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Evaluation of the Existing Meteorological Stations for the Agrometeorological Protection of Agriculture in Wielkopolska

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Evaluation of the Existing Meteorological Stations for the Agrometeorological Protection of Agriculture in Wielkopolska JOURNAL OF PLANT PROTECTION RESEARCH Vol. 52, No. 2 (2012) EVALUATION OF THE EXISTING METEOROLOGICAL STATIONS FOR THE AGROMETEOROLOGICAL PROTECTION OF AGRICULTURE IN WIELKOPOLSKA Zbigniew Czaczyk* Poznań University of Life Sciences Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Department of Plant Production Engineering Wojska Polskiego 28, 60-637 Poznań, Poland Received: December 28, 2011 Accepted: March 7, 2012 Abstract: modern consulting and the automatic Decision Support Systems (DSS) need reliable measurements of the agrometeorologi- cal elements in a digital and on-line form. For this purpose, properly equipped and correctly spaced agrometeorological station net- works are necessary. When building the networks the existing meteorological infrastructure should be taken into consideration. For this to be possible, a professional inventory of information about the existing points of the agrometeorological elements is necessary. The collected information about stations found in the Wielkopolska Voivodeship and neighboring areas of up to 200 km from Poznań, has been presented in this paper. In the Wielkopolska Voivodeship, 179 stations located in 107 municipalities in all 35 counties have been found. There are no stations in other 119 of the municipalities. In 67 municipality areas, 98 stations were found in the 45 counties from the regions around the Wielkopolska Voivodeship. There are 51 stations located in 39 municipalities of counties bordering the Wielkopolska Voivodeship. No station was found in four of the 27 border counties. The collected information will be helpful for plan- ning the agrometeorological monitoring network. The information we are able to provide is necessary for supporting those decision makers responsible for the management of agriculture in Wielkopolska. Key words: agrometeorological weather station, Wielkopolska, precision agriculture, DSS INTRODUCTION in the models, to define the occurrences in the cultivation Precise agriculture technologies require a constant and of plants (Sutton et al. 1984; Hartman et al. 1999; Rijks and reliable monitoring of meteorological elements in the ag- Baradas 2000), or to predict the development of pests which ricultural areas. Monitoring allows for better organized may be threatening the crops (Phipps et al. 1997; Kessel et work, especially field work. The result is increased plant al. 2006; Palmieri et al. 2006). The models are also useful for production efficiency (Kędziora 1994; Mjelde et al. 1998; forecasting weather phenomena in plant surroundings. Sta- Orlandini et al. 2006; Stigter et al. 2006; Leśny et al. 2007). tions must be well equipped (WMO 2008; Durło and Kajew- Monitoring irrigation range, particularly as far as plant ska 2009; Czaczyk 2010), and located so as to provide good, protection is concerned, is significantly related to better reliable measurements (Gillespie and Duan 1987; Sacchelli validity. Pesticides then show higher effectiveness, there is et al. 2008; WMO 2008; Juszczak et al. 2010). The existing a lower burden on the environment, and lower contamina- meteorological stations are managed by various operators. tion of the crops. The manual and automatic agrometeoro- In many cases there is no information about exact location, logical field stations are used for registering local data. Due equipment or the way in which the sensors are installed and to the political and economic transformations in Poland as so on. The stations are a technical base, necessary for the well as access to the latest electronic and computer solu- functioning of the agrometeorological shield of agriculture tions, the number of automatic stations has gradually in- in the region. creased in agriculture and other branches of the economy. The weather is a non-controlled phenomenon and Unfortunately, the number of manual stations is decreas- it has an impact on every domain of human activity. ing, and the results coming from them are not directly com- To create a coherent regional independent system, it parable with the results coming from the automatic weather is necessary to do an inventory of the existing weather stations (AWS). Hence according to the experts, manual stations and assess their current conditions. Informa- measurements should be continued, together with the si- tion gained, will be used to decide about further action. multaneous introduction of the automatic system of meteo- So far, there is no elaboration that covers the region of rological element recording. Archived results can be used Wielkopolska. *Corresponding address: [email protected] Evaluation of the existing meteorological stations for the agrometeorological protection… 291 State of the art of irrigation systems. Water resources available for irriga- The institution responsible for the meteorological tion continue to decline. Various possibilities for reducing protection of Poland is Institute of Meteorology and Wa- water consumption are being studied (Spreer et al. 2007). ter Management (IMWM). The measurement points of Forest fire warning systems are based on AWS networks meteorological elements realized by IMWM are located (www.lasy.gov.pl). The agrometeorological results also at airports, and basically in urban areas. For example, allow for the customization of the working parameters Łukasiewicz (2005) reported, that there is a difference be- of the sprayers, thus preventing spraying during nega- tween data collected at a typical airport and data from tive phenomena (Mokeba et al. 1998; Nuyttens et al. 2006). a AWS located in an area covered by plants. In various Thanks to agrometeorological data, it is also possible to countries, independent weather station networks for De- predict the amount of yield (Nigam et al. 1998; Meinke cision Support Systems (DSS) use in agriculture e.g. Cali- et al. 2001) and influence on food security (Hoogenboom fornia Irrigation Management Information System (CI- 2000; Szwejkowski et al. 2010), convenient conditions for MIS), (Sivertsen 2000; Stigter et al. 2005; Matese et al. 2009) animal husbandry (Igono et al. 1992; Lacetera et al. 2003) were established. Some of them provide weather data on as well as climate changes (Suthers and Maywald 1985; the Internet for free: Ratajkiewicz 2009; Szwejkowski et al. 2010). www.homepages.paradise.net.nz www.au.poznan.pl/sady/ State of meteorological observations in Wielkopolska www.ipm.ucdavis.edu The report of the Expert Team (Hayman 2010) gives www.weatherstations.co.uk the incomplete information that Institute of Plant Protec- www.penteli.meteo.gr tion – National Research Institute (IPP – NRI) has a net www.nc-climate.ncsu.edu of AWS, but in fact it is the property of APG. It omits the http://81.169.184.214/wetter/weather.shtml information that General Directorate for National Roads www.agrometeo.pl and Motorways (GDNRM), Directorate General of the www.monitoring.a-ster.net. State Forest (DGSF) and Provincial Inspectorate of En- vironment Protection (PIEP) possess AWS on the scale Others provide weather data for a fee (www.hortplus. of the entire country, as well as the orchard in Grójec com). Some (www.esteburg.de), Association of Potatoes region, and APG, WIAIS agrometeorological systems in Growers in Luboń (APG), Marktgemeinschaft Bodens- Wielkopolska. During the time period from 2004 to 2007 eeobst (MABO) are for the use of their owner only. The WIAIS was created. It deliver very important information weather data generated for agrometeorological cover of for agriculture in Wielkopolska, but calculated with the agriculture, and dedicated for DSS should be (similar to predicted values. With the measured data from AWS, it the ownership of DSS systems) free from product adver- is possible to generate much more accurate information. tisers (chemicals, fertilizers, equipment). For example, in In fact, since 2006, a network in the Białośliwie orchard Germany about 440 weather stations (WS) deliver data for areas was established (www.sadownictwo.com.pl/6388_ agricultural needs, but only about hundred of them be- Inauguracja-Systemu-Agro-meteo-w-Sadach-Krajny-na- long to the governmental meteorological system. About rok-2009) based on the help of the Piła governor. There 340 remaining WS belong to different owners and are lo- was a workshop in Piła (in county hall) initiated by In- cated very close to fields (Triloff 2011). The results of the stitute of Agricultural Engineering (IAE) (at PULS) in collected measurements of agrometeorological elements cooperation with Department of Plant Protection Meth- can be applied in many different domains of agriculture ods (DPPM) (at PULS), on the 9th of December 2009. The e.g. CIMIS, and Wielkopolska Internet Agrometeorologi- workshop sponsored a guest from south Germany who is cal Information Service (WIAIS) at Poznań University of a professional advisor and author of an autonomous ag- Life Sciences (PULS). For DSS, data should be measured rometeorological network (seven AWS Campbell Sci.) in near cultivated crops; far from urban areas (Sutton et al. Baden – Württemberg (www.mg-bodenseeobst.de). The 1988; Leśny et al. 2004; Juszczak et al. 2005; Kuśmierek MABO system works for internal purposes without ac- 2008; Matese et al. 2009). Most IMWM measurement cess from the outside. Any generated information is used points do not have such a localization. In the other coun- directly by DSS for the protection of orchards MABO tries, such as Germany (e.g. Esteburg, MABO) there are Group members. Since autumn 2007, on IAE initiative, the independent agrometeorological networks created
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