Roczniki Akademii Rolniczej w Poznaniu CCCLXXXVIII

Botanika – Steciana , , - www.up.poznan.pl/steciana ISSN -

CEPHALANTHERA RUBRA L. RICH. ORCHIDACEAE IN MID‐WEST WIELKOPOLSKA DISTRIBUTION, ENDANGERMENT AND CONSERVATION STATUS

RADOSŁAW SAJKIEWICZ, MACIEJ GĄBKA, PAWEŁ M. OWSIANNY

R. Sajkiewicz, Department of Plant , Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Umultowska , - Poznań, Poland, e-mail: thymus@wp.pl M. Gąbka, Department of Hydrobiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Umultowska , - Poznań, Poland, e-mail: [email protected] P.M. Owsianny, Department of Geomorphology, Institute of Geoecology and Geoinformation, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Dzięgielowa , - Poznań, Poland, e-mail: [email protected]

(Received: March , . Accepted: September , )

ABSTRACT. A signifi cant decline of the population of Cephalantera rubra has been observed in the NW territory of Poland. This endangered species is legally protected in Poland: it has been included in the Polish red book of plants (category EN) and in the national and local Red lists (Red list of vascular fl ora of Wielkopolska – category EN). In June , two sites of this rare species has been found in the Notecka Forest (Karwin Forest District – north west Wielkopolska). This paper presents the results of verifi cation of the new sites of C. rubra and shows present state of knowledge of conservation, distribution and threat degree of the mentioned species in the area of the Wielkopolska and Ziemia Lubuska regions.

KEY WORDS: , Orchidaceae, distribution, threatened species, ATPOL, conservation status, Wielkopolska, Poland

INTRODUCTION , NOBIS and NOBIS ). This species was only rarely recorded in anthropogenic habitats (e.g. NOWAK Red helleborine, Cephalanthera rubra (L.) Rich. (Or- and NOWAK ). chidaceae), is a plant occurring mainly in deciduous According to HEREŹNIAK and BERNACKI (), in forests. It is usually indicated as a characteristic spe- Poland, C. rubra is characterised by its wide and, at the cies of the alliance Fagion sylvaticae Luquet em. same time, scattered distribution. The species is mainly Lohm. et R.Tx. in R.Tx. . Red helleborine attains known from the country’s lowlands, while it is rarely its optimal distribution in Poland in fertile beech woods found in the mountain areas (BARTOSZEK et AL. ). – Mercuriali-Fagetum Celiński and in local types It attains the highest density of localities, as the maps of orchid beech woods: coastal (Cephalanthero rubrae- of its distribution in Poland show (SZLACHETKO and -Fagetum Piotr. et Olacz. ex W. Mat. ), Kashubian SKAKUJ , HEREŹNIAK and BERNACKI , ATLAS... (Fagus sylvatica-Cypripedium calceolus community) and ), in the Sandomierska Basin, Great Mazurian Lakes Sudeten (Fagus sylvatica-Hypericum maculatum com- region and Białowieża Forests. The number of this or- munity) as well as in those characteristic for the Pieniny chid localities, confi rmed after , is estimated at ca. Mts. (Carici albae-Fagetum) and the Małopolska region , from about know from Poland (HEREŹNIAK and (Fagus sylvatica-Cruciata glabra community) (BRZEG BERNACKI ). and WOJTERSKA , MATUSZKIEWICZ J.M. , DA- Red helleborine is rated in Poland an endangered NIELEWICZ and PAWLACZYK , HERBICH and PAW- species (the EN category) and listed in the “Polish red LACZYK , KWIATKOWSKI , PERZANOWSKA book of plants” (POLSKA CZERWONA KSIĘGA... ), , MATUSZKIEWICZ W. ). A synthetic study by as well as in the “Red list of the vascular plants in Po- HEREŹNIAK and BERNACKI () reveals that red hel- land”, in the EN category (ZARZYCKI and SZELĄG ). leborine was found also in thermophilous oak woods, It is under legal protection both in Poland and neigh- oak-hornbeam forests, lime-maple forests and mixed bouring countries (POLSKA CZERWONA KSIĘGA... ). coniferous forests. It prefers relatively sunny habitats In the Wielkopolska and Lubuska regions, C. rubra and is found in those fragments of forest communities is a critically endangered species (JACKOWIAK et AL. which are characterised by lower tree cover as well as ), after , found or confi rmed in only fi ve lo- at the edges of various types of forests and along for- calities (BRZEG , CHMIEL , STEFANEK-PAŃCZUK est roads and tracks (HEREŹNIAK and BERNACKI and ANTKOWIAK , JERMACZEK , and the POZ and literature there cited, BRZOSKO and WRÓBLEWSKA herbarium). R. Sajkiewicz ...

The aim of this work is to present information on RESULTS the distribution and conditions of occurrence of C. ru- bra in the newly found localities in the Notecka Forest. New localities of Cephalanthera rubra in the Notecka Moreover, all available data on the occurrence of red Forest helleborine in the Wielkopolska and Lubuska regions In the years and , two new localities of (Wielkopolska-Kujawy Region). The article particularly C. rubra, not reported earlier, were found in the western draws attention to the problem of this species protec- part of the Notecka Forest. They are situated south of tion in Poland. the town of Drezdenko (Strzelce-Drezdenko County, Lu- busz Province) in the forest complexes under the Karwin Forest District Management. MATERIAL AND METHODS The fi rst of the localities lies within two neighbour- ing forest divisions – no. and – of the Solecko The area under study – the Notecka Forest ( forest subdistrict (Karwin Forest District), about . km thousand ha) – is situated in the vast area of the Warta to the south of the village of Gościm. In the ATPOL and Noteć rivers interfl uve, in the Gorzów Valley (KON- grid square system (ATLAS... ) it is localized in the DRACKI ). It is a compact forest complex, dominated square BC. In June , individuals were found by scots pine forests, mostly of the Leucobryo-Pinetum in the division no. , while in , fl owering in- type (LIBBERT ) W. Mat. em. W. et J. Mat. dividuals were recorded within the division and . A scots pine forest landscape complement nu- during the subsequent monitoring visit. All populations merous, scattered spots of raised peat bogs, natural or occurred at the edges of acidophilous beech forest, right anthropogenic watercourses and water bodies, as well as next to a periodically drying watercourse (on its both small complexes of deciduous forests – mainly acidophil- sides) connecting lakes Łąkie and Gostomie. The esti- ous oak and beech woods. mated area of the locality with C. rubra is about m. New localities of C. rubra were found in the area of Phytosociological relevés illustrate species composi- the Karwin Forest District, in the course of the studies tion and quantitative relations within the studied popu- carried out as a part of the general inventory of forest lation of red helleborine. and non-forest habitats in the State Forests (-). Relevé no. . Sunny edge of the acidophilous beech In the present work, the names of vascular plant spe- wood. Date: ... The area: m. Tree cover ‘a’ cies follow MIREK at AL. () while phytosociological – %: Pinus sylvestris ., Fagus sylvatica .; shrub classifi cation and nomenclature of plant communities cover ‘b’ – %: Fagus sylvatica .; herbaceous plants is based mainly on the work by BRZEG and WOJTERSKA cover ‘c’ – %: Cephalanthera rubra ., Vaccinium (). vitis-idaea +., Vaccinium myrtillus ., Rumex acetosella +., Calluna vulgaris +., Deschampsia fl exuosa +., Fagus sylvatica +, Quercus robur +; layer ‘d’ cover – %.

FIG. . Distribution of Cephalanthera rubra localities found in the Notecka Forest in the years -: – roads, – watercourse, – wooded area, – lakes, – towns, – localities Cephalanthera rubra (L.) Rich. (Orchidaceae) in Mid-West Poland (Wielkopolska) ...

Relevé no. . The area between the watercourse subdistrict is certainly the biggest center of this spe- and acidophilous beech wood. Date: ... The cies amongst those recently found in western Poland area: m. Tree cover ‘a’ – %: Fagus sylvatica ., (cf. HEREŹNIAK and BERNACKI ). Occurrence of Betula pendula +; shrub cover ‘b’ – %: Fagus sylvatica red helleborine in new localities in the Notecka Forest ., Alnus glutinosa +. herbaceous plants cover ‘c’ – %: has been documented with photographs demonstrating Cephalanthera rubra ., Fagus sylvatica +., Carex morphological features and environment inhabited by remota +., Oxalis acetosella +., Ranunculus repens +, this species (Phot. -). Poa nemoralis +, Luzula pilosa +, Geranium robertianum, Scutellaria galericulata +., Athyrium fi lix-femina +, Ga- lium uliginosum +; layer ‘d’ cover – %. The analysed locality is characterised by a low diver- sity of species and a large share of organic dead matter from decaying beech leaves. It should be stressed that C. rubra was not found in the adjacent forest communi- ties – an acidophilous beech wood (in its part further from the watercourse), as well as in the dried up alder swamp forest. The second locality of red helleborine was also found in June , at the edge of a small watercourse in the Galewice forest complex (in the vicinity of the village of Lipówek), ca. . km to the southeast of the village of Karwin, within the Karwin forest subdistrict – forest di- vision no. a. In the ATPOL grid (ATLAS... ), the locality is situated in the square BC. There, the indi- viduals of C. rubra have scattered distribution through- out the transition zone between an alder carr and scots pine dominated forest plantation. This fragment of a topographic low was connected with the drying spring section of the Człopia river. The watercourse merges with fi shponds to the south-east of the village of Kwiej- ce. In the ecotone zone, mostly devoid of a compact tree stratum, there was found only a sparse undergrowth of Betula pubescens and Pinus sylvestris. In the area of m, about fl owering individuals of red helleborine were recorded. It was accompanied by such species as: Calamagrostis epigejos, Carex hirta, Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Festuca ovina, Agrostis vulgaris, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Athyrium fi lix-femina and Alnus glutinosa, while in the moss layer, Pleurozium schreberi grew in abundance. Newly discovered localities deserve special atten- PHOT. . Flowering individual of Cephalanthera rubra from tion because of the large size of populations with fl ow- the locality in the Solecko forest subdistrict (Photo credit: R. Sajkiewicz) ering individuals. The population in the Solecko forest

PHOT. . Biotope of Cephalan- thera rubra – the locality in the Solecko forest subdistrict (Pho- to credit: R. Sajkiewicz) R. Sajkiewicz ...

Distribution in the Wielkopolska and Lubuska regions situated in the western ( in the Lubuska region) and Aside from the already characterised new locali- north-east (nine in the Gniezno Lake District) part of ties of C. rubra, information on the distribution of this the area. In the central part of the Wielkopolska-Kuja- species in the Notecka Forest is contained in the work wy Region, red helleborine has scattered distribution. by URBAŃSKI (). Hence, at present, there are the It should be emphasized that after , only fi ve lo- three known localities of red helleborine in the Notec- calities of C. rubra were found or confi rmed: () “Wyspa ka Forest. The presence of this species showed URBAŃ- Konwaliowa” nature reserve on the Lake Przemęckie, in SKI () and WODZICZKO at AL. () in the Bagno county (herbarium material coll. by Hegen- Chlebowo bog complex (near the village of Bębnikąt, bart in ), () Karczma Borowa in county , Ryczywół district). However, the (BRZEG ), () Gniezno Lake District, near the village above-mentioned locality of red helleborine has not of Skorzęcin (CHMIEL ), () forests of the Kamionka been found subsequently. The species occurred also in Valley, in the vicinity of the village of Mnichy (STEFA- a beech wood near the village of Nienawiszcz (Oborniki NEK-PAŃCZUK and ANTKOWIAK ) and () “Czarna county, Rogoźno district), situated in the vicinity of the Droga” nature reserve near Brójce, in Trzciel county Notecka Forest (URBAŃSKI ). Nevertheless, despite (JERMACZEK ). Most information on the species the search, this locality also failed to be confi rmed in occurrence sites ( localities) comes from the period the recent years. - (e.g. SZAFARKIEWICZ , DECKER On the basis of a database, containing data on the () POZ herbarium material). In the recent period, distribution of vascular plants in the Wielkopolska- from the Lubuskie region, red helleborine was observed -Kujawy Region (Database of the Department of Plant only in a few localities (STEFANEK-PAŃCZUK and ANTKO- Taxonomy of Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań WIAK , JERMACZEK , KUJAWA-PAWLACZYK and and JACKOWIAK at AL. ) and papers: FERTSCH , PAWLACZYK ). JERMACZEK it was possible to state that, so far, this The present distribution of C. rubra in the area of species was recorded in localities. Majority of them is Wielkopolska-Kujawy Region was shown in the Figure .

16o E 20o E 24o E

54o N 54o N

52o N 52o N

o 50o N 50 N

o o 16o E 20 E 24 E

FIG. . Distribution of Cephalanthera rubra in mid-west Poland (Wielkopolska region);  – lo- calities known from literature and herbarium material (details in the text),  – new localities Cephalanthera rubra (L.) Rich. (Orchidaceae) in Mid-West Poland (Wielkopolska) ...

SUMMARY Some works emphasize that a decrease in the range of red helleborine in Western Europe is connected with Red helleborine is one of nine species of orchids the extinction of natural pollinators, mainly aculeate in- reported from the Notecka Forest. Apart from it, they sects, such as campanularum () include: Dactylorhiza majalis, D. incarnata, Epipactis (NEWMAN and SHOWLER , NEWMAN et AL. ). atrorubens, E. helleborine, E. palustris, Liparis loeselii, Li- It should be stressed that red helleborine reproduces stera ovata and Neottia nidus-avis. Populations of C. ru- only by seeds. As it was demonstrated in the studies bra which comprise numerous fl owering individuals, like on C. rubra in the Biebrza National Park (BRZOSKO and in the case of the one described from the Solecko Forest WRÓBLEWSKA ), the examined populations show District, in Wielkopolska were documented only from the low level of genetic diff erentiation, which addition- the forests in the vicinity of Skorzęcin (Gniezno Lake ally highlights a high level of threat to such isolated District, CHMIEL ) and Lubuskie region. populations. As results from the two-year monitoring of popu- Newly discovered localities of C. rubra occur in the lations in the Solecko Forest District, the number of region in which this orchid appears very rarely and in observed fl owering shoots may be subject to large fl uc- the last period was found only in fi ve isolated locali- tuations. Similar, detailed analyses, indicating signifi - ties. The described new sites are not directly threatened cant fl uctuations in the number of individuals, come with destruction. They were excluded from forestry us- from the studies carried out, among others, in the age and placed under monitoring by foresters from the coastal beech wood of the Wolin island (GĘBURA , Karwin Forest District. A serious risk to the populations PIOTROWSKA ), as well as from the observations of can come from the natural succession towards shrub other authors (NOBIS and NOBIS ). and forest communities. Dense shrub communities may Information on the localities of C. rubra and con- eff ectively eliminate a species that prefers open sunny ditions of its occurrence may be found in numerous places. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor carefully works, including those recently published, e.g. CIOSEK the status of populations and, in the case of a severe and BZDON (), NOWAK and NOWAK (, ), decrease in their size, also to implement active protec- BRZOSKO and WRÓBLEWSKA (), NOWAK-DAŃDA and tion measures. Thus, the conservation of this species in DAŃDA (), NOBIS and NOBIS (), BECZAŁA and the fi rst place requires the maintenance of functional FIEDOR (). Against this background, particularly stability of its biotopes. Active protection measures interesting are biotopes inhabited by red helleborine, should ensure the maintenance of current humidity as most often they involve various types of forests and level of habitats as well as the density of trees and un- localities characterised by a higher level of groundwater, derstorey vegetation. It seems, that the density of shade as well as open sunny sites (e.g. NOWAK and NOWAK strata should stay within the range of -%. Such , NOWAK-DAŃDA and DAŃDA , NOBIS and NO- density ensures favourable lighting conditions of locali- BIS ). ties, at the same time, limiting the expansion of other It should be assumed that this species does not oc- more photophilic plants. All active protection measures cur in dry and deeply shadowed places. It is also inter- should be conducted outside the vegetation season, with esting that in the new localities found in the Lubuskie no topsoil disturbance in the orchid’s habitat. region, red helleborine occur in the transition zones of While considering the conservation of C. rubra, one watercourse systems and at the edges of springs with should remember about the low genetic diff erentiation low tree cover. of its scattered populations (BRZOSKO and WRÓBLEWSKA Many works emphasize the importance of high soil ). A key role in the generative reproduction of this calcium content in ecology of C. rubra (e.g. HEREŹNIAK orchid play some solitary bees (, Apoidea, and BERNACKI and the literature there cited, Megachilidae): Chelostoma campanularum and C. rapun- PAWLACZYK , NOWAK-DAŃDA and DAŃDA ) culi (SZLACHETKO and SKAKUJ and NEWMAN et and the dune areas of the Notecka Forest are very poor AL. ). These bees build they nests in rotten wood, in this element. Higher level of calcium content in the so the integral part of the protection of C. rubra popu- newly found species localities could be related to the lations must be preservation of old and dead trees in ridge fragments of glacial troughs, hard-water lakes and their immediate vicinity. It cannot be excluded that the shallow deposits of calcareous gyttia (e.g. Chara lakes observed relatively low level of the species generative and habitats; GĄBKA et AL. ), dried-up hard-water reproduction (SCACCHI et AL. , POLSKA CZERWONA bodies and spring seepage areas. KSIĘGA... ), connected also with the low effi ciency in It is hard to determine unambiguously the causes seed production (PRZYDBA , NEWMAN et AL. ), of extinction of C. rubra populations, both in Wielko- may result from the small number of habitats for the polska and Poland as a whole. One of particularly im- reproduction of bees. Moreover, it has to be taken into portant reasons could be transformation of this species account that for the protection of genetic diff erentiation habitats in various parts of the country (HEREŹNIAK and in the orchid populations, hand pollination will have to BERNACKI ). The data to date suggest that red hel- be applied (PRZYDYBA , NEWMAN and SHOWLER leborine attains its maximum development in open for- , NEWMAN et AL. ). The proper program of ests, mainly in beech woods, quite often, already in the conservation of red helleborine can and should be an stage of dying, or in ecotone zones (NOWAK and NOWAK example of situation, when the protection of one spe- , BRZOSKO and WRÓBLEWSKA , NOWAK-DAŃDA cies (umbrella species) would allow to keep the whole and DAŃDA , NOBIS and NOBIS ). community of organisms. R. Sajkiewicz ...

Acknowledgments GĄBKA M., SAJKIEWICZ R., OWSIANNY P.M. (): Ra- Our sincerest thanks to Prof. dr hab. Bogdan Jac- mienice zbiorników wodnych w krajobrazie boro- kowiak and Dr Zbigniew Celka from the Department wym Puszczy Noteckiej. In: Konferencja „Aktywne of Plant Taxonomy of the Adam Mickiewicz University metody ochrony przyrody w zrównoważonym leś- in Poznań for making available information on the dis- nictwie: woda dla lasu, las dla wody”. Rogów, - tribution of Cephalanthera rubra in Wielkopolska. We kwietnia . Leśny Zakład Doświadczalny SGGW, wish also to thank the Karwin Forest District Offi ce, Rogów: . especially, the Forest District Manager Eng. Edward GĘBURA K. (): Interesujące gatunki storczykowatych Buśko, MSc. Eng. Danuta Pancześnik-Golla and MSc. w lesie bukowym koło Bukwałdu pod Olsztynem. Eng. Edyta Kowalczyk for their valuable help during Chrońmy Przyr. Ojcz. , : -. fi eld studies. HERBICH J., PAWLACZYK P. (): Kaszubskie buczy- The study was funded from the scientifi c grant ny storczykowe. In: Lasy i bory. Poradniki ochrony of Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education siedlisk i gatunków Natura – podręcznik me- No. N (principal investigator – Radosław todyczny. Ed. J. Herbich. Ministerstwo Środowiska, Sajkiewicz). Warszawa : -. HEREŹNIAK J., BERNACKI L. (): Cephalanthera ru- bra (L.) Rich. In: Polska czerwona księga roślin. Eds REFERENCES R. Kaźmierczakowa, K. Zarzycki. Instytut Ochrony Przyrody, Instytut Botaniki PAN, Kraków: -. ATLAS rozmieszczenia roślin naczyniowych w Polsce. JACKOWIAK B., CELKA Z., CHMIEL J., LATOWSKI K., (). Eds A. Zając, M. Zając. Pracownia Chorologii STACHNOWICZ W., ŻUKOWSKI W. (): Chorolo- Komputerowej Instytutu Botaniki UJ, Kraków. giczno-ekologiczne aspekty współczesnych prze- BARTOSZEK W., KOCZUR A., MIREK Z., OKLEJEWICZ K. mian fl ory Wielkopolski. (In print). (): Rośliny naczyniowe. 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