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PSDiver Monthly Issue 81 Greetings, Body Recovery / Evidence Recovery Hazardous chemical mediation Over the last few months I have been tasked with redrafting Line Tender This represents a short our dive team operational guidelines. In doing so, it occurred to Decontamination / Haz-Mat list of responsibilities me that we were really no longer a dive team. Have you Boat Operations my team is facing. If considered what you and your team actually do and are Sonar Operations your team has more responsible for? Rescue responsibilities than In years past, about all we did was recovery work; never Boater Assistance are listed here, let’s rescue or swift water anything. The hurricanes we got hit with Flood Evacuation expand the list! Click changed more than we realized for our team. We were faced Post hurricane rescue the link below and Top Water Rescue Operations with a series of tasks that we had never trained for and were a post it to the group Rescue Swimmer little unprepared to do. We managed but it was not pretty. forum! Life Guard We came to the conclusion that we are more than an Standby Rescue underwater recovery team and now consider ourselves a Water Flood Assistance / High Water Rescue Response Team. Within that team we have other defined groups or teams. Consider that we do all dive related calls. We I realize that this may be an unusual list but this is what I am have a boat that is used to do everything from run sonar, drag considering as part of what we do and who we are. And surface booms to contain spills, perform boating assistance and because our job and responsibilities have expanded, we are better able to justify our existence. it serves as a potential evacuation vehicle during floods. We have been asked to perform damage surveys in areas that I have some expectation that our budget requests for new or are still underwater, check and service the dry hydrants around replacement equipment will increase proportionately with our responsibilities. (Yes I had to suppress a laugh) our local port. We also recover vehicles for the regional auto task force. If all stays the same, we will gain responsibility and actually be Our dive truck is equipped with an air conditioning unit, given less time for training and have to do it with a diminished budget too. That is the way of the world right now. upholstered benches, a work station, a command desk and a 4 bottle air cascade system. It can certainly support our divers But in the long run, this change of attitude, of recognition for but could also be used as a rehab vehicle, a mobile SCBA fill our team should help boost capabilities and potential budget. station or even an alternative mobile Along with and until that change, we will have to educate, train command post. and adapt to our administrative changes and figure out how to do what will be required of us. So consider the variety of water related disciplines we could be called on to perform as a Water Response Team: Stay Safe, If you would like to discuss this topic or any other, join Dive Operations Mark Phillips our discussion group at: Rescue Editor / Publisher PSDiver Monthly CLICK HERE TO JOIN PSDiver Monthly Issue 81 2 to decontamination (USEPA, 1985), though breakthrough SPECIAL to PSDiver Monthly for certain chemicals remains a concern (Trelleborg Viking, Public Safety Diver – EPA Polluted Water 2001). Diving Module 3 (Part 2 of 3) As far as accepted PPE approach, there is By: Sean Sheldrake, Unit Diving Officer, EPA Region 10 some disagreement Rob Pedersen, Deputy Unit Diving Officer, EPA Region 10 between EPA and the Alan Humphrey, Unit Diving Officer, ERT USN regarding use of a positive pressure full Module 3. Personal Protective face mask seated on a Equipment and Decontamination dry hood, which the USN in their Guidance for Diving in There are a number of ways to protect the diver from various levels of dive site contamination. These methods Contaminated Waters Figure 5; Photo of EPA Dive include: keeping the diver completely dry through use of generally considers to Training at the Office of a dry suit, utilization of dry gloves, ensuring materials be inappropriate for polluted water as Research and Development including the dry suit are constructed of an easily Gulf Ecology Division Lab “…full-face masks offer decontaminated material such as vulcanized rubber (ORD-GED) in Gulf Breeze, (USEPA, 1985), use of a positive pressure full face mask no protection for the Florida. Photo by Sean that seats on a dry hood or preferably a hardhat that Diver’s head, neck, or Sheldrake, EPA Region 10 Dive mates directly to the dry suit (USEPA 1985; Barsky 1999, ears, all of which are Team USN 2008), appropriate training, and thorough potential sites for decontamination such as a potable water post-dive rinse exposure to waterborne hazards” which is only true if the (USEPA 2001, 2009c). For example, inappropriate dry suit full face mask is not used in conjunction with a properly material (neoprene) and wet gloves are being used by a fitting dry hood. The USN correctly points out that there is commercial diver at a polluted water dive site (See Figure a droplet inhalation concern, even when using a positive below). A neoprene dry suit cannot be decontaminated pressure mask such as the positive pressure Interspiro and can spread contaminants onto the boat and AGA. USN notes that when using the AGA or any other potentially to the next dive operation (USEPA, 1991). A full face mask, positive pressure is preferred to minimize slick rubber suit is generally considered more amenable exposure, for which there is general agreement amongst all agencies based on previous study (USEPA, 1985). USN PSDiver Monthly Issue 81 3 cite that many commercial divers fail to properly mate the diving helmet to the dry suit to gain the stated advantages of helmet usage. Rather, most commercial contractors use neoprene neck dams for this purpose (contrary to EPA and USN publications on proper helmet mating to the suit), which can leak profusely into the diver’s helmet if the helmet is in any position other than absolutely level, with the amount of leakage varying by tightness of the neoprene (USEPA 2009b). In other words, incorrect helmet mating can render the helmet no more protective, and potentially less protective than a positive pressure, full face mask. The Navy’s “category 3” level of full face mask protection due to lack of a dry suit and dry hood allows for diver dermal (over the head and neck) and ear exposure to contamination. The USN’s characterization of insufficient protectiveness of the full face mask/not using the full face mask in conjunction with a dry suit/dry hood leads the USN to primarily dive in wetsuit (category 4) or Viking and helmet diving modes (category 2) as the USN category 3 is not or is not believed to be sufficiently protective. This is a significant difference in PPE; essentially jumping from virtually no protection to some of the highest level of protection available, potentially causing more exposure to their divers in light to moderately contaminated environments, especially in areas where the quantity of gear involved with category 2 can be prohibitive. Likewise, the types of water for which Figure 6. A diver exiting the water at a Portland Harbor the Navy recommends this type of gear jumps from not Superfund Cleanup site. Neoprene materials cannot be polluted at all for category 4 to “heavily contaminated” in decontaminated. the case of category 2. Category 3 dives are exposing the also points out that most commercial divers use helmets, Navy diver through dermal and ear canal exposure to not full face masks. However, the USN guidance fails to PSDiver Monthly Issue 81 4 “moderately contaminated” water primary and standby divers on a due to the lack of dry hood/dry regular basis when on the dive suit usage in category 3. platform. This has also included management of heat stress in For example, in a water body such warm water conditions (~70- as a harbor with many nearby 75degrees F) present in the outfalls that are not currently Willamette River in conjunction discharging, lacking available data, with high air temperature. EPA Region 10 and ERT would use Therefore, even absent historical a full face mask seated on a dry conditions, the presence of outfalls hood, dry gloves, and a potable would be enough to trigger use of water rinse for both a) unknown the above gear, since heat stress pollutants that may likely exist due can be managed more easily than to historical practices in the water exposure to some exotic disease body, and b) the possibility that vectors. It is possible that a conditions could change due to a hardhat type diver dress may be sudden outfall discharge. most appropriate for some number of sites. However, it could also be Admittedly, keeping the diver fully the case that defining PPE as only dry is easier in cold water and air including a commercial hardhat conditions prevalent to Region 10 mated to a dry suit may inland and coastal waters in discourage dive programs from Alaska, Oregon, Idaho, and taking some measures in PPE Washington much of the year. improvements due to the time and logistical challenges of surface However, the Region 10 dive unit supplied helmet diving, resulting in effectively demonstrated additional diver exposure. For management of heat stress in some dive operations, surface triple digit temperatures with Figure 7: EPA Region 10 Diver Rob Pedersen supplied/hardhat measures are varying levels of humidity for both mapping the zone of discharge along the simply impractical due to space, inland (Yakima River) and Puget outfall pipe at an Alaskan Seafood Processor.

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