100 100 PUBLIC POLICY AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 95 95 75 75 25 25 5 ISSN: 2309-0863 5 0 0 PUBLIC POLICY AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ISSUE 1 (5) 2014 ISSUE 1 (5) 2014 100 100 95 95 75 75 25 25 5 5 0 0 PUBLIC POLICY AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Scientific and Practical Journal Issue 1 (5) 2014 Adam Mickiewicz University Petro Mohyla Black Sea State University 1 Wieniawskiego St. 61-712 Poznan Local NGO «Center for Economic and Faculty of Political Science and Journalism Politological Studies» Yemelyanova Tetiana Volodymyrivna Scientific Board: Leonid Klymenko (chairman), Lyudmyla Antonova, Enrique Banus, Volodymyr Beglytsya, Tadeusz Dmochowski, Aigul Niyazgulova, Svitlana Soroka, Andrzej Stelmach, Oleksandr Yevtushenko Editor-in-Chief: Tadeusz Wallas Vice editor-in-Chief: Volodymyr Yemelyanov Secretaries of the Editorial Board: Vira Derega, Bartosz Hordecki Thematic Editors: Oleksandr Datsiy, Magdalena Kacperska, Aleksandra Kaniewska-Sêba (social policy, economic policy), Rados³aw Fiedler (security studies), Mykola Ivanov, Magdalena Musia³-Karg (political systems), Jaros³aw Jañczak (border studies), Robert Kmieciak, Dmytro Plekhanov, Jacek Pok³adecki (self-government, local policy), Magdalena Lorenc (public and cultural diplomacy), Yuliana Palagnyuk, Jêdrzej Skrzypczak (media policy and media law), Tomasz Szymczyñski, Gunter Walzenbach (European studies) Statistical Editor: Boles³aw Suchocki Language Editors: Malcolm Czopinski, Oliver Schmidtke, Yuliana Palagnyuk © Copyright by Adam Mickiewicz University Press Publisher and manufacturer: Yemelyanova T.V. Faculty of Political Science and Journalism 54001, Mykolayiv, prov. Sudnobudivniy, 7 89A Umultowska St., 61-614 Poznan, tel. (0512) 47 74 48 tel. 61 829 65 08 Reviewers of the Issue: Tadeusz Bodio, Andrzej Stelmach, Konstanty Adam Wojtaszczyk ISSN: 2309-0863 The electronic version is the primary version of the journal. Computer typesetting: “MRS”, 60-408 Poznan, 23 Zo³otowa St., tel. 61 843 09 39 Printing and binding: Zak³ad Graficzny UAM, 61-712 Poznan, 1 Wieniawskiego St. Contact: “Public Policy and Economic Development” 89A Umultowska St., 61-614 Poznan 54001, Mykolayiv, prov. Sudnobudivniy, 7 tel. (0512) 47 74 48, 767192 By the Order of the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine from 29.12.2014 ¹ 1528 this journal is included in the list of scientific professional publications on Public Administration, in which the materials of dissertation research for the scientific degree of Doctor of Sciences and Candidate of Sciences (PhD) can be published. CONTENTS Section 1. INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION Jaros³aw Jañczak, Borders and border dimensions in Europe. Between frontierisation and boundarisation .................. 7 Marcin Menkes, State immunity in proceedings concerning infringement of intellectual property ....................... 19 Bartosz Hordecki, Freedom of conscience and religion in the documents of the Council of Europe – selected issues .............. 35 Section 2. INTERNAL POLICIES Jêdrzej Skrzypczak, Media policy on the implementation of digital terrestrial television in Poland ................... 49 Remigiusz Rosicki, Surveillance and data retention in Poland ....... 63 Magdalena Kacperska, Relevance of the education system to labour market needs ............................... 77 Maciej Magiera, The need to comprehensively minimise risk in the states of the former Soviet bloc ...................... 89 Section 3. MARKETING RESEARCH Aleksandra Kaniewska-Sêba, The rules of the creation and examples of the application of fractional experiments in assessing the effectiveness of marketing communication .....................101 Section 4. LOCAL GOVERNMENT, LOCALITY Pawe³ Antkowiak, Local partnership for economic development – new challenges for local authorities in Poland ..............115 Ewa Jurga-Wosik, Ukraine in the Polish regional and local media – from the conflict of historical memory, foreign cooperation of local governments and Euro 2012 to the ‘Euromaidan’ and its consequences (part I) .......................127 Biographical note ...........................141 3 Section 1. INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION DOI : 10.14746/pped.2014.1.1 Jaros³aw Jañczak, PhD Faculty of Political Science and Journalism Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznañ BORDERS AND BORDER DIMENSIONS IN EUROPE. BETWEEN FRONTIERISATION AND BOUNDARISATION Abstract The main dimensions of border studies in European border studies include phantom borders, geopolitical boundaries, internal Schengen frontiers and external Schengen boundaries. They have been identified as a result of applying various scales/levels of analysis and the time-analysis perspective. They also constitute the main determinants of further development of the field, as well as an accurate classification of the dimen- sions in border studies. Key words: border studies, frontierisation, boundarisation, phantom borders, geo- political boundaries, internal Schengen frontiers and external Schengen boundaries. 1. Introduction A look at the evolution of the political concept of the border – from tribal borders through the Roman limes, the medieval rule of loyalty in exchange for land, to imperial, national and power-political borders – shows change- ability over time [12, pp. 243-253]. Similarly, further academic reflection in this field has gone through successive stages where researchers have focused on various dimensions of the concept of borders. What dominated until the 1950s was mainly the historical-geographic approach and attempts at devel- oping its typology. Then the focus shifted to the functional dimension of bor- ders and a better political understanding of them. Since the ’80s, research has examined territorial identities, geographical approaches, social representation of borders and finally the ecopolitical dimension [14, pp. 608-610]. The revival of border studies over the past twenty years was brought about by its increasing analytical and practical importance. In both cases the weight placed on the concept is largely down to security consider- 7 Issue 2. 2014 ations, ongoing ethnic-territorial conflicts/collaboration and – finally – maritime issues [7, pp. 654-659]. At the same time, however, it is be- lieved that borders are a hangover from the past and their change – not only of their outer limits but also of their importance, form and under- standing – is seen as interference in the past, which in turn affects the pres- ent [17, p. 8]. 1989 saw a significant watershed in border studies, in changing both the interest in borders and the approach to this concept. Regarding the for- mer, new developments in the area of border studies gave rise to a lively academic debate on the matter. The latter was deeply rooted in the specific circumstances under which borders changed following the fall of commu- nism. While the ‘border revolution’ after World War I and World War II was conditioned by the will of the victorious powers (who as a result of peace conferences or political alliances shaped the borders of European nations), after 1989 the new political order was established from the bot- tom up (the winners did not impose their will) [17, p. 9]. The aim of this paper is to present the dominant research tendencies in border studies within the European context over the last two decades. It sets out to identify the determinants of developments in the field and how the dimensions of border studies could be classified. The thesis acknowl- edges the key influence of two factors: the scale/level of analysis and the time-analysis perspective. Methodologically, the paper is based on a com- parative analysis of various studies within the field of border studies. It needs to be stated that the intention was not to elaborate an exhaustive de- scription and explanation of all the research dimensions of the area in question, but rather to outline the most significant tendencies in its further development. 2. Border legacy and border reality – between boundarisation and frontierisation As regards European borders, the last twenty years have been marked by two contradictory tendencies. On the one hand, some existing borders are being delegitimised, as occurred in the countries which arose from Yu- goslavia’s ruins, former Soviet republics, etc. [17, p. 10]. First and fore- most, it is the effect of kindling, or rekindling of ethnical and cultural nationalisms seeking to review the territorial order, whereby political and national borders do not overlap. On the other hand, however, borders are 8 Public Policy and Economic Development being devalued, as a consequence of greater European integration and the lesser clout of nation-states, which in turn, in some cases, also leads to at- tempts at revising the territorial order. It manifests itself in the separatist tendencies displayed in Scotland, Catalonia, Flanders, etc. [17, p. 10]. Both the above-described processes are linked to the concept of the frontier and boundary as the two basic manifestations of a border. In practice, in the process of delimitation they may take the form of boundarisation (when the border corresponds closely to the boundary) or frontierisation (when the border only resembles the frontier). To understand the essence of a border and the processes behind its change, the boundary-frontier division needs careful consideration. A boundary is a mainly legal concept which separates state structures [17, p. 8]. Boundaries then are “sharply drawn lines that mark the limits of authority and ownership (…), marked, and managed, sometimes loosely and sometimes strictly in accordance