizmin en erken ve en tutarlı karşıt­ ları içinde anarşistler de vardı. Spencer'in genelde merkezileşmiş otorite, özelde devlet sos­ yalizmi hakkındaki öngörüleri çagımızda defalarca kanıtlan­ mıştır. Modern diktatörlüklerde, dogruluk ve adalet, dürüstlük ve onur, özgürlük ve eşitlik degerleri ayaklar altında çignen� mektedir. Anarşistlerin merkezileşmiş iktidara yönelik eleştirile­ ri söz konusu oldugu zaman, George Orwell'in totalitarizmi "in­ sanın yüzüne basan bir postal -daima" şeklinde nitelemesi akla gelir. Ayrıca, Proudhon ve Bakunin'in, özgürlüksüzsosyalizmin köleligin en kötü biçimi olacagı yönündüki uyarısı anımsanır. Ben yirmibeş yılı aşkın bir süre anarşizmle ilgili malzeme ararken çeşitli kütüphane ve arşivleri tekrar tekrar dolaştım. Bunlardan önemlileri, Amsterdam'daki International lnstitute of Social History, Michigan Üniversitesi'nde Labadie Collecti­ on, New York Universitesi'nde Tamiment Library, New York F:_ublic Library, Library of Congress ve Harvard ile Columbia Universitelerindeki kütüphanelerdir. Nazik ve yararlı yardımla­ rı için bu kurumların personeline teşekkürlerimi iletmek iste­ rim. Ayrıca, elyazmasını dikkatle okuyup uzman önerilerde bu­ lunan Princeton Universty Press'den Gail Ullman ile Elizabeth Gretz'e, minnettarım. Kimi parçaları bu ciltte yeniden basma- 11 ma izin verdikleri için aşagıdaki yayınevi ve dergilere de teşek­ kür etmek isterim: Penguin Books (Londra), Bleck Rose (Bos­ ton), Dover Publications (New York), Freedom (L ondra), In­ tematinnal Review of Social History (Amsterdam), Charles H. Kerr Publishing Company (Chicago), The Match! (Tucson), The Nation (New York), The New Republic (Washington) ve The Russian Review (Cambridge, Massachusetts). En büyük borucumu ise şu anda aramızdan ayrılmış bulu­ nan ve bu çalışmayı ona adadıgım Ahrne Thorne'a duyuyorum. Ahrne 26 Aralık 1904'te Polonya Lodz'da Musevi bir aileden dogmuştu. Daha yirmi yaşına gelmeden gelenekten koptu ve ça­ lışmak üzere Paris'e gitti, orada Sacco ve Vanzetti'yle ilgili pro­ testo eylemleri sırasında anarşizme kaydı. 1930'da Toronto'ya göçtü, Emma Goldman'ın yakın arkadaşı oldu ve New Yor�'taki Yahudi anarşist dergisi Fraye Arbeter Shtime (Emegin Ozgür Sesi) için yazmaya başladı. New York'a taşındıgı 1940 yılından itibaren, Frayer Arbeter Shtime'in yayın yönetmenligini üstele­ nene kadar Yiddişçe yayınların basımcısı olarak çalıştı. Gazete onun denetiminde Yiddiş entelektüel ve kültürel dünyasında apayrı bir yere sahip oldu. 1977'de, yayın hayatının seksen ye­ dinci yılında kapılarını kapattı. Ahrne ise 13 Aralık 1985'te sek­ senbir yaşındayken öldü. Yirmi yılı aşkın bir süre Ahrne'ı tanıma zevkine eriştim. Her zaman neşeli bir yol arkadaşı, ilgili bir danışman ve sadık bir dosttu. Sonsuz merak ve araştırma dürtüsüyle liberal ve insan­ cıl bir düşünce yapısı vardı; yazdıgı ve söyledigi herşey akıllılık ve dürüstlük kokardı. Onu tanıyan bizler ona duydugumuz bor­ cun daima bilincinde olacagız. Bilhassa akıllı bir danışmana ve sempatik bir kulaga gereksinimimiz oldugunda, onun yoklugu derinden hissedilecektir. P.H.A. New York City Aralık 1987 RUSYA 1 BAKUNİN'İN MİRASI narşizm yüzyıl önce Avrupa devrimci hareketi içinde önemli bir güçtü; anarşizmin başlıca savunucusu ve pey­ gamberi Michael Bakunin'in ismi Avrupalı işçiler ve ra­ dikal aydınlar arasında, Birinci Enternasyonal önderliği için ya­ nşa girdiği Karı Marx'ın ismi kadar iyi biliniyordu. Marx'ın tersine Bakunin, ününü esasen bir isyan kuramcısı değil, eylem­ ci olarak kazanmıştı. Bakunin önceden belirlenmiş devrimler hakkında inceleme yapıp yazarak kütüphanelerde oturacak biri­ si değildi. Eylem sabırsızlığı içinde ve karşı konulmaz bir çoş­ kuyla 1848 ayaklanrnalanna atıldı; başkaldırı dalgasını Paris'ten Avusturya ve Almanya barikatlanna taşıyan Prometheusvari bir kişilikti. Çağdaş bir kişinin sözleriyle, Bakunin gibi insanlar "Kasırgalı bir ortamda yetişir ve fırtınalı havalarda güneş ışı­ ğında olduğundan daha iyi olgunlaşır"1• Bakunin'in 1849 Dresden ayaklanmasında tutuklanışı dev­ rimci eylemlerini kesintiye uğratmışu. Altısı Çarlık Rusya zin- 16 danlannda olmak üzere, sonraki sekiz yılını hapishanede geçir­ di. En nihayet çıktığında, cezası Sibirya'da ömür boyu sürgüne çevrilmişti; beslenememekten dişleri dökülmüş, sağlığı ciddi ölçüde bozulmuştu. Ama 1861 'de muhafızlarını atlattı ve yeryü­ zünü boydan boya dolaşuğı, sansasyonal, uzun ve serüvenli yolculuğuna başladı; ismi, Avrupa'nın dört bir yanındaki radi­ kal gruplarıngözünde bir efsaneye ve tapınma nesnesine dönüş­ müştü. Romantik bir isyancı ve tarihte etkin bir güç olarak Bakunin, Marx'ın asla boy ölçüşemediği bir cazibeye sahipti. "Hakkında­ ki herşey devasaydı," diyordu Dresden ayaklanmasına katılan arkadaşlarından besteci Richard Wagner, "ilkel bir coşku ve kudretle doluydu"2. 1851'deki İtirafında "ucunu önceden göre­ meyeceği geni'ş ufuklar" açan "fantastik olana, alışılmadık, işi­ tilmedik serüvenlere" sevgisinden Bakunin'in kendisi de söz eder.3 Bu durum başkalarında abarulı rüyalar esinlendiriyordu; 1876'daki ölümüne dek, devrimci geleneğin serüvencilerive şe­ hitleri aras.ında eşsiz bir yer kazanmıştı. "Bu adam," diyordu Alexsandr Herzen, "sıradan bir yıldız altında değil, kuyruklu yıldız altında doğmuş".4 Geniş yüce gönüllülüğü ve çocuksu çoşkusu, özgürlük ve eşitliğe yakıcı tutkusu, ayrıcalığa ve ada­ letsizliğe bir yanardağ gibi patlayan saldırılan devrinin özgür­ lükçü çevrelerinde müthiş bir çekim gücü sağlamıştı kendisine. Ne varki Bakunin, eleştiricilerinin değinmekten hiç bıkma­ dıkları gibi, "sis��mler mucidi değil" ,5 eylem devrimcisi sayı­ yordu kendini. Onceden saptanmış tarih yasalarını tanımayı reddediyordu. Toplumsal değişikliğin "nesnel" tarihsel koşulla­ rınyavaş yavaş belirmesine bağlı olduğu görüşünü kabul euni­ yor, tam tersine,birey lerinkendi yazgılarını biçimlendirdikleri­ ne, yaşamlarının soyut �osyolojik formüllerden oluşan bir Procrustes yatağına* sıkıştınlamayacağına inanıyordu. "kuram yok, ısmarlama sistem yok,
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