Cercosporoid Fungi of Poland Monographiae Botanicae 105 Official Publication of the Polish Botanical Society
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Monographiae Botanicae 105 Urszula Świderska-Burek Cercosporoid fungi of Poland Monographiae Botanicae 105 Official publication of the Polish Botanical Society Urszula Świderska-Burek Cercosporoid fungi of Poland Wrocław 2015 Editor-in-Chief of the series Zygmunt Kącki, University of Wrocław, Poland Honorary Editor-in-Chief Krystyna Czyżewska, University of Łódź, Poland Chairman of the Editorial Council Jacek Herbich, University of Gdańsk, Poland Editorial Council Gian Pietro Giusso del Galdo, University of Catania, Italy Jan Holeksa, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poland Czesław Hołdyński, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland Bogdan Jackowiak, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poland Stefania Loster, Jagiellonian University, Poland Zbigniew Mirek, Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracow, Poland Valentina Neshataeva, Russian Botanical Society St. Petersburg, Russian Federation Vilém Pavlů, Grassland Research Station in Liberec, Czech Republic Agnieszka Anna Popiela, University of Szczecin, Poland Waldemar Żukowski, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poland Editorial Secretary Marta Czarniecka, University of Wrocław, Poland Managing/Production Editor Piotr Otręba, Polish Botanical Society, Poland Deputy Managing Editor Mateusz Labudda, Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Poland Reviewers of the volume Uwe Braun, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Germany Tomasz Majewski, Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Poland Editorial office University of Wrocław Institute of Environmental Biology, Department of Botany Kanonia 6/8, 50-328 Wrocław, Poland tel.: +48 71 375 4084 email: [email protected] e-ISSN: 2392-2923 e-ISBN: 978-83-86292-52-3 p-ISSN: 0077-0655 p-ISBN: 978-83-86292-53-0 DOI: 10.5586/mb.2015.001 © The Author(s) 2015. This is an Open Access publication distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits redistribution, commercial and non-commercial, provided that the original work is properly cited. Citation: Świderska-Burek U. Cercosporoid fungi of Poland. Wrocław: Polish Botanical Society; 2015. (Monographiae Botanicae; vol 105). http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/mb.2015.001 Published by Polish Botanical Society Al. Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478 Warsaw, Poland pbsociety.org.pl Edited with financial assistance of the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education. This PDF has been certified using digital signature with a trusted timestamp to assure its origin and integrity. A verification trust dialog appears on the PDF document when it is opened in a compatible PDF reader. Certificate properties provide further details such as certification time and a signing reason in case any alterations made to the final content. If the certificate is missing or invalid it is recommended to verify the publication on the series website. Contents 1. Introduction 5 2. Outline of the history of research on cercosporoid fungi 8 3. Material and methods 10 3.1. Field research 11 3.2. Laboratory research 11 4. Structure and biology 12 5. Occurrence 19 6. Economic importance and control 20 7. Taxonomy 23 7.1. Cercospora Fresen. 25 7.2. Passalora Fr. 80 7.3. Pseudocercospora Speg. 125 7.4. Doubtful and excluded taxa 138 8. References 141 9. Index to fungus names by host genus 153 10. Index of fungus names 157 11. Index of hosts genera and families 164 About the author Urszula Świderska-Burek, Department of Botany and Mycology, Faculty of Biology and Bio- technology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland, email: [email protected] Abstract The paper presents characteristics of cercosporoid fungal species from three genera,Cercos - pora, Passalora, and Pseudocercospora, occurring in Poland and deposited in Polish herbaria or to be expected due to the occurrence of their host plants in the Polish flora. The physi- ographic literature, but primarily own collections, as well as those gathered in the national herbaria, were the object of the revision. This monograph provides morphological descriptions, lists of hosts and distribution in Poland and worldwide as well as detailed illustrations for 41 species. Dichotomous keys for identification of fungi parasitizing hosts from different plant families were prepared within the individual fungal genera. The present study represents a compilation of 115 cercosporoid species, of which 63 are reported from Poland and another 6 were doubtful and excluded. The fungi parasitize 221 taxa of host plants from 131 genera and 47 families, out of which 158 taxa from 94 genera and 29 families have been actually found in Poland. Fourteen species described in this book belong to Cercospora apii s. l. Nine quarantine species are listed, from which only three have been published so far. This study will be helpful to mycologists, plant pathologist, and Polish plant protection services for identification purposes of the fungi concerned. Keywords anamorphic fungi; cercosporoid hyphomycete; Cercospora; Passalora; Pseudocercospora; distribution; parasites Acknowledgements I would like to thank prof. dr hab. Wiesław Mułenko for his suggestion of approaching a monographic treatment of cercosporoid fungi in Poland, but also for his help, very valuable advice, and comments during the writing of the monograph. I also thank dr hab. Agata Wołczańska for all her help and spent time. I am very grateful to the reviewers for very detailed and critical comments. I wish to thank my husband Krystian for his support and patience. Competing interests No competing interests have been declared. Świderska-Burek / Cercosporoid fungi of Poland 1. Introduction Cercosporoid fungi (hyphomycetes) belong to anamorphic fungi, previously called mito- sporic fungi or Fungi imperfecti. According to the Ainsworth & Bisby’s dictionary of the fungi [1], a majority of anamorphic fungi are conidial stages of ascomycetous fungi (phy- lum: Ascomycota), and rarely basidiomycetous fungi (phylum: Basidiomycota). This is a huge, continuously increasing group currently comprising about 25 000 species. Anamorphic fungi comprise asexual, mitotic organisms, i.e. structures connected with sexual reproduction are mostly lacking. On the other hand, in cercosporoid fungi, asexual morphs (now the preferable term for anamorphs) may represent asexual holomorphs, which have lost the ability to form sexual (meiotic) morphs (ascomata), or asexual morphs connected with mycosphaerella-like sexual morphs [2]. Triumphal advances of molecular (phylogenetic) methods in the fungal taxonomy in the last decades led to an enormous increase in the knowledge of phylogenetic affinities of asexual fungi. Hence, in current sys- tems, they are not regarded as separate taxonomic units, but rather incorporated in the kingdom of true fungi (Mycota, Fungi) and, as far as known, assigned to the appropriate taxonomic units based on their phylogenetic affinity. Previously, they were often classified as an informal group (Deuteromycota) with lower units, i.e. classes and orders. Four classes, Blastomycetes, Coelomycetes, Hyphomycetes, and Agonomycetes, were distinguished in the most commonly used classification. This classification and these units are now obsolete, but may be still used as non-taxonomic terms for morphological groups. Based on the altered situation and challenges of the molecular era, the International Code of Nomenclature (ICN) has recently been fundamentally changed with regard to the nomenclatural treatment of fungi [3–5]. The principle “one fungus one name” has been in- troduced by the discontinuation of the dual nomenclature for pleomorphic fungi. All fungal names, species, genera, etc., are now treated as names of plants and all other groups ruled by the ICN, i.e. all names, whether based on an asexual or sexual morph, are nomenclatu- rally equivalent. Therefore,Cercospora Fresen., Passalora Fr., Pseudocercospora Speg. and other accepted names of cercosporoid genera are now recognised holomorph genera. Some species of all of these genera have mycosphaerella-like sexual morphs. However, based on the new Code, the genus Mycosphaerella s. str. is now treated as a heterotypic synonym of Ramularia, which is the older and preferred name [2,6,7]. The application of genus names is ruled according to their type species, but Mycosphaerella punctiformis (Pers.: Fr.) Starbäck, the type species of Mycosphaerella, has an asexual morph belonging to Ramularia, which clusters in a well supported Ramularia clade [8]. The cercosporoid fungi presented herein are hyphomycetes, i.e. they do not form distinct conidiomata. Some of them form mycosphaerella-like sexual morphs, e.g. Passalora punc- tum (Lacroix) S. Petzoldt and P. rosicola (Pass.) U. Braun. The name of the group originates from Cercospora, a genus with the biggest number of species. The name itself is a combina- tion of two Greek words, kerkos (= tail) and sporos (= seed), which means acicular conidia [9–12]. Investigations of cercosporoid fungi have been conducted for over 150 years; during this time, the systematic position of some of these fungi has been changed and numerous cercosporoid species have been redefined, sometimes even several times. Comprehensive © The Author(s) 2015 Published by Polish Botanical Society Monogr Bot 105 5 Świderska-Burek / Cercosporoid fungi of Poland monographs published in the 20th century did not provide a clear and unquestionable an- swer to this issue [13–23]. An attempt was made by Crous and Braun [11] at the begin- ning of the 21st century. In their monograph, they regarded species