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V. Makarov A. Guseynov A. Grigoryev ss3-2012:Ss4-2009.qxd 06.08.2012 21:52 Страница 252 E D I T O R I A L C O U N C I L V. MAKAROV A. GUSEYNOV Chairman Editor-in-Chief Academician of RAS Academician of RAS A. GRIGORYEV Deputy Editor-in-Chief M E M B E R S O F T H E C O U N C I L L. ABALKIN, Academician V. STEPIN, Academician A. DEREVYANKO, Academician V. TISHKOV, Academician T. ZASLAVSKAYA, Academician Zh. TOSHCHENKO, Corr. Mem., RAS V. LEKTORSKY, Academician A. DMITRIYEV, Corr. Mem., RAS A. NEKIPELOV, Academician I. BORISOVA, Executive Secretary G. OSIPOV, Academician Managing Editor: Oleg Levin; Production Manager: Len Hoffman SOCIAL SCIENCES (ISSN 0134-5486) is a quarterly publication of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS). The articles selected by the Editorial Council are chosen from books and journals originally prepared in the Russian language by authors from 30 institutes of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Statements of fact and opinion appearing in the journal are made on the responsibility of the authors alone and do not imply the endorsement of the Editorial Council. Reprint permission: Editorial Council. Address: 26, Maronovsky pereulok, Moscow, 119991 GSP-1, Russia. SOCIAL SCIENCES (ISSN 0134-5486) is published quarterly by East View Information Services: 10601 Wayzata Blvd., Minneapolis, MN 55305, USA. Vol. 43, No.3, 2012. Postmaster: Send address changes to East View Information Services: 10601 Wayzata Blvd., Minneapolis, MN 55305, USA. Orders are accepted by East View Information Services. Phone: (952) 252-1201; Toll-free: (800) 477-1005; Fax: (952) 252-1201; E-mail: [email protected] as well as by all major subscription agencies. Subscriptions: Individuals, $61.00 per year; institutions, $435.00 per year. Back issues: Please send your inquiries to East View Information Services. Electronic subscriptions: indi- viduals, $61.00/year; institutions, $435.00/year. SOCIAL SCIENCES is indexed by PAIS International Information Service, American Bibliography of Slav- ic and East European Studies (ABSEES), International Bibliography of Periodical Literature, International Bibliography of the Social Sciences, Sociological Abstracts, Social Planning Policy & Development Abstracts, Linguistic & Language Behaviour Abstracts, and UnCover. It is abstracted by the Journal of Eco- nomic Literature. It is listed in the Ulrich's International Periodical Directory. Copyright © The Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), RAS Presidium, 2012. FOUNDED IN 1970 ss3-2012:Ss4-2009.qxd 06.08.2012 21:52 Страница 253 RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES S OCIAL S CIENCES VOLUME 43 NUMBER 3, 2012 C O N T E N T S In This Issue 1 ECONOMICS From Great Mathematician to Outstanding Economist (The Centenary of Leonid Kantorovich’s Birth) V. Makarov 3 Russian Protectionism: Problems of the Institutional Heritage L. Tsedilin 12 HISTORY Emperor Alexander III and Musical Art in Russia Yu. Kudrina 30 PHILOLOGY Outlines of National Self-Consciousness. From Sobesednik to Sovremennik S. Klimova 45 PHILOSOPHY Morality As the Limit of Rationality A. Guseynov 56 POLITICAL SCIENCE Russia in Search of Modernity (Cycles of Russian Power) V. Pastukhov 70 PSYCHOLOGY Expert Assessment of the Dynamic of the Psychological State of Russian Society: 1981-2011 A. Yurevich, D. Ushakov 85 ss3-2012:Ss4-2009.qxd 06.08.2012 21:52 Страница 254 SOCIOLOGY Modernity and Tradition in the Values of Post-Soviet Youth M. Yadova 101 BOOK REVIEWS I. Economics S. Vazhenin, V. Bersenev, I. Vazhenina, A. Tatarkin. Territorial Competition in the Economic Space L. Makarov, D. Sorokin 116 L. Yevstigneyeva, R. Yevstigneyev. New Facets of Mentality: A Synergetic Approach A. Shekhovtseva 119 II. History V. Yungblyud, A. Chuchkalov. The US Policies in Iran during World War II N. Yegorova 123 III. Philology A. Varlamov. Andrey Platonov A. Ryasov 127 IV. Political Science V. Fyodorov. Russia’s Choice. Introduction to the Theory of Electoral Behavior of Russians L. Polyakov 136 V. Psychology L. Sokolova. A. Ukhtomsky and an Integral Science of Man A. Nozdrachev 142 VI. Sociology M. Gorshkov, F. Sheregi (Ed.). Modernization of Education in Russia: Problems and Prospects N. Zagladin, Kh. Zagladina 147 ACADEMIC LIFE Academic Journals 152 ss3-2012:Ss4-2009.qxd 06.08.2012 21:52 Страница 1 In This Issue 1 In This Issue: V. Makarov: “Leonid Kantorovich’s profound interest in the meaning and content of the optimality criterion stemmed from the wish to understand the philosophical meaning of a person’s life goals. Apparently, he was not content with the primitive interpretation of targets that underlie the classical market economy model: maximization of profits for companies or individual utility for consumers. A planned economy which Kantorovich believed could be improved in various ways in principle made it possible to take into account the diversity of human life more fully.” L. Tsedilin: “This article examines the protectionist policy of Russia before the 1917 Revolution and during the time of the Soviet Union. A look back on the history of the problem is warranted by the fact that protectionism in current Russian economic policy has inherited many features of the approaches and prej- udices of the Soviet period. Institutional memory is not notable for selectivity: present-day institutions are taking shape under the impact of the institutional environment of the recent rather than the more distant past.” Yu. Kudrina: “The reign of Alexander III was marked by major successes in the strengthening of Russia’s might and by outstanding achievements in the development of Russian culture and science for which he claims much of the credit. He was directly involved in the creation in Russia of the Russian Opera, the Russian Museum in St. Petersburg, he headed a vibrant Russian Imperial His- torical Society and presided over the opening of the Imperial Historical Museum and the foundation of the Imperial Orthodox Palestinian Society.” S. Klimova: “...the problem of national self-consciousness as a concrete idea was anchored above all in the framework of ideological (authority) and intellectual (artistic-critical) worldview and can be demonstrated by concrete examples of creative communication between the intelligentsia and the authori- ties.” A. Guseynov: “An action expresses, embodies and imprints on Being the very individual. An action is not rational to the extent that Being precedes cog- nition and to the extent that Being in its unique manifestation cannot be an object of knowledge... Moral knowledge and skills, like any other knowledge and skills, are attached to the act post factum, after it has been performed... The mission of moral rationality consists in fitting an act into the moral ideas both of the acting individual and the surrounding people, society.” V. Pastukhov: “None of Russia’s state forms are fully analogous to Western or Oriental political practice.” ss3-2012:Ss4-2009.qxd 06.08.2012 21:52 Страница 2 2 SOCIAL SCIENCES A. Yurevich, D. Ushakov: “...when society gets more freedom it releases in society and in man not only the best but also the worst... Apparently, this is what happened to Russian society... it creates serious obstacles in the way of innova- tive economy which calls for predominance of creative and not aggressive and greedy attitudes in order to be successful, obstacles that are clearly underesti- mated by the strategists of Russian reforms.” M. Yadova: “...in the process of modernization of Russian society a partic- ularly important role belongs to young people whose views and behavior were shaped under the influence of post-Soviet transformations. The most interesting cohort of Russians are those born in the early 1990s because they represent a generation that has had no experience of life in the Soviet Union and has grown up in the ‘new Russia.’” ss3-2012:Ss4-2009.qxd 06.08.2012 21:52 Страница 3 From Great Mathematician to Outstanding Economist 3 From Great Mathematician to Outstanding Economist (The Centenary of Leonid Kantorovich’s Birth) Valery MAKAROV This year sees the centenary of the birth of Academician Leonid Kantorovich, so far Russia’s only winner of a Nobel Prize for economics. When they claim that Simon Kuznets, Leonid Hurwicz and Wassily Leontief, who won Nobel Prizes in economics at various times, also come from our country, that is a bit of a stretch. The first two were only born in Russia while Leontief, though he did study at Leningrad State University, only developed into an economist in Germany and the USA. Kantorovich spent all his life in the USSR. The Soviet economy was a planned economy with features that were often unknown to foreign economists. That is why among all the Nobel laureates in economics he is the only one who managed to go far beyond the study of the purely market mechanism. Kantorovich was such a versatile personality that no description of his life and scientific achievements can be complete. I propose to trace how he turned from a brilliant abstract mathematician into an economist who had a deeper and more nuanced insight into the essence of things than others. It has to be said that evolution from the abstract to the concrete is not so uncommon. There are many outstanding scientists who have undergone such evolution. John von Neumann, a scientist of a stature comparable to Kantorovich, also began with the most abstract problems of the theory of sets and dealt with abstruse problems of math- ematical physics. In the second half of his life he made an important contribution to the theory of games, mathematical economics and finally to applied areas: the finite-state machines, the structure of computers and even the creation of multi- ple warheads for missiles. A similar path was traversed by our outstanding com- patriots Mikhail Lavrentyev and Mstislav Keldysh. Leonid Kantorovich began scientific activities at a very early age immedi- ately showing promise in areas that call for abstract thinking, in the first place in mathematics.
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