Addressing Tolerance and Diversity Discourses in Europe a Comparative Overview of 16 European Countries
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Migracijske Teme 4/1988
Migracijske teme 15 (1999), 1-2: 63-153 UDK: 809.45-0 Izvorni znanstveni rad Primljeno: 17. 11. 1998. Paolo Agostini University of Padova [email protected] LANGUAGE RECONSTRUCTION – APPLIED TO THE URALIC LANGUAGES* SUMMARY After pointing out the shortcomings and methodological weakness of the general theory of linguistic reconstruction, the author disputes the alleged antiquity of Uralic. Proto-Uralic as recon- structed by the scholars seems to be the sum of a set of features belonging to several distinct language families. The paper examines a number of lexical concordances with historically attested languages and comes to the conclusion that the Proto-Uralic word-stock is the result of a sum of borrowings that took place from the most disparate languages: Balto-Slavic, Old Swedish, several Turkic dialects, Mongolic, Tunguz, Aramaic, Hebrew, Arabic, late Middle Persian dialects, Byzantine Greek and Latin. Yet, other languages may also come into account: Chinese, Caucasian languages as well as lan- guages unknown in present day are possible candidates. A large number of bases of the Uralic word- stock can be easily identified by following a few phonological constraints. The linguistic features of the Uralic daughter-languages seem to show that they originated from a pidgin language spoken along the merchant routes that connected the Silk Road to North- and East-European trade. It is a well-known phenomenon that sometimes, when groups of people speaking different languages come into contact for the first time, a new restricted language system (lingua franca or pidgin) comes into being in order to cater to essential common needs. -
Sweden: Extremism and Terrorism
Sweden: Extremism and Terrorism On July 31, 2021, Roger Haddad, the deputy chair of the education committee in Sweden’s Parliament, announced that the Romosseskolan school, an Islamic school in Gothenburg, should be shut down because of its “connection to extremism.” The students are reportedly subject to gender segregation in lessons and are required to take part in prayer sessions. After public funding was cut for the school in June, the Islamic Association of Sweden (IFiS), which has been described as a hub for Muslim Brotherhood members, continued to pay the teachers. Gothenburg is particularly vulnerable to radicalization and violent extremism as more than a third of Swedish ISIS fighters have come from the city. (Source: The National) Swedish authorities have also been grappling with terrorists who have come into the country to plot terror attacks. In April 2021, Sweden’s security police arrested Salma K. and Fouad M. for conspiracy to commit a criminal terrorist act in Sweden. The suspects, who claimed they were Afghan refugees, entered Sweden in 2015. However, upon investigation, the Swedish Security Service (SAPO) confirmed the two were not Afghani nationals but were more likely of Iranian nationality and possibly traveled to Europe as a terrorism “sleeper cell.” According to media sources, the two began planning to carry out an attack in January 2021 and are possibly connected to the security agencies of the Islamic Republic of Iran. According to SAPO, Iran’s regime conducts intelligence and espionage operations in Sweden. (Sources: Jerusalem Post, Iran Wire) There have also been “lone wolf” terror attacks resulting in casualties in Sweden. -
The Catholic Church in the Czech Republic
The Catholic Church in the Czech Republic Dear Readers, The publication on the Ro- man Catholic Church which you are holding in your hands may strike you as history that belongs in a museum. How- ever, if you leaf through it and look around our beauti- ful country, you may discover that it belongs to the present as well. Many changes have taken place. The history of the Church in this country is also the history of this nation. And the history of the nation, of the country’s inhabitants, always has been and still is the history of the Church. The Church’s mission is to serve mankind, and we want to fulfil Jesus’s call: “I did not come to be served but to serve.” The beautiful and unique pastoral constitution of Vatican Coun- cil II, the document “Joy and Hope” begins with the words: “The joys and the hopes, the grief and the anxieties of the men of this age, especially those who are poor or in any way afflicted, these are the joys and hopes, the grief and anxieties of the followers of Christ.” This is the task that hundreds of thousands of men and women in this country strive to carry out. According to expert statistical estimates, approximately three million Roman Catholics live in our country along with almost twenty thousand of our Eastern broth- ers and sisters in the Greek Catholic Church, with whom we are in full communion. There are an additional million Christians who belong to a variety of other Churches. Ecumenical cooperation, which was strengthened by decades of persecution and bullying of the Church, is flourishing remarkably in this country. -
©Copyright 2017 Yu Sasaki Precocious Enough to Rationalize Culture? Explaining the Success and Failure of Nation-Building in Europe, 1400–2000
©Copyright 2017 Yu Sasaki Precocious Enough to Rationalize Culture? Explaining the Success and Failure of Nation-building in Europe, 1400–2000 Yu Sasaki A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Washington 2017 Reading Committee: Anthony Gill, Chair Edgar Kiser Victor Menaldo Steven Pfaff Program Authorized to Offer Degree: Department of Political Science University of Washington Abstract Precocious Enough to Rationalize Culture? Explaining the Success and Failure of Nation-building in Europe, 1400–2000 Yu Sasaki Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Professor Anthony Gill Political Science Why do some ethnic groups consolidate their cultural practices earlier than others? Extant schol- arship in ethnicity, nations, and state-building hypothesizes that the state is the most important determinant. In my dissertation, I argue that it is not the only channel and there are other fac- tors that matter. In three standalone essays, I investigate the role of (1) geography, (2) technology, and (3) public goods provision at the ethnic-group level. I provide a simple conceptual frame- work of how each of these determinants affects cultural consolidation for ethnic groups. I argue that geographical conditions and technology adoption can have a positive impact on ethnic groups’ ability to develop unique cultural attributes without an independent state. Although they may be politically incorporated by stronger groups in the modern period, they still demand self-rule or standardize their vernacular. I also argue that, in contrast with the expectation from the political economy research on ethnicity, cultural consolidation does not always yield public goods provision at the ethnic-group level. -
Values for the Future : the Role of Ethics in European and Global Governance
#EthicsGroup_EU Values for the Future : The Role of Ethics in European and Global Governance European Group on Ethics in Science and New Technologies Research and Innovation European Group on Ethics in Science and New Technologies Values for the Future: The Role of Ethics in European and Global Governance European Commission Directorate-General for Research and Innovation Unit 03 Contact Jim DRATWA Email [email protected] [email protected] European Commission B-1049 Brussels Manuscript completed in May 2021. The European Commission is not liable for any consequence stemming from the reuse of this publication. The contents of this opinion are the sole responsibility of the European Group on Ethics in Science and New Technologies (EGE). The views expressed in this document reflect the collective view of the EGE and may not in any circumstances be regarded as stating an official position of the European Commission. This is an EGE Statement, adopted by the members of the EGE: Emmanuel Agius, Anne Cambon-Thomsen, Ana Sofia Carvalho, Eugenijus Gefenas, Julian Kinderlerer, Andreas Kurtz, Herman Nys (Vice-Chair), Siobhán O’Sullivan (Vice-Chair), Laura Palazzani, Barbara Prainsack, Carlos Maria Romeo Casabona, Nils-Eric Sahlin, Jeroen van den Hoven, Christiane Woopen (Chair). Rapporteur: Jeroen van den Hoven. More information on the European Union is available on the internet (http://europa.eu). PDF ISBN 978-92-76-37870-9 doi:10.2777/595827 KI-08-21-136-EN-N Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2021 © European Union, 2021 The reuse policy of European Commission documents is implemented based on Commission Decision 2011/833/EU of 12 December 2011 on the reuse of Commission documents (OJ L 330, 14.12.2011, p. -
FUTURE of JUSTICE: STRENGTHENING the RULE of LAW Independence, Quality and Efficiency of National Justice Systems and the Importance of a Fair Trial
Finland's Presidency of the Council of the European Union EU 2019.FI Informal meeting of Justice and Home Affairs Ministers, 18-19 July 2019, Helsinki Working session I of Justice Ministers on 19 July 2019 FUTURE OF JUSTICE: STRENGTHENING THE RULE OF LAW Independence, quality and efficiency of national justice systems and the importance of a fair trial Protecting citizens and freedoms is the first priority of the new strategic Agenda for the Union 2019-2024, adopted by the June European Council. According to the Agenda, the EU will defend the fundamental rights and freedoms of its citizens, as recognised in the Treaties, and protect them against existing and emerging threats. Common values underpinning our democratic and societal models are the foundation of European freedom, security and prosperity. The rule of law, with its crucial role in all our democracies, is a key guarantor that these values are well protected; it must be fully respected by all Member States and the EU. A strong common value base makes it possible for the EU to reach its goals and ensure the rights of citizens and businesses. It is only by acting together and defending our common values that the EU can tackle the major challenges of our time while promoting the well-being and prosperity of its citizens. The rule of law is the core foundation of the European Union; it is one of the common values of the Union and as such is enshrined in the Article 2 of the Treaty on European Union (TEU). The EU Treaties require effective judicial protection as a concrete expression of the value of the rule of law (Article 19(1) TEU), as underlined by the Court of Justice of the European Union in its recent case-law. -
Immigration Manual
Immigration Manual November 2006 Baker & McKenzie International is a Swiss Verein with member law firms around the world. In accordance with the common terminology used in professional service organizations, reference to a “partner” means a person who is a partner, or equivalent, in such a law firm. Similarly, reference to an “office” means an office of any such law firm. © 2006 Baker & McKenzie All rights reserved. This publication is copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of private study or research permitted under applicable copyright legislation, no part may be reproduced or transmitted by any process or means without prior written permission. IMPORTANT DISCLAIMER. The material in this booklet is of the nature of general comment only. It is not offered as advice on any particular matter and should not be taken as such. The firm and the contributing authors expressly disclaim all liability to any person in respect of anything and in respect of the consequences of anything done or omitted to be done wholly or partly in reliance upon the whole or any part of the contents of this booklet. No client or other reader should act or refrain from acting on the basis of any matter contained in it without taking specific professional advice on the particular facts and circumstances in issue. Immigration Manual Immigration Manual INTRODUCTION This manual is designed to provide a general overview of the immigration laws and procedures of various countries. Please note that the immigration laws and procedures are constantly changing and are subject to new policies and developments. Therefore, this manual is not intended to be exhaustive and specific questions should be directed to the Executive Transfer and Immigration Department of Baker & McKenzie, Hong Kong. -
Re-Imagining United States History Through Contemporary Asian American and Latina/O Literature
LATINASIAN NATION: RE-IMAGINING UNITED STATES HISTORY THROUGH CONTEMPORARY ASIAN AMERICAN AND LATINA/O LITERATURE Susan Bramley Thananopavarn A dissertation submitted to the faculty at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of English and Comparative Literature in the College of Arts and Sciences. Chapel Hill 2015 Approved by: María DeGuzmán Jennifer Ho Minrose Gwin Laura Halperin Ruth Salvaggio © 2015 Susan Bramley Thananopavarn ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT Susan Thananopavarn: LatinAsian Nation: Re-imagining United States History through Contemporary Asian American and Latina/o Literature (Under the direction of Jennifer Ho and María DeGuzmán) Asian American and Latina/o populations in the United States are often considered marginal to discourses of United States history and nationhood. From laws like the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act to the extensive, racially targeted immigration rhetoric of the twenty-first century, dominant discourses in the United States have legally and rhetorically defined Asian and Latina/o Americans as alien to the imagined nation. However, these groups have histories within the United States that stretch back more than four hundred years and complicate foundational narratives like the immigrant “melting pot,” the black/white binary, and American exceptionalism. This project examines how Asian American and Latina/o literary narratives can rewrite official histories and situate American history within a global context. The literary texts that I examine – including works by Carlos Bulosan, Américo Paredes, Luis Valdez, Mitsuye Yamada, Susan Choi, Achy Obejas, Karen Tei Yamashita, Cristina García, and Siu Kam Wen – create a “LatinAsian” view of the Americas that highlights and challenges suppressed aspects of United States history. -
Sweden Muslims from Virtually All Parts of the World
MUSLIMS IN SWEDEN 2 Introduction 2 MUSLIMS IN SWEDEN – THE BACKGROUND 3 SWEDEN – A LAND OF UNITY 3 The history of religious freedom in Sweden 3 "Folkhemmet" 6 MUSLIMS IN SWEDEN - THE FACTS 8 The definition of Muslims 8 The Muslim population in Sweden 11 The process of Muslim institutionalization in Sweden 15 Problems for Muslims to organize themselves in Sweden 22 The main dominant-society-bound obstacles 23 The main minority-group-bound obstacles 27 The small size of the group 27 The heterogeneity of the group 28 Lack of knowledge and competence 28 The problem of leadership 29 MUSLIMS IN SWEDEN - THE RESULTS OF THE PROJECT 30 Muslims as seen by the Swedes 30 The role of the media 39 GENERAL PROBLEMS 43 Political participation and representation 43 Obstacles to voting participation 45 Why don’t people in disadvantaged areas vote? 46 Nice words but a not-so-nice reality 46 Immigrants = problems 47 Integration – A question of power 48 Politics too far from everyday life 48 Who represents whom? 49 Marginalization also within political parties? 50 Labor market and Employment 51 Self-employment 59 The future of the Swedish labor market 63 Housing 63 Health care 65 The Police and Criminal justice system 68 Prison service 70 The military 71 Specific Problems 72 Cultural transmission of Islam between generations 72 Special problems for young Muslim women 77 Halal slaughter 82 Burial facilities 85 Islam and Christianity 87 THE FUTURE 89 1 Muslims in Sweden Introduction Swedes today generally believe, and often proudly claim, that Sweden is a globally aware, free, open, secularized and unprejudiced society with progressive and gene- rous immigration policies; that they are living in one of the most open, democratic, egalitarian and just societies in the world. -
Metropolitan Mosaics and Melting-Pots
Metropolitan Mosaics and Melting-Pots Metropolitan Mosaics and Melting-Pots: Paris and Montreal in Francophone Literatures Edited by Pascale De Souza and H. Adlai Murdoch Metropolitan Mosaics and Melting-Pots: Paris and Montreal in Francophone Literatures, Edited by Pascale De Souza and H. Adlai Murdoch This book first published 2013 Cambridge Scholars Publishing 12 Back Chapman Street, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2XX, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2013 by Pascale De Souza and H. Adlai Murdoch and contributors All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN (10): 1-4438-4771-2, ISBN (13): 978-1-4438-4771-1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements ................................................................................... vii Introduction ................................................................................................. 1 Paris and/or Montreal: A Double Vision of Migrant Negotiation Pascale De Souza and H. Adlai Murdoch Chapter One ............................................................................................... 28 Migration and Identity in Haitian Québécois Literature Susan Ireland and Patrice J. Proulx Chapter Two ............................................................................................. -
Power, Communication, and Politics in the Nordic Countries
POWER, COMMUNICATION, AND POLITICS IN THE NORDIC COUNTRIES POWER, COMMUNICATION, POWER, COMMUNICATION, AND POLITICS IN THE NORDIC COUNTRIES The Nordic countries are stable democracies with solid infrastructures for political dia- logue and negotiations. However, both the “Nordic model” and Nordic media systems are under pressure as the conditions for political communication change – not least due to weakened political parties and the widespread use of digital communication media. In this anthology, the similarities and differences in political communication across the Nordic countries are studied. Traditional corporatist mechanisms in the Nordic countries are increasingly challenged by professionals, such as lobbyists, a development that has consequences for the processes and forms of political communication. Populist polit- ical parties have increased their media presence and political influence, whereas the news media have lost readers, viewers, listeners, and advertisers. These developments influence societal power relations and restructure the ways in which political actors • Edited by: Eli Skogerbø, Øyvind Ihlen, Nete Nørgaard Kristensen, & Lars Nord • Edited by: Eli Skogerbø, Øyvind Ihlen, Nete Nørgaard communicate about political issues. This book is a key reference for all who are interested in current trends and develop- ments in the Nordic countries. The editors, Eli Skogerbø, Øyvind Ihlen, Nete Nørgaard Kristensen, and Lars Nord, have published extensively on political communication, and the authors are all scholars based in the Nordic countries with specialist knowledge in their fields. Power, Communication, and Politics in the Nordic Nordicom is a centre for Nordic media research at the University of Gothenburg, Nordicomsupported is a bycentre the Nordic for CouncilNordic of mediaMinisters. research at the University of Gothenburg, supported by the Nordic Council of Ministers. -
News-Agencies
Case Study Authors Laura Juntunen Hannu Nieminen THE FUTURE OF NATIONAL NEWS AGENCIES IN EUROPE Case study 3 2019 Supported by the LSE Knowledge Exchange and Impact Fund 2 The changing relation between news agencies and the state Abstract This case study analyses the relationship between European news agencies and the state. On the basis of interviews, official documents and secondary sources, we examine recent developments in the relationship with the state in a sample of four countries – Finland, France, Poland and Spain – representing different kinds of media systems. While the evolution of this relationship has been different and unique in each country, they are all bound by the competition rules of the European Union, and the challenges that the agencies face are similar. In general, European news agencies are struggling to keep their basic news services profitable. We argue that in the age of fake news and disinformation the social and democratic value of these news services is much greater than their economic value to their owners. From the democracy perspective, these services can be understood as a public good, and therefore the subsidising of content with a high information value can be in the public interest if certain preconditions are met. At the same time, safeguarding the editorial, and in particular the structural, independence of the agencies from political control is essential. Funding The Future of National News Agencies in Europe received funding from a number of sources: Media Research Foundation of Finland (67 285 euros); Jyllands-Posten Foundation, Denmark (15 000 euros); LSE Knowledge Exchange and Impact (KEI) Fund, UK (83 799 pounds) (only for impact, not for research); University of Helsinki, Finland (9 650 euros); and LSE Department of Media and Communications, UK (4 752 pounds).