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Chinese Plantation Workers and Social Conflict in Peru in the Late

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Chinese Plantation Workers and Social Conflict in Peru in the Late ChineseChinese PlantationPlantation WorkerWorkerss andand SocialSocial ConflictConflict inin PeruPeru inin thethe late NineteentNineteenthh Century*Century* MICHAEMICHAELL J.J.GONZALE GONZALESS AAss ththee worlworldd capitalistcapitalist systemsystem developeddeveloped duringduring ththee nineteentnineteenthh centurycentury non-slavnon-slavee labourlabour becambecamee a commoditycommodity thathatt circulatedcirculated aroundaround ththee globeglobe andand contributedcontributed ttoo capitalcapital accumulationaccumulation inin metropolitametropolitann centres.centres. TheThe besbestt examplesexamples araree ththee emigrationemigration ooff millionmillionss ofof AsiaAsiann indenturedindentured servantsservants anandd EuropeaEuropeann labourerslabourers ttoo areasareas ofof EuropeaEuropeann colonisation.colonisation. AsianAsianss replacedreplaced emancipatedemancipated AfricaAfricann slavesslaves onon plantationplantationss inin ththee CaribbeanCaribbean andand SouthSouth AmericaAmerica,, supplementedsupplemented a decliningdeclining slaveslave populatiopopulationn inin Cuba,Cuba, builtbuilt railwayrailwayss inin California,California, workeworkedd inin mineminess inin SouthSouth AfricaAfrica,, labouredlaboured oonn sugarcanesugarcane plantationplantationss inin MauritiusMauritius andand Fiji,Fiji, andand servedserved onon plantationsplantations inin southeastsoutheast AsiaAsia.. ItalianItalian immigrantsimmigrants alsoalso replacereplacedd AfricaAfricann slavesslaves onon coffeecoffee estatesestates inin Brazil,Brazil , workedworked withwith SpaniardsSpaniards inin thethe seasonalseasonal wheatwheat harvestharvest inin ArgentinaArgentina,, and,and, alongalong witwithh otherother EuropeansEuropeans,, enteredentered ththee growinggrowing labourlabour markemarkett inin ththee UniteUnitedd States.States. FroFromm ththee perspectivperspectivee ofof capital,capital, thesthesee workerworkerss werweree a cheapcheap alternativealternative toto local local wagewage labourlabour and,and, asas foreignersforeigners withouwithoutt ththee rightrightss ofof citizens,citizens, thetheyy couldcould bbee subjectedsubjected ttoo harsheharsherr methodsmethods 1 ofof socialsocial control. 1 * ResearchResearch forfor thisthis articlearticle waswas fundedfunded byby aa FordFord FoundationFoundation FellowshipFellowship inin 1974-51974-5 andand bbyy a FulbrighFulbrightt FellowshiFellowshipp iinn autumnautumn 1987.1987. 1I woulwouldd liklikee ttoo thanthankk ththee staffsstaffs ofof ththee ArchivArchivoo deldel FuerFueroo AgrariAgrarioo anandd ththee ArchivArchivoo GeneraGenerall ddee lala Naci6n Nacion forfo rgranting granting meme accessaccess ttoo plantatioplantationn recordsrecords,, andand anonymousanonymous refereerefereess forfor theitheirr usefuusefull comments.comments. AnAn earlierearlier versioversionn ofof thithiss papepaperr wawass presentepresentedd atat ththee InternationaInternationall CongressCongress ooff AmericanistsAmericanists,, AmsterdamAmsterdam,, JulyJuly,, 19881988.. 1 1 AmongAmong thethe manymany studiesstudies onon thisthis subjectsubject are:are: ShulaShula MarksMarks andand PeterPeter RichardsonRichardson (eds.),(eds.), International Labour Migration: Historical Perspectives (London,(London, 1984);1984); HughHugh Tinker,Tinker, AA New System of Slavery: The Export of Indian Labour Overseas, 18jo-192018)0—1920 (London, (London 1974);, 1974) ; ManueManuell MorenMorenoo FraginalsFraginals,, FranFrankk MoyMoyaa PonPonss andand StanleyStanley LL.. EngermaEngermann (eds.),(eds.), Between Slavery and Free Labor: The Spanish-Speaking Caribbean in the Nineteenth Century (Baltimore,(Baltimore, 1985);1985); PetePeterr RichardsonRichardson,, Chinese Mine Labour in the Transvaal (London,(London, 1982);1982); WatWattt Stewart,Stewart, Chinese BondageBondage in in Peru Peru (Durham, (Durham ,1951); 1951) Walter; Walte rRodney, Rodney ,A A History History of the GltyaneseGuyanese Working People, 1881-190J1881-190; (Baltimore,(Baltimore, 1981981) I);; LucLucyy MM.. Cohen,Cohen, Chinese inin the Post-Civil War SouthSOllth (Baton(Baton RougeRouge,, 1984);1984); ThomasThomas HH.. HollowayHolloway,, Immigrants on thethe Land: Coffee and Society in Saosao Paulo, 1886-19}41886-19)4 (Chapel(Chapel HillHill,, 1980);1980); andand JameJamess Scobie,Scobie, Revolution on the PampaPompa (Austin,(Austin, 1964).1964). MichaeMichaell JJ.. GonzalesGonzales iiss AssociatAssociatee ProfessoProfessorr ofof HistorHistoryy atat NortherNorthernn IllinoiIllinoiss UniversityUniversity andand DirectoDirectorr ofof ththee CenterCenter forfor LatinoLatino andand LatinLatin AmericanAmerican Studies.Studies . J. Lai.Lol. Amer.Am.,. Stud.Slud. 11,21, 385-42385-4244 PrintedPrinled inin Greol Great Brilaln Britain 3°5 http://journals.cambridge.org Downloaded: 04 Mar 2013 Username: staceyerdmanIP address: 131.156.159.126 383866 Michael ].j. GonzalesGon^aks N 1 a 100 200 300 miles ~ ____~ ______-LI ______ ~I a 100 200 300 400 km , I I ! I MapMap I.1. Peru.Peru. InIn thethe casecase ofof Peru,Peru, approximatelyapproximately 100,000100,000 ChineseChinese indenturedindentured servantsservants enteredentered thethe countrycountry betweenbetween 18471847 an<and^ X1874.^1A- TheTheyy contributecontributedd ttoo ththee expansionexpansion ofof thethe exportexport economyeconomy byby miningmining guano,guano, buildingbuilding railroads,railroads, and,and, especially,especially, workingworking onon cottoncotton andand sugarcanesugarcane plantations.plantations. TheThe endend ofof thethe cooliecoolie tradetrade inin 18741874 contributedcontributed toto thethe declinedecline ofof thethe PeruvianPeruvian http://journals.cambridge.org Downloaded: 04 Mar 2013 Username: staceyerdmanIP address: 131.156.159.126 Chinese Plantation Workers and Social Conflict in PerIJPeru 383877 economyeconomy inin thethe 1870S1870s andand 1880s.1880s. TheThe crisiscrisis waswas causedcaused byby fallingfalling guanoguano revenues,revenues, mismanagementmismanagement ofof publicpublic revenues,revenues, thethe worldwideworldwide crisiscrisis ofof 1873,1873, andand thethe collapsecollapse ofof financial institutions.institutions. CrisisCrisis subsequentlysubsequently turnedturned toto catastrophecatastrophe withwith Peru'sPeru's militarymilitary defeatdefeat andand occupationoccupation byby ChileChile duringduring thethe WarWar ofof thethe PacificPacific (1879-83).2(1879-83).2 ThisThis articlearticle concernsconcerns thethe historyhistory ofof ChineseChinese plantationplantation workersworkers duringduring thithiss perioperiodd ooff crisiscrisis.. ItIt focusefocusess oonn labourlabour recruitmentrecruitment andand controcontroll bbyy plantersplanters whowho attemptedattempted toto maintainmaintain productionproduction underunder extremelyextremely difficultdifficult conditions.conditions. ItIt providesprovides a moremore comprehensivecomprehensive analysisanalysis thanthan mymy earlierearlier workwork onon ChineseChinese workersworkers onon thethe sugarcanesugarcane plantationplantation Cayalti3Cayalti3 bbyy incorporatingincorporating additionaladditional primaryprimary andand secondary sources.sources. EspeciallyEspecially importantimportant areare thethe recordsrecords ofof thethe cottoncotton plantationplantation Palto,Palto, locatedlocated nearnear Pisco,Pisco, andand thethe 14o-page140-page reportreport writtenwritten byby a specialspecial commissioncommission appointedappointed inin 18871887 toto studystudy thethe conditioncondition ofof ChineseChinese labourerslabourers onon coastalcoastal plantationsplantations.. ByBy providingproviding detaileddetailed analysisanalysis ofof labourlabour conditionsconditions inin thethe CondorCondor andand SanaSana ValleysValleys thethe articlearticle alsoalso makesmakes a contributioncontribution toto regionalregional history.history. PeruvianPeruvian plantersplanters hadhad neitherneither thethe capitalcapital nornor thethe inclinationinclination toto replacereplace ChineseChinese workersworkers withwith locallocal wagewage labourers.labourers. Instead,Instead, theythey soughtsought toto recontractrecontract ChineseChinese labourerslabourers underunder termsterms similarsimilar toto contractscontracts ooff indentureshipindentureship andand toto limitlimit theirtheir mobilitymobility throughthrough debtdebt peonagepeonage andand corporalcorporal punishment.punishment. ThisThis workedworked forfor severalseveral years,years, butbut graduallygradually a majoritymajority ofof ChineseChinese completedcompleted theirtheir contractscontracts andand becamebecame wagewage labourers.labourers. SomeSome ofof themthem continuedcontinued toto workwork onon plantationsplantations onon a dailydaily basisbasis asas soso­- calledcalled chinos libres,libres, while whil e othersother s migratedmigrated intointo theth e cities.cities . DuringDuring theth e ChileanChilean invasioninvasion manymany ChineseChinese fled fromfrom thethe plantations,plantations, onlyonly toto returnreturn asas membersmembers ofof workwork gangsgangs organisedorganised byby ChineseChinese contractors.contractors. TheseThese recruitersrecruiters suppliedsupplied thethe majoritymajority ofof workersworkers toto largelarge sugarcanesugarcane plantationsplantations intointo thethe 1890S.1890s. PlantersPlanters continuedcontinued toto subjectsubject ChineseChinese workersworkers toto a harshharsh systemsystem ofof socialsocial controlcontrol,, regardlessregardless ofof theitheirr contractualcontractual status.status. TheThe ChineseChinese resistedresisted totaltotal dominationdomination throughthrough a varietyvariety
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