AS AUEOR .535 As SUBJECT;

agar—- ‘.

THE JEW IN EKGLIEE LITERATURE

AS AUEOR .535 as SUBJECT;

A Dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy,

Submitted to the University of Virginia,

by Edward E. Calisch, 3.L., LA,

Richmond Virgi n1 3., 1908.

“Rosanna;

#:3de v. CHAPTER III

The Pro-Elizabethan Period. h-u1-.:a~4w§\‘vh-nll~hx~t11.\t¥

The first mentioneas of the Jews in Englidh literature struck

E the keynote or the tneatment that had been accorded them by so

i great a majorityiot English writers that it may almost be called

unanimous. This treatment very naturall! reflected the attitude

or the xngliuh geople toward their Jewish neighbors. This atti-

ude was onsﬁhst was neither pleasant fer the Jews nor credizsble

to England. It use one or cruel injustice,antegonism and dispara- h gement. Fer indeed were the author! who had any kind words for the

unhappy 'chosen people”.

History. The firtj mention,referred to,is an allusion to

25.2 " them round in Bede'slncclesiastical Historx(iritten

in ?31. The reference has neither literary or historical merit. Is is given simply because it is the first,and because it has.the

significance,that is-a type. It’has to do with a controversy ’ that hsszraged between British and Banish monks upon the highly

importsni question or the manner or cutting the monkish tonsnre

and or the heaping of Easter. The Romana,desirous or covering

their British brothers with inramy accused them or the crimgzihat

once in seven years they concurred with the Jews in the celebration

at the Easter festival.

zg>rhe '8eriousness' or this charge led doubtless-to the edict,§uh~ a lished nine years later by Bcgbright,Archbishop or York,that 'no Christian should presume to Judaize,or be present at Jewish resets! Paragraph 1‘6 of 'canonical Excerptiones',pub.74o --See apgendix A to Lecture-11,'1he Jews in Great Britaine',by Rev.ﬂ.hsrgoliouth, London 18‘6. Preface.

There is no one, portage, who realizes the possible limita-

‘ tions of this work more than the writer. I freely confess that,'

when ; undertook it, I had no adeqnste conception of the vastness

of its scope, or of the fertility of the ground I sougnt to cover.- shy 1 did undertake it, or indeed shy at all an A.ericss Eebbi, f

folly occupied with his orofessionsl duties, and in 3 c1 y ( of lim-

A ited librszy gaciliti es, should have aetempted to co ver this phase

-' .

' ~Eof English Literature, with the Atlantic Ocean between him and the .

,I.: source of his maserie1,is s nestion apart. one attempt has been

'.. ,z-

eds, [3 and if it ';l but son ewhst‘opsn the eyes of others to the

. -.

:3 o small part the Jews have taken, both subjectively and objective— r; 13; in English literature, the attempt is nos in vein.

The work is a pioneer of its kind. There have been some ,.,.x;;.‘.‘_..-l...':“5;. .2“

ha‘ essays lo this direction, one of ‘he asst be: ng an article on

”The Jew in Foetzy and DramaP, by Charles a.ﬁabon, iouyol.XI of.the

Jewish Quarterly Revise; But there is no work of any length that ,1xsmuurguruuse has some to my knowledge, and none at all shat deals with Jewish Arse; n; a“):

— authors. Dr.David.Philipson's work ”1.3 Jew in EngliSh Fm v.0n", 1.: covers but one phase of the subject, and Only 3 limited sortion of

that phase. The one volunes,*Jews of Angevin England?, by Dr.;oseph Jacobs, and ”Bibliotheca angle-Judaica”, by Lucien 2701? and Joseph Jacobs, are historical only in purpose and scope. let they

rich in material for literary research, and I wish to acknowledge {Llafnnecn'msamh-‘L m—ii ,7}. ;_.....;.....;< ‘ ,.., .— .—., ' wan.) ‘k;_:;.{.,,i,.

my pro-Elizabethan

obligations are

an»?!

oring

that ject A a: great

.hyamson,

also

belongs

and

and his

indebtedness

gratefully determination

profound.

for courtesy

era, that

material

appreciated.

period.

and in to

Bis

of responding

thom. without

assistaoce

work

Jewish Sis

was Especially it

greai authors

to I

rendereé

thanks

would demanas

constant

knowiedge and

to have

are ,l , ,

both Dr.Jaoobs

.ELLA.

their noon guide

also missed

.1. of “Awmioeion-

his

works. due the in

the .3ul.“.

-7. much

are tioa u

Pr. the sub-

gath- gm ~4-

my ‘ Table of Contents.

e....,.dﬂmW

»sibliograpny. 3»£bbreviat§ons.

Chapter 1 Introductory. 'Ghapter II The Jeu§;n England (Historical).

Chapter Ill Ere—Elizabethan Period.

Chapter Elizabethan Era.

Seventeenth Century.

Chapter Eighteenth Century.

chapter a ineteenth Century.

~v ” Chapter VIII ‘! ineteenth Century,

c!- eraxy Activity.-‘

List of ﬂan-Jewish gathers and Ebrks.

biSﬁ of Jewish authors aad auras.

'Abbreviations.

5.3.J...... Bibliotheca Anglo-51163108., Wolf and Jacobs, 12.922.358.92

J.A.k...... Jeas of Angevin England, Joseph Jacobs, JG“ .4 . 1? 93 3.6...... JeWish Chronicle.

J.Snc...... Jewish Encyclopedia, E.Y. 1904

J.Q.R...... Jewish Quarterly Review.

' Pica...... Sketches of Anglo-Jewish Eistory, James Picciato,Lon.187s

Biblioxheca Anglo-Judaiea, w ed Joseph Jacobs.

.Book of Essays, A» Dr.S.A.Eirs}

tr" [‘1

w- icnary of Rational Biography. ‘W‘r

Keieerine Lee 5;;EEE)

History of the Jews, Dr.E.Graetz.-#~—g—_—— ‘istory of Lngli-h Literature, E.A.Taine.

Eistor: of Eineteenth Century, Literature, A, George Seintsbury.

Israel in Europe, G.F.Abbott.

Jews as Shay Are, Charles K.Selaman.

Jew in English Fiction, The, Dr.E.Philipson.

Jews oi Aagevin England, The, Dr.Joseph Jacobs. Jewish Chronicle, The, passim.

Jewish Encyclopedia, The

Jewish Ideals and Other Essays, Dr. '14 ose_h Jacobs.

Jewish Life in the fiidfile Ages, Israei fibrshams.

Jewish Literature and Other Essays, Gustave Karpeles.

Jewish Quarterly Review, pessim. Jfidischen Franem in der Geschficbte, Literatur und Kunst, 7 Life of fiilliam Shakespeare,f Sidney Lee.‘

Library of the World's Best ”1 erature, Ed. has Dudlea.3 erner. Criginal Jirture and Gthe r Studies, Rev.S.Levy.

Sketches of Anglo-Jewzsh His tony, James P cciotto.

Shylock 1n ' der Sage,i mDr ma und in der Geschlchte, . Proﬁ.Dr.h.Graet; , af’“

Universal Anthology,The, Ed. Richard Garnett. who's Who In England, for 1906 and 1907.

. A n-.. ~AaA.,u-..,, a“... . i , l g 3 i , define to in the sound sent nitely tendencies English pear sound attitude of termined can exeruised ture; influence rent toward and music draw the departure a give have Obviously to of reason reason. and Deronda its determinable. the work, hard be literature national and on of a 11mm been by on the merge arbitrarily Jews Shylock a the the and for viz: their the number of Jews to the The determined British at plastic fast gradually the them. fiction, life other to first Introductory. various have as scope own and of one Show, host lines subject that placed, hand, contributions a GE In Thus limitations, nation, thus care or arts, of Sheva with and all into divisions periOds on can TEE of the the in unconsciously what in and the innumerable manner yet demarcation. the the add to 1 each advent this subject as an as influence one the various he view of expressed to effort other. are consideration which, author, to of hand, trustsare their stage, the of to and this art arbitrary, the Canterbury impulses schools, bring such had though common they what the it by The In the 3 literature. other upon Rebecca, is as literature, method not its exact has hate writer out difficult this history, of they to yet periods is without its writers, been the Tales, the consciously poetic point not of has is may there litera- 3 purpose Jew treat- Fagin the An to defi— and as de— ap- that that of ele- is in flight, is no slight one. A community that ia.scarce

generation can produce an Aguilar, a Beaconsfield, Zangwill, a Lee, a Gollancz, a Jacdbs, and an Abrahams, not to mention a. host of lesser lights, is to be rechnned with. Ordinarily a literature is coextensive with the language in

which it is written. Speaking broadly,German literature compri—

ses that which is written in the German language, as French litera— ture that which is written in the French language. In the present

instance however English literature is not to be considered coex-

tensive with the English language. The first limitation is that

:.in the phrase I'English literature”, the qualifying adjective re—

fers to a national and not a lingual differentiation. The lit-

erature of America, though it is English in tongue, is not consid—

ered. Secondly,the qualification while national is not political.

The literary productions of the vast and numerous provinces and

dependencies of the British Empire are not included. The mater»

ial is confined to that which has been put forth by the English

people themselves, whether it be non-Jewish writers, whose treat—

ment of Jews or Jewish themes is considered,or Jewish writers,

whose contributions to the store—house of literary treasures are

reviewed. ’Even thus restricted there is no lack_of quantity, for

the people.who have created an empire on whose flag the sun never

sets, hare produced a literature whose wealth in north and size

is second to bone.

The next elimination is that of the Bible. An examination

.pau- 3

N‘C’e'uhaﬂh /

sung“

‘0.»

m as given through the ..¢.- of Jewish influence on English literature

A-“ § Bible would mean an exhaustive stuay of the whole range of lit- ‘erary effort in England. 'There is no writer who does not give

evidence of his debt to the Bible, even though he may hare but

the most modest acquaintance with its contents. ”The English

& mind was quick to appreciate the beauty of Hebrew thought and

speech,” says Dr.ﬁm.Rosena£i*and hence, almost from the very beginning, adopted these as models. This is certainly notice—.

able to a marked degree in some of our early literary monuments

still in existence, which were naught but paraphrases of events

and characters described in the Bible. The retention of Biblical

speech was in every instance believed to lend dignity to the sub—

ject under consideration. And Biblical sentiments were incorpo-

rated in great numbers in almost every work produced.” Addison \

gives testimony to the fluent ease with which Hebrew thought

and phraseology are caught up in the English. He said'"there is

a certain coldness and indifference in the phrases of our Euro-

pean languages, when they are compared with Oriental forms of speech; and it happens very luckily that the Eebrew idiom runs

into the English tongue with a particular grace and beauty.

Our language has received.unnumerable elegancies and improve-

ments, from that infusion of Bebraisms which are derived to it

out of the poetical passages in Holy Writ. They give a-force

2‘” Eebraisms in the Authorized version of the Bible' Baltimore 1903, 3 12.47 C; 'Spectator’ No.405 )‘Iﬂlma

mm .5:

cr-N-I

[IVA

n "J

and energy to our expressions, warm and animate our language,

‘vwmwl; .

v and convey our thoughts in more ardent and intense phrases,

mm...“

__,, than any that are to be met with in our own tongue.’

N, But Addison did not go deep enough to learn why I'the He—

brew idioms run into the English tongue with particular grace

and beauty". There is a psychological backgroundﬁwhich the

kinship of phrase is but an outward expression. The Bible was not merely translated from a different tongue, from Hebrew;

Greek or Latin, into English language. Its thoughts and sen—

timents were translated as well into the heart and soul of the

English people. A modern writegvhas stated this fact very

clearly. ”The Hebrews have determined our literature more than all otherﬁ influences combined: he says, ’The English

heart and mind are now partly made of Hebrew thought and ideals. To other literatures we have looked for models to imitate and notions to borrow, to the Biblical literature we have looked

for a transfusion of all our thinkingf. This we might call a

moral influence. Dr.Tucker adds, 'But there is also a purely

literary effect of the Bible ..... Who can estimate the immense

extent to which Biblical imagery and Biblical phrase —- what we

may call Biblical style and Hebrew style -— have determined

the style of English writers? ——- It is true that the language

of the Authorised Version is English, not Eebrenn None the less

the imagery, the similes and metaphors, the fiery turns of

hr.T.G.Tucker,'The Foreign Debt of English Literature,Lon.1907, ‘ '- pp. ass .47.

5.».— a .6;

a.)

M“

i. “yea“

4...». exhortation and denunciation, the fervent question and apostro-

phe, all these and other elements which make up style are, apart from the rhythm, Hebrew not English. And it is to these things

Jae refer when we speak of the purely literary effect of the

Bible on our writers. The diction of every English writer has

; been dominated by Hebrew phrases and figures of speech, ”which mix themselves with his thoughxs as he shapes the words and images of his English prose or verse.” The prevalence of this influence is the more remarkable

when we recall that England was behind the continent in the

study of the Hebrew language. “Early England offers almost a

blank in the field of Bebren Literature.” Roger Bacon was the

first scholar of prominence to undertake its study. To him it

was the language in which God had revealed himself. He objected

to translations because translations cannot do justice to the

original. That which is sublime in one tongue too often ap-

proaches the ridiculous when given in another. It is a peculiar

strength of the Bible that it is an exception to this general

experience, and its beauty survives even imperfect translation.

The translations of the Bible in various tongues have had a

most far-reaching influence upon these several languages and

their respective literatures. But in none more so that in the

English. Its influence here is spiritual more than material. Mr.lsrael Abrahams well says,'There were no Jews round the table

féaDr.s.A.Hirsch,”Early English Bebraists',in a ”Book of Essays'.p.le cplntrod.to ”Jewish Life in the Middle Ages' p.XIX

@‘x

of ding James I‘s compilers of the Authorized Version, but David digehi was present in spirit. The influence of his commentary on the Bible is evident on every page of that noble translation.” The modern literary world is beginning to recognize this indebtedness to the Bible, not merely to the form and phrase that are reporduced, but to the deeper lying and more effective spirit that permeates the range ﬂg-English thogght. Art and morality are not necessarily incompatible. The novel of passion and the problem play are not true representatives of the culture which bespeaks a noble civilization. No more is an uncompromis— ing spirit of rigid morality that would shear Pegasus of his wings, clothe the muses in the garb of nuns and turn the Pierian spring into a baptismal font. The Hellenic and the Hebraic spirit are not antipodes, they are in reality supplementary to each other. Their judicious admixture would have saved genius from much of its ethical eccentricities and theology much of its narronness. "It is in the confluence of the Hellenic stream of thought with the waters that flow from Hebrew sources that the main direction of the world's prOgress is to be sought.;'

This confluence is noticeable in the life and thought of the

English people. Whether consciously or not, they hare made the adjustment between culture and religion and found the marriage a congenial one. .It is true that different epochs may have swung the pendulum too far in either direction, but even during

Prof.Butcher 'Aspects of the Greek Benius'.

ucsiweukutam

mavens“

my a the excesses of a reign of riotous broadness, that extended from

Elizabeth to Charles, a Shakespeare strikes the note of univer- al justice in a ”Lear”, a “Hasheth' and a ”Richard III, or de-

votes a “hamletfto the study of the world-problems of sin and suffering; while on the other hand the glory of a ”Paradise Lost” shines through the drab soberness of a Puritanic period. During a century wherein the looseness of Smollet and Fielding

seemed to prevail, Pope writes an l’Essay on Man” and sturdy

Samuel thnson dominates his contemporaries by sheer force of

moral character. Tennyson’s ”In hemorian” is perhaps the nobl—

est poem of the first half of the nineteenth century, because

it is in itself a most happy combination of hellenic charm and

hebraic strength; as Kipling‘s "Recessionsl’ was perhaps the

most popular poem of the latter end of the century, because it

is so thoroughly hebraic in tone. There is more than a touch of

the old prophetic spirit in the simple dignity of the lines, in

the vision that sees ”the captains and the kings depart“, in the

prayer that asks that reverence and humility'

ebe with us yet, Lest we forget; lest so forget.”

The influence for the Bible on English literature is sin-

ply incalculable. It is the Jesus noblest contribution. Yet it

will not be considered, nor such productions that are intimate-

ly related with it, such as works of commentary,exposition,

criticism, Palestinean travel,and exploration. Consideration

(ﬁlhe word Bible,as here used,includes both the Old and the new Testaments,as is also the phrase ”Eebraic Spirit' intended to be Connected with the writers of both books. For the authors of the new - Mtg..\ .3; > 4 nﬂ~~ .-¢. 1-,“- sis

:0.me

is given to pure literature only as far as practicable. Philo-

wtvﬂztoxSPI-Ai’meJJi

n1"

a v. sophy, Ethics, theology, homilectics,scientific and technical

pm» productions, all efforts that may not be classed in the realm

of belles lettres,_areieliminated. These works of nongJenish

authors have no reason to possess wh at n1 ght be calleds - Me —

4--” ‘4” L «L rub-t F'l sh ‘uh liucrary interest. atten L1on s ¢iven mainly to poetry, . fiction and the drama. Bistory,trarel, es says and criticism are included, because in some periods these form the main avenues of expression for the national metal attitude toward

the subject in heed. In the earlier periods, before the Eliza-

stth mere, aside from some ballads and the mystery plays, re— forence s to Jews are found as a rule in nistorical writings

only. Ewen in later periods where t1 :8 attitude of the nation M 4w/ﬂ is no ost [plainly to he discovers in hi storioal produc ions, as in ,{ 1\ Coryet‘s ”Crudities’ or Dr.1ovey' s ”anglia-Judaica*, or u.ere a

Eilmen,devotesﬁnoble volume# to the history of the Jewish peon1e, A the so are referred to. Foliticsl writings and periodical liter—

\ ature, when they display pvﬁpﬁnr sentiment or temper, are con- eidered. ; »‘.\

Somewhat larger_exceptien is made in the consideration:

-» -

A of the works of Jewish authors. While books of travel, history,

- .

.- criticism, and of technical and scie ﬁfic nature, do not uSualLy 1-...

20-1 find place in a review of literature, fget productions of this

a‘rmxzr'u’uanla Testament were Hebrews,

“an and the Gospels in their native Simplicity, 1-;

L beneath 1 the accumulation of theOIOgical interpretations and doctrines

mg,- which the later fathers of the church laid upon them, are Hebraic

in spirit, ethics and form. , . \

-J:;

mum

want-1 wan character by Jewish writers are referred to, as they are believed to be legitimate to the purpose of the work. The division into chapters does not accord with the usual dieisions made in English literature. It was found best, after the Elizabethan era, to follow the arbitrary dividing lines of chronology and to de"o a chapter to each cectu-r, irrespect— ive of schools or minor epochs. Bistory and literature are in— extricably woven together, and it 5:11 be found that a great deal of the matter of this work clusters around cettain histori— cal incidents. For this reason a chapter on the history of the Jereé in England is given.

A survey of the millenium of English literature‘oill dis- close two general facts; first,thet a broad line of demarcation is drawn between the Jews of the time prior to the advent cr‘

Jesus of Nazareth and those since that event, and secondly, tfiat the t eetment accorded the Jews of the latter period has been, ‘r up to within very recent years, uniformly aaézh$$$£2&£_sntagcnis- tic. The Church early placed the ban upon the Jews. and the attitude of the Church was the attitude of its followers. The earliesg, writers were from the clergy. The monks were the first chrociclers and dramatists. fiith them the exaltation of the church see pare, mount. The Old' Iestament is the foundation of the Church. 'Its' yeople were the kinsmen of the Saviour. Its prohpets were his her—5 bingers. They therefore sfmfie and wrote of Kbraham, doses, Samuel,

David and Isaiah with the same veneration they accorded the gospel

i /17

writers and teachers. But the refusal of the Jews of his own generation to accept Jesus, their participation in the tragedy of the

Passion and the Crucifixion, changed completely their Position and condition. Though generally true this is most obvious in the mystery plays and the early religious dramas. These plays deal

with Biblical episodes and religious themes. When they describe

incidents of the old Testament, the Jews concerned therein are

handled as ordinary human beings. When the Old Testament is passed

and the theme or episode has to do with the Newg or with any of the Q; Church teachings or traditions, there is no accusation too barbie,

no charge too monstrous to prevent its being given credence and

repetition.

The persecutions by the nations of Europe are faithfully

reflected in their several literatures. Though today the condi—

tion of English Jews is among the happiest, yet England has the un—

enviable history of haying given the first impulse to the falsehood that the Jews engaged in ritual murder, and of having been among

'the first to decree wholesale expulsion of them from her borders.

The earliest English writers narrate the unhappy tragedies that

befall the Jews without one trace of feeling for them. The later

writers reenforce and spread slanders uttered against them without

one scruple of conscience, Iﬁlliam of Newbury tells of the massacre

of York with not a word cf sympathy for the unfortunate victims. Mather Paris recounts the incident of Little St.Bugh of Lincoln without question of its credibility. John Speed says that the //:

coronation of Richard I was ’auspicatedP by the massacres of the

”enemies of Christ”. Ghancer gives over onaeof the Canterbury

Tales to a repetition of the charge of ritual-murder. There is

no villainy which ﬂarlowe makes impossible for Barebas. The very

genius of Shakespeare has given the wider currency to the false

characterization of the Jew as a sordid and merciless usurer.

Ralph Holinshed said that the bringing over of the Jews was one

of the 'grievances which the English sustained by the hard deal-

ings of the Conquerorf'

Even when a slowly developing enlightenment rendered these

gross superstitions no longer tenable, the animus against the Jew

found vent in other directions. Especially is it discernible in

the literature of the political contests which were waged during

various centuries in England. The bitterness with which Filliam

. Prynne opposed the movement for their resettlement in thexsevenﬁBEnfh.

century is a specimen of the feeling against them. It is true that ‘ Prynne, he of Bistrio—mastix and the sliced ears fame, was aiman of i unbridled tongue, or pen. Yet he may be taken as repreSentative. he say have been more bitter than the average, simply'beCause he I hadgthe greater gift of inveyctive. I doubt not otherséfelt as

stronggas he wrote. The outpour of abuse that greeted the passage of the Pelhams' ”Jew'Bill' ofIVSS was so great that the bill had to

be repealed. E ‘ x

There aée certain conventions in literature. One of these is .to make the J%w a villain, or at least an unlovable character, and

.1 . 4 . \\ z l. , \ ti v ; ‘ ‘ 4 . \ . I H \. ,3 7 x. - _tto place‘in his mouth objectionable sentiments. maria Edgeworth :acknowiedges this fact in her novel “Harrington”.

E’In every cork of fiction I found the Jews represented as h teful ' beings;' nay even in modern tales of very late years. Since I have . come to man’s estate I have met with books by authors professing candour. and toleration, and even in these, wherever the Jews are introduced; I find they are invariably represented as beings of a it mean avaricious, unprincipled, treacherous character.” ‘ IXR ‘ Cumberland puts similar sentiments into the mouth of Sheva in "The

9Jem" 'se have no adiding place on earth, no country, no home; *ﬁeverybody rails at us, everybody floats us, everybody paints us out for their nay-game and their mockery. If your nlayuriters want a gbutt or a con, or a knave to make short of, out comes a Jew to $Vbe baited and buffeted through five long acts for the amusement of all good Christians.‘

Happily this particular convention is weakening, though it is still

‘far from disappearing. Aside from those who espoused their cause during the political contests, the first notable champion of the

Jews was this same Richard Cumberland, in this play of slhe Jen“,

at the end of the eighteenth century. It is a conscious defense

of the Jew, and a noble attempt to put him in a favorable light.

Since then in fiction and drama some splendid Jewish figures have

been created. The Rebecca of 3 1vanhoe” and the 30rdecai of "Daniel

Deronda? hare done much to atone for previous wrongs. It is, how-

ever,in keeping Iith the pathos of Jewish history that these kindly

/ . '. , . representations are not as widely Known as the unfavorable ones,

‘ and, when known,do not create the same impression. For the latter

are taken as natural and typical, the former as exceptional and

indefensible. Put Barsbas and Shylock and Fagin in one scale and

‘CQQuoted by P.Abrahams,'0uriosities of Judaism',p.209 @Ibid

/"3

Sheva and Rebecca and Mordecai in the other, and which kick the

balance in popular acceptance? Surely ”the evil men do lives after . them, the good is often interred with their bonesé’ ‘ In other fields of literary effort the Jew, Ivespeciallf‘in

. England, is receiving ever kinder notice. The treatment accorded

: him as a barometer of civilization. The diffusion of liberal , principles in government, the growing spirit of humanitarianiSm

and of freedom, that characterized the last century'found their

: reflex in the century’s literature. The weakening of the.power of dogmatic theology lightened somewhat the load that the mzdéval , church had left as a. legacy of the days of its "dominion. Superstit

tious calumnies died out. The removal of political disabilities ' brought the Jews in closer contact with their fellowacitizenst'

Clearer knowledge dispelled much of the misty prejudice whichkige norance begot. There are evidenced a more dispassionateﬂcalmneSS€.

in judgement, and a greater desire to give credit for strong and? K noble traits, even though weaknesses are not blinked. :The wonders ful devotion of the Jews to their‘religion, and their unflinchingﬁ

loyalty in the face of centuries of fearful persecution are being

recognized. Writers of history are bags; learning to appreciate

the value of the great services which the Jews have rendered the cause of human pregress, in spite of the handicap of their enforced isolation and segregation. The entrance of the Jews themselves in

no mean manner into the various reins of literary effort aided the

growing sense of ktndness and justice toward them. The noble\ I l “ ‘ ‘ V/:/' Rselves eighteenth Gladstone utterances forms. their of Lecky fellow-citizens, not Vand It that lish. worship, ed life, pens rines,_its than\one their teenth no that works noble is that place really subject the in the can not its life thoughts. of Compelled century their Coleridge, The they political dignity Jews ”the feasts, Benedictus Jewish in recognize and pregress, that made of centered. language, centuries, entrance English are could literary Dr.¥hately Eacauly, have people they is until authors not in denied fasts to The controversy, overwhelmingly A Wordsworth, played shine a, culture things the live did literature. English. 1e of of interpretation literature the This ambition with Hazlitt, and Puncteur, significant participation Jews not the of in a as on latter Jewish. life Observances. was the the political write, Book”. and its as the The Byron their spent pre-Elizabethan exception are Richard anthers apart development, interpreters. offthe part stage religious. With their writers but subject Amberly, and The and and religion, itself matters from of in the of they Jews, productions Grant, by ”Book”, into commentary, Browning the the They of human exception of no their to did with those Hallam, eighteenth English activities it prior It the were means were the Lord that: Shut era development. not is will its neighbors that seventeenth could same who echoed not have both in to John ignoble write in filled laws of Draper, literature be its more around the wielded to within criticism. several find century. of noticed in actually Russell, /5/ doctrines, and in be in nine- national and senses all language part other themes Eng— and expect— which dbct- and them— their was That their non—participation in the life of the nation

was the cause of this is evidenced by the fact that whenever

the restrictive presSure was removed from them they at once,

almost at a bound, became generous and worthy contributors

to the treasury of national literature. During the Moorish oc—

cupation of Spain, they were treated with justice and were

placed on equal footing with others in civic and religious

rights. The result is a flowering of Jewish genius which has

no parallel in all the centuries of the Christian era up to the

nineteenth. It has been well styled the ”Golden Age” of Jewish

literature. Poetry, science, philosophy, art, fiction and drama

found noble expression. The names of Moses ben Maimon, Jehuda Bait-

evi, Solomon Ibn Eabirol, Moses and Abraham Ibn Ezra, and David

Kimchi form a Constellation that blazes brilliantly even through

the distance of flown centuries. Its influence spread beyond Iberi

ian boundaries and was felt even after the Inquisition hxxd had

laid its chill fingers of death upon Jewish life in Spain. Sﬁsskind of Trimberg was a German Jewish Minnesinger who won the

'plaudits of knights of high degree and their dames“?> Rabbi Don

Santobn of Carrion, was a renowned Spanish troubadour, whose poems ‘2

were not confined to the love songs only, but whose serious con—

positions rank him among the most celegrated poets of Spaié? t

”Three of the most important works of Spanish literature are the

products of Jewish authorshipjﬁvfhe first ‘Chronicle of the-Cid? 01er ans, emsh Life in the Middle Ages',p.361 'C9 see Gustave Harpeles,”Jewish Literature and other Essays‘,p.17? Q and p.171 ‘ /6

the oldest of this oft—repeated and much used biography, was com— posed by a hoorish Jen, Ibn Alfange. Valentin Baruch, of Toledo, is the author of the romance ”Comte Lyonnais, Palanus”, the foundation source of much material for tragedies, and ﬁcses Sephardi, (Petrus Alphonsus) wrote ”Disciplina Clericalis', the first and model collection of Oriental tales. Even as late as the sixteen— th century we come across two Jewish Spanish writers of renown,

Samuel Usque, a dramatic poet of great power and Antonio Enriques

Gomez,whose comedies were received with much applause in hadrid but who was compelled to flee his native land because of the

Inquisition. .

A similar phenomenon is to be witnessed among the Jews of

England. The American and French Revolutions unquestionably’had their influence upon the English people. The humanistic impulse evident in the literature of Cermany7during that splendid period of the closing decades of the eighteenth and the opening decades of the nineteenth centuries, was felt in the intellectual atmosphere of England. Not only did it become evident in the English literature itself, in the breaking away from the confining classicism that marked the passing century, but it became manifest in the government. A wave of liberalizing reform swept over the land. It carried the fortunes of the Jews with it. Beginning vith small concessions of rights, they won their complete civic emancipation. The removal of the ban against then gave birth to an active participation in national life, Whose results are as creditable to the Jews,as they are condemnatory cf the policy of ’7

that had made them hitherto impossible. In literature these results, in wealth and worth, are amazing. A glance at the list of

Jewish authors from eighteen hundred to the present day discloses a remarkable richness in variety, numbers and quality. The present generation of English Jens is distinguished by a number of authors, poets, novelists, dramatists, critics, essayists, journalists and scholars, many of whose names will doubtless be added to that glorious scroll of England’s nobly famous, at whose head is the immortal hard of Avon.

The Jews have never been accused of intellectual weakness.

No; have they ever lacked imaginative power. Their mental vigor has been strengthened by the conditions of their life. Their his— tory for the first eighteen hundred years of the Christian era was a struggle for existence, in which mentality was matched against brute muscular strength. The world at large deemed that this mental vigor had degenerated into a commercial cunning, whose highest expression was in a ”business instinct” that non material

success, that his imaginative faculty had been similarly deadened by the daily grind of his sordid life, that the Jew had neither

talent nor liking for the nobler, creative life in the arts or in

literature, because these brought no rich material returns. But the

world utterly misjudged and mistook the Jew. True the Jews d::;p—

pear numerously in the literature of the nations of Europe previous

'to the nineteenth century. That is because the Jew is only human.

The literature of a nation is the expression 05 its life and ideals: 0Q

the outpouring of its national soul. The Jews were not nermitted

to be a part of a nation. Shut out from its national culture, the

Jew could not give expression to it. He could however annreciate

it. And he did. He made it his own in so far as he could. In

Italy, Snain, Portugal, France and Germany many of the literary

classics were reproduced in Hebrew. This is likewise true of

England. It came much later however than on the continent, though

it has been said that a Hebrew version of the Arthurian cycle ap—

peared as early as the thirteenth century}? There are today many

translations of English masterpieces into Hebrew, among thenIthello ”Romeo and Juliet”, and "Eacheth"; Cumberland’s "The Jew”, ”Paradise

Lost” and“SamSon agonistes”, "The Pilgrims Progress", and, recently

Fitzgerhid's "Omar Khayyam” was done into Hebrew.

One of the pathetic things in connection with a review of

the Jew in English literature is the fact of the passing over of

some of the most brilliant minds from Judaism to Christianity.

It is pathetic because rarely if ever it is done through convict-

ion. Occasionally it results from a quarrel with ecclestiastical

authorities, more often it is from a desire for wider opportuni- ties. Benjamin D'Israeli was baptized at the suggestion of the

poet Rogers, who saw that the lad was precocious and wanted him to have a chance to rise. Tennyson, broad and generous as he was,

still could sing of him as one:

' l C; “Jewish Literature and other Essays”, G.Karpeles, p.97 thaxn‘watmmmtéamw ¢f\ ’Who breaks his birth's invidious bar

% And grasps the skirts of happy chance. 1' \ And breasts the blows of circumstance. 92.x Aim: And grapples with his evil star: ABLEKWR) ﬁho makes by force his merit known, .1 (& And lives to clutch the golden keys To mould a mighty state's decrees t And shape the whisper of a throne." J Even to Tennyson his birth was ”an inwidious bar”, and one does not stop to wonder whether D'Israeli would ever hare been made Premier of England, had he remained a member of the synagOgue. It has been

claimed that it is a reflection upon Judaism that these conversions

occur. In reality it is a reflection upon the civilization that

fcompels them. The conversions are not remarkable for number, but

they are striking by reason of their contrast with the great mass

of the faithful. The Jews, as a class, hawe not only resisted the

preSsure of physical persecution, but they have borne the greater ‘burden of scorn and ridicule. Their faith was evidenced not only

in their adherence to religious duties and observances, but it

was manifest as well in the large volume of distinctirely Jewish,

literature, which they have produced; Jewish not in the limited

sense of pertaining only to the synagogue, its theology, doctrines, or ritual, but in the wider connotation of things of Jewish life,

its character, conditions, hopes, ideals. PractiCally every Jew-

it ish novelist from Aguilar to Zangwill has written what may be term- .v

t ed Jewish novels. Poets, dramatists, essayists, historians and ,

journalists have used their talent in defense of description of “la-.0,

...._.. their people.

weer—ﬂ".

a.“ .1. J1 f in faithfully were tory minor rent of ment their abiding high but should tO'hiS is and after were Jewish as addition ivity. tiles.i : the the little to he.has survived of their of of place several gThe It note sadness the the works Jews have persistence Exhibition, It the faith resignation, freedom The is to treatment short doors world was constant endured, is in survived ions to was survived BUnion this of it causes often is in that an be Jewish a and of without of at is not the feeling inspiration observed perpetual and very a national of of large, portion recalled. could struck peace. of it, that one eventual of miracle. such Jewish 1887, writers. his the a utter literature, strong of helped of not brave a a that upon Jew indestructible for tragedy, despair. torrent life gave national new Literary to but lifting degradation The in Yet enough a It centuries, acceptance the much to idea had to strain leave English suffering is not stimulate lyre of within the and been historiCal consciousness. of not There of in Societies", only abuse their Jews their of in of the mind surprising faith. literature and opened though of less sadness keeping is their has and load, and literary themselves, impress. their loss and own a the than and martyrdom, deep misrepresentation to bravely'and literature. That spirit power formed and of is with lot, him. Jew literary when is one The strong self—respect, effort, often the any Ihe a done and 6: it and century to Anglo— as in /,,7 the tribute There people achiev— which life the take posi- well 1502, found \ Q> cur— of so, act— his— in Yet an a

is a recent movement that has given impetus to literary research

and effort among the Jews, that though designed originally for Jewish topics, has broadened out into the fields of general lit—

erature. - Yet, again let it be said, the Jew has always had place in English literature. The cosmopolitan character of the Jew, and

his international activites have in more ways than one been the

~ means of human progress. As the crusaders brought the East and

west into commercial relationship, so it was the Arabs and the

Jews, who made the scholarship and science of the orient accessi—

ble to the occidental nations. Wherever the Jew went he brought

with him an atmosphere of the larger world. England in her 1’splen.-

did isolation”, was kept in touch with continental culture, espec—

ially in the earlier centuries, through the Jews. They were the medium of communication. The Gesta Romanorum, the story book of the middle ages, ”might alimost have been called the Gesta Judaeonim”,

says Dr.Joseph Jacobs./ Kany of the earlier English tales and

dramas were drawn from Spanish sources, and, as has been noted,

the three nest important 0 these Spanish sources were composed

by Jews. in addition to this there is that intangible yet ever

present spiritual influence. English national ideals are so

permeated with the Jewish spirit, that one sometimes hesitates

to deny the Anglo—Israel claim that after all the English are the

Lost Ten Tribes. The moral sense is basic to Jewish aspiration.

: 1 £9 'Jewish Ideals and other Essays’,p.142

/’

it is revealed in his own literature in the unique distinction that his noblest utterances are concerned with the great pro— blems of life and Deity. There are no epics of human heroes.

The one hero is always God. In other literatures the epics are concerned with human heroes, or at best with heroes who are gods or demi—gods. In English literature, Milton’s ”Paradise Lost“” confessedly its greatest epic poem, is thoroughly Hebraic in tone and spirit. The earnestness and seriousness, the optimism and hopefulness, the belief in the ultimate triumph of truth and justice in the face of the seemingly overwhelming power of evil, which characterize the best productions of their literature, are traceable to the influence of Hebraic ideals, trensauted into the soul of the English people. .This may seem to be a large claim

The writer believes that it is a just one.

'ihe Jews in 3. glass.

The greater part of the literature, in which l a. (T) 'm a Fr 33

peered as author or as suoje at, up to the midole ., of tLe nine—

teenth century, centered aoout certain incidents which took

place in the history of the Jens in England. These inciaents

are here set forth in or as or that the literary activities, nhicl

arose from them, m-'v be better understood. For this reason

also the several episodes are given in sweater detail than

No references are made in tiis cha-ter to this literature.

Inese have been reserved for the chapters covering the resneot—

ive periods.

lhe Pre—prulsion I (‘4 (D (L' LY 0 0) a cf 0 England. with ??..i 11am U)

Period, 1066 — 1293. V (is Conqperor. They may have m- de fly-

1.1. hg trips to Britian in earlier dagzs

as re llorers of Roman Camps or as traders from Gaul, but there

is no evidence of theix savings made any permanent set lement.

C>Eev.4.xargo iouth, Bisto of tie Jews in {'reat Britaine, Eon, 1°467 contends that Jews were in Engle and pric r to lcFé.

ZL/

aurasmsssxarﬂ'ﬂ

Luxuri- 1;

u The Hornah_xing brought them over as a ”0 linanoi al exocrinent n rendered necessary by the policy of the Church toward usuary,

at which becomes impossible owing to its costly ch Hr cter,

an the rise of religbous feeling due to the Crusades and the

william was a thr ri- Pty monarch, who well understood

how to mass the coffers of the ring the ultimate reservoir into

uest. lhe institution of the Domesday book a ade it clear that it was :71 liam's policy to have his feudal dues cold to the s’ 3 O p. :5

O : (D Sn For this purpose '1 r? "5 {3 “S c!- *3 Q ﬂ Q: S“ H p. S p :3 Fl! 0 0 Q :(gl!

it was necessary “’5, to havr; a body of men scattered throughout the a. 1 d S ’D .3 6‘ Q: g m m 180 made the Je rs nay O O {3 :3 1‘! "J‘ C O I~ {I 0 H {u O 3 u: Q

is several unrisings in the sest and the north, uh_ch deman-

ded his return from ZHora nd; and his further attention, tOgether-

with the rebellion of his one son Robert, prevented the fulfill-

ment of his economic plans. But the Jews had come over and set-

tled unobtrusively, mostly in londcn. Numbers however scattered o

to the towns north and east. They settled very early in Oxford

3.3.2. lntrcd. p. $2

(2253? ntonius in his Chronicles rec rds that William the Conqueror ' King of England, trans the Jews from Rhoan to london, and the Magdeburg Centuries out of 1 r (Ger t. ll Jap.14, Sol. 696) adde titers to that it was Ob Iuneratum Precium, for a sum of. mo ey given to him by them(wh1ch mlnas). Both these Authors icti ate that th is was the first arrival in England, yet in that year of this King that are silent. ﬁlth them concurs Ralph holinshead, vol. 3, p. 15, there he writes,’inong other; grieVanoes which the English sustained by the hard dealings of the Conqueror this is to be reasobe; ed, that he brought the Jews into the land from Rouen, and appointed them a place to inhabit and occupy.” , " A Short Beaurrer to the Jones long discontinued Remitter in England etc.“ by an .Prynne, Lon. 1656, p. 2. :é9history of Oxford, Wood. and the site of the nresent Sit", was once a Jeuisr oenetery. 3.1ng to toe fail"re of Wil- lian's plans the Status of .he Jens reunioed for some time unde-

essor”. a charter was likewise issued to the Jews

Josce, or Joseph, the oneif Jew of London, and all nis followers under which tdey were allowed to nave about in the ocuntry,togeth—

or with their chattels as i1 tnese were the king's pronerty(sicut

cssness that characterize: his

of Killian of Norwich,lle4. The Jews of *orwich were accused of

wards buried him. fhey thought it WOUld be concealed, but our

Lord showed that he was a holy martyr." 11ers were many absur—

dities and impossibilities cooneC:ed with the details of the story, but it served to inflame hatred against the Jews, and to

benefit the monasteries which were so fortunate as to beCome the

shrines of this and other similar ”martyrs". 9 Jewish Encyclopedia ‘v‘ol.V p. .62 39See Oﬁman's History of England pp.95 —»e

41»

The effect of the Crusades and their incidental preaching

during the twelfth century was visible on the continent by re-

sewed persecutions of the Jews, and it was not long beforefthe

ease of passion swept into England. She story of the martyr—

dom of ﬁilliam of Worwich was followed by similar incidents at ' Gloucester, 1168, and at Bury st.3dmunds, 1181. With each inci—

dent the position of the Jews became more precarious. It is true

that the hand of Henry II was stratched orer them in protection.

But this protection was a costly affair. Eben in 1186, for his g crusade against Salsdio, he demanded a tithe from the rest of his subjects, from the Jews he demanded one quarter of their chattels.

It was estimated that while all the rest of the people were ask—

ed to give seventy thousand pounds, the Jews were mulcted to

the sum of sixty thousand pounds. Yet the Jews managed to live ' .,»outw3rdly on tolerable terms with their neighbors, until the f5'1‘Le.t‘l:.er part of Benny‘s reign when the rising tide of the Crusad- ‘"‘ing spirit, together with the incident that two Cistercian monks

V became converted to Judaism, caused an eruption of violence that

took shape in a massacre of the Jews at the coronation of Richard I in'iiee. It is claimed that the passacre occurred through a mistake

‘“ but it took place none the lessfé) A number of representative

Jews had presented themselves at Westminster to do homage to the‘ 'v

‘ new king and bring him preseuts.

.V)A Ihe coronation of Richard 1 was ”banseled and auspicated with the _gblood of many Jewes (though utterly against the kings sill) who in “De tumult raised by the Cceah(multitude)rere furiously murtheredﬁ. Qﬁistory of Crest Britaine, etc. by John Speed, 3rd Ed. London yieso, p. 485 as W“

mumww n- Christ' should .. But the crowd was incensed that these'enemie s of

be present am mg so ~ rely a Cer em cry, and the Jews sere repul—

-._'...‘.'~ha‘-u..s- sed from the basque t that followed the coronation at the chapel. .i Aaron.

L‘ .. A rumour was spread that the Ling had oroered this repulse. \ - Ire crowd needed nothing more in the way of incentiwe. The mob sun-.143

7.x. surged to Old Jewry, set re to how es of tne Tews and kilEéd vii-"r

those who attempted to escape. e King was angered at this 3.358%“.

“:11‘} ;.,‘ took no effective steps to puﬁusb >72 _=.,.- insult to his dignity but

the leaders. The contagion of hate and lawlessness sprea‘ eﬁd baa-.awugu as soon as Richard left to go on his crusade'massacres +.nok niece at Lysn, Stamford, Bury St.3dmunds, Lincoln and York. At York the Jets asked protection of tﬁe warden of the King's cgetle

and he placed themrin Cliffcrd Tower. The warden had occas—

ion to_leave the tower,and when he returned‘ the Jews, through a mistake, or in a paric o fearvrefused him admittance. re

called upon the local mili‘ is to recover the tower. Led by one

Richard Malebys, who was deep: in'debt to the Jews, the tower

was besieged. The race of the mob increased with ea-h hour

of resistance and the imprisoned Jews saw no alternatives but

starvation or surrender. Their religious head urged them to

2, a

M u .er alternative. bellow—

slay themselves rather than accept e D my: ing his counsel no: t of them, slaym gfirst their wives and

children, put them: we tO'death, rather than seek clemency

from their enem wie s isose who did the latter fared no better; for when they surrenﬁe red to the mob, the.leaders thereof ...‘~r~‘\.

5.;u‘w1‘balm ﬁn.“ -11.-

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.1 .zag..-__...~’+;c--,;. .3 ct- a La "‘1 “h a.- :3‘ .‘D‘ (I 11‘ 9 wished for grace with testimony o“ ﬂ as 0 s: , 9: (I) C) «<1 avg—wan not fear to some out, as soon as they did so they seized then as enemies, and though they demanded the baptist of Christ c,_a._,t.r,.-,~_,,..a.

aﬁmmzzmtmmaﬂaz. crue' butchers destroyed them”.67

'v‘

1:135 r These massacres took glass in the years 1189 and 1133, and li‘kl'w' marks the end of the tolerable position of the Jews of England

before the fourteenth century. From this date thought they man-

no; ) 0 d- L aged to exist, their 0 In grew continually worse. Kirg John H:

used them merely as a sponge, prexitting them to gather

.r-a then squeezing it from them when he wanted it. It was he etc or— .M

dered that a tooth should U' e drawn each day from the mouth of a .Jt (n 0 d- U‘ a Flo

"S P braham of 5r stcl) until the latter expressed his q r\

willingness to pay his quota, ten thousand of the sixty—six I a s: B hi I; O ,‘5‘ O U 23‘ H- 5' C O ('9 P” 1‘! "—4 :3 («'1 l!) as» :J‘ D 2:)“ {1: 9) (0 D: p 93 d- d" 21' (1) (T1 Q: 0) Q) m m (n (I) (n {I} 0 0‘52 During the reign of Eenry III, Langton, Archbishop of Canterbury introduced into England the Jew edge, invented by Innocent III.

‘he Jews sought to eVade this disgrace by leavlng the land alto-

gether, but by order of the King no Jew W's allowed to leave

without the iing's permission. It was during ﬂenry's reign

also that there occurred the tragic episode of the martyrdom

of little St.3ugh of Lincoln. .n the month of August 1258, a

little lad,eight years of age,'disappeared in the city of Lin-

coln. The ?robable facts of the case that may be evolved from the mass of traditional and historical accounts of it, are as 1 i 6)Erom the account of filliam of newberny, qcoted J.A.E.,p. 128

nan _ 17 .__J _

a widow Beatrice, ~w,.,_.a.—p——».v-rw~ A while runninga 9 er a ball in play, fell by accident into a

'e body remained one «Mew- “a- anwhile there he d assembled- V at Lincoln a large number of Jews free other places, to attend

the marraage of the daughter of the Chief Rabbi of Lincoln, a -....,.4k,.._..~r..a—

prominent and widely—known Jewish scholar of that generation, i, A,

,. ’

‘ on the day after the wedding, before the guestsh had dis ersed " to their homes, to their great horronthe body of the n ;‘ "vuw’

W‘ discovered, havingr isen to the surface of the pool. In the l panic of their fear the Jews made the mistake of attempting “macaw“ to dispose of the body in anoth or neighborhood, instead of

annoc ncing it to the proper authorities. After t ree days ﬁthe body was again discovered by a woman passing.

Upon its discovery that thioh the Jews dreaded came to I pass; Ihey were accused of having murdered the child for rit—quV

4., anal purpoSes. The accusation was fathered by one John of Lexefno - Jington, a canon of the Lincoln cathedral, who sporeciated the , advar .tage to the cathedral of having possession o- the body of the 'martyr". In an imposing procession the body, having been Aplaced in a stone coffin, was interred in the South Aisle C'oir1' 7' of the Cathedral.

Heanshile the accusation against the Jews spread .L..L-~”‘V zxzildu”E “.fire; Benry Ill was on his way to Lincoln from Scotland. The :~case was laid before him.. He was not slow to see his opportuneéi iii y. He had a few months before that sold the Jews to his bro—,is Fym_: Richard of Cornwall for a cash consideration. But here was The story as given here is taken from Mr. Joseph Jacdb‘s essay on Little St .Bugh of Lincoln, p.192 - 224 in Jewish Idealsand other —‘.Mw “$5395 - ~09 1996 Er.u&00 s m as a scholarly and exhaustive study

of ..he 1nciden+ "m..-

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his she no e to soueeze then till their blood “a? a as guests 1 J. into h-s :

treasury and their vl ear was coined into counters for revel . us age. The assecelage ox Jevs at Lincoln lent color to t e charge that they had come together as representatives of all English Jewry to perform the deed. So all t-e Jev. were held resnonsible.

Those sho”r efused to trust themselves to the tender mercies of a Hit-‘Irﬁp‘pt';

Chr an jury” were hanged, and‘many more were imprisoned, until Kai-£942.“:

r1-”- we: at the end of six months, the agreezent with Richard having trsn A

expired, they were permitted to purchase their f:eedcc by raging

Wanna

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use: er orxzous fines. . in. Shem Simon de 3k Mfo U rose to power, after the b=ttle of "mvﬂd.

as“... Lewes, e aoragat d 21 infectedness of Christians to Jen. . . . ihe antagonistic attitude of the Church toward ”usury” nos reaf—‘

'M‘E firmed with increased enphasi .9 In 1274 tie ”Sta utum de Judais-

mo”, was Promulgated. By this the Jens were alto ether forh to lend money on "usudry’. They were perai ted to enga gs in commerce and handicrafts , and could‘ i i lands for a sr .a c~ e e f t‘1 en

< years, but were expre sly e eluded from all.%)udal rig-t and

uafﬁlﬁu privileges. This permission was the merest mockery. For the Jews could not learn any handicraft, as no guild or artisan‘s' socie y of any kind rcu ld receive them or permit then to be apprenticed. 345 does not take to f rming in a day. The Tens 'were driven to the dirsst straits. Some fen accepted baptism J l- u d- O (I) (3 i‘ U (D 9. w (L [a m U) 0 (4' H L) D k H "3 U) (I) r } c!-

{I} rted to crime to eke out a

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- it ion of and comment on the practice of ususry see infra .

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in spite of the edict of expulsion Jess drifted to England ins _...—r~——.~M.4-~ an“...

small groups. Occasionally a permit was given to distinguiso- l. .-.l_.,4- .. ed individuals to visit the ccuntrygp An ineffectual attempt:

T._..v,. $3 was made to have the edict revoked in 1310.. Throughout the sit- ,

, \\;teenth century after the Spanish expulsion of 1492, Spanish and H---lv.,

h 'Portngnese Jess came to England so that at the beginning of the“ “a..-

if,» 5,

seventeenth century ther e ass quite a colony of them. As a rule \ r , they’lived as Crypto-Jews, outwardly conforming to the general

custom; secretly maintaining their loyalty to their ancient fait .

*'- Amooénthese was the Lopez family, one member of which became a

distiognished physician and a familiar at the court of Elizabeth,

it and was said to be the original of Shylocké9>

The ﬁesettlement From Ede to Cromwell-,the Protector, it

1856; was a far cry in Eaglish history,not merely i:.. ‘ ‘.' in years, but in social, economic, religious 3 and political conditions. The England of Edward_l meant, sconce—- ically, a feudal system, in-uhich there was no place for a middle . class that was neither agricultural nor military. Religiousllyi” sland politically it meant an established Church, so entrenched in ,7_ governmental favor, that the lot of the non-conformist was indeed il'an unhappy one. The England or Cromwell had no feudal system,

and it possessed so many religious sects that their numbers made

them tolerant not only of each other, but some placed even toler-, ’ ance of the Jews among their religious teachings. The influence

'I.ot the Eebreu Bible was perceptible in the thought, literature

and langgagg 9f the period. The Puritans were thoroughly Hebraic, , This was especially the case with Jewish physicians, two of whom 51 were called in to attend to Eenrylv in 1410. See Art: Jewish Doctors (éyin ingland,‘ by A.ﬁiener,Jewish Quart. Rev. Oct. 05 I .Qpc 473?“: {Thou TU

i '1

pa... .u m U? Au)

L-hh~44~1-1...\4#~)1~ in spirit. The writers of the day made frequent use of Old Testa—

ment incidents, language and‘nanes. It was suggested, in Barebones' parliament that seventy-should be the number of the Council of can: / - state, in imitation of the old Sanhedrin. Hebrew names and phrases

ﬂore- in common use. Inaan atmosphere such as this the movement j .

' ,"'jj‘r¢r / serum: and legal readmission of the Jews into England Lt' could/be launched with fair prospect: of success. Cromwell him.- Cgs'efl’vzlf’é’held liberal uieus as to religious toleration, and, in addi—

tion, like ailliau the Chemist-or, he had economic reasons for ...a..'nwllxuauu:.us.mw featuring the return of the, Jews. 3y reason of their internat-

ional comercial activities they were well informed of the opera- ‘tions of the'several govements of the world, and they gave

Cromwell important knowledg’as to the movements and plans of Chales Stuart in holland and of the Spaniards in the hen l'orld. Likewise one or the conspiracies against Cromwell’s own life was

laid bare by a Jenish merchant. ‘ The Protector realized also the great assistance the in Jens could render 3 building up the commercial prosperity of Luau-A.» England. ‘ . like first step was made by a petition, presented in 1649

1al"~“‘u-Q(&Ak-.ﬂo’fr by two Baptists, ”Schema? Cartwright, and her son Ebenizer, free- v

,,...-.,. born of England, but non residing in Amsterdam." .

Q See 'Cromwell's Secreti Intelligencers', by Lucien ”5011’. Q See List of Authors and Works, appendix A - Seventeenth century.

i z

.9 § 1

u i x l

3 E

-ﬂons

it ~.-A~.~1

i...<__< ..

The move was favored by such men as Roger ailliams and.Eugh Peters w

and by the Independents, the Puritans and the Baptists." Easy .~.-—v-- people : were moved by religious reasons, deeming the occasion one making for the conversion of the Jess and the advent of the oil—

lenium. The 5-,‘ro-.‘y,~..s

Jews themselves were represented by Eenasse'ben Israel,

age-1. ,V a most learned Rabbi of Amsterdam, and a keen student of affairs.“ [1.1. he dedicated a volume on the 'Eope of Israel” to the British Par. liament, and addressed a petition to the Council praying‘for fav- {orable consideration of the question of the return. the St.John

\. ..*p€£..¥ﬁ>&kdé$ﬁhrqd-¢=éh-MW‘ii-SE" \

\ missibn sent in 1651, to Amsterdam, in connection with the ﬁaviga-

.s. m...’

we»— tion Act of that year, held conferences with- enasseh and the Jews “u.

\ of Amsterdam, with the result that Eenassah was invited to come

“sin-TL”... to London. tar breaking out between Bollsnd and England prevent- m-u-v “a. ed his acceptance of the invitation until its close. In 15s: «as.

“whoa Henasseha accomganied by three Rabbis and his brother—in-las5came

the text of the petition is as follous: To His Eighnesse Oliver

mm‘.....\m,.a Lord Protector of the Gomonuelth of England, Scotland and Irelesd & the Dominions thereof. The Humble Petition of the Hebrews at Present Residing in this city of London shoes names er vnderwritten

\ ‘ "umbly Sheveth. That Acknolledgingi "he antfold favours and Pro- tection yor Eighnesse hath bin pleased to grant vs in order that see may with security meets privately in our particular houses to 5 our Deuosions, And being desirous to be fauoured more by yor NBighnesse wee pray nits all Bumblenesse yt by the best meanes i which may be sulh Protection may be grannted us in writting as §9 that we may hereuth meets at our said priests deuosions in our 1§ Particular houses without feere of ¥olestation either to our per- ‘. sons famillys or estates, our desires Being to Line Peacebly under yor Highness Gouernement, And being wee er all mortall wee a11.soe g Humbly. pray yor Highnesse to graunt us License that those which may day of our nation may be burved in such nlace out of the cittye as see shall thincke oonaenient with the Proprietors Leena in ‘ whose Land this place shall be? and see wee shall as well in our % fifetyme, as at our death be highly fauoured by yor fiighnesse go for shoes Long Lyra and Prosperity wee shall continually prey To 3 the Almighty God etc. Menasseh ben Israel, David Abrabanel, abrahsm Israel Caruajal, Abraham Coen Gonzales, Jahacob De Cacereg Shraham Israel De Brito, Isak Lopes Chillon. Cliner P. Ree doe referr this peticon to the Consider— sxixn econ of or Councill. flarch ye 24th 1558-6. .6

1....“

7.,

‘ .,M_

over to London presented his 'hunble address” to Cromwell, who

referred the mat er to the consideration of the Council. A nat-

ional conferenbe was summoned, in which leading lawyers, divines

and merchants were invited to discuss the legal, religious and

commerical asyects of the question. The lawyers declared there

was no legal bar to the return of the Jews. The clergy and the

merchants were both violently opposed. Seeing that no favor- ‘ ' able decision would result Cromwell dismissed the conference without taking action.

The effect was rather the opposite of that which was sought,

mxr-c».-A..gmy«:~ac—I.L;—: ‘the agitation aroused tending toward bitter feeling against the

Jews. In the follouing year the question was brought to issue

‘again by the-breaking out of the war with Spain. The Crypto—

y..v.nanrpmmuwznm.- -

.w Jews living in London had passed themselves off as Spaniards.

. .A.

m‘» Feeling against them became so pronounced that they were com— u:

4.4-.

pelled to throw off their disguise,_declare themselves as Jews

swam. w

awn and appeal to Cromwell for protectionfp Gromwell took the matter

into his hands by giying to the Jens ”informal permission to

Hiéimlmun Efﬁe.

.‘.'u reside and trade in Engdand on condition that they did not

m4 .3

obtrude their worship on public notice and that they refrained .w‘mnhk

from making proselytes'.

a. rl'»<'s4.«'

n. The Struggle for 57 iThus in 1655 -»6 the Jews came back some— Emancipation ; 1 inhat clandestinely into England under the 1?40 — 1858 5 ' protection of the Puritan Gromwell. There were several atteppts within the next

*ludltnh».th-hl‘lwwl—Ii-‘Iﬂ!dE—Jtl‘45‘4 fiftz years to have this permission revoked. They all failed. (9) .Enc. V0 .V p.189 i

r”..._ ".4"

3 5 t. / _

Quietly, yet steadily, the Jews began to demonstrate their value to the State and their usefulness as citizens. In 1723 a spec— m...

ial act of Parliaaeot was passed which gave them two elementary prune“. .

rights, which had hitherto been denied them, one was the right V.,, .i.,, to hold land, the other was to omit the words "upon the true

faith of a Christian‘, in taking oaths. ihis latter however did ‘ ‘ not apply to oaths of office. It was not yet possible for Jews to hold public office. In 1740 a naturalization bill was passed,

whereby Jess residing in British colonies for a period exceeding

seven years might become naturalized. In 1753 a bill_was intro—

duced, known as the ”Jew Bill”, nhich permitted 'persons pro- uWna‘rn‘v‘r-d‘V‘n.)hﬁ"4~ﬂ.‘li‘i->MK“Al‘su .-. fessing the Jewish religion” to be naturalized by mere act of

ass-tn.» Parliament. Though considerable opposition manifested itself .1:

. the bill passed both houses. The opposition appealed from the i-..“ parliament to the people. The appeal.was not in vain. The country was aroused to a violent outburst against non—conform—

ists and aliens, to such an extent that in the following year

the bill was repealed.

ngMluvwv‘Muh,isM-tWAx-vrae The effect of the repeal ens truly disheartening upon the

Jews. a general feeling of insecurity and uncertainty spread mail...“ 5,. among them, and for the rest of this century there were no further attempts to secure the rights of citizenship. The strug—

gle began again early in the nineteenth century. In 1229 the civil disabnities were removed for the “Roman Catholics. In

1850 a petition of two thousand names, merchants and others from Liverpool, was presented in behalf of the Jews. After several

‘AT

c~»...... -~.s~.,ﬁ

9......

.-.i..;>.. failures 3 bill passed the Commons in July 1833, but was rejected

;. in the Lords. For over a decade the contest was intermittently l-.- ... waged. One concession was obtained in 183s, viz. that Jews

were allowed to hold the office of Sheriff. Another bill in .-.._-,-,~._,...,_. Ami.

1846 gave them further rights, though the right to sit in earli- N.”

7, ”4.,

ament was still denied them. This issue was finally forced and is

son through Hr.David Solomons. It was he who had been selected

to the office of Sheriff,snd for those relief the Sheriff's

Declaration Act had been passed in 1835 Though Baron Rothschild

had been elected to Eatliament from the city of London and had .

.»~. not been permitted to take his seat, gr.$alomons was undeterred,

newneslm and, coming forward as a candidate for the borough of.Greenwich 4-4

juro~nvrr in 185.,szs elected. ﬁe entered the House of Commons and in- ‘uuu sisted on-tasiog his oath on the Old Testament, and without the concluding words,'on the true faith of a Christian”. as even ventured to take his seat and voted upon the very question of his right to remain in the House£2>ﬁe was ordered by the_Snsaker to lease, and replied in an able and dignified address,uhich won the sympathy of many masters. nonetheless the matter iss_re- ferred to the lat courts and Kr.Salomons nus fined five tundred pounds for each vote he had recorded. But his set had renewed

the struggle in very concrete form, and after several were fail- a”-.. ures, finally in 1858 an act became law, by which, in che'ease of Jews, the concluding words of the oath of office, ”on the

0 Sketches of eagle-Jewish History, by James Picciotto, Loddon 1875, pp.398-9. .gg.

A .‘m."':x‘f-=‘L

“v.--“

4.”,

w .

true faith of a Christien’ were omitted. This removed the last

bar to complete citizenship. Excepting the crown itself,every

public office was attainable by Jews and their civic emancipa-

tion was complete.

The history of the Jews in England for the past fifty years has been, with one exception, one of increasing happiness for themselves and credit to the English people and their government. In 1270 the religious tests were removed from the Uni-

versities. In 1881 when the frightful treatment of the Jews

by the Russian government compelled attention from the civili-

zed'norld, it was in England where the noblest demonstration

took place. A meeting was held in the tension House, at which

we u.”

, the barbarism of Russia was secred by some of the greatest

, u

no? leaders in England. Over One Hundred and Eight Thousand sounds (Five Bundred and Forty Thousand Boilers) was collected as a

hrW/W-kwa'n-nv fund for relegf. The exception,referred to, is the passage-of

the Alienﬁ ill, in 1904. Its design is th prevent the landing

'mwnww‘cnusw. of ignorant or innoverished or undesirable immigrantent The t”

Bill is professed to be economic rather than religious in char—

~\.'.:..‘1.\.‘.<._2§-n. u acter, but in the agitation for its passage, much anti-Jewish‘

sentiment was aroused and expressed. Its enforcement likewise; V4,.,..zr-1

bears morehhardly upon Jewish than upon other immigrants. :tM“¢cx'l

”L‘Amu‘nu.

cw”.-.

”mm.— . ..._‘w #0 5“ /'

. From this date references 1-)-~»‘-vm‘O.— to toe Jews are round in the histor-

ies of England,especially in the civil and ecclesiastical records; increasing in frequency as,arter the conquest,the Jews increased

in numbers and came in contact with their neighbors and fellow-citi-

zens. Thee annals likewise have no specific literary attraction, VA being merely lists or'prohibitions and accusations by the clergy,or taxes,tallages.tines and damages exacted by successive sovereigns. ..7_1.A»H__,~sv

Beneath the dry records can be read a tale of tragedy for the Jew,

growing deeper as religion! tarvor waxed niélthe growing power or 2

the church,and royal spendthrirts became more involved in drbt,and

subject to clerical dominion or to the later-growing power or the

barons.

:he profane historians of the day rerlected the same spirit or antagonism. They wrote 0: the great afflictions that iereii the ‘

Jess,yet have no'wcrd of commiseration for them. ‘Iilliam or Newbury 1

was a contemporary of the massacre at York in 1190. His 'Historia Rerum Anglicarum'(ll93) gives the tullest and most authentic account or it. There is no word of sympathy fer the hapless victims in his

narrative. He freely confesses the injustice of the sttack,its

selfish motiég;its brutal character. 'Hany a: the pr/ovince of York'

he says'plotted against the Jess,nct being able to suffer their opulence,they themselves being in need,snd without any scruplc oyéhrist- i ian conscience,thirsting for the blood or infidels from greed of ;

booty . He deplorcs the killing or the Jess,not however :cr humanity's sake,but on account or six exyediency. They should have been sgaggg

for purposes or'chrietian utility'. 'The perridions Jew'should be al-

lowed to live among Christiansfss the form or the Lord's cross is

,painted in the Church of Christ, viz:ror the continual and most helpxhl

remembrance b all faithful or our Lord's Passion‘. debts to the it The attackers Eesir d to destroy the evidence or their sent See J.A.E. p.118 8? Ibid. p. 122 7? , 2.. Hi = liar—V,

T _. - Mathe- Paris,an historian of the thirteenth comm-Luis“

in .i..l._ .i similar - sein. His 'Historia Haj or' has :2: ch to say about the Jews

from very earliest.times,but he accepts and puts down as veritable ?

the slanders uttered against them. In his account of the incident

5 or the martyrdom or little St.Hugh or Lincoln,there is no question

but that the Jews were guilty . Though the incident occurred in ., August and Passover is never later than April he. accepts without com- <_l.= ﬁx ~ meat the statement that the lad was sacrificed as a'Paschal offering“! ,,l Paris was a monk or the abbey of St Albans/,and as a monk should

have been better acquainted with the ecclesiastical calendar. But

4' being a monk,he Ias ready to accept and propagate any charge against

3 Rsstrx. The incident of Hugh 0: Lincoln evidently made a

I ride and deep impression. It was recorded not only i in the history.but in the poetry or the period. the ballads or the

day,the truest index of the popular mind,shos hos universally the

superstition or the people accepted the story as true. no less

than eighteéyvegsious or it have been collected from among the

ballads or the time. The best knosgis that of the "the Jet's Daughter'. Here an added touch or aathos, or of cruelty as yo: may enticed choose to vies it,is ggven by the thought that the child is in s ““‘49‘ ass: and put to death by a female hand. She rolls him lead. and casts him in the sell run fifty nthoms deep. The ballad castell, pictures the frantic mother's search for him at the 'Jess' each. place she at the Jet's Garden and at the deep draw-sell". At there. calls aloud for her ohild,a;sks him i: he is

Joseph Jacobs Lon.1896,p.195 V SeeSJinsh Ideals and other Essays', 93y Prohchilds, out. has. 1888

'Qphan belle were rung and mass was snag 5‘~——MQ$I~A‘NJQ‘VV"<-<~J-J And every lady went hazhe: ’ y... Than ilka lady had her 20mg sonne, But Lady Helen had mane"

'Seho round her mantil hir about, And eair sair gen she weip; And. she ran into the Jeri: castell

Quhan they aver all asleip. ,

-; ~ >:< My bonny Sir Hen,” pretty Sir Rev, “y. 3 pray the to me epeik. '0 lady,rizm_ to the deep

draw-well, ”fireflfivm sin to tour some wad eeik' .

'Lady Helen ran to the deep draw-well, And knelt upon her kne;

,?,:>&GJ£J’4ul‘}1-“:T.‘N1gx~uiiu‘ﬂer'u 'PJy bonny Sir Renae so be here, , I pray the apeik to me’ . " 'The lead is wondrous heavy,mither, the well is generous deip, A keen pen-knife sticks in my hart, A word I donnae apeik.‘ ‘Gae heme! gee hams, my wither deir, Fetch me my winding sheet, And at the hack 0' hirry—land tonne, It: their re tea sell meet.’ " Another version or the balladfgivee the mother's name as Meier},

and makes the boy's dead body meet her. It also addéa a mystic

. l tenth by having all the bells of Lincoln rung without men’s hands.

END? Lady ha‘isry in gene heme Bade him a winding sheet; And at the back 0' merry Lincoln The dead corpse, did her meet. And a' the hello 0' merry Lincoln, Without men’s hands were rung; And a' the books 0' merry Lincoln, Were read. without men's tongne; And ne'er '88 such a burial Sin Adam's days begun'.

The greatest poetic genius or the period could not rise above the

superstitions or his age. In the Prioreeae's Tale of the Center-

bury Talal,chauoer evidently has reference to this Lincoln episode.

It is true he lays the aceneein axis in the 51m gret eitee'.

“Ml...“

uh» lea-N.

-o. and thus appears

to have no gocal allusion. But he closes with

-30. ll

. the significant invocation:

'0 yonge Hugh or'Bincoln,sleyn also with cursed zones,as it is notable, For it is nip but a litel whyle ego; Pray ask :or vs,re sinful folk vnstable That or'his mercy sod so merciable 0n vs sis grete mercy multiplye, For renerence or his aoeder Rarye. Amen.’

William bangland,a contemporary of Chaucer,makes no refer-

_ ence to the Lincoln story, but he has something to say to the Jews. ? Hi: 'Vision at Pier! the Plowman” is a mystical,religious poem 1 made up or 'nineqtresms',bnt it doubtless speaks the mind or the

English people or his day,upon various incidents to whichﬁit makes

' reference. In Book XVlll, 104, Faith speaks to the Jews and thus

; reproves them:

'Ye cherls and yours chilaren,chiene{thrive)shall ye nevre, He have lordship in londe,ne no land tylyettill), But a1 bareyne be and usuarye usen, Which is 13! that care lords all lites accureeth'.

the Drama. The drama or the pro-Elizabethan period may be

summed up in the cycles of Miracle or mystery plays.

1 These plays in England and on the continent were originally the and production. a work or the clergy,both in their composition

Though later profane ﬁnitators took hold of them and became eno- church was cessrul rivals to the clergy,yet the impress or the the Scrip- always present. The plays were intended to illustrate and tures,to he a dramatic vehicle of religions instruction

exhortation.

“‘«A‘J

l....»......

ww—wvseon-vw

“.3. .:

The subjects were practically all taken from the Old and New ,.,._—....._-..y, Testaments,or from “Asp;.—;us:,a....~»-u ecclesiastical

traditions. A number or days, .75“..er

, . not less than three,vas necessary to produce a series which,as

with the Toshiba: Mysteries,numbered thirty plays,!rom the “Crea- gums; tion' to 'Jsdgement Day',Jewish

1:31 characters naturally were represen- :2

“11

ted in these plays,and there can he observed in the treatment or ,..~—~-Qv-Vvvv--5w'r7’>IV'i~"7 we.

them that broad line of cleavage seer which religious prejudice "71‘

1:— he...»

age has drawn. The Jewish characters or the Old Eestament are pictured

~A<—~.A.~

AL»; .5

as normal human beings. There is no word or condemnation for .—.

them.qua Jews. The burfoonery,thst was intended as the comic

relief to the strain of the tragic portions,e.g. the horse—play

between Gain and the plow-boys,the shreeish conduct of Ecah's wire'

these are not at their expense. They are clever touches that appeal directly to rustic human nature. But with thz representations or the New Testament the whole atmosphere is changed. The Jews

L.are no longer.xzuanxhsiagx normal human beings. They are the ac-

sursed despisers, tormentors, and crucifiers or the Saviour.

By the playwright or the Yorke Cycle even 'Pilate himself is handled

with unusual gentleness,being depicted as fair or person and noble

or hesrt,but unable to protect his prisoner,to whom he does invol-

untary homage,rrom the hatred of the Jeweﬂfz)

Though these plays appeared in England mostly after the ex-

pﬁlsion, 1290, then there were rev Jews in the country, the effect

or them upon the popular mind can very easily be imagined.

QThe English Religions Drama: Katherine Lee Bates, gscmillsn s 00. for 1893, p.97. I desire to express my indebtedness to this volume much or the material on the systery or Eiracle plays. A complete round in list or the plays,together with.the Horslity plays,msy be the appendix 0: the work,pp.24l - 254. T * e2

The scenes depicting the life and passion of Jesus were given with startling realism. They)ﬁOVed their spectators, and the actors themselves, to the profoundest depths of resting. At times the actors fainted on the stage because of the intensity 0 emo— _ ,- _. \ tion, and spectators 4 lOSt their reason. This religious ecstacy could not fail to be turned into the bitterest hatred when it considered the people whom it held to be the cause or the 'diVine tragedy'.

u Nor did the playwrights take any pains to minimize this effect.

wié‘umhiﬁ On the contrary it was heightened.by the fact that the Jews were

made conspicuous by their garb. Judas, as the gééé conspirator,

the type of the race, was depicted with red hair and beard, and

with a yellow garment. ‘The tormentors of Christ were Jackets 0!

black buckram, painted over with nails and dice'. Then too every

detail or the sexiering of Jesus was given with exaggerated em-

phasis, till the tension at the crucifixion became well-nigh in-

tolerable to the audience, standing open-mouthed and wide-eyed,

drinking in everf incident with quivering hearts stirred to the

profoundest sympathy. It is'nct surprising that the populace

of the middle ages hated the Jews. Nor is it surprising that

in drama, poetry or authors, seeking to reach pepulsr approval,

fiction, should follow the lines upon which the mind of the people

ran.

These plays were the seed from which sprouted the magnificent growth or the Elizabethan drama. The sap or the root is in the in plot, fragrance of the flower. Thengh in the dramatic unities, 'The Merchant construction and treatment 'The Rich Jew of Malta‘ and plays of the of Venice“ may be as far removed from the Kiracle the earth, yet had not fourteenth century as the heavens are above been. ¥E§+ga1oer been, the former could not have (9 Tibid 13538

hovel—J

in...“ A Barebas and a Shylock could not have been created, or lived,

.._-...e... but in an atmosphere Previded by the ,.N._ early religious dramas. ;

In addition to the several cycles 0: Miracle plays there .. MM

use a number or ishbsted plays that dealt also with Biblical or 1 5-..“... with religious tepics. 3:11;... Among these is 'The Play : or the Sacrament' whose probable date anus; is about 1461. It is unighxex neither a

Mystery play nor a Morality. 'It is believed to be the earliest

English drama estant, which has neither allegerical characters,

nor a plot founded on Biblical narrative, or on the life or a smurf? It deals with a religious theme and its effect is inevi-

table. Its plot bivots on the clerical slander, prevalent during

the middle ages, that the Jews outraged the sacred host, whereby Jesus was made to surfer anew the pangs or the Passion. The story runs that a Jew, jonathas, together with other Jews, bribe a Christ-

ian merchant, éyr Arystory, to Steal the holy water from the altar of the church for them. Horriried at first by the impious sug-

gestion the Christian merchant's horror vanishes when the promised 2

sum reaches a hundred pounds. ‘He consents to steal the wafer from the altar. I The ?resbyter or the church comes to ﬁfgr Arya-

plies him with wine till he is tory' fer supperJ' The merchant drunk. He takes the church keys from him, invaddes the altar

and carries the sacred host to Jonathas. The sender working it qualities of the safer are depicted in full. Jonathas takes stab it with daggers and nail pl“ to his house and he and his friends ' V . trek the wall . it to the wall. "It bleeds and Jonathas tears it .V a». but it sticks to his hand. A to throw it into a caldron of boiling oil, ..

{‘4' Ibid p. 146

it vv:-—~.—«.“.-,_---~‘.

In the attempts to detach the wafer .?one thas' hand is torn off.

'The water, with the hand, is thrown into the oil, which ~w—w...,._.a._.t streightuay ~_

turns red as bisod and overflows the caldron. It is then cast .ea——,. .

into an oven or fire. The even exylodes son the image of Jesus 7%.

m Vv- appears,

pleading with his tormentors go cease. Stricken with a“. «r— rear and remorse they do so, and beg for pardon and are given it. v-—¢ "Ill

The right hand of Jonathas is restored to its place. He makes ,

as u Tale, _:. public confession and undertakes a penitential pilgrimage. r... .. ,. HE}: 2 This drama, whose ﬁnechanical effects' seem a worthy precursor -s.

__< . punks, ..

of the modern stage realism, has this noteworthy fact, that the ——

-. r Jews are not pictured as being actuated by hatred of the Christ-

ian Saviour, but by an honest desire for information, to find out

-—w-———-e—-<—.:~.

:- e-—,

if the tales told of the wafer are accurate or not. It is hardly —

to be exFected however that the average auditor or spectator con-

cerned himself Wi‘h the motive of the Jews. Sufficient for him

that the Jets had insulted the Church and reneted the sufferings

or his Lord. The spirit of the play is in keeping with the earl-

ier religious dramas and conld'not but have helped to intensify

the antipathy with which the Jews or the time were regarded.

Strictly speaking the Jewish contributions Jewish Lit erary . ;_ . _ t- to English literature in the period are nil. Activity. _ . This does not however Signify thnt there was

no literary activity among them. Deprived as thev sere of the

simplest, elemental rights of part5.cipation in the national lire

Q or the English people, it was hardly to be expected that they not would seek their theme in this direction. Besides they did be- speak the language of the land. Their ordinary intercourse W :44.

tween themselves was in ?rench, such business relations as they

had with their neighbors were conducted in Latin, the official ~-_l~_.wm-ﬂm

language of the day. Their writing was done in Hebrew. The 7“

ﬁ,. .

many misfortunes and persecutions , which they suffered, were hard- 7—‘- M...—

ly conducive to literary labors. Yet there was considerable

"a.“ ., intellectual movement among them, {Or the Jewish intellect is all active. ?hey had established schools at Oxford, and other towns which were well attended, and by Christian scholars as well as

Jewish. Eheir efforts were confined mainly to Biblical commenta- ries, and ethical and grammatical treatises.

A distinguished figure is that of Abraham Ibn Ezra, a scholar and traveller who Visited England during the twelfth century.

While there he wrote a religious treatise 'Yesod horehjtThe ?onnda~ tion of Religion)whick he dedicated to Joseph ben Jacob in London, and aPSabbath Rpistle', in which he confirms the custom or observ- ing the Sabbath tron evening to evening, because it is written in genesis 1, 5, "and it was evening and it was morning, the first day'. Abraham Ibn Ezra is noteworthy also for the :act that he is original of Browning's'ﬁabbi hen Ezra“€>

The most prominent Jewish.literary figure or the period is

Eenedictus 1e Punctenr. Be belonged to a school or sasmmarians amt

Bible commentators, who flourished during the tselfth century. They made a special study of the punctuation or the Hebrew(¥asso- retic} tCXt of the Bible and its grammatical constructions.

Hence the name Puncteur £3eb. Ha-hakdan}. But Benedictus did no:

Z: ?urnivall Bibliography 95 182' ,32. H

A...“ .._._,V..—.».._--.,,.,.r..<

confine hiBSelr to dry disquisitions of grammar.

He indulged in -.__i.i...

~ ill flights of imagery, and is the the author or a i number or boast ..

fables, under the title 'uishls Shu'alin', "Fables of Poxes'.aa

These tables are wrinzen in rhymed prose, and are similar’ig other collections or beast Sables. He was likewise the author of a hook or morals(rrom his #ox ?ables), an ethical treatise,($efer

ﬁatzref) and a commentary on one Bible. He also made a transla-

Auk.”

v, v. __ vion or Adelard a! Bath's 'Quaestiones Xaburalea', and a work on

“040‘,“ Hineralogy. Benedictus is doubtless the most important Jewish

literary figure or the Pro-Elizabethan period.

Zhe poetic art is represented by Weir ban Elias, of ﬁorwich,

who wroze a number or poems, inciuding-one witn an acrostic of his own‘name, a favori§e exercise with early Jewish writers. Elchanan

hen Isaac likewise wrote a number of poems and a wo-k on asaron—

omy. There were other Biblical commentators and grammarians, one

a: whom, Rabbi Jacob of Orleans, was killed in the massacre at the

eeroaaténn or Richard L in 1183.

"r3 Joseph Jacobs (J.A. E.pp. 167 - 9) has an exceedingly interesting note comparing the tables of Benedictus with those of. .esap, which occ“ sopet of‘Varie of ”vanes, which was written howeVer in England before 1225. Also with tables ascribed to King Alfred. mam? W .

[‘1‘ ine "lizabethan Bra.

The reig. of Queer: {:4 H- an age in inglisn literature. There xere m inor noets :mo like the paling stirs, heralded tLe dawn. Then came the morning—

.v:.f). iarlowe an d then the noon-day rudﬂance o; the master—

mind of Shakespeare. ihere is do key to tie problem as to £7'

Abwviglazv;

.; the Jew should have been introduCud into tLe literiturc of

:u u.

thi age ss p omiye ntly as he ris. l.e inc1cect of Leﬁsrigo «~anaL“

. lonez “id nob 00 u till ligé. Shit few J67“ lived in Tng—

my. w

» land did go v51$,qgietly and i0; u‘nc cost “irt ‘" dlS’uiSC. } :1 .‘3

Yet as airli is'1579 Stephen Go osson desc I :5‘ ET 0 *3 ‘JI U) U) (D

C. 0 O H ~

= of Abuse”

Bull (an in n} .... mum-wees” chussrs and blood: was the final echo c; the earlier re? i; _;ious dramas.

years later Robert

4 “Manta“a.

”Ami-Ass. l ('0 E! (+ :3‘ y. O L? {u C. "S i“ 23 (D H) (D 1...] p. $7} {D ,4. O 0') (D ’1 1—4 H H U) ’d m 0a \n our of the Iurks", Abraham, who

poisons Bajazet at the instigation of Selimus. H61 mus p1 ots"

...... __...... <.~

i .A‘,,,__,..

u (0 the death ofB wj et his fat her, and these sitsifican ‘ 5-. Ho c (I)

are ~ut in nis mouth. s hath with him a cunning Jew sin g physicke; and so skill'd therein, As if he had pow'r over life and death ”ithall a man so stout and resolute that he will venture anything for gold. The Jew with some intoxicated drinke Shall poyson Bejazet and that blind Lord:

fhen one of Hydraes heads is clean off."

9- '1 cl.

t; this passage is if Mt nded to refer to the incicent of ﬁx’A~m~N‘-‘c§-" MM? thlﬂ

-mw

noderito J Lopez cannot be cwive‘nsaid. inazeae ’5‘ wrote ”Ihe «9‘06”:

.1. " Q ‘— ; grater, “1 hasTling a hundred Severell Discourses." r"he ninety— : fifth discourse is of a Jew who would “av

/ g“2he Eicn Jew Christepuer Jerlowe, "bathed in the Ihespiin g Bed in him those breve trenslueary things i of ,alta” That the first poets had."

It is thousand pities the: ie, LiAe his

maxim—ﬂ. .. brother, should have .iven over “

he did retain” to the tragic misrepresentation of a peep 1e. kgwmxixw.

um; ””he Zion Jew of ¥altaﬁ is not Earlowe’e greatest.play. It mix,

does not touch the heights that "T'rbnr u “.1eiﬁe" or“Dr.Faustus"

‘hpl‘hm‘ur‘, a E reached, yet rene the 1=ss it red the "migrt; r line“ which Ben E eonson so wd i =d. Caiog I” he inevitable comra isor with

3 the " reheat of Venice" it has been accorded a place in lit—

; erature it would perhaps not other mi se have attained.

- t L- 4-; _ . ‘ ., «.4. W0“! “—1....” s AS coneeptie", {:3 .4 .7 ‘ m d- m :1 0' 5:; T! «q e i n i "~va u pranpw”_rs.coo't)qﬂo e e e i n s a O y. p (3 .~. r 1: /- (r; m R‘ O . 0 6+ 6+ —v I h d r 4. "-\“"z\ t 'elpor es

U ;: ‘-‘ ' 3‘ (b it 0 D- .. m L3 3 ‘ ('3 h 5 G r t: x t‘d c e «:32. t e e 0 award ‘e r d 1? of f a : m t 0 n ‘5? 1— ‘0 C J. love .th «If-T‘Am-q : y ? o t C C. e upon 3 me. “(I r or” o hwv f r t n S, J c ’ o 60' a t 4.x. U. i n 0 v. U 5 er at US. '3 .e y r i for -w «(S L)- a I: {r w L C V E ’. p: '0‘ v 1‘ C L; I 4 . E S 1: . 3'6: r “2 1— a. ,. O n 0 30': as E E g 7" v: .. e .L 1 ‘ . . r‘ ,3 I. U . 1 .. A . L v 1 4.8 ID a a 1' A a I: 0. v 5 -L. .-. Z‘Cw .J ‘1 C

M‘ —. v"; s *u . I! H- f" Q b ~ ,- D ‘ 3.11 L w L‘. .11 ? e - 3-3: nan Vgg some {2" ferx ”v ”F c ‘t’ . :2. .- Car 1-. l ‘ 1n ,. 2 .J H V1. S .1 c. O 3. .1 _. 35‘ 4. .. c t U '3 1 7811 er, i0 i I' J. .6- C‘ '1 8 :10“ it e ‘ A O 6 s. ‘5 .L A; L A 7 th A: novel. \J. 4; 'c v A J. a + 1 v. . L V 11 d t e I F ‘- 6 P C S 8 ’ :2 n .5. ".D \r ‘ 1 -0, ocv "are same o: .2- U be ' ’ V gel 3 "r: 'J V' P" eesi, mg, ' a d - WI "I _ 4;.) L ~ J. ‘I u‘ {'12 xa . h 8.4 :4 ,- J.“ a feetior g8 , . i ‘ 11 e of r '5 20.. .I =.y ant—L1)”: .L'. :A o- S {neat-e. to is h m‘nur‘ ‘83-. A.“ - - ‘ . J f: 4". O . 7-» 0 5‘ c' c 0 S L” 1 .1 Ll v P. .HL _V. . G ‘n i a ‘- {3 n C i; K .. ..'.L; r 2‘ M» .z. W J- S .. r“ ,3 - 3. T, .C‘ 1 17 '3 J- I. _. _ -. ‘?6 e u . , w ‘1’: 141'; n .. _:.: c C Q c 1'? m ;.l: 1‘ , "‘7

3..» .4._,.“ _,__V. A» - A. v ,‘m. “He “.0 Va“... ‘. .4._ .m.-. ....W,H.¢v.._m . ,, .r .p4...-1.-m_.'._,.,.,.r_,‘.ﬁri_ ,._ u, AWL?) : 3 er ,4}. i...._.,‘..,,: a; .m. ”a a V,A.~,..,.,.,, ,Wr?,,_m~.__~_.‘-.w~ _...-.._.--, M-.f-...._‘.

wasn‘wso—‘i-‘AF

we. Ana-A- ways been 5 ”no cure and in th'

‘4- 5 connection as u'll be -Asqu

shown later , Jsrlowe is truer th-o Shakesoeare. He is also

correct ".1. when he mates 3arebas declare that see of :A«:;...-\N-’<.~.

should ho a their wealth ” in little room ” , {ict.I

Mama-c4. forced upon the Jews by the exi encies of 1 (l: ’1 < y!- n from land to -aad, uncert in of the ten— c

.- .h L‘q-‘ , .. ‘A

or: oi wsir stew 1o any locality, plundered and persecuted «A. m .1 y . .n -‘,»_..

(2.3 {In-E; 25:54.3; of prince or r-onarc w~v-—e-~.-

u.cy vere compelled to rev: fleir wesltn in port— 4-

-x .gnaw“.zavq..b.sm.:p-ssria&ar:t ) eble shite us far ;5 poss1ble. so that wise

”be.”

: slould not 06 utterly bereft. lee other iUClGEUtS of the

\‘J-Vr :—.r-:r-:———en-:a::rx

a-c. as pictures of Jewish life or character are false, all false. m

remploy his child as 3 robes did Abigail, ~

L\' two lovers on to their death. Nor would a Jew have

.n .~ inhusenity to poison a houseful

reiterates the old caluo. cie slthat the Jews poison‘well

siuqmsa‘».wws ..._.._,

wells” 0Aot.ll 80.3), and l...

- « ” It’s no sin to deceive a christian, ..__...,. For they themselves hold the rrinciole, Faith is not to ’6 held with heretics, For all are heretics that l e not Jews.”

{ACt.Il £6.30

__-V...<.~M..4_._.. .._

"The Rich Jew of Faltefl.was written in “=9? or l=°$, but a lei):«H'A-ia'xawawu‘uar;hlfl:wfiwfi

,..,;‘.;._. few ;ears before Rerlowe's~dezthianl when he was in his crime.

He was only twenty—o gas killed inﬂe tavern brawl anh-

n 1593. It exhibits the: depths as well as the heigits of his

[.10

”moan-Kr.

‘ y.

i..- genius. The on socumulemion of horror piled upon hor-

‘ror, and th (I! characters are impossible. “It is as though Karlowe

razed the dregs and.raosac;h ed thegdunghills of? manity to jus-

A.“ -.‘...\

("v .1

5 ~41-..___..I

t cursing end". The motive ands ‘ero’s 5-..“...

occasior c . of the play are alike unknown. Had ﬁarlowe seen Of -v‘w‘*“-'V_ ble . of mind, or r Je-e “c he 2‘ us cent' 1 an esoecia ally religious turn - 4 :4. - a. esgzo\_ ' ' - {:v. to iu,it ﬁlu-t b cl +0 :ublic sentiment, toriftily to Gate.

is of these motives ac.uated him. But he was an outspoken

careless of public opinion, in NT erect to rublic

' clamor or anrroval. he: 1d no sens e of thrift or orovidence

my-‘z‘rrf‘kfrcl':—’:‘?~%—V‘l"~i‘=-xvevrr>yervi ,‘vw.

He was a full member of that brot erhood of the age who liv.

.1 -

.3 ed for the da; ', who ate When they had, crane When they could

“Imp «xyasrrwsAv-m

win.) and wrote eren they must.

may 1»: play was extr ems 81y p pular. Its cruelty, it’s coarse.- :v‘ur its vulgar;horrors suited the age. The genius of czsvsmss - Marlowe had dared burst the bonds 0: the rhym ins couplet and

a: had given the epic did swing of one blank pentaameter. It

«1

could have carried even a heavier burden than ‘he hyoerbole

of its Horror and the unnaturalness of its hero, had these

been possible.ix ”arlowe's influence upon his generation

.._-,x..-1».1.zcn=.wwu-avwi was distinctly visible, not only in tne mechanism of nroduc-~

.18th ion, but in the snirit. Sﬁaiesneare, thouch practically

of the same age as Hariose, was slower in development and munnuM’.‘

w-f'v"

.A‘t\ ‘ce/petrays the last definaole traces” of it says Sidney

Leg, ~ In earlier plays the traces are abucoant. "Titus Symond's "Shakespeare’ s Predecessor in English Drama.” ,1 Life of Hilliam Shakespeare Lon.l$03, p.68

11.7,.

A, ”.0...”

0?: LL.~-_. 2-+M.u.».~_:...-~»¢J

Andronicus ”is iarlcwesqpe id its cruelty an drorror. I {:0- an— ;«‘-

peareo shortly JJtER zue Jew of f‘-‘a3.ta." . The character of

Aaron in 1t is the heertless Vlllian. is 15 Called a1ﬂoor but it is more than yossible that a heme So distinctly Jew sh was m“; sot chosen without intention, even as the name Babzhas, the ER 13..., 2....» . thief .mose life was s'ved i” prefe resce t that of Jec us,

w e'OSLP to “the Jim the more tetef"l.

Haw ”Ihe hick Je: of alte” is a classic, but one of iJjUS- of tk; Jews, as it eristed in ‘arlowe’s say. It was an a.—

true ccncejticn be

less helped, efl unhaﬁn14y too well, to strengthen and ner— petuate it. The/eLLr mx'rsnce s of tue play are no deubt set

aside but 1k: intole~ence and the utter lack of understans— W

wan-w ney were based

in“:

r _

A but to be

0.4.1.

LAN, z”.-..r v. of ng1117’s greetest zo=t and drumsti- Thoug1 an in-

WW .

ciie.t ﬁf pr sure nubile interest was the occasiou for the

‘rlgm‘J

; not a ”v'erchant of Venice” Harlewe's play was in no small measure

tie eedel and the motive or it.

-'-1.u"~d‘lx

” The merchant Among the niays cf SLakespeare the "Verenant

oftVenice " of Venice" is listed as a tomedy. It is in

and more bitter than even the imag in eticn of the master noet

”-4:

”.1."

”Mi.

5.1«31»

could have devised. It is the tragedy not of an indivi‘"el,

,M.;.,.Ay...-.u. but of the century\:;enduring humiliation ans insult to a “u ..

. whole people, -— the tr agedy of the accetted misrepresenta—

tion of their life and character,— of the fastening up on th .

of a cruel y false name, and mafia? it a bye—word and a reproach. uiEJTvi:tL'?&T:=l 2. Jews have suffered from manv false accusations in the course of their histc- . Ihe old Romans accessed them of worshiyping

the mead of an ass in their ”holy of belies". The mfdiaeval

:«eb-‘tcd-"AuLluiueawmvhz clergg accused them of poisoning wells, of Causing the plagues,

v‘.‘ » ‘- ejidemics and pestilen that 1* var; ed Iurone during the mid- amend

.u ale ages. 53 Cid: item Jith the mutilatior of the sa— m...

c-srges, in one form or another, are yet “ace even in this

twentietM century. sut of them all none has been more perist—

ent, or more damaging b reason of its presentation, tram has

.«ww..~.u.4s,....~ the d-arac‘ erizat ion given tzem by England's greatest plsy-

wright. Through his genius there has seen given world—wide currency to the can cepticn that tne Jews are a class of reo—

, (b) that

.Mu.,....u.~Wswimmmwlsmgum..ww.-~¢z_

A » t the introduction of th= Jew was gurely gratuitous and malici—

cus, and, though he cha nge was not made by Shake Deere, yet

-Lz...‘.m--_-m-«..M

”dump-"

. .

,4.“ ,»A»

O H H.) W <+ :3‘ .o‘ O <3 :3 s" r: ' 4 O (P m 5*- EJ ff rejmdices w {a l-I g., o :3 r; |~ ,. c?- o n M , s‘ w . 2 IL‘.‘ C; “C H C; or £2 it: (n (S! :»-‘ Cf! cl“ lb" l> " '3‘ IM‘ "f ('3 “5: izat‘ used r!‘ O l " :: ‘3 (’4‘ )1 f). U.‘ H‘ ‘15 {4 m f) 5‘ . - U) m '..J :3‘ )4. :3 (h 3 a: {a- 2533'. .‘.. 314 ’3 '5 | in {‘f‘ ( ; \ Ch "l " . Huh-24v ' by "‘i on 8. .. x. 3y, ‘ . ,r 4 r;- H m ‘2’ by g b ‘:“f ““ ' :‘j" A: (4. c. . (h (;\ 3, (3 ; ’3! a} .L w S l‘ . L: ("I S" if; I‘) J.” 4' of he of Y3 .4 ’3

z: w ‘z‘. ('x 31! ~n' him 3 {‘J H) m V: (3 if.- A4 the T. . S ‘r. o fa gt. 3: “b t. had . 3 I." L“ ’1 . f” t 018 d 5 1 1 k y. a. “1

~41. C. p) t.) (3‘ f " (1' is: _/ L .v I S a. u .L , c r- O

N : \ d 1 1' urlcuen ‘ eoele, v P n '7 h "a.A-~ ”.- ;. uL ; l ‘w n 3 .2 v a I‘ J. .‘ . . . 5.4: C c \s ‘v \J ’: 9 ~17 v J- r ﬂ . '> l '3 . 3 tcry, d ‘1 S :: -. I:_V x q a . v J. ears V U . Cl" . v. E; air 3 3:)" '3 . :1 C i .. .33 V —' a" 2. ' (c) 4. at . o ‘ 0 L 9313 p s” h t; 0d p.42?"

O; . tradition, I‘ L. 2" 1'. 3. .0 - .‘3 A t' ‘ that, 413? 125,133 .21” or .L O a. U n ’C 4. f, x. V 91 . f I‘ ’rv E 1 b l V De c v U t3 C7 .. .l ,. f! v I l me . .) r 1 .4. a I- ‘5 23 1 ev. w EL \ .3 (- e 0 C: Lu 3 \. b all J t 1" (I 3’1 {1c J. i L; 6' w C’ [I 1 .. when .1 u. d 17 1” d e c a c a . V..' 51.. S I? ~ Y‘. Y! oasxs SC a w ‘4 1‘. .. V I‘ 1 ‘ th custom .. o C. o ch .1— pub te c . t 5 3.8 C 1" h C 1" I" b 3 p 5 t . raven L f L4 is 11v 5 '05 J. c VV \d r: . ‘1 3 a e of )1- T! ‘2' .L «’3 harﬁ.y 3. , (1. s I u. o c e A L '4 ~ and C. o upon C’ teri 4‘! an 3‘ xs ., a ‘4 v ‘. (f) ricd e, 9? 3; i r n f i i 3 c 1 u. ur t 3. :t .5. O .. 7. sou l e t t —ac he r pas. i *? 1 e the I 18 and »E t 3 mi CS. t s c e udy c c r r e a 5 r s S a a ng 1 CO; O i 3 et ﬁe ) -ar° th J5 0 I‘ I“ .. «r 9 of

.r ..l..s._,~...l Tﬁ_1w:.m. , v

».r_»i

.31-4~‘au

i .. 1'

rs. in sed av

”aura. that public attention —.- that'was directed u« on them. The

circumst ance that aroused this clamor and claimed the pub—

lic mir d ut tle time was tse conviction and execution of C7 Roderigo lopez. The Lopez family had fled from Stein doubt—

less in 1492, when the Spanish decree of expulsion was prolum—

glted. rpter some wandering they settled in Englsnd early '

1.15-va

L...» ‘ nu. .v—. “um-ml .n'r.

”Mu-c r}.

mm a

w. the thro ne of rortugal, fled to London with a large retinue.

.q—l in”

{.4 of servants, Roderigo Loses was assigned as his interpreter xs-lrmx': and representative at Court. The Spanis“ armada had been

yucwu': defeated but tee years before. The.fever against Susie

‘

.. had not abated and Antonio was warmly welcomed as an enemy

of Phili p og'Spain. But he was a shallow and ungrateful fellow and he sud topaz did not 3::set on well together. a.

amiss aries tried to tus- advantage cf the frict )Jv 0 spanish {3

in: sucstenoe of the ﬁistcry of this incident is item an article by Sidcev Lee in ”The Gentlecen’s 7egazine”. Eeb. 1880, entitled ”The Original of cuylock.” A summary of Ur.Lee’s article may be found in Furness' Variorum Edition of Sharespeare,- *ypendix to the merchant of Venice.

>.p—x.1.;—;&r—.x.-Au€5vu«Ix-Lad...Mug-JuS'w-‘vui#wigwmﬁaiu‘I.-IJ:JD;L‘QIU’bSid'A/‘W-‘rr

l.“

Ia»

be drawn into tr e matter, though he did incauticusly betray betray “is feeling against Perez. There were plots and counter-plots and all the intrigues 9Mi ier to rcya a1 house-

holds. A plot was made against the life of Elizabeth herself and Lopez was accused of participation in it. Hie houcs and possessions were ransacked but no evidence could be found “ ‘ '

‘ against him. But tze poison of accusation worked in +.e

minds of the courtiers and peonle. Eben those, ’mo were accns— Aute’elf‘r'

‘ ed Wit. him were threatened with tor ure, cl‘ a storv was con-

‘i

1'».

n x cocted that involved 103:2 b=yond the here of extrication.

. A wee; alter the first failure t- implicate him'lopez

was arrested and orcgght to trial. From the beginning sen-

titent use against hi" IP tie generrl nind his religion

was excuse for e.y villain‘. Coke, the prosecutor, laid stress on toe fact that as J18 a gen. lhe judge, arc ore— 127.53 as a. "vile Jew". The verdict was 3. fore— gone conclusion. ﬁe was adjug rleeciggiilt" and t.e judgment

“unit...“lwv.‘N.....;~J4.A....MN-..:‘,-w,.a;xuekmxn~..r-nd

._. .. was popularly acclaimed. Yet those,who thought, were not

:L.&,M§_a

tut warrant. It was not until after e"ch ”51°" had infl>ned

the public mind, and on +Le retresentation of a rartisan

waﬂ‘; ‘

Emmi see finally affixed her si5n=ture to tho “a,ers. Linez res ahnged at ryburn, Hay 1694. ﬁle execution aroused great public excitement, Which was not lessened by the fact

that the government put forth several official accounts hf

the conspiracy. f the theater use then the medium of public knowledge and the moulder of public opinion. It was the daily newspaher the periodical and magazine rolled into one. In Hensloie‘s diary there are entries that between May 1594, the date of the execution and the end of that year, there were twenti'k representations in which a Jew was the subject. Among these was the"ﬁerchant of venice: produced August 1594 under the 22 title ”A Venesyon Comedy”. All the others have sunk into u

u‘ﬁtr’ the lap of oblivion. Clothed in the immortal garb of his n.» author's supreme genius Shylock alone survives. : rho execution of Roderigo Lopez was the occasion oh Shakespeare's writing the *Merchant of venice'. But where did he get the material that forms the plot of the 131831 ‘There was nothing in the life of Lopez to suggest that.£-The

story of the pound of flesh was an old one even in Shakes- peare’s day. there is a number of versions, dating back as early as 1250, and mm in the French, Italian, German, English and Danish literatures of the period. In all these earlier versions the creditor, who seeks the pound of flesh is never a Jew; Both’parties to the compact are Christians,

or noniually sag? The Jew was introduced by the Italian writer, Eiorentino in 1578; in a volume of short stories,

16: > era‘s-«d 44W ', filwmgfiéfiwflu ~4fi4/14 'Aej‘g?j§§f:gg&z;ll;flgi 44f:::fi§::::{ a . iced/WZLMVMS Weather/é a; 4

6’34

which he published, called '11 Pecoronei It was Fiorentino's

version_that Shakespeare used. Fiorentino laid the scene in venice. He changed the incident to make the borrower borrow, not for himself but for another. He pictured his fertune as

bound up in ships and their cargoes scattered upon the seas. C7 Dr.Graetz says that Fiorentino made the change and gave the ‘\ role of the heartless creditor to the Jew, becausgéhe wrote

shortly after the black plague, nhich,in 1348, had swept over

Europe and ravaged every continental state. The Jews had been accused of poisoning the wells and causing the plague. Floren—

tino, like many another bidder for applause, could ride upon .‘

the crest of the were of popular prejudice and turn its force gums”;

to his own advantage; From this perverted version of an Aihi.i_l__ie. old story Shakespeare drew his matter, skillfully interwove

with it the lighter theme of another tale, FThe story of the i a % Three Gaskets“, and by the glamour of his genius blinded the § eyes of the world to the cruelty and the injuStice of it. 3 Shakespeare's treatment of the character of Shylock g.3 has been the subjeCt of much debate. ' Probably none of his I; 3 characters, outside of Hamlet, has been so much discussed.

There are those who hold that Shakespeare did not intend to § i attack the Jew, but to defend him, that in reality Shylock g ? See Greets 'Shylock in der Sage, in Drama,und in der Geschichte”

9ﬂ Ibid.’ , Krotoschin, 1880.

Ms._.—.~-w._....—w

3,0,...“

. . 4;; 0""

I usurer, is; the hero; of the play, that he is not a mere sordid his bond, but the relentlessly demanding the last letter of people in the expression of the wrongs that spokesman f of his impartial I‘ "they suffer, and which they seek to redress. An / 3 reading of the play of the play lends plausibility of this

contention. Shyloek, 1without doubt, has the better of the / largmnent all through ﬂiers is no silencing of the battery

of his logic, or weakening of the strength of his position.

libel! Antonio comes to borrow the money, Shylock turns upon

him with a flash of illuminating indignation at the treat-

ment he has hitherto received at Antonio's hands. '- Signior Antoniomany a time and oft . In the Rialto‘ you have rated me About my monies, land my usances: Still have I borne it with a patient shrug; For sufferance is the badge of all our tribe: You call me uisbeiiever, cut—throat dog, And spet upon my Jewish gaberdine, And all for use of that thick is mine own. Well then, it now appears you need my help:

- What should I say to you? Should I not say, -

V 'Eath a dog meney! is it possible A car can lend three thousand ducatsf‘ or Shall I bend low, and in a bondsman’s key, nih'bated breath, and whispering humbleness,

Sear this, - ”is- .nawAa-vamw 'Fair sir you spet on me on Wednesday last;

Xou spurn‘d me such a day; another time .W.-.i..an._~,

You c'all‘d me dog; and for these comtesies - i. I ll lend you thus; much monies? I Ka at: 82 5 )

It is here indeed that Shylock speaks as the representa— tive of his people, voicing the wrongs, the insult, the humiliation, the constantoutrage upon their feelings as men and as £869

Jens, which they received frtm'their Christian fellowmen. It is-unanswerable in its logie, eloquentiin its scorn, righteouS‘ in its resentment. Antonio can make no answer. with dagged

insolenoe he says: i I ' I am as like to c511 thee so again To spit on thee again, to spurn thee too, If thou wilt lend this money, lend it not As to thy friends ...... ; But lend it rather to thine enemy: iho,1f he break, thou mayst with better face

Exact the penalty.‘ (Ibid) _-...

«H The gage is thrown and accepted. It is not an accommodation,

between friends. It is‘a contest between enemies, and under

m.in._v.,<____v,.i., ordinary conditions the exaction of thefhond would have been .m

justified. 4. ‘ 7 ~:———‘.—-.-

n.-. > But, this justification 'notwithstariding, it was not snakes-:2] peare‘s intention to justify the Jew; he wrote the play to

take advantage of an incident that had aroused wide public

interest and excitement. It is hardly hrobahly that he would have attempted to stem the save of hatred that just then more

than ever surged among the London populaoe. z'i‘hhen first produced, during Shakespeare‘s life and dodhtless with his hoopla

edge and approval, they play was given as a comedy, with Shy— - lock as‘a comic character, with red bearégandihaiggand exag— gerated features. It was not until one hundred and fifty

years later, in Iﬁél, that the actor Eacklin played the char-V

(Din the morality plays at the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries Judas, the axon traitor, was dressed in a.yell0w garment with red hair and heard. See Supra, ehap.III _ ,_

@b gzé a4, ,n AZeégsA'ALaubgguL%414297e .

M; 0/227 MJ~ZQZW ‘ “no.” “'741 @042! {W¢/M€Mf/W%%,/ \ r..-o,.---siv.

this aster seriously and inveSted it'with dignity, Itouas in: portray— al that drew from Pope the couplet,

' This is the Jew

That Shakespeare drew .'

4 A

77 ,It was the Jew that Shakespeare drew, out not that he

intended. ShakeSpeare's genius was greater than himSelf. ".v—v-v—«us-

his sense of justices his keen perception of the fundamental "—114: .. truths of things, his intnitive knowledge of human nature, his =ifsynpathy with the persecuted and the despised, his almost in— fallible grasp upon the moving springs of human conduct, made ‘

him create a character nobler than he intended, and to justify

Shylock as the representative of a sorely-abused people. His reply to Salarinois Question, as to why he would take the pound of flesh if it became forfeit, is an exposition of the

human heart as revealing as the glare of a search-light upon

a neighboring shore. "To bait fish nithal: if it will feed nothing else, it will feed my revenge. He hath disgraced me, and hind— ered me half a million; laughed at my losses, mocked at my gains, scorned my nation, thwarted my bargains, cooled my friends, heated mine enemies; and whats his reason? I am a Jew. hath not a.Jew eyes? hath act a Jew-hands, organs, dimensions, senses affections, passions? fed with the same food, hurt with the same weapons, subject to the same diseases, healed by the Same means, warmed and cooled by the same winter and summer, as a Christian is? If you prick us, do we not bleed? if you tickle us, do we not laugh! if you poison us do we not die? and if you wrong us, shall we not revenge? If we are not like - you in the rest, we will resemble you in that. If a Jew wrongs a christian, that is his humility? Revenge. If a Christian wrong a Jew, 'what should his surrenance he by Christian exaaple? ihy,revenge. The villiany you teach me I will execute, and it shall go hard but I will better the instruction. (Act III, Sc. I)

».

v,,:- Aw , It is the finest justification of Shylock's conduct < .1.

that need be given. It is vindication, whose eloquence and :....'_...... :>.:.: 1.: whose justice are as unmatched as Shakespeare’s own consum-

hate genius, and one which, if uttered by other lips would nn—er-w-N——- .

rs—uxmk.. ,-

;. ff 69 r be applauded to the echo. Victor Hugo says of it:-Pihis no:

sv—

37.:53‘2 aa-

an“

sublime imprecation is the most eIOguent plea that the human -

maniac-q 7.

voice has ever dared to utter for a despised race. Hhatsoever ,1..- mam.“

rrzrx- .~

ea. do.nouement it is here justified. Let Shylock be as implaca-

—-v2—v

«I.»

.v u"

. his as he may, assuredly he will no more than equal his in- strudtion. Even granting that he obtains a pound of Antonio' 5 Aflesh‘ it till never outweigh, in the scales of reprisal, the

millions of corpses heaped in Christian shambles by the butch- ery of thirteen centuries. A German writégjsays of it:—

:3 I’ié'ere it is that Shylock appears as the deputy and avenger

J of his whole, shamefully-maltreated people. In his tones we

hear the protest, crying to heaven of human rights trodden g? under foot, and against the love of humanity paraded by the J. hypocritical mouths of his pppressore." ‘V And fet ~— great as is the argxment in behalf of the worm that turned, it is not a true picture. As completely jus— tifianle, according to normal human lines of conduct, as they

{hay hare been under the conditions, Vengefulness and thirst ffor blood are not characteriStic qualities of the Jews. The

great wrong that Shakespeare has done the Josiah people, was

{7 ote y urness, Variorun Edition, Merchant of venice, p.128 @ﬂonigman Shah. Yahrbuch XVIII, p.223

.n “)4.

-3. not in the fact that he fashioned such a character as Shylock) but in the fact that he ’. constantly

swag-espskl associating the were Jew with the usury, the cruelty, the vin- dictiveness and the blood-thirsty vengefulness ascribed to him] by emphasizing at every evil point Shylock’s race and religion

he has made hih as a type of his people, and his vices and his

faults as characteristics of his kinsmen. Shakespeare has painted many other villains, sacheth, King John, Richard III, Iago,-has made them murderous, cruel, treacherous and venge—

fu1,- yet never did he associate their religious creed with

»them, and no reproach has ever come throngh them upon the

'Christian religion or Christian peoples. The Villainies that they erecuted were individual,- the villainy of Shylock

“um- was made to he Jewish. This-is the bitterness of thankerchant

of Venice? ‘ 7 The use of the word ususy is misleading. Today the‘

taking of ordinary, legal interest for the loan of money is considered as‘a legitimate and commendable enterprise. usury means unnatural and exorbitant interest exacted through ' the necessity of the borrower." In the early and middle ages

‘ all interest was called usury.} The Church hadelaoed its

ban upon the taking of interest. It held the principle enun—I 2‘..wa ‘ ' a ciated by Aristbtle, that moneﬁ was barren and could not breed anything, that it was simply anonvenience of exchange-and

barter. Yet we know that interest-taking is as old as

'i ‘.

"his “iii

> civilization. Usury in its modern sense was practiced in ans ,.-....._._...... -..~.- «was- , cient Egypt, Greece and Rome. It was common throughout the f a ? Kiddie Ages in Europe. In England, at the very time that _T : Shakespeare wrote the practice of usury was carried on to such : an extent by the Englishmen themselveSGDthat statutes had to be

: established to repress their cruelty and heartlessness. The ~——A——--+-w->——.-:Tex

s ——.—- 3 popes themselves, the very heads of the Church, while it was ~

I thundering its anathema against all money-lending for profit,

were the greatest usurers. Through the means of merchants ; called Caursﬁnd, they loaned the immense revenues of the Church

at exorbitant interest, and under a clerical subterfuge that

was simply colossal in its hypocrisy.

Legal rates of interest were high during the liddle'

Ages. They have fallen with every century of civilization.

‘ It is an axiomatic principle of interest that the rates are pro- } porti onate to the risk involved. Did the Jewish money lenderS’f f of the Hiddle Ages undergo a greater risk than their Christian~g

‘ neighbors? than even the lawless spirit of the time ordinarily E : created! Haney-lending was practically the only means of live; V lihood permitted to them. They could not own land of till it.f' They could not enter any of the guilds, or artisansL‘hr merchahts’:

- associations, or into any trade or profession, excepting'medfcine.

See quo ation from Dr. Tovey' s ”Anglia JudaicaP, in ”Jews as they Are' by C. K. Salaman, London 1882, p.108. For an'historical Survey of the Practice of usury in Ancient and Modern Times;I

-eee Er.$alaman's work pages 99 — 122. . ,A...-,..._.V..\.”..__ [96"

is last too was held against them. Their eminence in the

E medical profession was ascribed to the use of 'black arts”. ;_ It is one of the cruel ironies of history that the Jews, driv-'

en from every other avenue of bread-winning, were forced to be

money—lenders and then were spat upon because they were money-

: lenders. Even in this occupation they were far from secure.

; The kings used then as sponges, to squeeze gold from, when ca.

yr price or necessity demanded. And their less noble debtors shun. ‘ often repudiated their indebtedness. It is a fact that many of the massacres, instituted against the Jews, were simply

gfor the purpose of wiping out the evidences of indebtedness iﬁshich they held. The royal hypocrite St.Louis of Francef90r— idained that ”for the salvation of his own soul and that of

this ancestors” all Christians should be released of one third

of their debts to the Jews. By reason of the risk involved, the number of debts re—

pudiated ,..-,....,— without redress, the taxes and exactions forced from'; l...

Av- then, the Jews would hace been wholly justified in charging ’ I fthe highest rates of interest. But it is a question if they

; were permitted to charge more than the prevailing rates. ;e~ylock as a money-lender is a representative of the Jews oi

Ethe 1tiddle Ages,- but Shylock as a rapaciOus usurer is a con—

. Feption that is false and unjust, by every principle of eco-

Fonics and every fact of history.

gJubl p. 1‘

‘ .

-.__.._.,_-..v..~,.--_v~

Yet even this is trifling compared with the picture given

of him as relentlessly demanding his pound of flesh. Eerein the characterization is wholly unreal and misleading. It is

contrary to the history of the Jew, contrary to the whole spir-

was. :

:1: it od the Jewish religion. The Jen is not vengeful or vindict— ream: ive. As terribly as he has been treated he harbors neither

mans-1n: hatred nor grﬁdge. He knows who it is that has drcreed ”Vine "~“1‘N‘ , is vengeance and retribution”. He is not cruel.‘ He has no

thirst for blood. He has a horror of the mutilation of the body. His Bible teaches him the profoundest consideration

for even dumb animals.; He is forbidden to practice cruelty against the beast/of,the fieldfyor the bird in the air. He cannot permit the ox to hunger when he is treading out the corn. He cannot yoke an ox and an ass tOgether. He cannot remain idly by to see the ass of his neighbor, even of his enemy, fallen under his ﬁurden’by the wayside? can it be possible that the Jew. who clung so closely to his Bible should be truly

portrayed as acting in direct contradiction to its precepts and its spirit? Shakespeare, with all his genius, and all his wonderful range of knowiedge, intuitive and acquired, could not Q—Ex'o—m " II 12"-' Lev.XKII as — Prov.XII 10' V, :[email protected] 9 - AID-ant 2m: 4 j‘b'neut. XXII 10 67 Exodus XXIII 5 C O o — O r

the have known or understood the character and customs of Josiah

people, else he never would have nainted them as vengeful and blood-thirsty. If he did know and understand he subordin-

ated his knowledge to the ignorance and prejudice of his

generation. é) . ‘ A schorarly writer has put forth the theory that Shylook

new“ had not intended to exact the penalty of the bond, that he “reads: desired to revenge himself only to the extent of humbling

-".M’ur Antonio's pride by making is life subject to the mercy of

ﬂ" (*0- h despised Jew, or in the even; of the payment of the loan,

to show the Jen too could loan money without interest. -It was

the incident of Jessica that changed his good intention and

transformed him into the hunted creature that turns upon his

pursuers with the fury of despair. ﬁhile not prepared wholly

menaunlwa to subscribe to this theory there is that in the play that lends

bun-1M plausibility to it. In the third act Shylock learns of his in,

daughter's dislqyalty and abduction Before he becomes aware

«mags/”A

x; mm..-

.< of Antonio’s misfortunes. As he enters,$alarino questions .

him, “How now; Shylock, that news among the merchants?” Shylohk’s

““5..ng .~

mind is not upon his duoats, but upon his daughter'sxiztgkt. “MM.

I'ltou knew‘, he responds,'none so well as ”may.“

on..." you, of my danghter’s flightt Salarino insolently answers, A.” “That's certain, I; for my part, knew the tailor Who made the wings she flew sithal." After more baiting and insult Salatino

Dr.¥.Jastrow, in 'Xoung lsrael’. hay 1896.

7-\ -~.

iii”;

. mention’s Antonio's name and asks Shylock if he has heard any

news. Shylock knows nothing, and Salarino offers the Suggest-’

ion that Antonio may have to pay the penalty of his bond, and

qyestions Shylock if he will insist upon it, should.the con- tingency develop. Smarting under the betrayal of his child, and the fresh insults of his interrogator, Shylockfs mood is ripe for anything, Yet, even in his wrath he gives ample

reason for the step,and there follows that magnificient speech of vindication. In it he pours forth the pent up passion of years,and sends forth his_cry against the insult, the injus-

tice and the contumely constantly offered to himself and his

people. It is fair question whether snylock’s passionate fury would ‘hawe been so aroused had the incident of Jessica not taken

place. Be the answer to it what it may, it is one of Shakes—

peare‘s master-stcokas that the incident is introduced, and

how and when it is. In the following scene where Tobal tells

of Jessica's flight, of her reckless squandering of money,

andtghe same breath of the wrecking and loss of Antonio’s ships, how consummate is the art that binds these two so cunninggy

man tOgether and gives to Shylock reason for his rage and room

for his reVenge. As far as his sources are concerned, this incident and the character of Jessica are inventions cg Shakespeare. In*Il Pecora one',there are all the other leading characters, Shylock,Portia,

p4M1.l..b.r-

"’

. *‘J

Bassanio, Antonio, and ﬁeriese, - but no Jessica. In "The Rich H Jew of ﬁalta? there is a daughter, but the difference in the

conduct and character between Abigail and Jessica is so great

that one cannot be considered the prototype of the other.

Abigail is faithful; obedient, and fully compliant to the wishes .;_4&r:r:vwnl&mgu‘__>«~val—“‘4‘

ska—1c of her father, even to her sorrow and against her will. Though

guy.» Barebas uses his child to further his villainies, yet he loves "#5.

her strongxy, and this tender relation between father sac daugh— .‘p—Mlh ter is o more faithful picture of the Jewish custom than is

Jessica’s apostasy and theft. Shakespeare gave Shylock a daugh-

ter, but not a wife. For this latter fact there is much reason.w Lessing laid”doin the principle that in every rightly con—

» structed drama, every character has a reason for its presence, .u and when a character,normally expected to be present, is absent, u.‘m.mv‘_,u;vh there must be a sufficient reason for the absence; There is

”Jake‘s“. reason for the absence of Shylock's wife and Jessica’s mother.

ml. as abnormal and untrue a characterization as is the figure of

Shylock as it now stands, it would have been a spiritual and ~;«..%4_.- ‘ dramatic impossibility had there been a wife and mother in

wag-«w the home. Ber absence was a necessity. 5.5hyiock thirsting for revenge, mercilessly demanding his pound of flesh, was .rrwamnan

.1»: only possible when that Snylock was bereft of the softening

.«A ,L

influence of the home—life, such as it existed in tender and my“ beautiful affection among the Gene. Baited and humiliated in

'the street he comes, not to a hose, but to an empty house, Vs.---..w--vn 7...-

”we"...

--..._.....

H V-..

QVoenting in welcome, wanting in-affection, wanting, above all, ... -— .~

fin that loving sympathy and understanding which a life's con- _ v.-.-.,w-s .2... ,r

vygugal comrade and companion would know so well to give. when, 2.- _-,, giin the recital of Jessica's flight and folly,luba1 touches ﬁvg‘pdzm:

gupon her disposal of her mother's betrothal ring, Shylook is ‘u‘e—‘QTV‘E-"Sr‘ swan?

ftouched to the qnick. It is the first and only mention of his ﬁrst—try -xvx.‘.7~.rr.z

5 . life's name. (It is the crowning insult, for he knows that it

,2..an . .iis antonio's friends who hays done it, for they taunt him sp- . enly with it. It is the drop that makes his cup of bitter~

uses to overflosn Be is new not only the baited Jew. Be is the outraged father, the outraged husband, the man who has ‘oeen wounded in his dearest possession, Ihoeh tenderest men-

cry has been desecrated.

‘ The episode of Jessica likewise demonstrates the neces—

.2} sit} Bﬁr the absence of the mother in the development of the r4...

plot; Had Jessica! known a mother's care and guidance at wins... -

this supreme moment in a maiden's life, it is inconceivable es”..-

We-.. thst she should have dbjured her faith, stolen her father’s

4»..-

money and made a mock of her mother's ring. She had no cor—

no-..

, _.

penibnship at home, not even a said is mentioned, nor any no— mm...“ men with them she could have held womanly converse to while away the tedious hours. Like a more men Shylock turns the

key in the.door§ and fondly thinks he is looking out all harm.

Had there been a mother's bosom to which a Jewish Jessica .could hare fled for refuge, a mother's ear into which she

. mp...” could have poured out the whispering; of her maiceely confi—

;, dences, her shy hopes and tender dreams and girlish risions .

.:::. of romance, had there been a mother’s heart that would hare

mm-.:u.a=~..y.. mm

5:. felt and known and understood it all, to soothe her with- .1: -‘~ mother-love and counsel, the Jessica of thehgerchant of Venice"

'72"? mu~VM;-.-:---r- would hate been a psychological impossibility. And ShekeSeecre -

5;". s- realized this and puryosely omitted the character of Shrines's‘ union/ward, wife. ~ (hunky...

._.

r In a number of passages there are traces of “The Jew ofL;

,p:

. A Halts! in ”The YerEhant of Venice. Earlowe's “0 my girl, 9y ‘i\

emf—rad (@113, my fortune, my felicityﬂfact II,Sc.I) and "I learned;

._._. in Florence how/to kiss my hand, heave up my shoulders, when} they call me dog,”(3c.ll) are recalled in ”0h my daughter, I . .my ducats , ‘ end‘still have I learned to beer with patient

«0x1:— shrug,” of Shakespiare. But the nifference in treatment it weave-4‘ evinces the wide gap between the talent of ﬁarlowe and the ;

genius of Shakespeare. Aside from his love for his daughter whole-,Wun.

,N—O Barabes is a foolish boasting villain, where he is not made has». a. hosaiole monster. Shyl'ock nowhere boasts of his deeds or

12.: counts his wealth. Be defines and defends his position with

.awwuu. unanswereble logic, and if the play eppealed only to the in—

«salve-i,

tellect and not the emotions Shylockis position would be an.

.,. sssuilahle. Bow splendid is the reasoning in the speech be-

'th u

ginning ”abet judgsent shell I dread,éoin5 no wrong?"(act I?,sc.I) ,u‘mn-Lxm. , One feels that it is the merest quibble of the law that de- 0

..A.

x ‘x-

feats him, a loophole of the veriest techincality where through

Antonio escapes, and though sympathy may applaud this trick of

.;.~ww¢styxwm the law; the judgment cannot approve where equity is denied. :

On the other hand Barebas is moved'simply by a colossal passion of race-pride and race-hatred, which leads him to a fren—

_n:5:;rm.lxaxm$r zied riot of crime, that is as agree; as it is monstrous.

mun Earlowe has no lightning flashes of homo: to relieve and light— en the darkness of his tragedy. 'It is all a piling of Gssa

”L-FMWthr upon Pelion of villainy and horror. He seems to revel in the

112 V.

. '1ansrchic ferocity of Sarebw Shakesneare, 21th marvellous

“A. ».

in intuition, enters into nhunderstanding of :hylock's fee lings,

v 1-—.

. an understanding which, as Dr.Eerford says, ”the mode -rn world

r.-- ,

.hes mistaZ-:en for sympathy. ' Thef iner, truer delineation of

.. m

_ «Shylock is not aneliberate approach to modern tolerance or :ﬁumanityg .but a severer judggent which tends to make the bretribution, which overtakes him, not only more drastic, but n v . .V. 3§to;eppear to be more just. Earlowe'errs also in that he puts

ipagan andréhristian oaths in Bareba's mouth. ﬁe makes Barebas 11.“..mw-i.nw-m—v-aLr.un¢ds.4-w. - {tee a Latin qpotetion{hy the way a misquotation) from Terence’s §Andriaﬁ

the period would hardly haxe'been versed in Latin, and even l gﬁsd he been, would not have made use of it as Barebas did,

{fiber indeed 'cfiA."’v“-fl-:.2:’1’V

Eare all confined to the Old Testament.

é Though it has been said that the play was a 'poteboiler" éthis does not intend to ascribe neakness to it. It is one of

EShakespeare's finest dramas,- one in which all the phases of éhis incomparable genius ere evidenced. In spite of himself éShylock is a gignre of tragic power, a creation that can stand Eunabashed by the side of Lear, or Hamlet,or Othello, or éRicherd III. The lighter touches, that relieve the tension

{of the tragic strains are no less the creatures of that same~~~

gmaster-mind that fashioned the "Tempest" and "Hidsummer Night's éDream'. Shakespeare’s sin was not that he made Shylock,-‘but

ithst he made him a type.

i The other piays in which Shakespeare mentions Jews are f :m Gentlemen of Verona”, Act II,Sc.3 and 5, "Much Ado About Emothing", Act II, 50.5; "Lowe's Labour Lost”, Act 111,8c41; x: I! . V€"Midsummer Ki : g ht's Dream" Act.III , 80.1' 9 "Hen ry IV 9 Part I , pecan, s<:.4; and ”ifgcbeth*,Act IV,Sc.1. Wm fﬂ WW”

5 <

it,“

n... -._'I1.'rn"v9<

Arr—W

nnuzmnnmagmm

sx;I1 u ,_.rq-r—..-‘

,,...- .

CHAPTER V

A__.__.‘._~i

"ash-«us. -.-

The Seventeenth Century.

‘1..:.._s_-,.-e. ‘

ihe seventeenth century was an eventful one in the histo-

: r7 of the Jews in England. It witnessed their readmission into the land,— a not altogether formal readmission,but one t ufficiently so to serve all purposes.- The agitation be— b) ' gan early in the century.. It increased as the struggle went

on. Nor did it cease when the struggle was won. There were shoes of the conflict and rumblings from the dissatisfied

till well on toward the end of the century.

v—Mlsu» .._

Political The literary phase of the conflict that raged

writings. about the readmiSsion of the Jews into England

began with the publication of Leonard Busher's "Religious Peace” in 1614.6 This publication was pro-Jew—

ish. It advocated their cause, but it did so, not on the grounds of right or hustice or freedom. Its motive was‘ purely that of theological expediency. To admit the Jews he» i; give opportunity to convert them. The period was that of

:0- he Puritan reformation and the age was an intensely reli—‘

'gious one. Hen were terribly in earnest about their spir-' ‘Vitual welfare. It is not surprising that the arguments_

concerning the readmission of the Jews should have a theo—

‘/ .~. ‘

'VRepuniished in 1644

“._._- mid“... logical tinge. Those who opposed them did so on religious

grounds. Those who pleaded their cause did so on religious grounds. The literature dealing with this topic fully re—

% a flects this religious phase. The proponents, who fa avored

the readmission of the Jews, based their arguments mainly

on two grounds,— the desire to convert the Jews, and there?

by to hasten the millenium. Those who oppose d broug ht

forth all the old clerical calumnies born of mediueval

‘ibigctry and superstitutiou, and added to them accusations,

insti ated by economic fear and racial antipathy. There was no princible of justice or humanity or C3 freedom of conscience enunciated, except in rare instances.

Captain iiorwcod, in his "Proposals for the _ropagation of

the Gospel”, 1652, though arguing from a re igio ous stané-

pozn nt yet makes the pertinent p01 int, "Shall thw (the Jews)

be tolerated by the Poge, by the-Duke of Florence by'tle

Turhs, by the Barbarians and otsers, and shell Enclanl still

have laws in force against them? When shall they be recalled?".

t...«.a-L...a

1. 51 Rogers Williams, later the protagonist of rel gio ous liberty in her England, pointed out that the Jews, even though heretics, might make good citizens. Other orcccenets for the Jews were Bugh Peters, military historian and Chaplin to

1/ . ‘ 1¢7.i Complete list of the phamphlets and books issued in this :pconnection can be found in 3. A.J. pp. 46 — $5 ,nos. 238 — 296 ”The Bloody Tenent of Persecution for Sense of Conscience, dis— cussed in a Conference between Truth and Peace. " 1544 ”A j‘orti for the Army and fwo Vbrds for the Kingdom." 1647_

(29 G) the Council of State, John Sadler: Edward Nicholas and Henry

Jessey. A sample argument of the advocated of their return

may be taken from Thomas BarlOtﬂs .The Case of the Lanfulness

of the Toleration of the Jews”, 1654. Be sayga(pp. 46,47)

"I think there lies a heavy and sacred obligation upon

Christian ..... to endeavour the conversion of the Jews,

which certainly cannot be by banishing them from all Christ-

ian comronwealths. And therefore they must either go to the an

Jews or bring the Jews to them ... . Now these two are both

one .,.,. for certainly if it be lawful for us to go and live

amongst the Jews to preach the Gospel, then it will be as lawful to bring them hither and let them live amongst us

to the same purpose." But Barlow is not ready t o trust

the fate of England and the spiritual safety of its people

to the unhampered activities of the Jews. He lays down

certain restrictions, which he deems'necessary to place unon C39 them. Among these restrictions are the foll wing. "No toleration should be given them to sneak.anything blasphemously or impiously against the Gospel.” ”the them profess, but not propagate their religion.” ”They were not permitted to carry any office or dignity in the Christian commonweal.” "They were not permitted in any suit or difference he—‘ tween a Jew and a Christian to draw the ChriStian '67 or his cause before a Jewish magistrate.n "Rights’of the Zingdom‘ 1549 ”.an ApolOgy for the Honourable Ration of the Jews and all Sons a of Israel”. ' '55 nine Glory of Israel and Judah" 1633 w e 1 @ See "Original Virtue and Other Studies". stew, Lomieov, p.122

S9Ibid pp. 123 — 4 ' ' ‘ J

-Mnm.—-— ['nizl

1w ~\.d‘\4'.‘

._-‘._::an

a»u4~¢+~-..-u« ; ”They were never permitted to make marriages with Christians." ”If any of the Jews turn Christian, in case the Jews en eav— oured to seduce him and maliciously injured him, they were to be burned for it.” ”They might repair their old synagogues, but nerenot to be tolerated to build nets” - ”By the Gannoﬁ isn'they might not come abroad on Good Friday". “Ihey were not permitted to wear garments exactly of the Christian fashion, but were to have distinct habits, that all might know them to be Jens.”

Ihere were other restrictions to the effect that thew ""0 right not be physicians, or give physick to Christians, and tha they

'were not to as present an obstinate attitude to the attempts .m.l

‘aade to convert them. a certain Samuel Hartlib, in his re—

awr- _ :lation to ¥ilton, a weak forerunner to Bessel , as

‘er and hanger-on, not as biographer, wrote to John Bury, the

celebrated Protestant divine for an expression of his views 67

on the sub’ect. .The la ter replied alone L practically th (0 V same lines as Barlow, admission under certain restrictions

If this was the consideration of their friends and

advocates, what tender mercies could the Jew exoect from

their antagonists? The leading figure of the otposition was one ﬁilliam Prynne. His book ran through several editions and was eagerly made use of by the oopocents of

the readmission. Prynne wrote in a most bi ter and vita;

perative strain. he declared that the admission of the

:CD "a Clear ease of Conscience whether it be lawful to admit Jens into a Christian Commonwealth" 1656

"A Sh rt Demurrer to the Jewes long discontinued Remitter into England; comprising an exact chronolOgical relation of their first admission into, their ill department, oppressions, and their final banishment out of England, never to return again; -nith a brief collection of such English laws,as seem strongxy to plead and conclude against their readmission” et¢.Lcn.1656

. F.a,_-. .

“q"vm v.

as...“

._"W, z-y~m»;.ua

sunb- Jews was contrary to law and to public welfare. The Jews “av—b

~L...._- ,are the enemies of Christ, the; are usurers, clippers of

coin and muderers and crucifiers of children. is declared

that they were 'not fit for our land nor yet for our dung—

hills", and be quoted Scripture to say they,”are to be cestv

out and trodden under the foot of men” (Hath V — 13) °ut he AJ is an interesting writer and owing to his investigation of

u.‘

the laws bearing upon the Jews, which his official cszre ‘

.p-(ad-brl‘ux‘zd ‘

a» . ion with the Record Office made possible, his book is fvil rm’cr

-’-wu of informetion, and, where theological doctrine is not in—

wr- x. volved, of historic material.

-V*\

T» Prynne’s attack was answered in a work that, albeit

..m

strongly religionistic in tone, is a remarkably just and

tolerant document for the period. It gives seven reasons, vw» or arguments for their return, including, of course, the

hope of their conversion by hearing sound preaching, but

including also the reason that strangers, irrespective of

person, should be entertained in a free land, for the good

of the commerce and the civil polity.

g . “he pram Queen Elizabeth died March 24, 1603. The star of the stage was then in full sscendency.

" Shakesoeare was yet to produce some of his noblest plays. :7 ~ . ,3 Israel's Condition and Cause pleadéﬂ,anusom6iingements . for Jews Admission into England. Objections Answered, Cautions ;~ Added” etc. Printed by 9.3. for 3m.Larnar and Jonathan Ball

a‘ London 1556 . .-.A,

_-_..A

4.2;-

_.r

w-rm

..V-v-v-n >

_‘.,‘_.~- Whig-r

“a.“ Beaumont, Fletcher, Hebe'ter, Eassinger, Dekker, Ford, Shirly

z—sa-uksh and ”rare Ben Josnon” are names that illumine the boards dur—

“.mu'. But as the rar. ing the first half of the seventeenth century. century grows older the drama loses some of its earlier poe-

er. It yields to the influence of the profligacy and de-

bauchery rampant at the courts of James and Charles. The

range of topics narrows. The tone gross loser and coarser.

Th (b themes handled by the dramatists do not reach the heights

commanded by the earlier writers. There are few pictures of

:40 pure and powerful passion, or of great and moving emotion.

'here F? are frequent references to Jews, and a number of Jew—

w. 51 characters introduced, but none of them has the tragic mu

d )Jo gnity of a Shylock or even of a Barebas. In the ”Haccontent",1604, by John ﬁarston, there is another recurreencﬁ of the Boderigo Lopez incident. The

words ”Jen" and "poisoner" are used as synonyms. Mendoza

asks ”Canst thou impoyson? Canst thou impoyson? ” and Male-

vole replies, ”Excellently - no Jew, pothecary or polititian

. tter.”In "The Insatiate Countess", by the same author, there D (1) is a character, With . tie c significant name of Signor Rogero, who is accused of bein a Jew. In a play "Every Heman in:

(Fl . 9’

-er *5 umour”, there is reference to Jews as "old clo' dealers!

hi! .3.

m aumont an p. Fletcher make tkz simple reference to them in the CU

”Double harriage" and "The Scornful Lady”, In their "The Cus- w-.m-m~.w.m..~_-o.mi“ms“...«rl

tom of the Country” however t- iere is a Je. ﬁsh character, Zebu-

ion, a rather low character, but into those mouth, surpris— .

1:3. ingiy,a very noble sentiment is put. In the second act he

is met by Arnoldo and“ “a Jtilio, both impoverished. Rutilio

‘A‘::V‘<'A1mf‘l having expressed the opinion that no h 819 or courtesy could

be expected from a Jew, Kabulon replies

"ﬁe are men; And have, like yo u, compassion when we find Fit suojects for our bounty".

Fletcher's “domen Pleased" has a Jevxish character "Lopez",

another reference, doub less, to Elizabeth’s unfortunate

yhysician. In Ben Jonson's ”Alchemist" there is a JEnish

character,"Abel Bugger", and De sker brought out a "Jew cﬁ

Venice”. ﬁassinéer, in ”The said of honour", speaks of

the great amazement he would feel is he ézé ”a reprobate

Jeni..... baptized in our religion”.

In John Hebsters f’Vittoriaa. CorrombcnaP, 1612, there is

:u av A a Jewish character, as also in his ”The Devil's Law Case", ..y

Ans-Wu a Christian ﬁerchant disguises himself as a Jew in order .

M’s-a to carry out his nefarious schemes. The joint authors,

4,) s5 Thos.ﬂiddleton and hm.Rowley, in ane Ecrld Test at Tennis",

1620, have a curious re fer rence to Jews. They seem to de- .

w’tAyw-‘Mﬁa my.

:VAVLI sire to display their "

n?! v1:- ﬁ‘imv} a

is as follows: ",1 u a z 1 ‘-.. .1 “I'll shOW‘you, sir, —~-

and they are men daily to be seen, 1L

~._.v.»a«.~v..; ehu a throwster dwelling i' the Spitalfi e15 .~-MM<...‘-..w“

There’s Rabbi Abimelech, a learned cobbler, Rabbi Lazarus, a superstichious tailor. These shall hold up their shu tles, needles, owls, Against the gravest Levite of the land, And give no ground neither."

Whether intentionally or not the antlers have given a faithful picture of early Jewish custonu The teachers of Israel held I

that every man, no 5! ‘ter that his calling, should know a

trade. They said the father who fails to teach his so

trade coma.itted a sin. The great leaders and doctors of

the lhe all followed some trade. So ”Rabbi Job. a vener-

able silk—r (n aver” “bd ”Rabbi goimelec.

and ”n“boi Lazarus, a tailor”,th »,m face.iously intended

are not unhistorioal portrayals.

,4 _— In one of Glapthorne's plays,"The Exllander"

there are several uninport- nt references to Jews arch the growth of :uritan power and influence a orange

came over the character of the dr za. 5% The sensuous, riot—

ous tone of t.e earlier pla;rs becw c more quiet and ssv Broadness in thought and license in expression disapnm red. The dog" i. -ance of the religious element made itself apnm rent in the atmosphere of the t-eeter. The plays that have to

do with the Jews evidence this ohang~ of treatment. Thile

the attitude aintained toward them is not any too friendly

he plays revert to BibliCal or Palestinean

conditions. In 1662 William Kenninge nroduced "The Je s’ Tragedy”, a play founded on the destruction of Jerusalem

‘3 v

it showed their "final and fatal overthrow". A-oog similar

lines John Crowns, in 1677, wrote 'The Destruction of Jeru-

salen’, a tragedy in two parts.

1'. ~37???

“3-3.1; Hisaellanea. Dramatists write with an ear for popular £3 applause.2hey supply what the pestle like

and want. Evan a Shakespeare did not rise above the preju~

dices of his day. ﬂence the drama is a true excression

of current -oopuier sentiment 9 and does not etc: to consider

the theoretical 'ustice or truth of its themes. ’lte stren g th‘ and success lie in action, not in abstrection. Because ere-

judice against the Jew has exist d in +he o ocular mind tie

playwrights, evearto~this day, as a rule present Jewish

characters in an unfavorable light, irrespective of that the pzaywrights individual sestizzents nay be. To a more limited extent this is else true of fiction. But in oth—

er lines of literary activity, in so: Ks of history and trao

Vel, in essays and poetry, that do not appeal to the as-

._wwa plausem the moment, there is a greater ten den my toward 4n... fair treatme ﬁlt, albeit eVen here prejudice and ignorance often stood in the was of justice.

No.11,“ I In 1611 LhDQaS Coryat published a book of travel 61 = called 9 Joryat's Grudities" Corvat trowel? ed on the

"0UV ntinent in 16LW8for about a half a yEar, mostly on foot. . ,__—_.=a=—______. (Den edition has been gotten out by yacLehose, Glasgow in 1905.

“own...“

in."

an...“

(-1.-.._.,.li,_.t

Luz.

he was a shrewd observer and an interesting writer. he gave

“Juhb‘_,.l.t..,x.

.. rmuch attention to Venice, then at the peeihelion of her.pri-

..z

‘ many, and devotes considerable space.to the Jews of Venice. "cert: . his description of them is accurate and instructive, there HUI; 2.: he does not express his personal views about them. Be des—

cribes their service, which it seems_he must have attended, L-lvTéx'ﬁ‘iﬂ

their.dress, their appearance and their customs. Of the pl. r

Kwangju-z

.. .,..

n. appearance he says: ” I observed some few of those Jewes [1‘—

especially some of the LeVantines to bee such goodly and

say-«pvt: A)

stun-1‘ proper men, that then I said to myself our English pro— verhe: To looke like a Jens (whereby is meant sometimes mo—uwur ‘

u+~< a.neather—beaten warp—faced fellow, sometimes a phrenticke

and lunaticxe perscnjsometimes one discontented) is not true.

‘2. in. : For indeed I noted some of them to be most elegant and sweet'

”Minx:

:4 featnred persons, of which gave me occasion the more to 1° 9--

4“» ment their religion”. The relerence to the English proverb

ask—myrrh; is an interesting historical sidelight showing that though Asv §

('1‘ ’35 three hundred years after the expulsion and a half 1—» century before the readmission, the Jew was not unknown in

1.)_n,‘__“‘,...~«ww am: England, but he was an unhappy person who had no friends,

no rights, and no assurance of safety. .y:‘.w;xu1..u mnv. Congat tells also of an argument he had'with a"certaine .v..¢t ..

, learned Jewish Rabbin that spake good Latin", with whom he

Mel." struck up a conversation, and whom he asked for his opin—

In“: n. a. ion concerning Christ, and why he did not receive him for

the ﬂessias. It is noteworthy that this Jewish Rabbin of

the seventeenth century expressed en-

the first decade of m

-._. .3

timents of liberal thought and of appreciation that shine .LL-

in brilliant contrast with the treatment that was accorded Auras“; -im or his religion. Congat quotes him as answEring

that "Christ was forsooth a great Prophet, and in that re—

w.¢w.~k—.&;=atskzi:&u spect to be as highly esteemed as any Prophet amongst the

“imam... Jenes that ever lived before him: but derogated altOgether

from his divinities? In concluding the interview Congat

rather naively remarks: "In tue =nd he seemed to be somewhat exasperated against as, because I sharply taxed their

s'perstitious ceremonies!

The agitation for their readmission naturally aroused”;

interest in the Jews and in addition to the shower of poli—

tmcal pyamphlets and noohlets, which the struggle evoked,

lather works concerning them made their appearance. John

Speed wrote "lhe history of Great aritaine” etc. in 16F0, and his references to the Jews are anything but complimentary. But his bias appEars to be thoroughly religious.

ipeaXing of the massacre of the Jews at the coronation of hichard I, he remarked that Richard’s reign was iauspicatedP

by this event and that it "might seeme a presage that this

mica—hearted king should be a speciall destroyer of the\

enemies of our Saviour." ‘ ’ Edmund Ghilmead contributed to the literature of the

1 \NR

"”94"

day a translation {15F0) of an Italian work, by Leo Hodena, 5-",llllhisil

on 'fhe history of the Rites, Customs, Kanners and Life of Thus—.._-.Lvis,

the present Jews throughout the World.6 The work was neigh— 4-

er valuable nor correct. _._V.

epys in his ”Diary” under date of Cctober 13, 1565 ._.,qmsv,”

veals very little sympathy with the service or the people. ’,.,,“, “r“ Of a different character is the work of the Rev.Lancelot .. a dison, father of 'oseph Addison, the essayist. In ESVF he published a work entitled ”The Present State of the

Jere {more particularly relating to those of Barbary), wherein is contained an exact account of their customs, secular and religious, etc..” The work is the result of a seven years' resid use in Tangiers, where he was chap— lain of the garrison. Hr.dddison was a clergyman, and naturally biassed along the lines of his calling, yet in spite of this the work is characterized by a.liberality 9.: H:

of view an (D

0: - to rlessness of expression that are re-. sarkable for the time.

John Selden, a most learned man, published.Severol volumes regarding Jewish polity and laws, indicating that t‘..e attention of the schoiariy world had also been

turned toward the dens. Of one of these works (De Jure haturali et Centium, juxta Disciplinam Eebraeorum) Hallam

says "his book is excellent for its proper purpose, that of representing Jewish opinion, and it is among the great— .. ._._.

r,...l ~ GEH‘ £23."; est achievments in erudition that any English writer has per- 67 formed.” A similar work on Jewish law was written by John Spencer {1”50 - 169 5), though not published till 172". The poet Abraham Cowley, was opposed to the readmission of the Jews, and in his “Discourse on Oliver Cromwell, he

gives expression to this opposition. Aside from this he

seems to have a just appreo stion of Jewish chnstancy and

reverence. In one poem he says: .

,.. ”"ith more than Jewish reverence, as yet

._vr‘“ Do I t- e sacred n “Te. conceal. '

~\ ><

n...

In his poem ”Ihe Prophet” he wrote:

‘sb-ié'aL-l ;

.r. "1esck. me to love! Go t: ech thyself more wit; I 01 ief proze eser am of it. C lea ch craft to Scots and thrift to Jens.” ‘h

1.11..v.,.-,e.u-

:Ihis .. last Line is soictnirg ,*a su ;jr ise. One would haw e \

.‘w‘ expected him to say ”Teach thrift to Scots, teach craft tth .

,- 7 ' w- uSWS.” , ; . ' 1 b° a muel Antler in "ﬁndibresi.has q a reference which can

readily be recognized as referring to the evening service

of the Je wish ho7g day, ”The Day g; Atonement." ”memwm "1he Babbins write, when any Jew Did make to God or man a vow, Which afterwaré he fauna untoward And stubborn to be kept ,Kor too hard, any three 0 char Jews 0' the n tion u'ight free him from the obligation; t...—~..__...~.-'..vw~.uL-.uv- sad have met two €°irts the power to use A greater privilege than three Je. s?”

gButler'is1...______.__._~_ m1 stala en heme er i. his statement that vows or obli— @.Literary History of Eupore, vol.II, p.509 T;

g57 wnm

:4 5,

«1-3. gations to man are freed. The service contains a prayer for

pardon for the transgression of such vows as were made to God,

\ not man. (I)

Considerable controversial and conversionistic lit- Jl$:—’J‘lmn;ﬂ&nili;wkt

clan erauture appeared during this century. The clergy new

iiways interested in the rigigious fate of the Jew, and he 51".(‘JMNJH

(a 1-;

. was a irequent subject of se sons. ' Likewise rel

putations were rarely carried on without drawing him in.

ALMpruBS w» g \ as this cen .tury we: a profoundly religious one,there was

much literature, of H,h is natur e, which concerned the Jew.

View“ such tracts as “A Conference betwixt a Papist and a Jew"

’iondon 1678 and @A Conference between a Protestant and a ,,.

den" (also 1678) are samples of many similar publications.

. n.»

0.1.; rhey dealt mostly with questions concerning the ?essiah, the

“A.“ w.

A. future of the Jews, their return to Palestine, the advent of

-..-.....-

,._- .

. the milennium etc.. In 1689 however there appeared a re— Med-e“

my markable publication, called ”- 1L3 tter concerning Toleration/ u...»

Licensed Uct.3, 16895, and printed in London. ThOugh hisl ism name is not on the title page the author was the famous

philosooher John Locke. The 1 en of interest in this ”Let—3 utwliymvuu‘

er” is the bold declaration, ”If we may one nly speak the

.41-ﬁnm

A ;

truth, an d as becomes one man to another, neither Pagan, north .‘ry’dhd‘u'

w” rahunetan, nor Jew ought to be excluded from the Civil Rights :;

”can of the Commonwealth because of their religion.” ﬁne such no— mt“

"mu" ble expr esSion outweighs a score of intemperate objurgations

v This nill be further referred o in chapter on Conversion,see31mfra ..

u. x.»-.»;.

and it is sure to make for nobler sentiment more 2’de ly spread.

Jewish Literary The part played by the Jews themselves in

“ctivity. the literary movement of this century is not large. Prior to less it is nothinc‘. at 3.11,"

There were only crypto—J ens ii vin g in England whose whole - — time and atte .tion were devoted to the problem of mere safe eXistence. there fae neither leisure nor thozght for writing.

In the struggl le for admission the fig're of fenisseh hen Israel

.1.’Ji‘x>wmm4n“n'

.. . e4 looms large. He was not a native of England. he was a learned

-.é-r—,— {abbi and teacher of Amsterdam. He urot: many volumes on «um... arious topics, Listerical, Biblical and th=ological. He had

command CL ten languages, and was in corresnonde nce with the

lated into English, created a profOund impression there 9 and

x by further reason that two of his numerous volumes, terc writ— mum.» ten to and for the Envlish people. These were his ”Hope of Away»; Israel” and his ”Vindici' Judaeorum”. The first dealt with

the idea of the milhenium. A certain Antonio de Vontezinos (Aaron Levi) had written a work to the effeot that, w;ile 4 ‘3 (" ’ o

travelling in the interior o H.) g 1, he had come upon 0 ﬂ 3” ‘1 p. m

a native tribe, claiming descent from Reuben, one of.the lost

ten tribes of Israel. The tale was supported by‘ai affidavit and ﬁenasseh accepted it. He was endeavoring to effect the ad—

he“

.. “Rob

Wﬂ—wwih.

x mission of the Jews into Eng-end, ..l. working aloe gthe theory the i the neople of Israel were to be scattered all over the world

before their exile was done. Row as they had been found in

Ehrth and South America, and England was the only country

where they were not, he was air mi mg to have the circl. e of their

unwzumw'nzn

exile complete. This volume created enthusiasm in foe “land

Ar:)£:.')~2.‘

I: . especially among the ..', illenarians, who look upon Henasseh as

Hrs-Lu;

3 .m; id: 0.5 51th them. ‘But in spite of the enthusiasm there was

no practical re sult., Later he wrote "Vindiciae Judaeo rum”,

‘"The Vindication of the JewS", a reply to Prynne's "Short

. Demurrer", in Nuich he cereaded the Jews against the ialsexf Jcherges and accuéetions made against them. ﬂenasseh address—

‘zxxert ed as ”Hum 1e Peti ti on” to Groweell and to ?ariiament

and at the invitation of Cromwell visited England in lees, 'xi’knulle . 1 lis visit was not immediately effective, there is no .questicn but that he had much to do with the successful out— ? .CCme of the agitation. S'-

M From a literary standpoint Menasseh is no less d

tinguished. His writings discover deep scholarship, wide

S (3 h tho“ght. One great work, 1n four-volumes, :5 C (D 5.: :1. .3 9: {)1 Q.- .1 in

A 4‘

(l) Tribes. Infra L. O ci- *3 (0 *1 O {J U) (T; a; D O :31 b

”5 P G 02 3

3mm ae Judaeorum”, under title ”Defense of the Jews8 , was <16! 13 P-

o.§%% h d in a tteO volumed publication calla d "T ePhoenixP (‘0 (nu-J- U ’U 3 CDF~H' \‘IHO’

H-H HF

,.e.,

on‘...

. ,.

0 *Gonci l iador", has been translated in English. It is an at-

tempt to reconcile the seemingly inconsistent passages of the

'33:.siineo, 1902

22W

12:53:31

9-3::

:—,'.K'\-

{gtct‘ll

,unm

;:\.(:>'A «.me

gnu-unhn

IL‘I‘AJ-Llsilnblslll CHAPTER VI‘

The Eighteenth Century

The Eighteenth century resembled its predeceésor in 3'1 that during its middle decade there occurred the climax of in violent political agitation with which the Jews were close-

;l¥ concerned. The so-called 'Jewaaill’, passed in 1753 and repealed in 1754, evoked a shower of publications,

which exceeded in virulent antagonism even those that

resisted the readmissibn into England. It is fortunate

that the literature of passion and prejudice is fugitive ,_

. and that there are but feu'classics of injustice and in-

, t

.r tolerance. .

. Political The political literature of the century; in "J

I ﬁritings which the Jew was interested, use made up of

r g?\;> screeds and ﬁﬁamphlets and ballads, none of K \\~

N‘,-..u-.~M-...,..7..¢_.;.~V_.;_.I-}..'-A>‘~is. g which has survived on its literary merits alone. In 1714

. ,;

. . {gthere appeared a‘booklet containing ”Reasons for Natural— thising‘the Jews in ereat Britian and Ireland on the same foot

"ev'IA-lvlun’M‘“ ‘Jsdth all other Nations'. It was answered in the following ...... ,.

' year by s 'Confutation of the Reasons for Baturalising the ,,:..m.~u f Jews; Conteining their Grimes, Frauds, Insolencées etc.”. imam,“ i a) .-.... In 1756 there was published a remarkable work addressed to the ”Rev.ﬁig§ Priest of the Church by law establishedﬁ.

.._...v..;».—_..__m. "complaints of the Children of Israel Concerning the Penal

”mu-n... laws; 5 Burlesque on the Disseoters, petitionioning for a - A repeal of the Test Act“. Solom. Abarbanel(ﬁ. Arnall) 1736. the booklet contains a picture of the grievances of the Child—

~:t ren- oi’ Israel under the Penal Laws and prays for the repeal 72' of the Test any It was signed by"$oioeon Abarbane1,vlin Synagogue Lane, 3m Street, the twelfth day of the meme:

'n'r-‘tv'xuqsxmn month,Adar". * It was not however written by a. Jew, but by *L‘rr.

a”: one ‘i.Arnall. Its. composition betrays a practised hands" ,

1-5 2

1mm ”the-[diction is excellent. The style is half serious, half“ .: 7

uaxp fsatirical, and its directness and boldness of expression sun“: ' are such as would scarcely have been ventured Linen by a 2 , Jewish writer at that period. The work ran through

seven editions. The writer thus addresses the Bishop: 'Iou even that the ”Christian religion was never intended}

to lease the rights of mankind in a worse condition than”

it found them, and since 'tis proposed that no religious

opinion shall be any longer a. civil disqualification, we hope, air, that you will be our patron on the principle of universal charity, and that as Paul gloried in being the apostle to the Gentile, you will think it no dishonourto be the Bishop of the Jets. You have laid hold of the surmise made to father Abraham, and have taken the muscles of heaven as your inheritance; you have converted

our moiety of the Bible to your own use; you have seized

upon kisses and Aaron and the ten commandments, which were as our natural "property, and placed them over the communion

111 ‘ . ' 73:

l. 1.1.1.1»-.11

Memnb tables; yet make £1115 pretense of Christian ceremonies a rea— ' '

4141-4411» son for enlisting; us from the advantages of the commonwealth, .14..“

.14.- so that cg 1a! ﬁnd om: Prometsocan afford us no protection

though you here; exalted the-.1011 have robbed us of our L‘s,‘e—‘..-w:::,n-;

:: priesthood, 111/42 and 21mm, ass on:- tithes also, yet give 1“; .

LL us nothing idlesehange but emanation, as if Satan could be

nirvana} such a foolish £0 tats us than we lost all. ' hue pxamph- 1st,. ' otf for a. moment in theological bypass, then re- 5 Minnesota

u we; to? ‘ charge by. dinning won the equality of Jew 1 and Christian.‘ the writer takas‘ up the accusation that i I H'the Jews have too great a; fondness for the pursuit of man—

urns. 2 non and says, *bgt [he find the most sanctified Christians,

15-11111 respect of worldly 11:35:88, as little scrupulous of tax- 1' 5 "ﬂing the profits to themselves as they are of throwing the

Xanemia; apes us. We get what we can and keep what we get, ~ {not by any principle of religion, but of convenience, ‘uhich " :: 1/ I .nciple reigns in as fall perfection amongst the saints: at '(Rooney, as among the midran of Israel in Bury street 1,, or Duke’s Planet!£7 ‘ 3 ‘ Wen: pro and can mama intemittenuy “a": until 1753, when the passage of the 3111 opened the flood; f: .3;; Wition . The stream of abnseC that flowed from (9 Picc. 71.2 ' ‘

@ There is no page in the histon of the eighteenth centmy that show more decisively how low as the intellectual and 11011111— cal. condition of England's public opinion.‘ Lech 31:» '

the press was really unwarranted, even if the Jews had com-

mitted all the crimes of-nhieh their adversaries accused

1:;

xv,

(212:! them. The argumentation was a combination of theological m?! wrangling and uholesale disparagement. The following ex—

7.x

cerptawill serve as a sample for-all. "The Jews are a peo-

richer—Heath, a: ple of whom God has given the following most shocking des-

a u. cription and character, even at the time when they were as. ‘

counted His peculiar, chosen people. He complains that they:

were a most rebellious, disobedient, gainsaying, stiff—neck—

ed, impenitent, incorrbgﬁble, adulterous, whorish, inpudent,

. froward, shameless, preverse, treacherous, revolting, back—

.rC;f.L~6—V

.‘1

._- sliding, idolatrpns,nicked, sinful, stubborn, untoward, hard hearted, hypocritical, foolish,'sottiSh, brutish, siupid,un— .

-1... grateful, Covenant-breaking nation of people; a set of evil- doers, a generation of vipers, doing evil greedily with both; hands, according to all the nations that were round about ._.;_;;«,;.,.sz..:.;.-;;.

Nu... then; as had, new worse than Sodom and Gomorrah, casting 1. . l all God’s laws and ordinances behind them, trampling them

under their feet, rejecting, forsaking, and despising God

Himself; provoking Eim continually to His face, grieving Him to His heart, forgetting Eim days without number, always erring in their hearts and diSobeying Bis voice, etc. etc. 'And shall it be recorded that Britannia, the first From 'An Appeal to the Throne against the naturalisation of the Jewish nation: in which are exposed the Practices ' -for-which the Jews-were expelled out of England.” 1753.

(2"‘\

u... V.

amongst the Christian States, ever admitted such a nation

or people as this to become one people, and to enjoy the

privileges of a true been Englishman?‘

The humorous element was not altogether missing.

There were many-dark prophecies made as to tne future of England if the Jews were permitted to possess the complete

rights of citizenship. Some were uttered in solemn earnest.

Others,-thcugh mayhap intended to convey a serious neaoiné,_

were given in lighter vein. or the latter the fol1o owi.g

will serve as an index of the character of the humour. m .srom the Hebrew Jonrnal, published by authority. -’This is"§ to inform the public’that the good ship Roderigne,alias s3al—-§

vador, Emanuel de Ponesca, Commander, eleven hundred tone 1

burthen, fifty guns, Jewish built, a prime s ilor, having excellent accommadations for passengers, is new laying'at 2r.0aneo's dock, at Limehouse, ready to take in those Christ-{_r

\_-_. ian families that may be inclined to transport thenselves_tolfy

\ 3 part 0f TukaY. as choosing to live under a ¥ohamnedan,i ‘. _any x: K 1

meow—“._., 4 rather than a Jewish government. It is proposed that tnis xi ship shall return loaded with a proper number or foreign, ”

him;

use

. Jews against the next session of Parliament‘. ”. I _.

r... 'On Konday last a dispensatm passed the Great ﬁ>i§ ;

Sea}, to enable Abraham Levi to hold a living in the Syna- é ﬂ gOgue of Paula, together with the rectory of the Rabbi 1h 1

the diocese of Litehfield.’ (”Maww...

'Last night the bill for naturalisiug the Christiads was thrown out of the Sachedrin by a great majority.’ 0) ‘

The repeal of the bill silenced the attacks, though

occasional echoes were heard for several years following,“ _1

in another Satbrical effort that was put forth in 1768. It

was signed by the pseudonym R.Shylock, and it purported to

give the "Babbi's Lamentation on the Repeal of the Jew’s Act setting forth to the respectﬁble Brotherhood in Duke’s Place

how 111 it becomes any Dissenters from the See of Rome and Britons more especially, to refuse them the Benefit of

Katuralisation.”

‘-

u.-

-< The Drama In the drama the Jew received on the whﬂle in

this century somewhat fairer treatment than at.

»_._,..n_<. #5». the hands of the political controversialists. It is true the century started out with the presentation, in 1701, of

__;\,_~_,~J; - " a travesty on the“Zerchant of Venice:, But before it closed w’“ there were dramatists who put the Jew upon the st age in far

wmnmv‘Nt‘Ww‘ better light than had yet been accorded him. Lord Lansdowne M adapted a comedy from"£he merchant of Venice? th was acted

”n—«u-V nu.)

at Lincoln's Inn Field in l70l-under the title,"The Jew of ..Wv. Venice”, Ihere were several innovations introduced. The supper, to which Shylock was bidden,(3ct 12 Scene V) is;

pictured. A.feast is given on the stage, where a separate

tableI with segarate food and drinklis arranged for Shylock, ‘2 0

See Picc. pp. 90 — 91 (.._.l.._..4_ raw-..

and he is made to drink a toast to_money as his mistress.

Throughout,the comic features are exaggerated, and the chars

acter of Shylock is made the butt of ridicule and shorn of every vestige of the dignity of tragic suffering.

In 1723 Elijah Penton produced a tragedy, *Eariamne.

or the Unhappy Loves of Herod and ﬁariamne’. It was the only play he wrote, but itnachieved great success. In 1749

there appeared-in print an anonymOUs play called "The

Jerusalem Infirmary, or a Journey to the Valley of Jehosa-

phat“. It was never acted, and doubtless was not intended

to be. It is a jumble of unintelligible abuse and jargon, sand endeavors to make an outrageous attack on the character; of the Jewish people.

The wit of Richard Brindsley Sheridan enlivened

the drama during the latter half of the-century. But it did not brighten the position or reputation of the Jews.

In 1775 he produced his 'Duennafi, a comic opera,in prose. In the character of'lsaao flendozaflhe protrays the Jew in

9~Vn the usual role, that of a scheming money-lender. Sheridan ;.

-A

wanna-I ...,

, up to ridicule, but he makes him a villain none the less, A“. and a villain without the redeeming features of deep emotion or the respectability of strength. Sheridan is here

“rs.“- plainly the pandering playwright, not 8. artist with-with

an ideal to portray, but a subservient caterer to the stomach .\...._»-~<.rwq.w.~ of the box-office. He had opportunity to know better and the wit to do nobler, but popular and pecuniary success were a stronger incentive than fairness or justice.

0“)

/ Unfortunately he calculated well. The play was a tremendous

success and ran through the season with but Ben intermis- sions of several.days at Christman and the Friday of each week. It is interesting and also humiliating, to know

that this weekly Friday intermission was for the reason that

‘nr-‘z'nitiitﬂ‘xi‘ui" the part of Don Carlos was sung by a Jew, one Eyer Leoni,

swabs-arc she was the Cantor of the Portuguese synagogue,and could

we]: ( not act on Friday nightsf>

we In the ”School for Scandal” there is also a Jewish —

Csfirwiggp

,. , character, a Er.ﬂoses, and of course a money-lender.

hrv—v—J-m. n But the Bees found a champion in Richard Cun— y“. 4. berland. Be wasgthe first dramatist who dared to oppoSe

popular prejudice and produce a drana, in which the Jew'was‘

not only ndt?a villain, but the leading and heroic charaC— tor. In 1794 his play I".i‘he Jew“ appeared. Its principal. character is ”Shevaf, a philanthropist of a peculiar kind.‘i

‘ he stints himself that he may give to others. Under a ’1

most unpromising exterior there exists a most beautiful

a Vsoul.“5heva9 does good by stealth and is embarrassed . f‘nhen his benefactions are discovered. The plot of the ,1 play is thin, and the treatment is unrelieved By any flash— p1 :f es of genius. But is is so refreShing a contrast to

~ue.w.v,..«b..w.»ui,m 3'53arabas and Shylock that it stands out in the history of

a..."-

, :the Jew in English literature as the first and bravest

“Ml-“veg.

_ tattenpt to treat the Jew with any degree of justice,iget

... é?§§§—r§53E’5f'E§§ays,’ by S.A.Eirsoh, Lon.1905, p.273 a.“ .A-hb~.-..— n“ / ".-_—.._”. .‘ F--.,_.—

we we

it is not altOgether just'for with the exaggeration, characteristic of the drama, Cumberland makes 'Sheva! overgpod, as

Barebas was overbad. Dickens made the same mistake with ::_:.;'.H::., *Riah', in our 'Eutual Friend’, when he tried to atone for

the FFagin” of "Oliver Twist”. Yet here too is the tragedy

for the Jew, Barebas and Shylock and Fagin are widely known

and are taken as_types, Sheva and Fish are comparatively ....Way_ize‘;zt:mrfu;m: x_unknown, and when known are not regarded as types, but as

was);

;exceptions. . Yet the one class is not more exceptional

‘—.‘430‘J~‘

than the other.

.,. Gumberland's sentiments were nobler than his drama—

tr -

.,..., tic ability. As one critig)we11 says he had the "Theatri—

.o .

: cal instinct, tﬁough not dramatic genius”. Yet'The Jew”

M4 ‘ r met with success, and it deserves to be remembered for its courage and the noblecess of its effort. Its effect was apparent in that it has some imitations, and the treatment of the Jew was to some degree modified. Charles Dibdin produced, in the iast years of the century, two

. dramas in which Jews.are interested, ”The Jew and the A-xiwﬁl~v\<~u,4tngmm;l,.p;-bA-r~vm17 Doctor” and ”The School for Prejudice“. Though the presen—

a_tation is by no means as favorable as Cumberland yet the gamma“ ﬁiays abound with just sen ti ments. Another ;?acha11ed

”The Jew of Mogadcr’ wasw writ en in a similar friendly .-.»u..'.t..-__4::,;.n--u~s~mama-MN“: and kinalz sElrlt as Geahszzend had exhibited,az /vaaﬂéeg

‘1 -Prof.ﬁard

-.WNM

N...

._._ ,_ _1 C“ .. “.-_.-ll- a .. Other The literary firmament of the first quarter -q. 2 Literature of the eighteenth century held many bright

E g stars. The names of Addison, Steele, Black— ”ﬁx—

E more, Gay, congreve, either, Collier, Defoe, Prior, Pope,‘

and Swift illumine the reigns of Queen Anne and George I.

1537*»??? 'v"‘<-~e—>7~—~‘-Y'v— l

But ‘9'.an few of then paid attention to the Jews, and Such as :(rzr’ S; J. ass; did gave them but passing and not altOgether complimentary v'lr‘Tnt: m reference. Though Pope could utter grand lines of univer— Liwebté-E‘lu

muss.» sal tolerance in his 'ESSay on P‘an” and Defoe make a bold 1;; J x . E stroke for liberty of conscience in his ”The Shortest Way ‘1i with Dissenters‘, yet neither tolerance nor liberty of ? conscience here for those outside the pale of the forms

; of Christian belief. It is true Joseph Addison has some % 0 E pleasant words for them, especially with regard to their as $ commercial utility and value, and he praises their loyal— ; ty to their faith in the face of all the persecutions to j: E.which they have been subjected, yet his kindly nature did § . not prevent him from calling their religion a superstition _ g and from declaring that their dispersion and their conse—

67Spectator F0. 495, Sat Sept. 27, 1712. It is an interesting ‘ coins idence ,though without significance, that the three . essays in which Addison nrites about or refers to the 39 ws, 3 were dated on Sa urdays. They are numbered 215, 495 and 331 i i,

E i E

.. I

.._,

.-.

-w<

4.1.71 :

quent sufferings were an act of Providence and an argument 1.-.:3 ‘for Christianity.

In the ”Rape of the Lock” (Canto II) describing Belin-J

da, Pope says,

reunxxzv’wmunipgn; 'Cn her white breast a sparkling Cross she wore, :3. 5.; Ehich Jess might kiss and infidels adore”.

AQW‘SI. 2 The words are harmless enough but the context and the mean— .2. 1;; m: , ing confirm the popular fiction of the mercenary passion of

E the Jew.

enamel..- :\.'\.I‘

2. Interest in the Jewish people, from an historical I’M“,

-. standpoint, was aroused in T711 by the publication of Thomas we

»»-.J Madox's ”History and Antiquities of the Exchequer of the

'Kings of England;. It is not, strictly speaking::uork that

.»

.- -

a appeals to the literary sense. But Kadox in his researChes . found so much material bearing upon the Jens, that he de-E. votes a whole chapter, VIII, of the book to them. He was‘ u‘w—M-A’lbw--)V:H followed by Dr.D’Bloissiers Tovey, of Oxford, who wrote ”Anglia Judaica, or the Bistory and antiquities of the dens‘\ of England etc.” It was published in 1738. Dr.Tovey levied. unsparingly bOth upon Madox and Prynne, from whose "Short; H Demurrer” he made long and frequent quOtations, though ”hél

’fellZ a victin to the perverse habit of forgetting the usejx‘ Yaw.

calm-“u of inverted commas.‘ Tuvey‘s work honeyer is not altogether,

unoriginal, nor devoid of wit. ‘Speaking of a seal attached \ to a Jewish deed in Herton College Treasury he says,“The graveo image upon this seal cant be thought a breach of the @Dr.S.Levy, in 5.0. Dec. 13, 1907. 4 S

2. -11,..,..,.

i ‘0.

.-»;._:uv a:

hi.

~.;> 3;-.n

Second Commandment, for it is the likeness of nothing that

is in heaven, earth or water.‘ owns—ruinixsum

Other historical publications about the Jews appear-

$mmzﬁ. ed later in the century. In 1787, in Archaeologia, vol.VIII ran-n John Celey wrote ”A Memoir of the‘Origin of the Jews in

"Pf; England"; In the same year Duncan Shaw gave forth a ’His~

,kJu c.7457}: tory and Philosophy of Judaism, ”which was a most ingenious

defense of the ﬁosaic system against the philosophic theor-

ies of David Bums.

A remarkable work Of fire Volumes appeared in 1736, under the title of ”The Jewish Spy”. It is signed by Mar— uuis D'Argens as translator, and it purports to be a transla-

tion of the correspondence between five distinguished Rabbis "who reside in difference cities. Though the various letters are all doubtless from one hand, yet a difference in style 01nd 63 ‘Though harquis D'Argens signs himself as the translator, he _is doubtless the author. There is an interesting anecdote recorded of him in Abraham's ”Curiosities of Judaism”,London ;18?9, p.34. The Jewish philosopher hoses hendelsohn desired to reside in Berlin, which was permitted only to Jews born '1 win Berlin, or to those in the service of one of their co- ‘ religionists. It was the Marquis D'Argens who procured - the privilege of domicile for hendelsohn witthhe following 'lnote, addressed to Frederick the Great, who was partial to ‘ him. "A bad Catholic philosopher entreats a bad Protestant ._.”me .philosopher to grant the privilege to a bad Jewish p.iloso- : pher-? The Marquis D'Argen's acquaintance, or friendship, with hendelsohn, which this incident sheds light upon, will account for his knowledge of Jewish history, customs~and liter; ature, which is in evidence in 'The Jewish Spy“.

-.A,....,

.2 :,

A0,-..l- and form, as well as content, is given for each one, and this difference is maintained throughout. It is a well written

nae—«w»; .c i*book, giving evidence of philosophic, historical and econom—

Qic scholarship, and of a considerable acquaintance with Jet»

‘ish customs, traditions and literature. The matter of the

‘ book comprises a survey of the Various overnments of Europe =:maﬂzmnm.xu,ma g a at whose several capitals these Jewish Rabbis reside either i permanently or temporarily during their travels. The sur-

? vey is made with a keen and critical eye, and there is no : Vjsparing in criticism wherever the writer's judgement deter; . i ' 7mines a weakness. The book was one of a number of similar w

works that appeared about this time, under the titles,"lhe English Spy”, “ﬁne French spy', "The German Spy”, etc.

:i‘ I éJenish Jewish literary activity during this century is {I

'fLiterary fairly considerable. No Jewish champions . SP— 4&5 1'! 2" . , "K" \‘3 ‘ -. {fictivity peared during the fight on the Jew Bill. The in; 1“ ‘ _ =, \,

l,.._ tolerance and saVage bigpyry displayed duringr \EV \ x

. 9’1" I 4 g \ ‘\' the passage, and especially on the repeal, of the Bill sore l \

.% s\"’

« ;3indeed 't“; best answered by silence. Aggument cannot coupete /;;§ _ _V~\ igfgwith'baseless abuse. In other spheres of literary endeavorﬂ' # Eithers'was also a dearth of Jewish figures during the firstig ,uifpart of the century. A few names however can be placedgon“,*7* _ I yr r : ‘ ‘2 i I ‘ 5‘. L}. n t 1‘. » x , - J 1‘ : g W33

,,.

1,... record. In the first quarter of the century several noets

spa-l

MK].

I, .

came to light. They acre of Spanish-Po.ungese descent. ..

nun-4"..- Sara do Bonesca Pica y Pimentel, Hannela Runes de Almeida,

and her daughter Bienveinda Cohen Belaonte, assayed the ”R > ,-vv-..-,...,_.

.. stmt.

rr—v lyre and produced a volume of verse. But their fancy tare-1 7 :....'::-7

ed mostly to devotional and religious themes. In conjunct— i?

:L.‘

'2‘?‘.‘V"“"‘—"“F" —~ ..-:_\._' ioJchey issued, in l?20, a translation of book of verse of

.:; the Judaso-Spanish poet Daniel Israel Lopez.Laguna. The

JJIRLK/ Voluse was titled m Faithful Eirror of Life”, and contained ’Yrr??'““’-vvr'—1rv

a metrical Version of the psalms. ‘ Abraham Bravo, a finanol u-- cier, but with a penchant for verse, was also an admirer of hagnnﬁzx Laguna‘s work, ”Espejo Riel de Vidas", and eulo~

gized it in English verse. ether rit.ers of the same period a

. ..

_ were Benjamin 3.3ernscdez and Abraham J.E.Pimentel. a brotherj?5 an...

. of the lady meeti med above. She Rev.5avid Nieto care to

England inl702 and published two rebrer nnrks under great «NWV‘ikuu; .. difficulties. The type was set by Christian workmen, who were unversed in the Eebrew a5d the innumerable proof-siw eets‘ had to be ree‘. .Wfiwrgu-MW’C-Uhfil the Jewish literary figure of the centuzw "was Eavid “Nah: Levi. Born 151742 he was acquainted with poverty from .hlfi‘InW

nun" his youth. he was an humble artisan, a shoem& M6? and a

“My-“4.5.. hat-dresser. But even amidst the struggles for a iiveli—7

heed for himself and his family, in this lowly cc my on,’

6)See ”Die Judischen Frauen in der Ceschichte,Literatur and Knnst', K.Kayserling, Leipzig 1879. ‘ ;' f

.\{_:

\. . he deVOted himself to the study of the faith he loved so

.v:.i,;s:.;>» well. host of his literary labors were of a semi-religi— on.

. n 462/ .zu

. ous or technical character. He wrote Lingua SacraAEebrew ..r.;:..'

. / ‘édictionary'ahd grammar, in three volumes and a work on “The

Rites and Ceremonies of the Jews". He made translations

into English of Eebrew prayers and hymns and of the Penta- - teach, and’erote a work on ”Dissertations on Prophecies”.

Anti—.‘zéxwiztati-‘mnzatuzm

; \

*g.

w-‘ his translations are not as happy as might be, but as

as.“ gevlé.singe;9has declared, his”insight, diligence and con-

.z: scientiousness merit far greater appreciation than they

“a“.

.. have yet received: Levi's claim to reCOgniticn does not ,.,.<..' rest so much upon these works as upon his'ﬁeply to Dr.

Priestly's Letters to the Jees‘, 1787—9. Dr.Priestly was <-.-...-.,..n.v..i.ua'-\

‘. a sell known and distinguished philosopher and dissenting

minister. He published a series of letters, inviting the

w hhnu>w‘.m>n.£

The invitation was accepted by Levi, who replied to Dr.Priestly

“w“

v..

.r.’ n booklet of 103 pages. While not the polished writer Ha nor the astute lOgician that his opponent was,— in fact he likened Berries-.13; to the i’hilistine Goliath and

..«m—«uiskdn-Amuupm- shimself to ﬁavid,- Levi seems to hare more than answer—

V,” iv. ed his argumentsi Dr.Priestly was surprised to have

,7“ '"unearthed a more valiant champion” than he anticipated.

*e hi! replied with another series of letters, which, forget—

ypuﬂh-J“

.A {QQuoted by ar.I;Abrahams in Jewish Quarterly review Vol.XI p.68 ..i..-

mg. ting the courtesy of the controversy, he addressed to ”The .

Jewish Nation' at large instead of to his opponent. To this Levi again responded, and likewise replied to five other =1" authors whose religious ire he had aroused by his first a, series. Similarly he defended his faith against the attacks

of atheism by a vigorous series of aLetters to Thomas Paine,‘

in reply to his Age of Reason”.

, Levi's fame pill not rest upon his literary work as

such. He was a diligent scholar and an earnest thinker.

But he was a bold champion of his faith'an ingiixh ardent’

and devout Jew, who was the first to defend his faith in

English. He died in 1801, and an elegy in his honor/ap-

peared in the ”Gentleman's hagazine", written by Henry Lemoine. Two stanzas of it are given. i"Though sctance reared not in his anxious breast, Confessions, creeds, nor formularies vext, On prophecy 8 sure grounds he built his rest, Nor with their mystic meanings was perplext. he took the part benevolent and sincere To-argue and explain from falsehood clear.

”For to Priestley’s philosophic views, Be cautious answered in his peOple's name. ‘ The sceptic turned,nor more among the Jews Sought_for another argument or claim, ,' ~ Nor did the arch demagogue's disloyal train ~ $ ‘ erom Levi‘s pen a better chance obtain." A Jewish writer of some merit was Moses Eendez, died 1758;;

He was a poet and dramatic writer. His first effort was ”The Double Disappointment”, a ballad—opera, produced with success at Drury Lane in 1746. "The Chaplet", words by ﬁendez

music by Boyce, was a clever piece of writing and scored a .

«..2 great success. Two later productions ”Robin hood? and ”The

.. 3-1.:

A Shepherd’s Lottery" were not so successful.‘ Kendez erote

one prose work *Henry and Blanch‘(1745), a tale adapted

from the French of Gil Blas. He wrote some poems, two of

:‘awcwrzasxmram a; 1.: then, “The Seasons” and ”The Squire of names”, in imitation

53::an of-Spenﬁer. his "Blatant Beast“ appeared posthumously in .1 a"

.._. 1792. ﬁends: was not without merit yet cannot be regarded ”smash

«a. 1 as a brilliant literary figure. Bis humor is the ”mechan— .-.

ical fun of the playhouse of his day”. His verse also be— ,ud. trays the lack of the heavenly fire.

Ralph Schomberg, 1714-1792, was a physician and an

author, a voluminous but not very creditable writer.

He wrote a number of medical works, a burlesque entitled

“Death of Bucephalaus", a poem called "Fashion", and a

”Life of haecenas” and ”A Critical Discourse on the writings of Pindar and Horace”. He was more versatile than veracie ous. ‘ '3 unté i‘ A number of otherﬂz-rriters apreared in the last third of 2.

the century,'mostly however, in technical or professional? lines; ' Emanuel rendez da Costa, 1717—1791, was a scientist} 9' . antiguaruan and fellow of the Royal Society of London, who .produced a number of volumes on scientific and philosophic

subjects. Sir Alexander Schomberg, 1716-1864, a naval cf-‘ ficen was the author of ”A Sea ﬁanual, recommended to young

officers of the Royal Navy”. Kedical literature was ﬂartheri,

::,. represented by G.Levison, died 1797, and Phillip Stern. . \

Abraham Van Oven translated Congrevefs “Eourniné Bride"

:mnmzrcn. -

into hebrew. Abraham,(or William) Buzaglg? died 1799 "" was v“.

:z-wsm _an author and inventor. Bible commentary is represented by I, .’l‘ Abraham Tang, whose work shows acquaintance withzﬁhilosophic

L'and classical literature. r:.;>1mxu=:v-=: Bis literary genius was eclipsed by his inventive fabulty. He designed a new kind of stove, which he called a "warning l‘ﬁ‘vmuiwnj :» machine”, intended to heat large rooms such as public halls.

The item is of interest by eason of the fact that the well— «.2. known “three-story stove” preserved as a relic in the capi-

tol building at Richmond Va. is one of these”warming machines!

+navi—‘e ._'

. The legend 3 uzaglo fecit 1772', is‘pladnly discernible upon it. .._. / ,./

owvaLmIA7.‘Mlvdl'wwnitu~usa-vﬂnyt mummy“ . . . ,r,.._....,.\..v<-...... L.n..-.».....,. 5/1- Fe.-.....<_..

CHAPTER VII .

,4. From Eighteen Hundred to Date.

.1“ The civic and literary history of the Jews in England during

the nineteenth century in the happiest in their annals since

first they followed the fortunes of the horman conqueror from “

:sew the continent ante the British soil. The nineteenth century

was a century of emancipation in all directions, physical, in- ;

v, tellectual and spiritual. The influence of the American and “as; French revolutions, especially of the latter, was unmistakable.

“._....V.‘ In Eng_and this influence was nowhere so apparent as in its

in,“ .1

.- literature. The group of writers,whose names illuminated the

em... an.

new first-quarter of the century; evidenced the new sense of free— as. ”at dom that was obtaining among the nations. The romantic re- naissance of the early nineteenth century , of which Shelly,3 Keats, Bryon, ﬁbrdsnorth; and Scott nere the sponsers, was a reflection of this spirit. As the century grew older intellect— ual leaders became more and more advanced in breéﬁh and freedom of thought. The spirit of tolerance and justice was abroad in the land and was felt in all avenues of human activity and in—: AHMNFU

tercourse. The Jewish-people were the beneficiaries 6f this . man-LA .:. new enlightenment, as they had Seen the vistims of the ignorance

of the earlier centuries.

sw»-...__.-w.~mu "Any...“ ,.

.43

in»;

n. .A

;.A,_,,.,- I

Political There was one were no tical struggle through which “I‘L‘hgnu

‘ writings. they had to go before they secured full rights as‘ L;

Fey. citizens of England. Though this struggle lasted h1yrw‘v7

longer and was no less strongly contested than the others, there ‘

was little, if indeed any, of the bdtternecs, or the malicious .

segmental—1.11m».

.rxr Java; antagonism and hatred that were so so much in evidence in the .

previous political contests. A Prynne‘s "Denurrerfaor ”8n

Appeal to the Throne§;;ere not in accord‘hith the Zeitgeist and .»—«—.—-v

nothing like then appeared. The struggle was for the full en—

franchisment, for the-right to hold office, to take seats in Par-

liament and to serve the government without submitting to formu— lae that entailed'violation of conscience; The crux of the con— test was the phrase,"on the true faith of a Christian”, occurring in the oath to be taken by members of parliament and other public officials upon assuming office. .

..<..«~..,,-«‘-( The wide .».. chasm between the England of the Eighteenth cen— tury and the England of the nineteenth century was manifest in .wewm...»

A. the manners of this contest. There were those who strongly oppo- r

an. sed the enfranchisnent of the Jews, but the grounds of the oppose M tion were more social and economic, and less religious, and for

<,.,....L,.‘.,.,,,~.._~l. this reason the tone cf it was less malevolent and bitter. , a _ A lhe Jews themselves,nore confident and resolute than hitherto,took‘

m E69596 supra 9. t; d 1 See supra p. ' For the low social,politica1 and intellectual condition of England i» during the latter seventeenth and_early eighteenth centuries, see chapteerl vol.lI, Draper’s Intellectual'Development of Europe.

-,---_~__..,....M .

a manly part in the fight for their rights,and did not fear to H.

present their arguments and claims. Then too there rallied to ﬁr.-. :‘g theiruside some of the most distinguished menﬁ of the day. immisx Lord John Russel, Gladstone, hacaulay and Dr.whately, the Arch— bishop of Dublin, are among the noble names that are enrolled

31.2mm: on the side of humanity and justice. The opponents to thelen-

franchisement were plentiful, but not prominent. .n:r.r.:mm , The literature of the struggle, while profuse enough, was leg-nu 2. r not in such form as to become a permanent possession in the trace—- z. . ury of letters. It was confined mostly to newspapers, pediodif’

cals and pamphlets. One of the most noted of the opponents was\

the Rev.Geo.Croly, who held, in a pamphlet of forty pages, pub—

lished in 1848, that the ”Claims of the Jews were incompatible

with the Rational Professionéof Christianity.” The Rev.John

lravers Robinson, in the same year, publiShed ”Remarks deprecsti ing the proposed Admission of Ber Majesty's JGnish subjects to Seats in the house of Commons." The antagoniSts, however were

not all clerical. Another pamphlet, 1848; signed by the pseudonym ”Ehphron','opposing the bill for the relief of the Jews dmﬁh declares that "a member of Parliament has work to do, not merely

honors to enjoy. And on the principles; political and religi—

ous, which he conscientiously and consistently naintains,depends , his fitness for the high office, with which he‘is invested.” This principle no one will quarrel with, but the appliCation is at ' ”Remarks on the Proposed Bill for Admitting Jews into Parliament: "Euphron,1848. " ; ~ » “c 7522,.“ Misc; sMsul/M ' #99 A ,. 1' L J-yt illogical when the writer urges that the admission of the Jews

will make a 'needless break in the Bulaerks of the consti ution. " :._A_,‘.,,_uﬁ,.. sue“: _In 1809 there hsd appeared"3n Essay on the Commercial Habits of

MEX-r the Jews', which, en economio grounds, opposed their naturalisation. 5

or the literature of the defense the most notable is the ‘ ‘mz'r‘x—IX! speech of T.B.¥aoanlay on ”The Civil Disabilities of the Jews". a“: m

z; If is Macaulay’s inimitable p ose style; the irresistible ace

cumulation of facts, the impregnahle logic, the wonderful wealth

of. historic l eferenc: es, citations and illustrations, all mar-

shelled in t e orderly array of incisive paragraphs, half-earnest

half-satirical,'yet wholly convincing, that move aJong. ﬁth the

precision and power of a regimen nt of well—drilled soldiers. 5

Dr.Richard Whately delivered a speech in the House of Lords,—

which was published August 7, 183 . It was a dignified and noble effort. In ”Additional Remarks", the Archbishop maintained that no one' 5 religious ppin nion as, so long as he does not

molest his neighbors ought to interfere with “is soivil rights;

and that as men, we should employ our conscience to sit in

.4.~ judgpent on ourselres, not on our own brother, whose religious’

.A‘~¢.\-AA<_-

_ errors, however great, and scruples, however foolish, should not prevent us, as civil legislators, from treating him aségood citi—

“4,“,hmﬁm...‘

. zen, so long as he show himself qualified and disposed to act

as such." — Another splendid effort, both from a literary as

well as humanitarian standpoint, and one that deserves a place : ;by the side of lasualay‘s essay, is that of tallies Bazlitt,on Q , ~the ”Emancipation of the Jessi As a piece of argument it is no

@First published in Edinburgh Review, Jan.leZl. .-

EQSee vol. XII of ”Collected Works of William Eazlitt', 99.461 — 466 ”up...

(’3’

.,.m ‘4.

qnn less strong or fine than Hacanlay's. Another splendid defense was given in a book by Charles Egan, ”The Status of the Jews io England,‘ printed in 1848. 1+. is a. work abonnaiug in noble

sentiments and making an eloquent plea for freedom and justice.

On the whole the Jews haye more than the vistory itself to be

hum-kimzzer.‘

m1 thankful for, in their final struggle for their 2:: ghts as‘ ci-

tizens in the commonwealth of England.

man—any:-

The Dra.e I In the dramatic literature of the nineteenth cen-

tury the Jew does not figure quite as ooh/spicuous~ 13 as he did in the Elizabethan era. 8e apnears quite frequent—

ly it is true, outria>p1ays‘that have not had more thee a pass- 1h; tenure upon public attenﬁion. Also the treatment of him

‘etile not unanimously kindly, yet has not the fierce hostility

which coaracteriZed 'earlier proéuotions, and whioh was a reflection 08 the animdsity to which the superstitious and deep reiigﬁous hatreds of forﬁer generations gave birth. The exam—

1e of Cumberlené’s *SheveF had 22:: not been in vain. Dibdin’s '(j farce ‘The Jew and the Docfior', was confesseély written, at the request of Mr.Dowfion, of the'Drfiry Lane Thegtre, to have a play

with a Jewish character as good as Shove. Abednego, the char—

acter, is quite es benevolent; but fer=more farcical, than sdeve. Abednego adopts a foundling, and shows himself to be

ompassionate but not sentimental: In Dibdin’s “thool for 0 Prej~dic.* here is also a Jewish character, and in his opera

i M.

E'Family Quarrels* he has some humorous sallies at the expense

éof the Jens. Cumberland repeated his defense of the Jews in Ebi another play, I“Elbe Jew of hogadore.f i The tendency seems to have been to produce comic Jewish v,I‘ E:‘i ,V characters. A travesty of Shakespeare's play was produced by f,i? g Frank Talfourd in the ”merchant of Venice Preserved." In sev- §ersl other anremembered plays, such as 3The Flying Scudfl, "The i World", "Queens Evidence" and haoFarrcn's "fialvinafi there are

4 comic Jewish characters. Sheridan Knowles and Douglas Jerrold 1 deal pleasantly with the Jew in the former's “Maid of Jericho

dorpt”, and the latter‘s 'Prisoner of War’(produced 1842)._ In this last play the Jew,Boaz, lehds money to English prison-

: ers. Be loses many of his accounts by reason of his debtors

eSCaping or being shot. But he bears the losses with equan- imity and carries the good-will of the audience with him.

Jerrold’s ”Painter of Ghent” has two Jewish characters, Ichabod and Isaac. Io-Leman Redeﬁs drama, ”The Skeleton Witness”, the unusual occurs. The Jew; Simeon Levi, is represented as being ‘duped and nearly ruined by the Christian villain of the play.

‘_ adaptations and translations made their .m... A‘number of

appearance.. In 1818 Penley brought out a versiou of "The Rich

savvy»-.. Jew of Falte.’ .TWO adaptations from ”IvanhOE' anheared in

”The Hebrew‘;l£20, and ”The ﬁeld of Judah',1829, and a play ‘called ”Sliver Twist” was put on the boards. ”The Jewess", an

I (

(cu

«._..-m, ,V~..-A...Al_...

adaptation of the French “la Juive”, was given at Drury Lane wow—.__V

. -

in 1835. Two translations of iosenthal's ”Deborah“ were pro—

.a-s—q

:2.-

73—- .1

a. duced, one by Daly under the title ”Leah the Forsaken", and l

rxxxxl the other by Cheltman, in 1864, as *The Jewish ¥aiden's ﬁrong.s

In serioushy drama the Jew fared variously. There are .,..,.._Mr,..l-,.‘—V

Jewish characters in “Jack Sheppard”, ”The Kaid and the ﬁagpie* 71:

”._., 4.. ”licket of leave Jan”, "2111 Hatch” and in Shirley 3reox's ”The _n-mnm

0 reels." w 9 none of these is the characterization pronounced. -g.-;~.u.unun r w Sir Eenry Taylor's play,”A Sicilian Summerj deals with the: Jews rather unfavorably. he makes then brigands and e?% des- peradoes, though why ‘3 should have thought it necessary thus to label his brigﬁnds as Jews is inconceivable. c.3ernard'

Shaw does the same in his ”Tan and Eu ersan.” The hrigand'

l chief, Eendoza, is a Jew, and a Zionist, and a not unpleasing .nAr-V

.. character. Yet,« why a Jen? Henry A.Jones presents a fine

we“.

Jewish charaCter in*Judah Llewellyn", a dreamer-preacher, or r... m; honorable and heroic mould. 0n the other hand Fotter's drama-j

tization of Du haurier’s ”Trilby" emphasizes the undesirable— ;. ._.;vllnauuuhw

_l;. ness of Svengali, making him a charlatan and sconndrel of r, ‘-- . pronounced type.

Fiction. The novelists of the century devoted considerable

attention to the Jess, and depict them in both

favorable and unfavorable light. Haria Edgeaorth had treated

them rather badly in some of her earlier novels, and had been mes

remonstrated with in a letter from a Jewish lads. In resnonse

she wrote “Barriagton"(1817) as an apology to the Jews. In it m::..‘;....;:..:.:

'1‘. she puts in the mouth of the hero anﬂ explanation, saying that -, he had read, from his chilw good up, in all works of fiction

representations of the Jews as ”hateful beingsg and of unprino :r_:;..-:r.':t::::-Mn —

.:_v. oipled charac‘ .er.” eHarrington" is a minor work, but it may a: g tame rank with tr ;e best of yiss,Edceuorth's productions. Ivanhoe. Sira " alter Scott was the firs‘ of Lee great novel—

ists of tie century to create Jew lsh characters of

w de—epread interest. ﬁrs.8xene ci ves the fol?.osing in .cident Q‘- as the cause scott”had oeen ill and ”3r.° Rene was sitﬁing

at his bedside and trying to am 5 38 his as well as he conic in

the intervals of pain. He ha1peneﬁ to get on the ssbject of the Jews, as he had observed them when he spent some time in Cereany in his gcuﬁh. Their situatien had naturally made a

strong impression, for in these ﬁeys they retained their dress and manners entire, and were treated with considerable auster-

ity by their Christian neighbors, being still locked up in

their can quarter by great get as, and Br.Skene, partly in seriousness and partly from the mere-mien to turn his aux wish

at net moment to some thing that eight cc cupy and divert it, suggested that a group of Jews would be an inter-esthgf 95% tare if he could bring them into his next novel. Upon theilis

I EC)Lockhart's ”Life of Scott”,pp. 77 -’78

y. . .. - .- :

appearance of ”Ivanhoe", he reminded 3r.Skeoe of the conversa- '.‘::«‘A!‘)12‘

.« tion, and sail you will find the book owes not a little to ‘2': 'your German reminiscences.3

‘ while Scott was accurate in his description or the treat-

sent shich the Jews received he was ”unfortunate in no Ting his ,. "ohief character Isaac of Iork, as at the time at which he places

nxxw-n 5;:wl‘u‘2mV3W‘immmr the action of his novel, viz. in 1294, the date of Richard’s .,;xu~

‘ may.“ return, the re were no Jess at York, owing to the scare cause u u- t / $ by the massacre of 1190.” The character,lsasc of York, is built ﬂong conveetiosal lines. Be is made to be the usual

timid, crincing money-lender, a mild and unheroicw wylock.‘ Only on edoes her: ise to noble proportions, when his daughter

5 threatened. The piee‘he makes to Front-de;Boeuf for his X [Jr child 'ings as splendid as true. It sounos again 2% tie note I of the beautiful affection that has characterized Jewish famixf life. giake all you hare asked, Sir Knight,— take ten times more,; reduCe me to ruin one beggsry if thou wilt,— nay,

. pierce so with thy poinard, broil me on that furnace, but

.._«...-.. stare as dau:.ter, deliver her in safety and honour.”@2nd I

was ready to back his words Wiﬁh his life.

my:c.«»~.~-4

war In Rebeccs scott has given a creation of exquisite

beeuty;5the sweetest character in the whole range of fiction”

. seio “hackeray. The pur. .ty, modesty, dignity and courage of

055.8 J. A.:. p.395

,.~.-.....I.W.m (9 Chapter ‘C.(II 7-‘1

an.4n....~...~...

”we,“

«._. 3.4.46“

"“‘tm-

Rebecca are indeed a refreShing cootrast. She stands forth ;..:..

. prominently in the story, easily and by far the most distin-

- '

:m-l‘ guished character in it. end she is so sturdily Jeeish.

She feels keenly the degradation and humilatioo which she suffers because-of her religion. But she bears them eith a calm

resignation which her confidence in her faith gives to her. . a ("2 her carriage during her trial for sooerv and towards Brian de

A’s-$1.373:L:w;r17&m9!~nv‘»xm' 3013 Guilbert in his attentions toward her won tr e admiration nan."

r:$ end respect of even the hardahew +ed men, who oronounced sen- .33 tence upon her. She is an ideal fisure of true Jewish women- hood, faithful in the defense of her people, her religion,end

her honour. In many things she voices sue sentiments of her

people, and gi;es/evidence that Scott sad a sympathetic under- stan iog of the position and feelings of the Jews.- There are

few characters in fiction that have been more higtly praised,

and few that deserve to be. ﬁne cannot help coasting

R“becca and Jessica,- the one digniﬂied and faithful, the other .—.

.. friVOlous and false.— It would be impossible to associate'the

conduct of Jessica with the character of Rebecca. A romance; s:..;..M«..~ might easily have sprung up between Ivanhoe and Rebecca, buﬁf

Scott is correct in not oermittiog it. 69 .

It has been maintained, with some degree of plausibility,‘ -;.';.:.~_;-Muam-..n

that the original of Scott's Rebecca 19 ”Evanhoe" ass Ilse/{ReL

.hw. gel—i

lung becca Cratz, of Philadelphia. wiss Greiz was an intimate friend

gChapter XXX?II Adlemmulmx.»

‘ oer ..

.ﬁzg’iL/7m 7%m7aqml, [Gm rﬂ 677 ”4/417,

“a" ”.._.—

,_..

”WWW..-“

W‘A

..s

L p

r,“ of ﬁashiagton Irving's batrothed, and during the fatal 111? 938

:—«‘J T-1....~_~_,..v.

~_~..

; cf the latter was wish her and was thrown into frequent cona’

tact with Irving; ﬁe was much impressed with the ncbility of

her character and person. It was from Irving’s description m_,.___,,s.._.-,,a 01" zzisscratz, given to. Scott on his visit to Abetsford, that; t the latter drew his Eeﬁecca, even to the name,- as the name 11 asbecca was not a cameos cne sue 35 the« ews in Engla ma be10re{

-aamzmmmrnnsxnxm1rm .

415:7:

u: :. Inacke ray admired Rebecca immensely, yet he cou1d not re: ;ra a free poking fun. In a volume of Hiscellaines, publiShed

1550, he has a skit, ”P eoecca and Rowena, a F.0mance upon 3 Romance". It is adminx tion of I"anb oe, in'mock—heroic style,

ridk‘ uling the rcmantic glamour that surrounds Rebecca t9 the disparage 36? at of Rowena Thackeray on the‘whole was not friend-

on V ‘ . 1y t 0 tfle Jess and morefi than case they were made to feel fine . 1 .1 . .S‘..'\ point of tne pen task palsued snobs and snoobery so cellc1ously.

In the burlesq e ”Godlingsbyg the propensity for Wis 23, with ._M‘,

.. which the Jews are cuarged, was broadly caricatured. He speaks

.4~1’\O‘A of a carpet, in Raphael Hendoza's room ,being of ‘Ehitesvelﬁet, laid over with several webs of Aubusscn,;spahan and Axminster', . . . f; and painted with flowers, arabesques and cl**sic figures by_ leadingu mists of the day. ”The ad bes sexe wrou ght tith ﬁEEd f

pearls and frin d with Valencienne lace and bullion.” i ’ 4

“Oliver Twist” and The year that'Qpeen Victoria ascenQEd fihé "Our sutual Brien . threes ”Oliver Twist”'appeared, IeSS‘fifian

.’ \‘t .' \j ‘s.

two decades after 'Ivsohoe'. It is a long swing of the

pendulum from Rebecca to Fagin, and one wonders why Dickens, of

all novelists, should have been guilty of the reaction, The

creator of uittle £911 and Tiny ‘im was surely not w; thout e-

pethy. The writer who ﬁreﬁght so sturdily for the oppresseé

sue dosatroddeu, who achieves - so much for prison reform, and

for the amelioration of the institutional conditions of ﬁhose

‘vh were the helpless victims of s cruelly hard social system, this writer took occasion to place a stigma upon a people who re sxrsggixxg in the midst of a struggle for the native rights

‘ Incl; tizenship. It is mere than probable that ”Oliver Twist” 0 otensified the syruggle and delayed the vistony of Jewish .40 emanciystion for at least a decaﬂe. lke character of Fagin is

a westerly presentation of a possible type of the underground criminal world of a great city. He isn no bet ter and can be no worse, than Bill Sykes end Kasey of the same genus, or Csrker,

Hf higher seal 1 level. Es is a villain, a thesf, a coward,

an all but murderer. There is no criticism of the accuracy of

the picture, but the greet n 365 is that his author labels him

23 resents him as a Jewish type. A Jew may be all that ¢¢ 39 9‘ (h :2 ’CJ v Sagie was, 3 tb -ief soda teacher of thieves, but his being a

Jew does not make him so. Yet the contrary impression is what Dickens created, even as Stakesneare had cone berm whim, and

his characterization was acceptea as readily. Shylock sod Fagin gone ab sad as types, net only among English—spenk=ng

r”... peoples, but throughout the world. The words hare been incor-

porated into the languages of a dozen nations as synonyms of

3.. ;

relentless usury and thievery. Indissclubly associated with a;

them is the thought that these characters are true renresen-

"Ll-ULM-iL tat: es of the people, whose name has been assscheaﬁﬁ to them,

:r: r;

s;:.;: the fruits of their customs, traditions and teachings. The ~.$u..v,

mi; monstrous wrong done to the Jess by these two creatures of the

«1);,» imagination is simyly incalculahle.

J~€t|

A“ Erieod". ﬁere is another Jewish character, Rich, He is an un-

convincing, spineless saint. The pendulum swings too far the

other way sud Rich is unnaturally good. The whole atmosphere

of this later wori seems to justiﬂy the supposition that nickecs ; 3 2F ‘3' 7

is trying to res: t (D 2% ('0' t M $0 In (t he may. He pointedly {1“ cakes Rich's virtues to be Jewish virtues, his patience, his

submission, his unostentctious charity, his fidelity, his grati—

tude, and his sumil’ty are all credited to the Jewish neople

as characteristic. But as a characterization Ri'x is see: and unappealing. he does not offset Fagin in the least. He is

OVerdrcwn. shore ls no strengﬁh to his personality. There is

no attraction, no impulse for approval other than sentimental.

In one thing only is there a touch of poser to instruct and

illumiue. Rich is regarded as a grinding landlord by those who come in contact with Jim, because he must folloe tLe bi ding of Fledgley, smile in realit' he is the 8 0st tender—hearted of men.

..anu4 m...-~ev<

Dickens plainly intimates that many men are misjudged because

;

l L‘uﬁxgzlr..-

g... of their seeming wrong_doing, and this is the case with the Jets,

1.; 1:

whose real worth and character are not realized. "Cur Hutual sump-mun amt. Fri end' was Dickeos' last Complete work. Though it failed n“

Eve-“rcny : its purpose it was nobly intended and may well be uleced as a .:;.-:; 1 credit to the memory of a man whose life was a hlcesi..g to his 139,413“ .- 1'.‘ fellowmen.

:-.b“‘rrq.‘*‘-

.3» 1 ”Daniel Derondaﬂ The Jews found a wor thy ey honest in Ceorge

i Eliot. This greatest of female novelists in what is perieus her greatest novel, deals with the Jewish uestion with understindiog and sympathv. ‘Eaniel Deronda? is

b ‘_ U ‘1 '5 (h O (T: C} O (D (D FT t." n (D ‘14 r and the atmosphere to create a h’ H H: g: "J rt [-4 U)

Sales .sro ole so Sue spent mon nths in the study of Jude ism and of

the Jewish people, their castes-s and habits of ﬁfe She visit-

;-N.-v..,‘.¢.w...y.h _«AA; .1 ed the synagogue. She familiarized herself with the literature

‘Anrrr‘h\~ and traditions of the Jews. AiiS Knowlee~e for from resell— mas—z, ,4 , and VDaniel Deronda? an

intended protest ageinst the conventional conception end treat— ‘.>,:.x"mAa/.>;1L_r\;, s

ment under which the Jews he ve suffered. In a letter to Barriet r 1 Jvtﬂgo'l seecher Stowe she wrote, "As to the J wish element in Deronda, n,z§r«-.”~ . I expected from first to last, in writing it, that it would .

create much stronger resi stances, and even repu‘51on, . 'tha“ i

®has actuallsg met eith. Buto precisely because I felt that the

N-.. re-ixed “to vo 1.1 of 3oston Edition, aidine Book Pub.Co.,of Geo. .( w Eliot's works.

ms»

L ..k . x“;

s...MAs.;».n usu 1 attitude of Christian ns towsrds Jewe is -—- I hardzy know ‘_;..sx

« {whether to say more is pious or more stupid she: viewec in the ;light of their professed principles, I therefore felt urged to

‘ treat the Jews with such sympathy and understanding as a; nature

and knowledge could attain to.” Happily, as she herself adds

further on in the same 1etter,she was independent in material ~

< "things sod could refuse to "accomodste her writingt any st, ad.

aghaauuaxgv 4:

-q-.h---4,. ‘1

\ ‘J :3 0 m (3 :‘T‘ p O U) (J "b m y) m s- O l-" (I) \J (I) 0 9) :n d‘ Q; d- '3 P" 0‘ ;..9 0 no (0 [Jo {0 («1 44.1 V no a

ewe

‘

lo a sense her characters are not tyoical. They are_n3tura1,

C- U! +he eir fellcsmen of different re-

(4' 5,, a“!

~ ligsous faitﬁ ‘re men and women ﬁho have ”hands, organs, dimen—

v»-K)—\;vi4os\v4. sioos, senses, affections pas sicns; fed with the same food, huz

...... -.o. a th the some weapons Subject to she same diseases, healed by

_-...._. o-.- , safoed and cooled by the same winter and summer

as a Cnristian is.” In ”Daniel :eronda? she h- s a number of . fiqures, taken from different we LR s of life, and pictur-

ing different .hases of the complex Jewish character. The pict-

AW—~4~A4z ures are pain-Ed without exagg er ion, butm mLtthhe truth and

ﬂew,“

mun.» ”laree justice of ‘he great er tist.“ The Scion farr. ily furnishes h...“ _A rous element, and it is just such a family as we may (D K? (+- U‘

L O

.s.

A. ”

fine in the midd -e class of the Jewish people. Ezra Cohen, the ..uu father, is an ordiaany, commonplace business man, a familiar 4g ”a...

figure of prosperous mercantile life. His son,Jacob, exhibits

the mental alertness common to Jewish children. The tender re—

A.“ .~.,

1 lations between Ezra Cohen and his aged mother a~sin illustrate V truly the beautiful home—life of the Jews. This is given also

in the no less tender memory in wuich Mordecai and “ire. hold their dead parent. Halonymos and Ram, the book-seilerﬂ, ”sorked

:Keva»mazi«a.i::~;-:1=2:Urem'rxv through and through with the effect of the poverty and contempt

“as".

e m. which were the common heritage of most English Jews” before the

“lay:- emancipation period, may be dismissed with mere me tion. So too Pas h, the un.Jewish es,- the Jew who Has no reverence and no faith,— the representative, as Er.Joseph Jacobs ears of" the heine side of Jeﬁr"“ , whose witﬂ is a heritsge, but prose cyni-

cism is as acauisition. Gideon and Lapidoth are Jews by the

s .V

V... accident of birth only, in nothing more. Firah is not suite an

g: -.

accurate representation of Jeri h girlhood. She is steadfest gonna“ in her reli gioo, of or his character and tender strengts, but

:J‘WKI‘IX'AD she is tame. Alesaer, togbtner with Kirah and Alcherisi, the Ame mother of Berenda, rerr sent the arti io element. Alcharisi

n4~Lx.‘.~-N-o.. is an anomalous typ-- of a Jewish mother, 31.: sacrifices her

motherhood for the ox ﬂ'e ‘f art. Rebellicus against the to-her—

ing family, faith sod child. Ihe supreme renunciation 6 the

she, and in the end she yields to the will of a father many mug}

.1.

.;~

.-wwmv—w—x

years in his grave. She calls back her son, from what she pro—

Vere-Lt :.;

.' nounces freedom to the heritage of his ancestors. The scene 1.2-; in which she reveals to Deronda her history and his Jewish birth

uzsmmr.‘ is an intensely thrilling one. In it the author puts into De—

ronda’s mouth one of the finest sentences in the book. ”It is *5? x‘.’ no shame to have Jewish parents -—— the Shame is to disarm it.” E uV‘A‘Lo‘Rﬁi: Deronda and ﬂordecai are the central personalities in

'.5¥<".‘«

Kelli“ the Jewish portion of the story. Deronda is an idea" as

awn:—

.r tleﬁéﬁh, a modern Sir Galahad, capable of every delicacy of .

”.41 feeling, with an exhaustless sympathy that impelled him toward

But be

He needs some external event or in—

0? luecoe that would vrgs a definite line of action. as

foun’ it in the person of Hordecai. Ceo. Eliot evidently believ-

n spiritua, telepathy, in the speaking of soul to soul. The (I) d ‘4.

enthusiasm of Hordecei kicﬁled an aﬂseering spark in Deronda and 6/

his life's mission was revealed to him. ’ﬂordecai is one of the

. A

finest characterizations in fiction. "s is the embodiment of ssh-Vows

t _m,

”I k ,M '—' ‘1) 2')" ('1 ’1 d‘ (3'

(I) pl: :Sniration of Israel. c}. H - Se is an Tsaiah regivivus.

,wu...‘ to’Esrn a miserable pittance by handicraft and . 4

.-~a<.¢_ serene.” In this he ,reat teachers ("1 . .2?13 '3 "b H (P (0 [.1- DI "3 ’1 I.) O O w z , whose

israel in Talmudic days, and is m ground lenses but chose vision beheld the infinities of

0’ . , _ w immaterial reims. Nordecai is an ancient prophet, set sown C>r‘or 1 tne e original I 01 G moroecei'7 ~ - see appenoix 1~ a ~n use a to A chapter.

(:1-

«ow-"rs

amidst the sordid surroundings of poverty in modern London. But

he lives in a world of visions. is faith is the supreme fact of his life, and his whole desire is to find some cue who will fol—

. - V low in his footsteps, hold his belief, and carry on the 2‘10 1:

rum. which his d's 5&86 e-snfeebled body pres _udss his doing. ‘;':-—~... — Beronda. The meeting of the two at the bridge (chapter X1) is one 3; the most impressive portrayals

Horascai compels Deronda‘s attention and acqniescsnce by the

tensity of ‘nis own snot ion.

and s?o has done so to ; wonderful degree, in this she is mis-

take“. TLe oops of 15r331 doe not lie in a rehabilitated Jedsh nation. lice .cssiaait: ideal of the 55-715?

to be fouqd in a resurrected political maratheism. A2 V himgﬂi/I Fis made fa say kixxxiﬁ so well he shemuh, uhsrsio vs

confess trs dzvine ”n1+y, is the chief d’votional exsrci

the hebrew; :136 t‘ i.

for the whole world;

queues the ultimate unity

unity of mankind th"t modern Us

when need be suffers for. Edie unity is not to o= own national separatsness. ZS CODEJ‘QI '8" Israel _-‘ «owes—M

-» s-

:dispersed is the binding link of all nations, the symbol that as

1.1._.;...;

2- ,.

.. God is One, so are all mankind one. v23. :arvhr

George Eliot's knowledge of things Jewish is ru11 and .. ;—»>~£.:‘:p': thorough. Her references to men, customs, traditions, usages,

“34:31:. F services, holy days, and her use of terms and phrases are accu-

A rate, with some few negligible exceptions. The very names she ;;_'_+..

,.,a-:rt ives her characters are in keeping with the thought and 3 mos-

.; phere of the work. The name ”slesmerit of the picturesque musi—

«1135445.. cian whose eccentricities of dress were but the expressions of his genius, is typical of her tXCroughness. The word" Hi es1.er”

(D 0) H' t

9n k‘ iddish(Judaeo—eerman) for musicians. In reality, in pure

‘ D tr w, it means,?instruments of music” but by an unconscious

ret “no y ‘_$ was used popularlv to denote the mus’. cisns them-

selves. Ber descriptions of the service in the synagogue on

ey;.,,..\..1.

, Briday night, aside from one swiv2+ error, is beyond criticism.

er Knowledge, her sympathy and hEI noderstanding have enabled

0-1.1.1“.

. 1.

her 9 produce a work whic h is a fair -. djus st victors of Jew— ._....

ish life in its various phases, from Lapidcth, the gambler, to

{augm-ﬂ.

Huh. .

general world failed to undersfend and turned 00161? from it aw..-»

failed to understand because they 7:}? not, tree trere ore

av.»- [1,;

among Jess differences in culture, educe tion, ma 5583s, Customs .

4.... and modes of “if just as there are among other peoples. The t

1..- Je.?s do not ass to be judged as a wno 016 by iheir best, but they

“unscrew. do ooject to the cu: toe that universally ooteins of oeing judged .._-

..vnivﬂgu‘

WVT‘PW

q...—

..rb.A-).~..-."-‘~ a".

as a whole by their worst. .-.)_‘7~8~L~.'4Jk

I The character of Deroads is a peculiar one. Bred from in— .

fancy as an English gentlemen and a Christian, he declares that 3-.-.

he is glad when he discovers he is a Jeu“oy birth.” George Eliot r. .':.-;x»x.:.:':7r.:h~.;:.,

21:. doubtless wished to enforce the lesson of the strength of here-

h-ﬂVL-r-WI-

I. ”a, ~,

be! dity and tradition, even as in the case eith Deronda’s mother, man, .- who yields at last to the‘will of her dead father.- But “nut. has been prepared for the event. Bis companionshio with ”ordeeag «as: 5.. his love for Kirsh, had shaped his thoughts ané made him tor the change. Beta sees orsxaoters, Ale ow have sheEr counterparts in later w0r{3 0* fie “Rebel Queen' repsrduces the former. Hedges "virab

Alcherisi who desires to break away from the qyoke of the 1": as it is expressed in marital obedience. She separates from

her kneband in order to devote her life and her fortune to the

"Cause” of women's equality. In cidentals-r er husband, S’anuel

Elvirah, is another prop bitet, dresser idealist, a wood—carver . by trade, but his soul af1>seri§h a proiect for the recemption U

ofr 35.nkind. - The incident of Deronda is recalled by its onposit in 3 novel called ”The Limb". It was pubiisheé.csonymously, the

author describing himself on the title page as 3X,L.” ﬂere the plot is based uses a Christian be cg bros ght up as a Jew sho discovers in the end that he is really a Christian.' The novel is a rather strik i_n ng one and there is in it some exceptional M,

-_-... §

..m-

.‘ _

Other novelists of the century touched upon Jewish sub— .y...

.5th or introduced Jewish characters into their works. Oliver

.._—._._.

”u

,4- v

7-x.“ Goldsmith depicts a Jewish journalist in 'The Kaunch of Venison“.

:3:

Y.A_A,A__ ”Ar

._ In Charles Reade’s 'It is sever‘too Late to Vend! the JewiSh “7.5....“

character is secondary but quite distinct. Bulwer-Lytton in— .

troduces Seton Levy, 3 money-lender iﬁto "éy ﬂovel”. Later in Fm.

.é.fw:::~t=:':—;.:Ax;w. .

the century the interest of writers centered around the problem MC 2“:thng

5 from thep ersecutione of the Jews and the inhuman treet— ,

.n...

«worn: overnmente of Russia, Rounania, Galic ia, 0'2 Lithuania etc.- thorou.11* medieval in its character, has creat-

ed anew the "Jewzsﬁ 1"3sticn” 1.6., the re etions and oosition' -<“m%-.‘A.“" of a p=ople eto,thougd liviog in a land for centuries/ere not

accorded the eleme.tii rights of humanity or of citi.z enship,

solely because of religious bigotry.— The sordid external con»

ditiose to which tn= Jew is condemned is these countrﬁes con—

trast sharpl: with the-unblunted intellectual vigor and the ’ *x;~...;.~.4..,

idealism teat often flu e forth from the most unex—_ ._.“.u.

Mu Cecil Thurston expresses it well.

ﬂ-..» K

steering to a Euseian 55% she says, ”20 you know that this

Wu? —.

Lu fether of yours, Witn hls philooonhiﬂ ,his theories, his

strangeness, may move gone 3 it19311v near to waging a career - ;;

h.«».4,;,.--_ -eet-t5acher er a great leader ? Do you know {ﬁat//

>»A»«'» suporessed races burst out at intervals like volcanoes — in av

is“ V;. flaSh of flame,- is a flesh of genius ?" The tone of these?

1%.

rht‘amm. Ln-

' " "

later English writers in generally sympathetic. Ferhaps the ----""~'

o. .

. :‘traditional national hatred between England and RusSis may

iaccount for it semeihat, but we would rather credit the heart lemma;- o.” 2"“.

4.". with ”CL; tﬂan evil motives,— as 8.3. when Josegh Batten, in v: yea:-

: 3 ~irl, Anna Klopstock, the Queen of the Ghetto, and handles ,W-.,Q,W”me-~—v 11;; 1

vita-3dr} ‘ boldly ; .A;

— the persecutions of the Jews so 33:13 that the book is prohibi- “ .v:4 .uavn «w The romantic side of the tr "eay is pictured by Dorethea

Lers rd in“0rthodox" and ”Rechaﬁ, wherein she éenicts t“ no.0“— py love affairs of Jewish women and Austrian army officers. - i

in her l;test nQy61,"én ImproMJaale 1631", there are scenes of

Jewish life inf licia, where the mean and degraded conditions of *3 h w

their existence are portrayev with rath m. L L .30 o £3 (P ’3‘ 0‘

_OJk has a charm of style that stones for its unpleasant

character. - In ”Src‘ zen P133 Eiogﬁ", C.£.Keary has liken‘se

,4. -

in as unnappy tale of miser" to an; ”old. In it the Jewish element

n44

1’

{u be

l- (D

.J 9

(P (D O *1

J C M

5 ‘4‘)

iv (0'

c?-

[3 ‘z h O

c+ ._.I- m

0 ..—«v-4‘-«h.~.vi-u

misery. One of these he gives in the Jewish ancestry of one AJ..V-‘..

of the parties. :‘nfred Grahame in The Z: sts” also takes 44AM”.

a fling at the Jewish—Christian marriage. Du Heurier bring in "to Svengali in "friley”, as a Jewish villain that is not altogether

a villain. Yet he is ‘y no means a lovable character. Vathew Shiel in ”its Lord of +ie Sea? has a hero in a sort of Jesish

<. ,/ ”14..

Aw naval 3 apoleon, who undertakes to subjugate the sea. T t is a fantastic romaace, something on the order of Verne’s ”Twenty

,m‘u;«:s--_~.a~:.:u. R Thousand Leagues under the 538?, in uh «L ch science awe invention

stories 1 n the volume called ’

:z'mmwuaxmr. it :# h)

,T . 4"? .LV . 19:. ('- w-J.::l=l:;mr7 econsequ W1 2215‘ 1X4. ential story; but U;- toudh of L.) ~hushan”, an i slin f)

a." leé to other writers‘b

mum

a":

.a ‘J

(F) (L‘ «n ”The 3

b! ~ shoal

f‘ C léét. O":

1355‘

-4 (i ('0

.- .0

.;.

n a book en re? igious pr J31 ens.

a 0 1y 1 cli b d

i .-.Q , , - w ,1 h * S IQ h

”em [J- c r

-..,._ . L I: C h is V 5.. L1 4. o t w- w. Pl Y N. -o~s problems, and has in U ; em 3 No “hr... c A - ‘ H ,2”.

(I) ‘J at .L d .. x. ‘

.- _n .2

“ﬂu“: .3}. Hum 0 5r u; novels has e d an histo -c evisc d es, nest of .‘

. 1 y _.l . L..‘.‘.. 1’: CU 3 i cal c r 8 . an acid e J ft Jag—x.

‘ u , r~<1 3* y «. 4: w S 1 6 J 2 5 cu; . AA b ‘ 9 . - n t. h;velﬁf‘nc T 9.1. re E. T ,4 1:: C a s ruler and r9.

A . . ~-—. J. i JV :8 9' ’2 3 th.' SJ g HO less 1 an e i Rev.€eo .?.C_e1‘ ala— l h 5; Y n a powerful story of the ﬁes t ruction f Jerusalem.

‘

b) «a,

5v.1.t:,'. 69 § 2| lthas aPEandsring Jewﬂplot, ahich will be noticed later. C.7.

: ielville wrote "The Gladiators”, ”a tale of Home and Judea" 3::~ and Er5.5.3.fi9bb,fiflaomi, or the Last Days of Jerusalem", Irv-v.7!-

_z. hJiider haggai’d exercised his weird fantasy along ihis line.

7x212.” The ”Pear fiaiden“ is a tale of the fall of Jerusalem, and f 1:11; 3l ”xhe . BOILG'S . -. Q‘a651re" C IS r a romance or '3 tne " israelatzsh~ 0' 0 exodus :9 ' Eg in a. Lgypt. «r.iaggardiW1oducefl a Jeaish cfiaracter into S "denitafl, one of his later African stories. Jacob ”eyEr, the

3 J64 ia ”genitafl, i;fiars fros dany of his c n;rc“=e ’“ t?qt h ' is not a money lender, nor is he distinctl" Jewish as far as % religion is concerned. he is 1 German Jew ofi'free-tbinking f tendencies, a boéfi waterialist, RLLL a good brain but no heart.

is is a strong cLaracter but n;t a plegsant see. an agreeable f contrast is Sharles e;istler’s #50: ﬂing or Empress?”. It is

a star? of 6L6 nre—expuLsicn pariow, of the time 0; Stephen

and Faud, when the terror of the egrly inglish persecut;

had not get beat felt to the full by the Jews. Ir,7histler

f the story of"Litt L5 ct,£iliiam cf :0rwich‘, the boy 0';

W,V..,~\...U

A martyr shoes death brou‘ht about tléruassacre at Forrign in

«WV,

.A/«a.-,u.‘ i: the €6-1—bélﬁ- and progress of England, anﬁ the civilizing

p035? they exer+eé 6L aring the first century of their residence

._.-Mu“- -“~M 30 I‘ infra Chapter X "3' “I

list of novels on th656 themes see bibl O ‘ 7‘3 m

1A1- ta; centers of letlning, cannot be overlooked.” The two lead-

4.1-2 ;ing Jewish characters of the story, Jorvin of Warwich; and his m1: son Leo, are truly and naturally drawn, and their part in the

narrative makes pleasant reading

.Aul—gr:;:mL:erYxa‘:tfifi'zfii-llx Poetry Poets are prophets. They see with a Reamer eye and a

may:

xzxA

truer vision than the average xortal. The posts of 'Ln":‘l this 06ntury babeld ideals cf faith and devotion and loving

loyalty, where others saw only obstisacy an £1: stiff—necked

ab i stubborness. Thgy ing 0 J. Israel in a noble stra_n. fhel7v m

Colerfidge, Wordsworth and Byron have each made the Jews the

j subjcct of tdeir verse 0 :3 one or more occasions, ani in each

instance in a manner that is pleasing. ﬁcrdswortk’s"§cnr for

the Sandering Jew“ breaks away from the conventional sectar-

ian leased and sounds a note of universal aspiration. His . 5‘ ,. I: (h $3 (1‘ l (3 Q 3 E (’3 0 9 (D ..Ju ( M (I 5: "J ()1 :1" p. (+- 0 d‘ '25 ff 51-54 #4 '73 23' C): '3 0 yr 04 Ho g! U! [.7 I a 1 I) u F (‘9’ 5 1'3 (T: d‘ 9 U) and her three ch .._ m I! a; fa. 6 Q1 '1 H g O E:

bee "She Jew in English Poetry and Drima,” by Charlss ”=bon,J.? ? v¢1.XI p.424

.l_-....____~.«.—_‘

poor and in rags? they were not less beautiful than he made

them. The poem closes with these stanzas.

Two lovely sisters still and sweet

..._ As flowers, stand side by side; Their soul-subdning looks might cheat The Chris ties of his pride; Such beauty hath the: ternal poured

.-::-.:.~:re'.-.-:-_-.~zz;: Upon them not forlo.:, .: Rough of a lineage once abhoreﬁd,

N‘or yet redeemed from scorn. hymn“

r: rr'rr ﬁysteric us safeguard, that, in spite Cf poverty and v:rong, unlutn-Z Both here pres aliving light,

A.“ From ﬁebrew fountains sprung; xnst gives .his ras~ed group to cast Arounﬂ the dell axglee” m1 stine, cf 510*" ~J post, And proud Jerusaleg

A“ _-: 5.4.5.5352. ey devotes/Canto VII of his ”Queen 41b" to an ideal

.‘ I

< l

ersi~n O the Sanderiog Jew lege.d, and G (D J orge Eliot in ”The

U pxoish C~ rjpsy”, an early dramatic poem, touches omen the same

topiC. Colerigge noses close friend of Eye on Hurwitz, a Jew;

gish shthor of some note. He became acquainted with Jewish trau

ditions through tﬁis source, and showed his knowledse la ”The

-rl-nd f—j- : ,:. If , wheeh has versificuticns of three Talumdical tales.

he also translated two of his friend’s ii‘brew poems,"Israe1's

Lament” and "The Tears of a Grateful People”. Byron ottu ned

sis harp to *Lebres gelodies”. Ihey were written at the re—

sfliend V1 sings r and composer, Isaac Z‘lathan by

(RULE; i ﬁestas set the ”Lelodies" to music and for a° time tue‘ J’ .1 " were JSGd in the synagogue service in London. though Byron atér did not regzrd these "melodies" with satisfaction, yet mm“

7.7

N.‘

they are by no means among the least of his lesser poems.

Not all that are printed under this division as usually

given in his works, are specifically Jewish in thagght or

. s _, illusiﬁn. isny deal with Biblical and Palestinean the'es,

Ibo gpm of the collection is ﬁre shor c!» oem of three stanzas,

'13 HW;'_‘:".-§"’:'r-,

urvom ”3h Jeep for Ihose." It pietures traly the EEItSOhmsrz of

1am r,

¢~m IsruEI. There is no finer description of the Jes‘s unhanoy

v.11”: experience than the closing stanza, (:73 ﬂ H . - Trloes of the wander1ng foot and weary DrEast, How shall ye flee away and be at rest: The wild-dove hath her nest, the fox his Cave, mankioé his country - Israel but the grave:”

Scott and Burns have occasional reference ./ ,,— / a... their poetical works. An exception to tkisfst‘ituds is *o

be found in Leorge Crabbe, a visor poet of the nsriod

poem, the ”Borough”, 1813, he gives a very unfsvcrzols SD

picture of the Jews oé'Eogland of his day, though he does

"s port there are, n%cm dcuotlsss man night trust, toztuy a: Hoglthy, pure, rolzgicus, gust."

1.; ‘4»,02‘7 o v ~-l..

”53.0 are at} us, a": for unlike to those, Jho, led by David, warr’c with Esrael’s f*es; Bﬁiiké so those also his iaperial son laught truths divine,- the orsscher CnVQmon: Ker Wm? cor wisaom yislg our Jews oellght, They will not stu ',- tiey hare not fight.” lhe po m is hardly more than mere éoggerel, and Crabbe himself

doubtless felt the inaccuracy of the last line at least. At no

time could it with justice be said of the Jews that they do not

study. As for fightingb it is rather_unrortunste for the post

that just at that time Jewish prize—fighters were very much in x. evidence, so he adds, in a note to this last line,— ”Some may ' object to this.assertion, to whom I beg leave to answer that

«mm;.m._ I do not use the word fight in the sense of the Jew, Vendozaﬂ. .K"' is does not however say in what sense he does mean it.

Browning. Robert Browning is the chief among the great0

attention to thi.gs of Jewish inter s

he became versed in Jewish traditio A literature, end was able

to read his Old Testament in Hebrew. Like 1

Knowledge made him friendly and sympzthstic. Ee was given

to earnest thought on the profound aestions of life, and

;;H' 04 “is poems are religious aoo philosophic stuoies.

he differs from Tennyson in that the latt a) '1

x. - n '8; at he gives his Views on two of the met inmtant phases

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v as cell as their years, and thus is enabled to judge of life in _.-

all its phases. He finds many vain things in life, but life is

not vain. There are several Talmudic legendary tales given in

connection with the poem, and some others in a volume called :‘wrryxam;-Ln.g;;ul.:.

5:73.215: "Joooseriaf. The "EOCtOI‘, one of the Dramatic Idyls of the

.mkaiw second series, is also based on a Rabbinical legend. “Sen m v.7;- Karehook's Wisdom” is an amplification of a Rabbinical maxim, “hair‘? :5.

. that a men should resent one day before his death. As no one ; knows the day of his d‘ath each day is the one that a man should turn to God. "fillies Baldinucoi” tells the story of the “etty pe secuticns of tie Jexs of a small v11 age a pointer, who annoys sod sheets the“, sod she is astounded

when the Libbi's_son, sh Wi mg a broad tolerance

pictures or toe isdonna sad the Crucifixion. ”Foly Lross

tic ~ , out; -...... to . wtt—ond “A 1; service : n inc, ‘t 1listen ‘ «.3. to a. COUVchlCﬁlstlc .~ - ° -

sermon. lne protest is out 1ntot1e mouth of a Roman Jew

who solilocuises "tile he is ate church, heuri1g but not b ed-

ing the sermon. RoeJee desires a stronrer arroignne to? the

injustice end; l-yuocrisy of the custw than Browsing gives is

these line 5: ”rhine too is toe C; so: and not more thine $h=3r ours, is the Work of ttese dogs and sv’se_ Hound.» Shoe e life laughs through and scits at their creed, Tao maintain thee in word and defy tkee in seed." “a..-” nor a liner expression‘cf t: e truth that

swnﬂﬂL

.4”. ”By the torture, prolonged from age to age, ._.—v..w..s.,.....-, .11. By the infamy Israel's heritage,

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tar—v Neuld wrest Christ’s name from the Devil’s creek” y, The later poets of that century exhibitéﬂ likewise a riendxy .za... at citade. 'Nathew'srnold wrote a noble eligiac poem on 5 Mi .e’s

taunts-nunsa grave, and Swinburne a sonnet on the Russian persecutions of .3

an’:« the Jews. Similszﬂy Canon Rasnsle is a sonnet entitlea :, 7 x 3 I! . " . A arrietMLn 196$, ut a deer lp"ent for tr: sufferior of F‘s—

sizn Jews, These, and otusr seems, give evidenoo that his Pierce— at 16:.St nice a? ‘r~ feeling ageins: the Jevs is bein: softened and Le is 'A

technical character, the Jessr ece ived eucn, and on the whole

their history and their 3 secc circumstance attracted the at-

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that those who came to know the Jewish people as they really are

to under/stand them end their ideals, became their protagonist iﬂd defenders. ”hose who attacked them were those mainly ” o

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[‘7' 5

Appendix

In the Fortnightly»aeview for April 1, 1866, "$.6e0rge Henry

: Lewes prefacas an article on Spinoza with an account of a y.”

“V. 3 PhilOsopher's club where he firs t made acquaintance with the ' doctrines of the Eebrew thinker, and which resembles in e ery 11:47,; particular the club at the *Enad and Banner" in the sixth book of “Daniel Derondaf. Tue leading spirits of ur.Lewss' club was was a German Jew named Coho or Kenn, whom he describes in in words which might be applied almost without alteration to ‘ Hordecai. gr.Lewes says of Coho:

'r:cm"s:r-:.Lu.mmxr ”Se =11 admired his as a man of astonishing subtlety ans

loalcal force, so less that of sweet personal worth. He re— O, r113“:

“a mains in my memory as a type of phi osophic dignity. A calm, , =.,- meditative, amiable m, n, by trade a journeyran we schsaker, very

uncut. poor, with weak eyes and chest, grave and gentle in éemeanour, n incorruptible even by the seductions of vanity; I habitually thinz of him in connection with Spinoza almost as much en , account of his pi rsonal worth as because to him I owe my first ,l

A. acquaintance with the Hebrew thinker; Fy admiration of his

“‘I‘J ass of that emthusuastic tamper which in youth we feel for our

intellectual leaders. I loved his weak eyes and low voice; I ._w venerated his intellect. Be was the on} .y nan I did not contra- dict in the impatience of argument. An immense pity and a fer- vid indigaati on,filled me as 3 came away from his attics in

one of the Bolborn courts, where I had seen him in the pinch- ""<<‘7"“’:'?Ma" ing poverty of his home, sith his German rife and two little -4—« black—eyed children; ludignantly I railed against society which could not allo.? so great an intellect to withdraw itself froth nobler work and waste the -precious hours in sending watches. Sut he Was else in his resignation thought I in my young indignation. Life was hard to his, as to all of us; but he was con-J tent to earn a miserable pittance by handicraft, and kept his

_.,. soul serenee. I learnt to understand him better when I learnt m.

~ the story of Spinoza' life.

”Mn“: “coho, as may be supposed, early established his supre-

«3‘ mancy in our club. A.magisterial intellect always makes itself w. felt Eyes those who diffEreé from him most widely paid volun- tary homage to his peters” (FrOm 'Jesish Ideals and Ether Essays" by Joseph Jaccbs, Lon.l£96 - pp. 38- 76. )

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it is safe to venture the prophecy that, no serious political or ,u—z»;~'.

. n-

other national reaction occurring, their contributions to the pl: 7-1

1r. sx< tellectual, spiritual and literary treasury of the English nation

, .21 _ will increase in numbers, value and worth; even as they here in

creased with ever 3 decade since t1.eir enanc ip a+ion.

-: _ma Political a pol: ical writer of some note very early in the

1,, Jee~o=~ ﬁritings. century was Lewis Go’dsmit u“. 3e did not partici- ,

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5 pate in the contest which the Jews sated. Be cub- La lished, in 1801, a book called”Crimes of Cabinets”, in which he

...‘.J._.,-.:,J.Y-_W told som= rather plain truths about minl sters. Le was indicted

113 ' $thwcaa. o... v-.. upon the 1., BrltASC -‘: ~ :2uaoznet. -. . :rnclng.-_; 1.,”

action . br . -- vu;h “-1 nteri'" ‘ . -> returnrnE ,. . .- _, to .J we '5 , leer. A c 1;? r: ofrensos n- a more ..ﬁ .2 not of a . v=-y - osej ~, scour: .1, are :3 .Li:r 4" v a L’lul, . ‘ A. .bet . «as *erely -

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the were great, though his ﬁriting-sas me r=d b1 a somewhat inflated

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Johnsonese style.

Eapoleon indirectly exercised an influence on the fortunes u

. n Englané. In 1806 he had oonvoked a Sanheérin of (r h. ) (l. r O I (3 . irsoce and Italy to define the relation of the 35*—

ish civil and matrzmonia laws to those of the French nation, W-V—r~'n,—eI-Vr~1~h"!-—~a.----..‘—vv~—H

r:.-7:J=7:n’v‘!-u~zu

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and the attitude of the Jewiso law general y towcrd modern a":

Irv-r: _._. aw:- . -. legisletios. The answer given by the representat~ves of the Aw“ ————~‘~r‘~4~2-.

Jews so p1=ssed the Emperordtha$ he decreed that tﬁese decllr— :0 :naaozru x H,

atsons shoald hare . ;ege1 force throughout the Empire. To ed- v?

force the decisions thereunder he orge niz ed toe system of re— r'w1<<7~ﬁ

ligious ocnsistcries, which :emained in» vo gue on ii the separa-

t-or u; Ch"rc?zaré :twte in Frence in very receef gears. The

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tury interpretat numerously 3 The 11 I» T named 4 Hum-3‘: v 9 W 3 5‘ nd “A no u z,_ '7‘ 8 m ’3:m S o , .- 71:1. he ‘ - 2'5 "It: S I.. : Drama. l» 4. supi Irv t C) 3. I“ - ~ 5 no her 6.2.33 ngs. J; “'. 9' th qu them scored 13.3. I 6‘: 2 .7 lying r s U 1 t of 1! Says c e :3. ? so n 1 LE;

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two writers. r p i 1 b t R C” 1 1 1 Ice,

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rogue; o I‘ .L 5 .3 I c“ '~" 1"“ '71 15 r dramatic r ,-e_ t i .1 ’ AA: Pi. S V4 "I 111 -. t? I- . O .‘o U. 5’... a. e r -7 . . .. “4» .. 'V‘ . "1 J A: I "’1 0 1? “1: d .. . “5 4 a1 a r; C I‘ o t 6 ing . we d C' + 9 ‘3 U . a a ( t 1" k 33 A . m mm 5 m0 0 f:

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stories under the name of'”é7; $1 of :n. erry 39‘15 '3 9 , x‘

< , ‘3 ._.: 1 r‘. and con QR cted for -‘ it connection ‘3 ;t l; Alfred Theme v.1, 3

m1“ van:

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A n wrwrccmw- l: comedies, emong th m ”DECS ivers Ever" , Boycotted" ,~ 23 imity's Bi

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L)9$..Al.

— u: 3. Poetry among the Jewish poets of the early part of the

century was Isaac Gompertz. He was a poet of

‘Ia—‘Jz::”.:il:¥s;:~3- , oousiderable merit, and was classed by DrJaMesoanith Dryden {pope and Gay. He wrote 'June, or Light and Shade', a poem in .' six parts, 1815. ‘The Eodern Antique or the féuse in costume " of Q1680 Anne”, 1815, and "Devon, 3 Poem’. The first Josiah ' - Englishman to become distinguished as an authoress was sass. Emma. Lyon (Ream; Beam). She published a. volume of poems in 1812, which were exceedingly well received. by the review- ers of the day and proved very successful. firsdiarion Hose ,Bortog was also an outﬁorese of note. At sixteen years of age she publisheutin conjuction with her sister Cecile, a book of poems, entitled ‘Early Efforts”. In 1840 she published three volumes of tales, called "The Romance of Jew-

ish Ristory‘, which was followed by ”Tales from Jewish His- tori. The latter years or her life were occupied in magazine and journalistic work. my Levy was a novelist and potatoes oho gave very early evidence of her gift. From her eighty

yes;- she began writing verses, plays and short stories that

grew in yower as she grew in years. $15.16 yet a school-girl n.»-

in her teens she wrote 'Xantippe', a biting defense of Socra- “-....ux.

tes‘ wife. when she was eighteen a short story of hers ap- “._i

a...... ,._‘ oeaz-ed in 'i’emple Bax", and a little later imuppe and Other um.- Poems‘, in three volumes. The minor Poet' ~”meet-ed it: 1882 ’

"Grammar of Rhetoric” p.857

and gives evidence of discontent and restlessness. The last

calms or her poems}; London Please ‘i‘ree' appeared posthuaoue- , 1y. She wrote several novels, “meme of a 3209', Wise. I ﬁes-bait». Ruben Sache' and ”the ﬂotsam Princess'. She has i . e distinctive ohm or style and a. power of vivid presentation. » it is to be laented that in 'Renben Sachs” she chose to give

some or the less pleasing P313898 of Jewish character. Rina. Davis (armadﬁsuwoo) turns the melody of her wee toeerd

._ on expression of Jewish aspiration as found in the poems of _

«— earlier Jewish uritere. She has made translations, in ex—

quisite style, from the Eebrew poets of the middle ages. «an-”MN. They were publishes in 1895 in a. volume *Foeme and mores Translations“. A aeeoemi moressioo' was issued in 1905. ﬁrmsueeon's renderings are a series of gems, and display both poetic talent and scholarship. The volume opens with a. prelude on the centiolee of the Synagogue. It contains this noble stanza: , f ‘Lo, living yet, beloved lingering strain. 553 here of aid, ‘ Voice of a. patience that bath home the pain 01' years untold.“

et the close or the book there are a. sketch sod a poem, based on a game of chess, the latter taken from ails. found in the Vatican, and dating from probably the fourteenth century. - The sketch is remarkable for the feet that the gases is mainly . described by e commotion and adaptation of ember or Bibli-"_ 081 tam; _,'

.3“; ﬁrmﬂem‘y Lucas is another gifted English Jams tho

beat her talent to trigger-vice or her faith. She has 1155qu s;z._._;vv.4i:,..

=41: two volumes of metrical transiaiioua of sabreurpoeme, in 'Songs qr Zion“, 3894 am! ﬁne Jewish 2031‘ .1898. ErmLucas' , effort, which precedéa that 0: Ring Davis, was the first suc- cessfa}. aim: in ‘ is airecticn, though others had made sim— iia- attempts. The spirit or Egbrw poetry is very elusive. .

191338 a manner all its on which it is extremely difficult

to transcribe into Englisﬁ. But are. Lucas has succeeded in retaining this spirit ”in her English verse, without sacri- fice of dignity. me poems are devotional, for synagogue

use, and 0603.83ng dogmatic, but simply presented, an, thoy often are, they made very readable poetry. Ax": 63ml: in ﬁne rolzawing stanza, from *Ehs Jewish reare, will illus-

' trite: i‘Ami He 13' 9m 51s powers transcend, Supreme, unraihomad, depth and.heigbt, 3.1th: beginning, without an m are Minion, power, and :n ght.‘

& little book of beautiful verse ander the title at “Poems .. . of Love and Death“, was published by Lady Lindsay, who is also the author or ”Godfrey’s mest'. The book has three parts. '_ ‘ Poems of Love and math, Tammie Traditions-3.1%! nature’s

’76109. The posms display a combinaiion of the Hellenic and

the ﬁebraio spirit. While many or them are religious in tone 'there is seen throughout them an a bread tolerance 5? all forms a: faith and a reverence for train that will not dbide

h.a..;~..;2...".:’

sham and insisoe’rita. Stumben manage published, 3.998, '236919', a. dramatic poem, audit: 8996 a volume of verse ' ”A Dream Cup and other Poems”.

action. In the rain or fiction Jewish literary genius

finds large representation. There appears a. number of names that will survive mars than their own genar-x ’ ation. & picneer of the century was $me mm, 3.816 ‘-' ' w. 3.647. 1581‘- history is pathetically interesting. She was

«..urw‘;. ham or a Portugeae family or ﬁaranos, who 1m: ﬂed” to _9

MW . ' male-ad for refuge in the eighteenth eentnry. 5:16 £52513} lived swiudedﬁna/ 9133. Aguilar'a education was undertaken by bar parents. She was trail troa birth and in orﬁer to strengthen mar constitution she‘ was often taken to the seas

shore anti ta m localities. fans her campanionship 3117?: her father’s people was practically cut off, Yet she had an intense religious fealing and a deep sense of Jewish comma- ship. In spite of her “alumina: weakness she was very inflam- trious and began writing as a child. 33 the time she was twelve she mid written a dramaffiustmms 9a;‘, and two years later wrote a coiiectien of verse. Eer first zpublicaticn, mag anamoualy, was in 1855, a book of pears, called “in: ‘ flags: wreath”. She éontinued to write mostly stories, and works dealing with Jewish topics. The most mash; known of 93163 are ”The Vale of CW, 3 story of Spain in the fifteenth century, and ”Days of Bruce“, 3 romance founded on Scottish histow; She wrote a series of Mastic stories,

.5 “Kore Influenae',"iécthar‘s Emmse' and ”woman”: 51-1596. ”3:32;;

.: ship', and a who: pf Jewish tang that were issued under 4

:'::a the titles *am sabre: and Ham sunny and mac Perez

:51.- $33311” . Tao shat: ivoluaos were separately published as

5.2::

"the Escape" and “The Edict“. She was also the author of" a. gunman

":1 umber of religious works, among which were "the Spirit of UA§~Q

.3; W’, ’meﬁowen of Israel”, and “2h: Jewish Faith, Its

Spiritual consolation, 530ml Guidance and immortal Bow". “A313333Aﬁ; ..3. Her last. 13ch m}; small 'ﬂistory or English Jewa' for Chamber’s Mace/1139166. Ear works had considerable vague a gemmtion ago and new editions of awe of tham appear now and than tedaav. Ear style is gleaaing,though aoreuhat- - sentiments: and diff-user. Her weaknesses howevar'mw be attributed to youth. She died when she was scarcely thirtyr one years at age. When one considers that her whole life ‘

was pranticany a struggle against bodily weakness ‘and 3 ‘ illness, and that she had to endure much family care and ‘ trial, a. sepsé at herniation am be 291: for her brave spirit and her untiring augustry, that in spite of sub}: heavy hem- oW‘ . armless, produced Ami few years 3199:: her, so large and

meritorious a. collection of literary 13mm. Her religi—

ous feeling was strong and 6933:. She had been taken to a European care, but this $511193, she was moved to

Frankfort, where she died. The last message she game with her

fingers, beihg unable to speak, was "mough Be siay me yet do I trust in Elia". ' A contemporary of Grace Aguilar was Charlotte Hontﬁ'iore 1818 .‘. 1884, and she too wrote for the upligting of he} people. Among her productions are 'Thé “Say to Get Rick", ”The Biz-thaw”

— ”Caleb ﬁsher", and 'A Few ‘a'ords ta Jews". They are 311 per-

varied with a coral atmosphere and are intended to form an ethi- gas—1M,» cal appeal to hsr coreligicnists. She was an active vhiianthrd-

p131 and was interested in many educational and benevolent :T:.L‘.«...A_,’—1$J:a;>—K .. institutions. Anetherwork, 1'Ihe Jeweled 131651133 ﬁeen as-

cribed to her, bﬁt “her authorship of it has been disputed? _._.._.-._....____._.

. Lady Katie Eagnas, barn 1844,13 another gifted Jéﬂs‘h writer

__ ..4.

, who appeared 3. 111.115 later in the century. She 1.0%), like her ‘44.». other talented sisters, directed much of her'ihoug211c Jew- 1313 topics. Ear attention was giveh to history as well as a..;_.<_-.»_...~<_:g fiction. She wrote 'Iioliday swraes- and *Littie mmmﬁs

Bible Stories" which have a charm for juvenile readers; M1M~m.~. a 36:: histories}. .efrarts embrace two Jewish and one genéml ' topic. The are 'About the Jews Since Bibi: Tiges"','iéﬁtiinjes ‘2‘:

A- of Jewish Eistory‘ and ”first miners of Engisnd‘.l'xx1mfiher cr essays and papers, that had meant! in various ”flofieais,

were collectively issued in a. volume,aa11ed 'Salvage'.

@1916 Judisehen Manet: in der Geschichte .éic.‘ by: ¥;Kg¢er11ng,p.27£

Another volume of seven essays of particular Jevdsh interest was

publishod under the name wens}: Portraits” In this there is a. review; of Dr.££sufman's 'G‘eorgo Eliot and Sodomy”? Lady 'v'agmm is an interesting writer, who displays much reading. Some of

her best work is seen in her poems, which have apneared in 1909 in o'Book of Verse". Among the novelists or the first half of the century am Samuel Phillips, 183.3; - 1854. Starting as 9.2! actor at the age .1: of fitteeo,he turned his attention to Journalism and literature.

Throug: the Kindness of friends he was ambled to take a course

at Cambridge. 315 first work was a. mama,“ Gale!) Stukfﬂg‘, was was firstéprl’ntod 1n Slackwood's sagazine and lator re- printed. Its oneness 16% to other tales, a number of which were issued in a. volcano called ”We Are 1111 Low People more“, lie published two volumes of literary essays, 15-98 and 18%, > one. served as literary critic on thé‘dgmesﬂstaff. At the form.-

”5...“.

;. ation of the Society of the Crystal Palace he became secretary

~> and literary director and in connection with it orator ”The

._ﬂvk’ul

, p Guide” and tho ”Portrait Gallery”. lie was a. v1gorous and -_.4 fluent writer and his works oomandod much attention, not

«-_-l.‘.u_..._,,_y merely for the“ intrinsic worth, but for the Soldoess with

which he oriuoiood the leading, writers of the day, such as

31025608 and Carlyle.

(Dim: was-an oporooiotion of #:2351191 Berenda.‘ by ‘W.Kauf‘man or a 32:12; Posth. It was translated into English by J'g-Egimz‘rier, and published by Blacktood a Sons, London‘

AA.” ~ {W

LJAJAA

l“; - Benjasin L.Ear§eon, 1835-1903, was a successquicnd proliw fie novelist. 313 first cork,"gr1f', 18?0, created a place for hic in English letters. It attracted the favorable ncticc of Dickens.. He wrote some forty odd novels of which a number have Jewish characters and deal with things or Josiah interest.

”‘

‘

" Among these latter are ’Saaemon recess“, 2877, “Aaron the Jest, 1894. "ﬁrst: Rozena' 19.97 ana“srice of Raee”,1901. these

novels deal very sympathetically with their Josiah themes

slwﬁwrgmﬂ‘ and characters. Farjeon was an amiable writer, whose style

swabs.» was patterned after that or Dickens, but it is a rather ruck

“5.4”“:

as. initeticn.

-__h‘--- Julia Frecgac,'bcrc 1854, writing at times cedar the

”._..-.“ yseudonyc Freak Darby, was a writer g§ charming and successful stories. Ecr first novel,”ﬂr.?hillips: A Haida Vale;'

Edsel”, $887, is a story of Jewish life in the wcst End of London...2he work created a sensation by its realistic trest—

mect, and doubtless paxed the way fer the later school of Novelists, both Jewish end Christian, in England and America, who have made much of scenes of Jewish life. It was followed by 'Babes in 30hem1a?,1£90,s'Piga in clover“, also rith Jes- ish characters, mph-«.7 and “ancarst', 2904. ﬁnder n5: own name she published a treatise on "grammars Century Artiste sad Engravera’,1901,and 'Sighteacth Century color ”lates' 1906,

also the ”Life and corks of John Raphael Smith; ISOSQ She published other novels,“ a Coquette in Crepe“,1907, and 'The rayhinx's Lauyer',1$05, and has been a frequent contributor of art: cles soc essays to the press and reviewe.v w—M/m; rm wow

The D'Israeliﬂgz The elder B'Isnaeli, Isaac,(ghe father of thé famous premier) 2766 g 1848, tried his hand at novel-writing, and wrote at least_four. They are "Vauriea5r 3 Sketch of the TimesF, 'Flim Plams, or the Life of 3y UncleP, ~ '3egncna and Leila, the Arabian Petraroh.aad LaardF, and 9Des-- patina; ' or the 3311 of the Jesuits“. rue firSt three appeared r ..r in 1797, the last nased in 3811. 313 literaay fama hawéver _

gum- does not rest on these navels, for they wera'not successful.

—..'ac"n' ﬁe is better known through hié essays, criticisms and miscel- lanecus writings. ﬁe was the sons of a wealthy man, and'could follow to the fq11_pis literary bent. Be first annsared in yrint 1n the ”Gentleman'g Magazina*,.nec.1786, with a defense :0? Dr.5chason. A rew'yeara later he published 3 Volume of Iverae with the title ’5 Defense of Poetzy‘,17$c. Sis best known wait is ”Curiosities of Literature', in six volumes. at interVals_froa 1791 to 2523; ?here were numerous other productions at ins character or the “curiosities', an: an historical work,“commeutany on the Life and Reign of Sharla: x”,

about 1529. ibis last ‘38.; yang scholarly work, basea on"ori- gins: documents and it earned for him.the ﬁegrés of 3.0.1,,‘ honoris cagaa, at Oxford 1852.

3A.-..udwu.avl.wW-N;mi¢xm‘www‘I

”I‘m...- ghile Er.D'Israeli yossessed-abundantly the postia'taa-' “' garment, his «as not a cregtive taleat. He was a gafhérer, rather than a producer. Be yandered to anﬁ frc over the fields .of literature and called maqy flowers which he wore intq bgqnéts ‘

A".—-ﬁ‘~l.—:SP p: 3-,» and gave unto the world. His works display a wonderful range x4‘L-Ap -

« ’of reading and contain a vast aaount of interesting matter, in- terestingly put tagether. Bis stories and anecdotes about the lives of gathers have beeoae a fund that has been freely drawn [Jhu90n, though an occasions he makes mistakes. The great sucoéss ‘1

~, or his iiterary compilations may be attribute& in measure te‘

‘& peculiar pabihgggaste of the time, which retained encugh of. the passing, peﬁod ‘0: classicism to caught in the 52:13.11

talk a: literany gpsaip. , The incident that occasioned his withdrawal from the. aynagpguc is or interest, no£ only an his account, but bee cause 6f its infiuéhce an the subsequent career of his fa»

nous son. 2r.B’Israeli belonged tn the Bevis garks Synago-

gue, the héuse of worship of the spauish—Portugese Jews.

-The Spanish-?ortﬁgese Jews may be said ta have been on the , whole the highest class of the Jewish gnome. The have been “ the most adventuréus, the scat enterprising, the wealthiest . and themes: intellectual. ' The: were, so to'say, the aris— tocraqyséf the Jegish race and until at least the middle of the nihegéegth century exerﬁised a spiritual hgggmony over

“Mm—AQL‘IMdWL the Jewry of London, though their spiritual and ecouoaic leadership has since passed into the hands of the German , “gnawed. mea‘ the SMiahc-Fortugese Jewsﬁere the _creators a: the gpldeu age of JeaiSh literature during the 30035.91: joeeupauon of Spain, and they were the eggs was rem ‘ u g I 1

the heavy hand «has antennas inquisition. Their rangzcusf layalty was intense and profound, a lqyalty those seed has & been enriched my the blood of many a marﬁyr. But they erg! )2 tithal, stalwart sticklers for form. So when, having elég§i ed Er.D'Israeli to the posation or-inrden in the synagoguﬁ¥> and be having politexy declined to serve, they took no natice or his dedlination, became their custom demanded that he who

was honored with office must serve. when he persisted in his I declination, hsxnaxx that: 233:5: fisaxnfixfi 232: ha Ska xxx

they fined him forty pounds. 32.8’Israe11 demurrad against‘ paying the fine, but they mauld hear no excuse, and he wrote_v"

finally saying;':”éa under the painful necessity of wishiﬁgv$. that my game be erased from the list-of your members‘. This' occurred in 1815.| I It oanaot be said that lsaao D'Iaraeli abandoned the

religion or his fathers. Bi; views were far in advance of

' his coreligionists of his day, but not such as to lead him to abjure his ancestral faith and to separate from them.

538 withdrawal frbm membership in the synagogue was for no .subjective cause, but the result of external occasion. Twenty years after this incident, in 1835, he wrote his f

fGenius of Judaism', in which he speaks entﬁusuasticaaly of £he Jewish religion and people, of their glorious.and heroic past. He deplored only what he termed the spirit _

1%“

f of exclusiveness. ﬁg yggmgggresaed.theee same views in his .novel 'Vanrzen' and in an article on ”0668 xendelsohn,ur1t-

ten for the 'gonthly Revied' of July 1399, both of theeé pn— blicationa appearing more than a decade and a half before ’ the episode that led to his action. He attenasd the indug- : ' uration of the Eefcra Synagpgue, at Burton crescent 1% 23415" and his views were doubtless in accord with its platformgftut There is an reason to suppose that had this synagogue axis—yr

tad earlier in his life he would have remained a worshipping

.‘Du‘x' ...; '.. member of it. He never expressed any udsh to exchange Juda- r-“ in for Christianity, nor did he submit to baptism. ms son

Benjamin, the fgtufe Premier, was baptized at the instance of Rogﬁra, the poet, aha represented that the future career

of the boy, who_was then about thirteen years of age and

who appeared to be highly gifted, ”might be compromised

'by aounaction with a race laboring under social and civic disabilities, and the entrance to the road to success might W ,

be irrevocably closed to him.‘ This baptism tooknplace in 181?. ’ Benjamin D‘Israeli, 1804 — 1881, 11kg his paonle in the history of nations, occuyies a unique place in litsrature.

Théugh the baptismal drops widened his material onportnnities

they did not create his ggnius. They made it possible for him to become the Premier of England and to crown Victorin ingress of India, but they did not increase his abilities — V l 1

;.~;4A-n ' W or enhance his brilliant 555%31 gifts. Lord Baaconsfield remained intensely Jewish in spirit, and loyal $0 the tease of

David all his life. 3e was a firm believer in the pager of race, and nunh of his writing is filled with a defense and ,exaltaticn of the Jewish race, which he aamed the ”aristocra— cy or nature”. &t the agg sf twenty—two he published his first navel, ‘Vlvian Gray”. ﬁe was then an assistant in a aolicitor’s effice, but this take-off on London’s highest society was

stgptlingLy-realietic. The novel Greated a sensation and gained instant uctoriety. Its magniloqnent style, its vera- cious cescriptééné and caridatues of persons high in social &hd yolitical life aaézad”ths;§§g§§ ggggg, when'they came to

learn that its autgor was perely an office bay. E'Israeli fglling sick left England-ﬁg travel in Egypt aha Falestine. This trip did saga to infiusnce big/whole future. The visit

ta the nativity of his peopls made an impression on him that

< is evident in all his snbseqnent career. It apneared ia i$ontarhn1 Fleming”, in his ”Letters to his Sister”, in “Goniagaby‘, in the 'Life of Lord Ggorge Baptiackﬁ, but most . of all in ”Tancred'. Tnncred gees to the East for inspiration,;§§ orients lux. Be SEEKS to solve thé great mystery ‘df life and inspiration, and looks far it in the ham: or in- .

‘ spiratlon, as though inspiraticn were iocal, and eonfinsd t6 any qnarter of the earth. George Elioé'likeuiss sends

Daniel neronda on a.éoasymson trip to the East to begin the ' ~undafined mission which he is to accomplish. as Bethany, 2ahcred meets Eve, the 36:65:, and in the discussion betwesn ’these two E'Israsli g1ves his ideas on tha relations between Judaism and Christianity. fie regards Christianity as the : Judaism cf the multituhe, the flowering of the mother faith. But its substantial greatness, its morals and ethical beauty ars all Jewish, for Jufiaism was'the church in which Jesus was barn and which he never qgittedf. It is in this work that he puts in the mouth of Eva that gelebrated epigran,*One half 'the world warships a Jessss, and the other‘half a Jew”, and‘ than asks,”ahié$ is the greater the worshipped or the nor-’ shippers?” ' ‘ In "Conisgsny’ the Jewish character Sidonia is a somewhat mystical figzre, a. phfloéopher, a financier, a diplomat, a pass: in continental sabinets, a native of Eng-

land, and yet an aaien, far its 1158 prevent his becomiﬁg a citizea. It was with this character, SidOnis, that D’Zsrasli fought for his people in their political struggle.

In Parliamest his vote and his energy were constantly as- played in their behalf, and he ﬁnd their intakests in mind when in the making at the Treaty of aerlin he insisted that Roussnia, to have her independence guaranteed, shoula~ggar- - antée the civil rights of the Jews. It is a granite that, to the shame of the signatory pcwsrs to the Treaty, has been

357‘

wantonxy violatgd. Sidonia was evidently a favorite character”

Iith his creator, for in his mouth E'Isrseli places many of

bia.finest defences of the Jewish race. 'The Jews for exam- ple’, he sayé?'1ndepaudontly of the capital qualities for citizenship which they possess in their inéustry, temperance, and energy add vieaeity of mind, are a race essentially mon- archieal; deeply religious, and shrinking themselves tram converts aSVfrom a calamity, are ever anxious to sea the re— igious systeas of the countries in :hich they Iive flcurish. - Do you think that the qpiet humdrum persecution of a_deccrous repreéentamive of an Enggish university can eras; those who haveéguccssefuggyAyaffled‘the Pharaohs, ﬁebuchadnezzar, Rome,

and fie feudal ages: The ﬁugt 13, yea cannot destray a pure

race of the Caucasian organisation. It is a physiological I

fact; a simple law.ef nature, which has baffled Egyptian an¢i

assyrian £1353, Roman Emperors, anﬂ ﬁbristian Inqgisitcrs. . No penal laws; no physical tortures, can effect that a super- 1or race shculd‘be abscrhed in an inferior, or be-destrqyed

by it. The mixed persecutiug races disappear; the pure perse-. entad race remézﬁs.r &nd at this moment, in spite of centuriaa of tens of centuries, of degradatidn,-the Jewiéh mind axereis- " as a vaét inriuénce on the affairs of Europe; I syeag not of their 1333, which yéu still obey; of their litérature, with which your minds 'are saturataé; but of the living Eebééw . intellect.‘ @ hi»? MI/féﬂér-L

1.4:;- 9...)».Nz...» .I.‘

’David Alroy' is another Semis}: nova]. in which D’Ismli rhapsdf

dizes about the greatness of the Jewish people and the powerful

incentive to sentiment which one finds in the East. The novel is based on the tale of a pseudo-messiah of the Jews, one V David Alroy, or Altai, who appeared in Turkey in the twelfth century as a Saviour of the Jews. 'n'Israeu's literary labors are closely identified with his political life. He began his political career with a de- feat, but he estabiished a name for pluck and perseverance. I In his qparrel with O'Connell, the latter had said that ”the

impenitent thief on the cross must have 2332! been named D'Israelig

out this did hti'oo little harm that the next year he was return-

' god to Parliament. His parliamentary experience began with a re. $burf. £33 maiden speech was %5§%§§ down so that it could not be heard. than he sat down he criéd, '1 sit now; but time will come

when you will hear me.“ The time dio come. Intorosting testis

the incident when being tsantsd with the fact he was a Sea; he flung back the taunt with the prom: damaratzon of his joy in his anoostary._ There is no question but that those epiéodos had much to do with the character-of D'anoolifs writing.

Hie Jewiahness was intensified by the opposition that it inn

apirad. He was the more insistent champion of his race because his oppoaonts endeavored to diseredit him on account of 'his raga.

.Huu‘gam.” *-

AI.W$IA I ‘ Ba was an anomaly 1:: English political life, as be $333!! i”1ts literature. 8: combined the imagina$1on of the orient uith‘ ‘ ‘ with the practical sagas“: or western civilization; as was a‘ ' 'szatesman-novslist*, who ”introduced $58 nofielfistfis imaginazioé‘f into his staxasmanship and the agatesman's-foresight into his 309513;“ [313 novels were written with the purpose of aroma:— gating his-ideas. man his practical vision be am! that he : cou1d reach a wider constituency in his writings and that $5

'cOuld perhaps better*¢onv1née them by picturing the ideals in. abnorsta form, ﬁeréin‘is the pyscholcgy that characterizes him 1 as it does his peogla, The Jews combine the spirit of idealism

with intense praoéicgi energy. Eheyaneéyhilosaphars in aqtion, ‘ creamers awake. 'Tha-uewiah strain is pérceptéble in E'Iéraeli :inhoth his political and liierary activities. In politics it

, gave him iaagina£1on,vpatiencerfin waiting, tenacity in purposs.

In literature it gave him thiéJsaﬁé imaginative faculty, bril-‘ ' liance of intellect, sustained pouar of effort, and analytical

7 kcenness. was; if the brilliance on occasions had {he effect of the bizarre, er that pride of 3355 sometime ran ta racial chauyinismE These are not inhereut faults, they are the vice:

of exaggerated virtues. ﬁne exuberance of‘criental imagery as' Ab-‘dul-I’

'ganifest in dress, debate or dictibn of speech or book, were -”.~M;- vyorhaps studied for efféct. D'Israeli has been chiractarized .as a‘brilliant poseur. Perhaps the exubefance seemed the grast—V er by'coatra3t with the sedate and sober excellence of his

centsmpcraries,w she vivid sunsh-ne o£ Judea aight contrast with

i» ::a;.;:;s_;n;‘.p»bsu — the gray tag or London. The centary of answeraeu's birth was obsmed, in 190.4 _ by a reaunkened interest in the man and.his achiavsmants. ﬂung articles tam—wawmnnn‘. and‘sssays were contributed ta maggzines and perioaieals, reviewing_hi s life ané labors and his place in English literature.‘

Ens vclumes cf sums ﬁretentions anzeared, ”An ﬁnecnventional

angsgunxmw

. 'BiOgraphy' by ﬁllfred xegnell, and ”seasonsfield? by_3a1ter Sichel. 3 ihe latter has also published an elaborate character sketch, j'D'Israeli'. Two new eéitione of his wnrks appeared. Though much

of his writing deals with things of temporary interest, such as political views and tonditicns, yet much is destined tais perman

‘ Gent place in literature. ”Lothair” ané ’Caningsby' may be eon—

:*Sidered as representativé of his éiction, his meghoé, and his ideas. He is a satirist and a sentimentalist, and one is net

always sure when he is in earnest. he rﬁvsled in material opulence, yet he unflaggingly gursuas an 15331. In tun things

‘ was be consistently steadfast, 12 his loyalty to his people, the ”aristecracy of nature', and in profound respect for another aristocracy, that-of talent.

f novels of . .* tithin the past twe_decadée there has come into ‘ Jewish Life. vague a class of stories dealiag‘with scenes of

Jewish life. The centuxy—long segregation of the Jews froa the communal life of the peaplas, among whom they

'{1ﬂ'v5

~dwell, has developcd naturally social customs and conditions

peculiar to themselves. Even though the barriers of the phy—

”sic31 ghettoes have been demolished, there is a certain social_ lcloofness; partly objective partly subjective, in which the Jews ‘ \ . ’ , - . ._1ivc. The inherited traditions and customs of centuries are not‘

:buﬁrooted io a generation. The'rcnewcd persecutions during the >;19

cpact twenty—five years in Rugsia and southeastern Europe drovo' *

' many Jews to take refuge in the more enlightened countries of '

udg—hl‘qf'. ”the west, esgecially in England and America, chose policy has

.wd. been the most liberal and just. They have congregated in the large c1 vies, espocially of tho seaboard, 11k 6 London, Liver-‘ 1"

pool, ﬂew iork, Philadelphia, Baltimore and ChiCago. Naturally

flock ing tagether they have established JewiSh cabtcrs in thee 6

cities. The conditions created by these centers are fertile H ' fields for literary harvests which hare been garnered by.many f writers both Jewish and Christian, and both in England and 5 America. There is a powerful and tragic struggle constantly going on in the necly formed Ghettoes of these.English and American cities. It is the conflict between iSOIation and assig' ~milction. The tragedy of it lies in the intellectual god spir—. g~ituol gulf that inevitably ensues between parents and ohiidren.' '.Though some Christian writers can enter into an understanding

of this tragedy and write of it with feeling ana Sympcthy,its ‘ best interpreters are naturally Jews themselves. or tnese English Jewish writers, in the realm of fiction,-thc foremost ' 5l

1 s

.1 iare Israel Zangwill and Samuel’Gordon, the farmer being by far the

1 more widely known.

.s —m-. Zangwill Israel Zangwill was born in London in 1864, and, exa cepting a few years residence at Bristol, his life i has been spent in the metropolis. ~He was educated at the Jews

Free School and at the University of London. For a while he was _' 1

- a teacher at the Free School, but resigned his position to de-. ‘

- vote himself to literature. He showed his literary proclivity

at an early age. while at school he edited and helped to write

--:—.-....-A._...;.A- an annual called ”Purim“. His first novel was "The Premier and mm the Painter”, 18861 “It-was written in conjunction with Lewis

Cohen and published under the pseudonym of '%§. Freeman Bell”.

There are in it traces of the influence of D'Israeli and Dickens,

but also the distinctive tone of Zengsill’s peculiar Style.

The plot is unconventional, and the treatment bold and free.

The keen sense of %umour, the apt turning of a phrase, the

brilliant epigram and the power of analisis, which have distinguished his writing, all make their appearance. He became ‘one of a ooterie of young literary aspirants, such as Jerome . K.Jerome and assert Barr and others. The predominance of the..’ humorous element was made evident in his following works. s 'ieacheiors‘ club” and "The Old sales. Club”, both being a

collection of sketches of fantastic and prankish humor. The reputation gained from these sorks brought him a', ;

1.....i»

”.4,

. .i‘.»

J—A‘JAnJ—ow commission fron'the Jewish Publication Society of America. to i write a novel about Jewish life. The result was the “Children'

2 of_the Ghetto”, being Pen Pictures of a ﬁeculiar hoopla! The

, work was published simultaneously in London and Philadelphia,

1892. It gave his international renown, and has been translated % into a'number of languages. In this Zangwill found himself.

1 he had come into his own, Bis perfect understanding of the ; conditions which he_pictured, his complete comprehension of

their psychoIOgical background, his faculty of analysis, his

power of pathos and humor, combined with his brilliant style,

produced a remarkable work that commanded the attention of

the literary world and declared the new star that illumined.'" / / , ' its horizon. The first volume pictures the Ghetto of London ’ Ewith its perplexities and problems of adjustment. In the

i'second volumelcalled "She crandohildren of the Ghetto', is des—“_

' -

A .cribed the change wrought by'a generation, the evolution from ' Petticoat Lane to a higher social plane. .Like all pregress this too had its penalties. Zangwill's study is picturesque

and true, and caused a commotion among some of the_more orthoé a-..,.....~..‘.,.‘ur dox members of the community, who were not pleased to see their

foibles and peculiarities thus laid bare to the gaze of the «.._, § .. Gentile world. But the hand that exposed them was withal a‘

* kindly one and just. If it exhibited some superficial weak—

nesses, it also revealed to a world that had not credited thee, §0§ inherent moral strength and a beautiful spirituality,which

. 775’

underlie the crust of the sordid exterior compelled by the pressure of age-long persecution. Following this line Zanguill wrote a number of volumes

dealing with Jewish life and characters. "The King of Schnor— rers',lﬂ$4, ”The Dreamers of the Ghetto”,1898, 'They that'ﬁalk

in Darkness',1899, are sketches that give an accurate insight

.‘ into conditions peculiar to the Jewish people. The 'Dreamers of the Ghetto” are a number of historic} Jewish nersonages,

'who have achieved fame in the world, such as Lasalle, Beacons- ‘field, heineIetc. In these Zangnill's power is well displayed, as also in ”They that Walk in Darkness”. The minor key’to which the

note of continental/danish life is too often attuned, is s

struck, but without monotony or lack of skill. The pathos

is natural and unstrained. His latest publication in this direction is ”Ghetto Comediesvgece. In it he returns again

to the Jews of the still submerged class. The-stories are

not all comedies, as in the prefatory note hr.Zangwill states' that he disregards the conventional distinction between

comedy and tragedy. The flowering of his art is visible. V

w. other sketches have been published under the titles " l,

A. “Without Prejudice”, 1896, and ”The Gray Wig”, 1905. "

His two novels of general interest, ”The Kester' and ' ”The mantle of Elijah”, have been widely read and were'yery successful from the point of view of popularity. -3ut not so

ew~ ...“'~;!1

with regard to art. Zangwill is at his best in the short story.

VIhis is his metier. Sis genius in this direction rivals that ‘ of Poe and Be Bsupassant, and is unrivalsed in England. In

the longer novel his power flags, the excellence is not sue-u

I tained. A master of epigsam he often sacrifices much for the Vseke of an epigrsm. He excels as a.painter of miniatures. ~Es fails'with the larger canvas. jﬁis is true likewise of his

dramatic efforts. These are sketches, not sustained dramas. feix Persons", ”Three Penny Bits”, ”The Revoitingsaughtera, “The soment of Death", are all of them clever pieces, the last

nased especially is a strikingly original study, but they are ourteicsraisers:; rte “Children of the Ghetto” es dramatised. 1n the suited States it ran for some months with a fair degree of soccess. The theme of the play did not however ap-

pea; to the average non—Jewish auditor, and the somewhat 1 abstruse iaimudical law regsrdisg the Valiéity of betrothals, upon which the climax of the play depended, was not wholly

‘ understood. It was put on in London but soon withdrawn.

this most successful venture in this direction was the dressy

"tization of a Christmas tale,”ierelf Hazy Arm".~ It is a V sweet clean story of s London “slavey”, who falls in love with 3. >§ men for above her station in life and who; with many pathee :tie little subterfuges, attempts to lessen the side gulf be-' ,Hstween them. He has also beentﬁ the author of many poems I~and verses, some of them being exquisite renderings of the M,

, ,Adr .synagogal liturgy and the mtdieval Jewish Poets. Many of these

poems have been published in a volume,'Blind Children', 1903. From the standpoint of pure literature ﬁr.Zangsill is ' deubtless the foremost Jewish literary figure of this genera; tion, which is saying much, for there are many sylendid schol-

ars and writers, who grace this generation of English Jews.‘ ﬁe has identified himself with the large communal activi—

ties of the Jewish people. At one time a strong Zionist he has broken away from the older society because of the refusal

of the Zionistic Congress to consider favorably the offers M of the British Government of a tract of land in South l icaT‘ for colonisatiog gyrposes, with an autonomous government

under British sovereignity. He formed thewsewish Territore

vial Organization” and has spent much time and effort-adVO— eating its cause. Eis heart is in full sympathy with hispeQ- ple, and though he does not hesitate to condemn that he dis-

‘ approves, he never writes to wound. Be is a brilliant, verse-

tile and picturesque writer, a novelist, poet, essayist, dra— mu—ou—A matist, and critic, and his place in English literature is assured for all time.

Samuel Gordon. As a successful norslist, both in general,

themes and on those of specific Jewish interest, Samuel Gordon is pressing angyill as a good-second.

Born in Prussia, 1871, he came to London at the age of thirteen. A scholar of considerable classical attainment, even at that

young age, Gordon soon won recognition in the City of Londcq

School and Cambridge University. Like Zaogwill he knows

EH“ .shereof he writes. His pictures are the result of practical

wm-

—. experience and knowledge and not of academic study. His chief

novels of Jewish life are ”A Handful of Exotics“, 1897, "Daugh- Ann

‘1‘ 'ters of Shem”,l€98, "Lesser Destines',1899, "Sons of the Cove-' cant" 1900, dStrangers at the Gate”,1902, and "Unto Each can o.- 1s Gwn",l§04. ”Sons of the Govemau'rt‘I is a sustained novel, 'contaicing the story of two young boys, who are-said to have /..r been Gordon himself and his brother, who are very much in

earnest about the welfare of their people, and who devise a ’decentralizing scheme for the amelioration of the conditions of the Jews of London's East End. {is other stories of Jew-

ish life are short tales, which are marked by a vivid realism;" Gordoh_travelled extensively on the continent and gained at firSt hand a thorough knowledge of the unhappy conditions

under which the Jews in the Pale of'Settlement are condemned. ito live. These are pictured in ”The Ferry of Fate”, lace, a

fnovel of intense interest, which gained for him the sobriquet , or theﬁJewish ﬂaxim Ecrki: ' ”Unto Bach ran Eis Gun” deals with the insistent inter—sarriage problem, and in it.COrdon tfouod occasion to speak rather boldly. "In Years of Transiw tion‘, 189?, is a novel dealing with life in the Latin quarter f

1.-” ﬂ, ’{ “33A ‘AW‘ -_y-,;J-x.u

< } of Paris. 'Ehe Queens Quanoary', 2903, is a work of romantic

character. Several of his short stories have been dramatized

=aod produced with success. 31s first dramatic venture was

l;somewhat unfortunate. It was a play based on the Captain

'3;Dreyfus episode in France. Its production was prohibited.by I 4_fthe Lord Chamberlla's censor. Gordon is a facinating writer.

:ftlﬁis style is lucid, easy and attractive. He has the faculty, “~o? viewing his problems from a detached viewapoint, and this

v5hss served him well, especially in his stories of Jewish life. . ‘ aw . . W‘. Other novelists of the periodkmay oe meatloned hrs. ll :‘V-slfred eidguiax, Louis Zangwill, Bella Sydney Ecolf, Lily ' resontague and Violet Guttenberg. ﬁrs.Sidgwick also deals // filth stories of Jewish interest, though she writes of a higher

; Social and more prosperous class. She evidences that religi-

ous loyalty is~not necessarily concomitant with poverty only, but that refined, wealthy and successful Jews are no less in- bued with the spirit of devotion to the faith of their fathers. “Scenes of Jewish Life”, *Lesser'e Daughter”, “Isaac Eller’s

y_;ﬁoney' are among her Jewish works. She also wrote ”the Beryl 3 ’Stones W, ’The Thousand Eugenies”, "The Inner Shrine", "The " fﬂerassheppers’, 'AWeman with a Future” and ”Erstinch-Brassey'.

;; Louis zangwill is an author whose fame is handicapped by his

{3 ‘big~&rother’s”greater fame. Be is a brother of Israel Zangwill ,and-he has written some volumes that have won recognition ifrom the discerning. Among them are "A Drama in Dutch”,1896,

Ll,

‘A Nineteenth Century Eiracle”, 1896, “The World and a hen”, 1896, “The Beautiful silo Break} 1897, 'Oleo the Magnificent” 1899, 'One's tenankind?,leos, and "An Engagement of Conven-

ience’,1908. The last named treat a conventional theme in an unconventional way. An artist of genius marries beneath him at'a critial moment to save his career. Later the more

brilliant affinity makes her appearance. Usually the infer-

ior woman is painted in crude colors in order to palliate the

hero's inclination toward the affinity. Er.2angwill reverses the usual procedure to make a finer and more sympathetic pre— sentation of the less brilliant wife. .Lily Montage/in ”anmi’s Exodus”, 1901, tells the story

of a clever young Jeoess, she seeks a more congenial sphere

outside of her own people and finds much trouble and trial. ,She also wrote ”Broken Stalks”,l903, and ”Thoughts on Ju—

_daism”, 1934. Bella Sydney Ecol? as a writer for young ‘

people, of young 222: people, has achieved success, through

a simple and charming style. Among her productions are '”Jerry's Joe”, 1397, ”My ﬁlghtingaae”, 1897, 5311 in a Casé

tle Fair", 1300, ”Dear Sweet Anne",1906, “Harry an Eerodo- I tus”, 1907, and ”Little tiss.?rueﬁ, 1907. Violet euttenberg

'was stirred by the controversy that raged in onnection with ‘1 the passage of the Alien Immigration Act. She wroteﬁﬂeither‘ .Jew nor Greek”,1902, as a sort of earning, though she herself' 'says it is a novel of the impossible. She describes the ex-

“.._;aad-I I???

MA}~I)~J3

. -. pulsion of the Seas from England under the oppression of a hose , -tile Home Secretary, and their return, because England could H .not prosper without them. She has also written ' Hodern Exo-j “due”, 1904, and “The Power of the Psalmist“, 1903.

siscellanea. In addition to the novel, drama,-paetry and poli— ties, the Jews of the past two generations make a wonderful showing. They have engaged in all directions of

literary effort, and in many of then aohieted conspicuous success. As Shakespeare is the first of English writers, so

there are two Jewish names that appear among the leaders as

shakespearean authorities, Hr.Sidney Lee and Prof.lsrael Gollanoz. ir.Sidney Lee, born in London 1559, is a gradua.e of saliiol College, Oxford. Scarcely had he left his also.

mater before he became identified with one of the moat stu; pendous works of English literature,-the“Dictionary of nag_' tional Biography! For the first twenty-one volumes he'wasfw o ‘the associate editor with Leslie Stephen, from 1881 — 90.

For the next five he was joint editor, and for the rest of tﬁe I , . \ volumes,XXVII to LXIII, tOgether with sunplenent and index,

forty-one volumes in all, he was sole editor. The under-

taking was conpleted in 1903, and Hr.Lee's work was reCOg- Ionized bi Victoria College with the honorgry.degree of Doctor ‘

"‘of Letters. During this time he also edited Lord Berber?s tranSlation of 'Euon of Bordeaux' 1885 - 85, and Lord Herbert :' .‘\

._ f3}

LL.“

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swu

_- 6: Cherburg's ”AutobiographyP,1586. It is as a Shakespearean‘

ediﬁor and scholar that Kr.Lee is best known. In this con-_«

section he has pdblished "Life of William Shakespeare”, 1898,-

'a Catalogue of Shakespeariana!,1899, iShapespears’s'Band— ‘ writingf, 1899, 'Shakespeare's Life and scrks',1soo, 'Shakes—

'peare and the modern Stage”. In addition he has written sev—

eral volumes on Stratford on Avon, on its history and the

’alleged vandalisms sugposed to have taken place th re. He has

edited a facsimile of the first folio edition of Shakespeare's work and written many shorter asticles, fur magazines, on'va— rious characters of Shakespeare’s plays. An original study

was given in the;”&entleman's Eagazineﬂ for February 1880,

in which ar.Lee gives the history of Roderigo Lopez and claims a>. him as the original of Shylock in ”The gerchant of Venice".

an essay, of interest to the work in hand, 65 one on'Elizao:

bethan England and the Jews”, published in the 'Preceedings

of the New Shakespeare Society" for 1888. Mr.;ee is a recog-

nized authority on the life and labors of England's greatest

poet, and by his painstaking research and exhaustless schslar—

ship has thrown light on many doubtful passages in the works” and life of Shakespeare; probably more so in tﬁe latter than

in the former, for ﬁr.Lee is a historian rather than a critic. ”is own style is CIEar and pleasiag. There.is nothing at the: ,dullness of of the pedantry of dry-aSodust scholarship in it,

,é/ See Supra Chapter III

is“-.. --$-A..u.'-—4$

;

Diana»

1315 life of Shakespeare reads like a novel. In addition to ;his Shakespeare studies ﬁr.Lee has published i’Grea‘t English- , ‘ , , {men of the sixteenth century”, 1906, and ElizabEthan Sonnets”,1904. Professor Israel Gollaacz,b.1864, ib/Professor of Eng—K '_:lish Literature and Language at Kings College, London universief' jty, and lecturer in English at Cambridge University. He is an'gf

editor of rare discernment and knowledge. He edited, 1891, . ‘ ""he Peary", a middle-English poem, to which a orefatory verse had been added by lennyson. He has also edited "Gynewulf's

M..'.‘aau' Christ“, 1892, "Exeter Book of anglc- Saxon Foetry”, JFQF,

and the ”Tample Shakespeare". Of this last over three million copies have beeﬁ sold. This edition contains a vast amount of _ Shakesperian information in the daiotéest and most charming of

forms. Prof. Gollaacz has published.”?arliament of Three Ages"

1897, add ”Eamlet in Iceland?, 1598. ﬁe is now engaged in edit; ing a series called "The iicg's Classics”.

a notable figure in Anglo—Jewish literary circles is that of Joseph Jacobs. Born at Sydney, New South wales,zas4,

_he came to London as a young man and received his collegiate

trainio' 8 at London Universi and at St.John'a:Colle E e , cam- V bridge. He is a scholar of wi e versatility and great aohiegg '

, aeot., His knowledge is encyclopedic. His/wore 9 has been an [inspiration to many others and the impulse to much literary gand historic research. ﬁis labors as critic, essayist, folklorist, historian, statistician and editor are uniformly

..uo;.lunu.“-..xoo_.—’ aunt-u...»-

of the highest class. It was the articles from his pen in I - the ”Times” of January llth and 13th, 1881, on the Russian

persecutions of 1881 that stirred England, and gave birth to

the noteworthy session House meeting. Mr.Jacobs was made secretary of the Committee that was organized and served 1882 — 1890. Be made a study of the Jewish conditions, and

‘ published a series of papers on the “Journal of the Anthro-

mun ' pelagioal Institute”, which were issued,1890,as a volume on

”Jewish Statistics'. In 1&8? he published, in conjunction _...u--..LL.L-

-_u.“ with-Lucien ﬁclf,”31bllotheca Anglo-Judaicaﬂ. It is a com-

' —r plete bibliography of eagle—Jewish history and has been the

origbn of much eifort in that direction. His attention

being drawn to historical research, he published 1893,"Jews

of.§ogevio England”, and in the same year "Sources of Spanish—Jewish histOry', the fruits of a journey to Soain‘?

for the invostigation of manuscript sources in that country.-

ﬁis love of research was not confined to matters of Jewish '

interest. ﬁe is an authority on English folk-lore, was

editor of «Folk-lore", end honorary secretary of the Inter-.

national Folk—lore Council. Kc has published pumerous

works in this department. Among_them are, notably as edi-

tico,lsés, of Gaxton's “Esope”, with a voluminous.histcry

of the eesoo fools, and of "The History of Reynard,the Fox”, else “Celtic 331:? ii‘ales',1891, “English; Fairy Tales",18§£‘~, “33in: Talesﬁﬁtish- Empire”,l895, "Indian Fairy TaIESJE'E‘B,

4__Jt

' 396 subssqpant volumes on the a; me subject. As literary essay~ 15% and critic he has issued a Volume, "Literacy Studiesi;1sgs, ‘being necrologies on Georgp Eliot, ﬂeuaan, Eathew‘érnolé,

Stevenson, and others. Another volume of essays a; geared in

1298 under the title 'Jafiish Ideals, and othEr Essays”. $his volume has several essays of Jewish literary intarasi,’cne being on Browning's theology and another a Study of the Stor~ 135 about little St.fiugh or Lincbln. fie has also published, 1892, a volume on "Tennyson§xw fienoriam". . as editbr Dr.Jacobs‘ work has been no less seccessful and brilliant. VBe-has‘issuefi editions 6f English classics, MOVE-11.5 Vamong themfifFamfliar Letters“, Painter’s ”Palace of fleasure‘, and has written introductions to Jane Austen’s ”Sums", liack—- eray's "Ssmond?, and other masterpie es. Ha was connecteé

with bath the le&ding English Jewish journals, ”The JewlSh Chronicle“ and “The Jewish Hbrléﬁ.‘ :5 1999 he came to mew Kerk to become revising editor of tha":ewish I..cy31 epeéi Na in which capacity he servéd until the écapletion of the wcrk'

1904. He is at present edits? of *The American Hebrew ané

Jew sh Hessenger', of Raw Yark. i—‘1’.Ja.<:<:bs ha 3 v.1ttec ens iaaginative wnrk,"&s-6thers saa'fiim', bu ‘ a; v.) a life of Jesus ”5&5 seen through conteaporany Jewigh eyes. Israelvarahams is another figure that léoas large: ~19 the literary life of anglocJewry. Born in Londobfisga,~ . he was educated-at fine 39‘; Collage ané the Eniéersity bf

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London. his main work is editorial and critical. His most .woky numerous contributions are to periodicals literature, to

magazines, reviews, and encyclopedias.‘ He is however the au—

thor of a number of volumes. Chief among them are,'Aspects of Judaism”,1895, jointly with Glaude Montefiore, ”Jewish

Life in the Kiddie Ages”,1896, "Chapters on Jewish Litera-

ture”,1898, another "Short Eistory of Jewish Literature“ ,1906,

"Festival Studies“,l§06, ano ”Judaisa",1907. In all these he

combines a profound scholarship uith charming style. He has a

keen literary sense and his critical reviews are illumi sting. r"The 4““);— he has been, since 1899,301nt suitor ofAJewish Quaiuégggiﬁ Review” and hes,moterially aided to bring this representative 46 sh periodical to its high standard. I A scholarly writer and interpreter of Jewish thought

is Claude Eontefiore,b.lﬁ$8, a graduate of Bolliol College,

Oxford. Intended for the ministry,'his education was supple— ‘oented by theopogicsl training. But his ideas advancing ‘

beyonﬂrthe formal views of the synagOgue he devoted himself

[.10 nstesd to shholarly endlli torary pursuits. He was joint

editor of "Aspects of Judsism",mentioned above, a homilﬁtical

wr- work of value. E8 was the Ei bbert Lecturer for 1898, and his

lo tures were published u? der the title "The Grigin of Bell- gion as Illustrated by the Ancient hebrews". Is is a distinct coo .rioution to the literature and science of theolOgy. ﬁe has' V'puoln nod other works of similar natures and is a prominent

..,. ._.

worker in the communal affairs of London Jew.

Lucien Rolf,b.1857, is as author, eaitor, historian and journalist of high standing. He began as a journalist with.

the 'Jemsh world“ at an early age, in 3874. He soon, 1877, ‘ became assistant editor of the ”Public Lease r" and,1599,

editorial writer for the ”Daily Graphic“. Be is one of +.e

best informed of English writers on foreign politics, his ‘erticlos, under the name of ”Biplosetious‘, being for yes ,3 a feature of the ”fortnightly Revien‘. He has edited a number of Beaconsfield’s novels with exolsoatory introductions of

echo olrirly cheraot’sr. oi is historical researches have been in the in Tests of Anglo-Jewish history. The compilation -(with Joseph Jacobs) of the Bibliothooo Anglo-Judaica, is

an e: mob-Lasting mark. It nae stimulated historical and

litererya activity to a. great degree. tie hos node a. study of the resettloseot of the Jews uader‘ Groowell, and has written . a number of volumes and, papers in this connection. ”The Po.-

settlement of the Jews in £nglend”,l$$§, “me ﬁddle Ages "of

Anglo-Jewish' is ory“,1$€~7, ”Croewell's Intelligenoers', 1992, 'me Queen' 3 Jewry” {in gonna Israel) and 'senasseh her: Israel's Séissior,13Q1. tiﬁario: . .813 ml an,b.leee, is on art critic and author

of prostioenoe. EEG has been the art critic and editor of sev- ' oral papers, and sectional editor for art or The Encyclooodis Brittenoice. lie has published a nuu‘oer of volumes dealing with ;

)~,-J.4‘

”Ht-ML u

NA" arts and artists, aacng the? 'Eizlais and 318 works*, 1398;: 'John Ruskin!- *19G3,""3;i€£sh Sculptors and Sculpture of the

Ema",lsal, ”Charles Keene, Etcher‘, 193 3, etc.. Eis beet Rae" o

we k is the ”2*;istcny of Pm ehP. E3 was 3961050 friend of l Rustin, in the closing years of the-latter's life.

Following clese upon t a heels of tr ese representatives of

an oléer group them is a coterie of yo-n~er sutnars who are

adging fame both to England and English Jen . Halter L.Ema.-

us}, b.1559, is a clever humorist, siege roducticns have :2

2 a

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13‘ H.)

(T 56

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"3 (9 £2: {I} '- y. ’1 .. ;as been identified

(‘3‘

m C .;th England’s national funny payer,”?unch’, and some of his

wcrxs ﬁppeared 1. iis pages bsfore tneym sissuea in sepa-

rate vblumes., be has published ““he. and Some ratheré”, 1901,

”A 20g ﬁa;',1;324 *?eople*,§ J3, ”Mr.?unch's Diary of Leading

ané ﬁislaéding Evaats”, 1905,‘Eogs of Bar”, 1308, tagether

with other volumes. Er.3ménuels huﬁor has a vein cf earnest-- atxength beneath the light laughter of the surface, and he

1? str eta as well as entertains. Laurie fagnus,b.15?2, is

m sta blishin “ a name for hifiself as an .hor and “ “b1 Shfiflu

uréduate cf :agdalen u 119g2.uxfcrd, he be=»”e garlin cor—

re mndentf or the Landon "Earning post‘. Returning to Eng-

ia:;_ '3“ he hfis been not five as 9i tor ané *ublisner. fie as publ‘ ishéd a “Frimer of abraswcrth~,:gsv, ~?rayers frcm the Poets',1899, “Flowers of the Cs.ve",19’?<} {these litter two with 6.3 udlam) *Intruduction of ?getry',1902. *Bow tc Treat

..\¢.ua-u”q~;A—..;l

- Engiieh Literature*,1§06. He has eﬁited *Rattonal Education

A Essays”. along zines of specificheuish intereét he has

—- written tun worke,'Aspéct3 of the Jewish Questiou',1902,

snd*fieligio Léaci Judaicafi,zsfié. These two are well written

valuaes, dealing with religious questions in a sane and com- prenensive manner, svincing wide reading and careful thought.

.. pgwie ‘ S.Benj&m1n, b.1874, writing unéar the nan-game Lewis _HeIlvilla, has taken high rank among critical historians and editors. Efi has published three volumes on Thackeray, ”Ihaéfieray’country',1965, ”Thackeray“ {with G.K.chesterton) 1233 and urns Life of fi.fi.?hackfiray',2899. In addition he is the author of “Iégtég florid of’Mimes",19021, "victorian wovelo

fists“, ”The 1a3t Geatzeaén of Eunapa*,1396, and “Paraer George” 190?. Thé ‘aat namsfi is in tun Volufiee,.a life of George I: and is a delightful aurk, portraying in a scholarly yet faSc ’ cihating manner a comprehensive analysis of thia monaroh's lifs and reign. S.L.3ensusaa,b.1872, is a versatile writer of Clever tal$s of aaimals and of travel, and the author also a — or‘several‘volumes on arm.and artists. klbert M.§ys&son,b.1§71,

is making a place for himself as a‘historian ana laxicographer. ”five young'novelists, who are winning their way,fiay he mentioned here, Aibert Ainrors and Alpgpasa Conrlander. ‘Amcng the historians are Sir Francis Cohen Palgrave; 3:7V8-1861, whose ”Rise and Progress of the English Comman- ‘jfiéslthg 2532, and 'fiistory of Eorfianay and England?{four

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54.

, volum6331553-63, ara.standard works; James Piceiotto,28$6«a$§7,

|lv J and produced a very useful, if not complete, mark in #Skatcfiéa. of the Anglo—Jeaish fiistczy',1877, Revzfi.Margolionth;iho 3:5fis a very able work on ”fihe Jews in fireat 3r1tain‘,1848; Chariesl 5;.Salaman, ISM-30; a hold coatmversialist and successful ' composer. Bis strong articles in reply to convérsiqaistic literature addressed to the Jews attracted much attention.

ﬁe wrote "Jews as They are”, Eggs 3 iiatony of Jewish Emancioj

' pation in England, it is an able prcduc’aion. sn- messing _u—Lc. chatta,1828~3384, was a beloved ﬁaqcenas to more than oﬁe gather during the century, and his ggneroua aid stimulated

the production ngﬂ;pu336r of werks. ﬁe himself was the

‘author cf “The Jews or Spain and Portugﬁl and the Enqpisiiien'

.877, a work of considerable merit, th8$.has been translaﬁe $2: into several languages. Samuel 33:52:93 aontaga,1848-1as4, mte graceful verse

ané waé an aéapter of glags. He wrcte a comedy “A Quiet Pipei and an interesting book of travels, unéer the title ”Jewish ~ Life in the 29.59. 51km H.Mler,b.1861, has 5130 mama,

among other warke, an extremely interesting‘book of travel called “Jews 1:: P‘s... Lana”,19{3$. ﬁnadler ms'ia saarch or

”Hebrew £53. and the account f .is exyeriences sacng the

4...»..“u. variouskccmmunities to which he want is not only instruct-

'ive, but the ease and fluency of the style make it very gleas— ant reading.

Aé—~‘-—’

‘54

)a’AwJAwML-I.A.J~_ < A Philip abgahan,zso*-JB9O was a literary collector '7(mneh after the fashion of Isaac B'Israeli. fie FuhliSheé ' 'énxuaa Gazhsring§,onse and Faetry’,1836, aha vaurioaitzes,of Judaisafl,zs79, The latter is a collection of facts, opinions; anecodotes and quotaticns about Jews aad Judaism that aré vets intsrc st ing reading, and are a aine of useful informationg"r he also wrote ”énflobiegrafihy of a Jewish Gentleman‘, was. Charles- “ “calm Salaman,b.188?, is-ancther writer with a versatile pen. he has written some excellent varse,(a voz'ue :35 published 1588,":van’s Loveqpest and ether Poems”) a number or

eomsaies, a volume on the ”Old Engravers of England in their helgticn ts Gong; rarv Life and Art*,haa edited A.5..inerc's 91835, and nrittsn a elevar work entitleﬁ‘¢$bman,?hraugh a

Fan's Eye-Class”,1658. Gswald Jana simon,b.2898, is a writei ca sericug topics, was can turn his pen ta fiction. 813 navel, "¢‘§ ﬁcrlé and the 81035 Mtar" ”890, has been well received.

A.peculiar1y interasting figure in Anggoeiewiah literature :3 that of Carl qubert. £13 original sﬁrﬁaae was

ﬁrote, aaé ha is a colatteral descendant-of the famcus his-

torian of L aace. Joubert was his mother's maiden name. I

he was born of pure ﬁryan parentage on both-sides, without a

are? of Jewish blood in his veins. Ea came to Eussia in a

business capacit", 386 Gaming in contact uith‘tha JewiSh ‘papulaticn, his sympatniea were deep4y aroused. F .31 ved for a whilé with a Jewish family, became interested_in Jewish

“E”- .. .n... _.a-up_;u learning and stnéxcd the Eébraw language ané Jewish doctriae 'for seven years. He was rseeivea iuta the Jewish community_

at ﬁarsam; and upon asking,his residence in anlan‘ he became

a professing meabsr of the synagogue. For political réascns his conversion to Judaism was not made public. Jc ﬁber t made a close stﬁay of Russian conditions and wrote four volumes on the topic,‘ 21:9 Truth about the Tsar”; “'52::— Fall of the: Tsaz'don“

”The ﬁhite Hand? anﬁ “Espeots of the Jewish Question". 1»:

thecry is that Russia's internal troubles will be overccme by

.ths adoption and acceptance of a consnitu innal a overnze at . making all men equal under the law. Another igterusting fi ~ure is that of arminius mberﬁVm

q (2‘ i9 ('7’

he wa born in Hungary, ‘232. Se was tha first Surf :‘5 1'.) make a geurnsy on foot through E: Vi- and ncrthera isia. .356 did" is disgﬁised as a sunnits dervish. Ehe trip tack

nearly four years. He has published ary schol arzy Jerks in foreign languages but as are concerneﬁ hare only leh thoae

connaetad with England, fie was a‘pronouncsd defender of ' :ngl nd's policy'in the East, anfl as bitterly opvo$ed to Russian invasion in that direction. In line #i’h this “9 wrote many articles, and a volume,":he.$emiag Eiruggle for _ Infiia?,1§8§. He wrote of his early st ‘ggles aadftrzvels in

two intensely interesting werks,”érminius Vaaperg, Bis Life and éﬁventuresu,18e35, am‘suuggzes or #3 uranmg. 3.. volume of his ”Zemcirs' aypeared in 1§O?; it 13:3 ucnderful

‘ ‘io

, story, this tale of a child born to absolute beggory, risihg

by shear force of his abilities and :til 1, to become a renowned traveller, explorer,'diolooat aad instructor, the friend and honored guest of iiags ozé Emperors.

“Specialists. ﬁention no 1 be maﬁa of josta few names of writers who have published works along snac-

1a1 or technical lines, not for the reason that theoe profiuct- ions are a contribution to belles lettfls but to infiicate the

wide field over whioh Jewish intellectual and literary activity has rangooéa ﬁévid Eicardo, 1??? -18?;, oas a voluminous

and authoritative writer on economic ané financial subjects.

ﬁe has been rogordod as the founder of the science of 3011- ical economy. Ricardo married a non-Joaess, ano"soporatoo .> from the synagogue when a. youniﬁ man; Joseph i-anam Levy, 1).). 1‘38, was likeoise a profific EX£XE3 and authoritative writer on

ooonomic and social topics. Prof.Joseph James Sylvester,

lflé-L W8 5&5'a mathematician of foremost rank, who has

published aany papers on scientific subjects. ﬁe srote also“

a theory or vorsificaticn, yublished under naoe "hows of

Verse',18§0. Sylvester spent some time in America; and was Pljcfessor of Eathomatics tthe University of "irglnia, 7.8 41; and later at Johns Book as ﬁnivorsity, Baltimore. Joseph Eeuberg, soc-1367 was a. littemteur; and secretary to ‘Ihomas . Carlyle. 8o accompanied carlyle in the trip over-the battle-

.-_‘;

‘nAJAAAJ—

Ann.

sAuL .3“...

“a fields of éredem ck tfie are; . 3E trao slatefi "an Heroes and Lore-iorship‘ into; eraan, aad gas as gagad in the tr.nsl"tion of the history-of Frederick3the arsaz, bot died while gt work on tho fifth Volume. Joseph Zedner, born in Cormany3182é, died 1$?1, was librarian of the fiébrew-separtment of the

British fiaseum. Be outlisfied a cafialogua of He books in thos

deportceoog 3867. ﬁeory Russel, 1912—1980, was a singer and'

comgoser. he is tho Mu her of o var eight hundred songs, seveofm

“undre‘ and sixty of whio? ware nabxishod and sung.by tn: oubﬂ vy Groom, *Cbear,30ys,0heer’, "; Li;e on the 59633 wave”, "3': Afloat”, ”Sooo_che to Roam”,

ané “30 the :est,tolfiha ,- fiest,to toe Land of'the _ Free”. l/ >ar~us 5.xalisch,lif? “°°fi “54 a Biblical scholar and commen— , who ass ins author-of a number of

L.gamsnnor b. Russia,1359, is the ori-

ginator uoé LeanderI‘. of the universal langpage, Esperanto. He has quite a 011 U.;ng in Eu 3:1nd. Shakespeare's ”hamlet” and 5‘1: “Ike iomiest” have been translated into Esperanto,

yr.2m.V3n ?r agh, b‘1€»$$, is tho author of a number of mama: works. Fe is: {sue pioneer’in the theory

or lin-reading for dea%fmutos, and has.writton dang payers and

some volumes in the *“A”ulba ion of fhis art.r Aéa 5.331113, d,13§6, was also a pro}. ific writs r on medii col tooics In tho profession of law Jess more become nuﬁerour, and th-.literany ‘phaso of the profession has likewise.oaoy-ropresontatives,

~42rr‘1v.=l:=:"

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;-_u ‘ xs‘

1M;..J£.ALLA'.I~.M

rgamong them.3udah 2,5633aﬁ15’535bok ”Sn. sales” is menticnsa.:im§lygl 1"]bscause of 135 interest that aﬁtachas ta the name of the author; L;, '

3. : ”$30”g the preser t mri era the name oé’ﬁ.3.§kﬂenriqnes is given ‘V783“a schelarly and kale writer an legal topics, both from a prrofbssioral and hiStcrical viewpcint. Erederick Seorgs Aflala,

i-:tv anvil! , is a prclific writer as agatersjcf 5362:, and haS'w gt—l”

gtsn same two dozen books of this na+ure. Lionel 3.33:9211, '\ b.1371, is an eninsnt orientali$t and Greek scholar. 5a is ia'

”spirgeu “f the oriental depxrtmeat 0f the British $useum and? written a "ﬁistcry of Gréék DraaaP,1960, and several volumes. ' 7“¥

on classic and oriental life. Other orientalists cf ncte wara‘

, \. ‘ Lmanuel Deutsch,1<2§~ 973, whose memcirs,pub115hed 1274, underx ,"/.'/ title ”Literary Remains” reveal a beautiful sgulgﬁames Barméetetsr liéE—Sé, was a Frenchman,uho haév de a stuﬂy of the Engl1sh

craracter add iantuage, he resided ﬂier a while in England,

$§ sane 0f his ligrter, less technical w r53 ara in English.

’35 publishéfi an eéizicn of Syron‘s ”Childe fiaroléfi’zgja, of. nxgcbath*,1F$4, a back on Shakespeare 1333, wrete, in French ; \R

”£33135 ca Eaglish Litarature’,12€5, and a c harming volume ”Lnglish Studies",vubli $139"5 ﬁGs’humGu81¥,1896,.LKe also 2323 an English transz Mt: n at the ayesta. In the re: 3g ices world

htv.¥orris ‘cseph,b.1£ée, is a leadiag literary figure. "9. has yublisded ssvaral hamila¢tc31 volumes, 3 work on ”The ‘ ' :'§ ?rayer 5002’, 19095 and a ccmnrehensive exposition of Jeéish acctrina in a work entitzecz ”Juaazsn as Greed and Li?6”,19€33.

0)..“ 4% “JJW

L 33v. d:.Joseph seabines in 1 rare degreet .e unalities or ache-

larshiy and style. his mat ter and his agar-er are be h masterly. The Chief Rabbi ,Br.ﬁerman adler; b.15?9, is the author oﬂa 'number 0? Publications, in which also scholarship and charm"'¥ of style are united. ‘Dr.Ecsae Caster, b.2856, of the ?drtugese“ L Synagogue; and lecturer on Slavonic literature.ax the Universiv ty of Oxford, is another minister, ate find: literary recrea- tion in.other than theological fields. he has 3211701131:er~ Km,

. “fl mace—Slavonic Literature*,1£865 ”Ja~43h Folklore in 116 azddie Agss", .557, "2‘6 Sword of X0865” (a wcrx on $121 )193;, ”Chrcniclés or Jerahmeel’,1599, and a "fiistazy of Ancient synagogues of Spanish aha Portugese Jews", 1301, besides béifig a-

frequent contrinutor to the Journals of various learned

societies.

an indexc intellectual activity and acumen 1: Loans._a c

in the‘raﬁe of chess. This game has inng been a fa Grits

”5 59 as, and they have been its leadin5 expcnents

gnd champions, esyecially during the past three-quarters of

a century. ihey have likewise contributeé to the liter; turé' of tha subject in 32916 measure. Bernard Horwiaz,1809-1858;

publi-heé ”Chess Stuéies”, 1321, “rue Gress‘:tajer,{fhur vol—‘

umes} LEFI-FS, and “ hess Studies and E.d 1:3mes $y$iematically

arranged", 1884. 5.5.Lowsntha1 editad "Transactions gf‘the British Chess asSccia¢ion§,1§67-59, and *Ehe Chess Pzagers' ﬁagazine’,ISEE-67. Emanuel Lgsker, b.1556, was sditor‘pf

'ihe Chess Fortnightly“ and publisheé ”Common Sense in Chess“, 13%; iie is else the amber of several standard works cn ma.— themmcs. .L.;»iorfer ed1t&£.th6 ”Chess. fionthly” from 1579 to 1 935. In.“