1 agar—- ‘. THE JEW IN EKGLIEE LITERATURE AS AUEOR .535 as SUBJECT; A Dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Submitted to the University of Virginia, by Edward E. Calisch, 3.L., LA, Richmond Virgi n1 3., 1908. “Rosanna; #:3de v. CHAPTER III The Pro-Elizabethan Period. h-u1-.:a~4w§\‘vh-nll~hx~t11.\t¥ The first mentioneas of the Jews in Englidh literature struck E the keynote or the tneatment that had been accorded them by so i great a majorityiot English writers that it may almost be called unanimous. This treatment very naturall! reflected the attitude or the xngliuh geople toward their Jewish neighbors. This atti- ude was onsfihst was neither pleasant fer the Jews nor credizsble to England. It use one or cruel injustice,antegonism and dispara- h gement. Fer indeed were the author! who had any kind words for the unhappy 'chosen people”. History. The firtj mention,referred to,is an allusion to 25.2 " them round in Bede'slncclesiastical Historx(iritten in ?31. The reference has neither literary or historical merit. Is is given simply because it is the first,and because it has.the significance,that is-a type. It’has to do with a controversy ’ that hsszraged between British and Banish monks upon the highly importsni question or the manner or cutting the monkish tonsnre and or the heaping of Easter. The Romana,desirous or covering their British brothers with inramy accused them or the crimgzihat once in seven years they concurred with the Jews in the celebration at the Easter festival. zg>rhe '8eriousness' or this charge led doubtless-to the edict,§uh~ a lished nine years later by Bcgbright,Archbishop or York,that 'no Christian should presume to Judaize,or be present at Jewish resets! Paragraph 1‘6 of 'canonical Excerptiones',pub.74o --See apgendix A to Lecture-11,'1he Jews in Great Britaine',by Rev.fl.hsrgoliouth, London 18‘6. Preface. There is no one, portage, who realizes the possible limita- ‘ tions of this work more than the writer. I freely confess that,' when ; undertook it, I had no adeqnste conception of the vastness of its scope, or of the fertility of the ground I sougnt to cover.- shy 1 did undertake it, or indeed shy at all an A.ericss Eebbi, f folly occupied with his orofessionsl duties, and in 3 c1 y ( of lim- A ited librszy gaciliti es, should have aetempted to co ver this phase -' . ' ~Eof English Literature, with the Atlantic Ocean between him and the . ,I.: source of his maserie1,is s nestion apart. one attempt has been '.. ,z- eds, [3 and if it ';l but son ewhst‘opsn the eyes of others to the ., . -. :3 o small part the Jews have taken, both subjectively and objective— r; 13; in English literature, the attempt is nos in vein. The work is a pioneer of its kind. There have been some ,.,.x;;.‘.‘_..-l...':“5;. .2“ ha‘ essays lo this direction, one of ‘he asst be: ng an article on ”The Jew in Foetzy and DramaP, by Charles a.fiabon, iouyol.XI of.the Jewish Quarterly Revise; But there is no work of any length that ,1xsmuurguruuse has some to my knowledge, and none at all shat deals with Jewish Arse; n; a“): — authors. Dr.David.Philipson's work ”1.3 Jew in EngliSh Fm v.0n", 1.: covers but one phase of the subject, and Only 3 limited sortion of that phase. The one volunes,*Jews of Angevin England?, by Dr.;os- eph Jacobs, and ”Bibliotheca angle-Judaica”, by Lucien 2701? and Joseph Jacobs, are historical only in purpose and scope. let they rich in material for literary research, and I wish to acknowledge {Llafnnecn'msamh-‘L m—ii my great indebtedness to thom. Especially to Dr.Jaoobs are my obligations profound. Bis work was my constant guide in the pro-Elizabethan era, and without it I would have missed much that belongs to that period. Sis greai knowiedge of the sub- ‘ ‘ ject and his courtesy in responding to demanas noon his tioa ;_.....;.....;< ,7}. are also gratefully appreciated. 5? thanks are also due Pr. A a: an»?! .hyamson, for material assistaoce rendereé both in the gath- oring and determination of Jewish authors and their works. -7. u gm .3ul.“. ~4- .— ,.., wan.) ' .—., ‘k;_:;.{.,,i,. ,l , , .ELLA. .1. “Awmioeion- Table of Contents. e....,.dflmW »sibliograpny. 3»£bbreviat§ons. Chapter 1 Introductory. 'Ghapter II The Jeu§;n England (Historical). Chapter Ill Ere—Elizabethan Period. Chapter Elizabethan Era. Seventeenth Century. Chapter Eighteenth Century. chapter a ineteenth Century. ~v ” Chapter VIII ‘! ineteenth Century, c!- eraxy Activity.-‘ List of flan-Jewish gathers and Ebrks. biSfi of Jewish authors aad auras. 'Abbreviations. 5.3.J. .....Bibliotheca Anglo-51163108., Wolf and Jacobs, 12.922.358.92 J.A.k. .....Jeas of Angevin England, Joseph Jacobs, JG“ .4 . 1? 93 3.6. .....JeWish Chronicle. J.Snc. .....Jewish Encyclopedia, E.Y. 1904 J.Q.R. .....Jewish Quarterly Review. ' Pica. .....Sketches of Anglo-Jewish Eistory, James Picciato,Lon.187s Biblioxheca Anglo-Judaiea, w ed Joseph Jacobs. .Book of Essays, A» Dr.S.A.Eirs} 0 tr" [‘1 w- icnary of Rational Biography. ‘W‘r Keieerine Lee 5;;EEE) History of the Jews, Dr.E.Graetz.-#~—g—_—— ‘istory of Lngli-h Literature, E.A.Taine. Eistor: of Eineteenth Century, Literature, A, George Seintsbury. Israel in Europe, G.F.Abbott. Jews as Shay Are, Charles K.Selaman. Jew in English Fiction, The, Dr.E.Philipson. Jews oi Aagevin England, The, Dr.Joseph Jacobs. Jewish Chronicle, The, passim. Jewish Encyclopedia, The Jewish Ideals and Other Essays, Dr. '14 ose_h Jacobs. Jewish Life in the fiidfile Ages, Israei fibrshams. Jewish Literature and Other Essays, Gustave Karpeles. Jewish Quarterly Review, pessim. Jfidischen Franem in der Geschficbte, Literatur und Kunst, 7 Life of fiilliam Shakespeare,f Sidney Lee.‘ Library of the World's Best ”1 erature, Ed. has Dudlea.3 erner. Criginal Jirture and Gthe r Studies, Rev.S.Levy. Sketches of Anglo-Jewzsh His tony, James P cciotto. Shylock 1n ' der Sage,i mDr ma und in der Geschlchte, . Profi.Dr.h.Graet; , af’“ Universal Anthology,The, Ed. Richard Garnett. who's Who In England, for 1906 and 1907. a“... ~AaA.,u-..,, GE TEE 1 n-.. A . Introductory. Obviously the first care in an effort such as this is to define its 11mm In all manner of art it is difficult to draw hard and fast lines of demarcation. In literature, as in music and the plastic arts, the various schools, periods and tendencies merge gradually into each other. The exact point of . the departure of the one or the advent of the other is not defi— nitely determinable. host divisions are arbitrary, yet there is sound reason for them. Thus in this consideration of the Jew in English literature as subject and as author, the writer has de— termined on a number of limitations, which, though they may ap- pear to be arbitrarily placed, yet he trustsare not without sound reason. The scope of the subject and the method of treat- , sent have been determined with the view to bring out the purpose l of the work, viz: to Show, on the one hand, what has been the attitude of the British nation, as expressed by its writers, , toward the Jews at various periOds of their common history, that influence the Jews have thus unconsciously had upon its litera- ture; and on the other hand, what influence they hate consciously 3 exeruised by their own contributions to this literature. An ele- i rent of national life that can add to the Canterbury Tales, that i can give a Shylock and a Sheva to the stage, 3 Rebecca, 3 Fagin g and a Deronda to fiction, and innumerable impulses to poetic flight, is no slight one. A community that ia.scarce generation can produce an Aguilar, a Beaconsfield, Zangwill, a Lee, a Gollancz, a Jacdbs, and an Abrahams, not to mention a. host of lesser lights, is to be rechnned with. Ordinarily a literature is coextensive with the language in which it is written. Speaking broadly,German literature compri— ses that which is written in the German language, as French litera— ture that which is written in the French language. In the present instance however English literature is not to be considered coex- tensive with the English language. The first limitation is that :.in the phrase I'English literature”, the qualifying adjective re— fers to a national and not a lingual differentiation. The lit- erature of America, though it is English in tongue, is not consid— ered. Secondly,the qualification while national is not political. The literary productions of the vast and numerous provinces and dependencies of the British Empire are not included. The mater» ial is confined to that which has been put forth by the English people themselves, whether it be non-Jewish writers, whose treat— ment of Jews or Jewish themes is considered,or Jewish writers, whose contributions to the store—house of literary treasures are reviewed. ’Even thus restricted there is no lack_of quantity, for the people.who have created an empire on whose flag the sun never sets, hare produced a literature whose wealth in north and size is second to bone. The next elimination is that of the Bible. An examination ' .pau- 3 N‘C’e'uhaflh / 4 sung“ ‘0.» m as given through the ..¢.- of Jewish influence on English literature A-“ § Bible would mean an exhaustive stuay of the whole range of lit- ‘erary effort in England. 'There is no writer who does not give evidence of his debt to the Bible, even though he may hare but the most modest acquaintance with its contents.