ANNUAL REVIEW 2014 2 3

CONTENTS

Page 04 Introduction

06 Chairman’s foreword 08 History of the Leverhulme Trust 11 Funding the Trust offers 12 Director’s report 13 Distribution of funds in 2014 14 2014 in numbers 15 Summarised financial information

Page 16 Awards in Focus

18 Losing time and temper: how people learned to live with railway time 20 Unlocking friction: unifying the nanoscale and mesoscale 22 Highland encounters: practice, perception and power in the mountains of the ancient Middle East 24 Kinship, morality and the emotions: the evolution of human social psychology 25 Sidonius Apollinaris: a comprehensive commentary for the twenty-first century 26 Promoting national and imperial identities: museums in Austria-Hungary 28 Alice in space: contexts for Lewis Carroll 30 DNA: the knotted molecule of life 31 Seabirds as bio-indicators: relating breeding strategy to the marine environment 32 At home in the Himalayas: rethinking photography in the hill stations of British India 34 Making a mark: imagery and process in the British and Irish Neolithic 35 Assembling the ancient islands of Japan 36 Pierre Soulages: Radical Abstraction 38 Early Chinese sculpture in the Asian context – art history and technology 40 ‘A Graphic War’: design at home and on the front lines (1914–1918) 42 Cultural propaganda agencies in colonial Cyprus and their policies 44 Act big, get big: bone cell activity scaling among species as a skeletal adaptation mechanism 46 Black Sea sketches: music, place and people 48 Why chytrids are leaving amphibians ‘naked’ 50 ‘The Walrus Ivory Owl’

Page 52 What Happened Next

54 Dr Chris Jiggins 56 Dr Hannes Baumann 58 Dr Lucie Green 60 Professor Giorgio Riello 62 Professor Kim Bard 64 Professor Martin Hairer 65 Dr Robert Nudds 66 Professor Rana Mitter

Page 68 Awards Made

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INTRODUCTION

The Leverhulme Trust was established by the Will of William Hesketh Lever, one of the great entrepreneurs and philanthropists of the Victorian age.

Since 1925 we have provided grants and scholarships for research and education; today, we are one of the largest all-subject providers of research funding in the UK, distributing approximately £80 million a year.

We award funding across academic disciplines, supporting talented individuals in the arts, humanities, sciences and social sciences to realise their personal vision in research and professional training. As well as substantial grants for research projects, we offer fellowships for researchers throughout their academic careers, grants for international collaboration and travel, and support for the fine and performing arts. Our approach to grant-making is distinctive. Our awards are made in the responsive mode, with the choice of topic and research design left with applicants. We look for work of outstanding merit, which is original, important and has significance beyond a single field. We particularly value research that crosses disciplinary boundaries or that is willing to take risks in its pursuit of new knowledge or understanding. 6 INTRODUCTION

CHAIRMAN’S FOREWORD

It is a pleasure for me to report that the a further significant contribution to Trust is in robust financial health and UK academia and scholarship, and our also that 2014 was a record-breaking aspiration is to encourage innovative year for us, with over £80 million spent, research capable of creating a step-change the most ever in almost 90 years of in the field, by establishing centres of Leverhulme Trust history. excellence in their chosen areas. Up to In last year’s Review I announced £10 million over ten years will be available the launch of a new scheme of for each centre, and I am very much Leverhulme Doctoral Scholarships looking forward to seeing how universities to support graduate students in the UK. approach our call for ‘disruptive thinking’, Our intention had been to award up which can transform our understanding to ten grants, each worth £1 million to of a topic of significance to contemporary the successful institutions, funding 15 societies. I’ll report back on the successful PhD students at each university. The bids in next year’s Review. scheme attracted over 100 applications, As ever, I must express my great and we were so impressed by the range of thanks to fellow Board members and innovative and exciting plans proposed to the many peer reviewers, assessors that we awarded 14 grants, at a total cost and panel members who give their time of almost £15 million. With matched and the benefit of their wisdom to the funding provided by a number of the Trust, by helping us to fund research of universities, over 300 of our brightest the highest calibre. Thanks are also due postgraduate students will be supported. to the Trust’s Director, Gordon Marshall, We look forward to running the and to his small but incredibly hard- scheme again in 2017 and to following working staff, who keep the wheels the progress of the first cohort of of the Trust moving so efficiently. They Leverhulme Doctoral Scholars as they have absorbed the work involved with start their studies. an increasing flow of proposals and the Looking ahead, 2015 promises development of major new programmes to be an exciting year: we will run with their usual enthusiasm. I and my our Leverhulme Arts Scholarships fellow Trustees are immensely grateful. competition for the second time, offering The number of researchers supported bursaries and innovative teaching awards by the Trust since it was founded in 1925 to specialist arts training organisations. must be many thousands, and it would be Up to £10 million will be available to fascinating to track their career paths. support some of the most talented young Our What Happened Next section gives people across the whole spectrum of the a snapshot of some of the outcomes from fine and performing arts. past Leverhulme grant holders, and 2015 will also see the launch of I hope you enjoy reading these. the new Leverhulme Research Centres. The Trust Board has considered ways Niall FitzGerald KBE in which Leverhulme funds could make Chairman of the Leverhulme Trust Board INTRODUCTION 7

I am very much looking forward to seeing how universities approach our call for ‘disruptive thinking’ which can transform our understanding of a topic of significance to contemporary societies 8 INTRODUCTION

HISTORY OF THE LEVERHULME TRUST INTRODUCTION 9

A committed philanthropist throughout his life, on his death in 1925 Lord Leverhulme left a proportion of his holdings in Lever Brothers for certain trades charities and to provide ‘scholarships for … research and education’. It was thus that the Leverhulme Trust came into being

Born in 1851, William Hesketh Lever executive positions at Unilever. made his fortune through the manufacture This arrangement was requested by and marketing of soap and cleaning Lord Leverhulme himself, and over products. In the space of only a few the following decades this has ensured years his company Lever Brothers grew that the culture of decision-making at to become a household name, and its the Trust remains free from disciplinary products, which included Sunlight Soap interest, able to draw upon the wide and Lux, were sold around the world. experience brought by its trustees, The title ‘Lord Leverhulme’ was conferred and fully alert to the role of education upon Lever in 1922. A committed and research in modern life. In making philanthropist from the beginning, when decisions about funding, the Trustees Lord Leverhulme died in 1925, he left seek the advice of a range of peer a share of his holdings in his company reviewers and expert panels or to provide for specific trades charities, committees who offer an assessment and to offer ‘scholarships for … research of the academic merit and significance and education’. The Leverhulme Trust of applications. was established to carry forward these charitable aims. In 1930, Lever Brothers Trustees merged with Margarine Unie to form Mr N W A FitzGerald, KBE FRSA Unilever – one of the world’s major (Chairman) multinational companies – and the shares Sir Iain Anderson, CBE FRSE held by the Leverhulme Trust became Mr A C Butler shares in Unilever PLC. Mr P J P Cescau Dr A S Ganguly CBE The Trust Board Mr R H P Markham Leverhulme Trustees have historically Mr P G J M Polman been recruited from staff holding senior Mr S G Williams 10 INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION 11

FUNDING THE TRUST OFFERS

Research Projects researchers to allow them to undertake doctoral students at that institution, with Research Project Grants are available a programme of original research. five scholarships to be offered in every year for any research topic, with the choice Major Research Fellowships are of the three-year grant. The awards are of theme and research approach left for two or three years, and allow well- offered in any subject area that applicant entirely to applicants. Up to £500,000 established academics in the humanities universities have identified as a research over five years is available for research and social sciences to complete a specific priority. This scheme normally runs and salary costs. piece of significant original research. every three years. Research Leadership Awards Emeritus Fellowships provide Philip Leverhulme Prizes recognise support researchers with an established up to £22,000 over up to two years for early-career researchers whose work university career who wish to build senior researchers who have recently has already had a significant international a research team to address a distinct retired from an academic post to complete impact, and whose future research career research problem. Between £800,000 a research project and prepare the results is exceptionally promising. Nominations and £1 million over a period of up to for publication. are accepted for work across 18 broad five years is available. This scheme Study Abroad Studentships disciplines, with prizes in six of these normally runs every three years. offer maintenance costs of £18,000, disciplines offered each year. Prize International Network grants a dependent allowance, and travel costs winners receive an award of £100,000 offer up to £125,000 for up to three years for recent graduates to spend twelve to over two or three years. to allow a UK-based researcher to lead twenty-four months on study or research a collaborative research project on any at a centre of learning in any overseas Arts Funding topic, where the participation of the country, with the exception of the USA. Artist in Residence Grants support the chosen overseas institutions is critical International Academic Fellowships residency of an artist in a UK university for the successful realisation of the enable established researchers to spend or museum, for up to a full academic research objectives. a period of time in overseas research year, in a creative collaboration with staff centres to develop new knowledge, skills and/or students in disciplines distinct Fellowships and Studentships and ideas. Up to £30,000 is available from the creative practice of the artist. Early Career Fellowships provide for a period of three to twelve months. Arts Scholarships are open to a bridge into an academic career for Visiting Professorships are specialist arts training organisations researchers with a proven research record, awarded to UK institutions that wish to develop innovative teaching and but who have not yet held an established to invite an eminent researcher from to provide bursaries for individuals academic post. The scheme provides overseas to enhance the skills of staff of exceptional talent to develop their fifty per cent (up to £24,000 a year) and students at the host institution. skills in the fine and performing arts. of the salary costs of a three-year The scheme covers maintenance, travel This scheme normally runs every academic appointment, with the host expenses and research costs over three years. institution providing the remaining funds. a period of three to twelve months. Research Fellowships of up to Leverhulme Doctoral Scholarships For further information about the funding £50,000 over a period of three to twenty- provide grants of £1 million each to schemes offered by the Leverhulme Trust, four months are awarded to experienced UK universities. Each award funds 15 please visit www.leverhulme.ac.uk 12 INTRODUCTION

DIRECTOR’S REPORT

A summary statement of activity for a total commitment of approximately The Trust is, more than ever, indebted 2014 would be: ‘a very busy and £9 million. to the dedicated panel members and successful year indeed’. Visiting Professorships, which enable independent reviewers who give their The number of grant applications UK universities to host a distinguished time generously to help with the continues to rise: the Trust staff (of only academic visitor from overseas, remain assessment process. The schemes that 14 people) now deal with more than consistently popular. We have this year provide support to individuals through 4,000 requests for funding each year and committed almost £1.5 million to support our various Fellowship awards were administer more than 2,000 active grants. visits from eminent researchers bringing particularly affected by the rise in This was the first year of our revised unique knowledge and expertise to the UK application numbers – which meant Philip Leverhulme Prize competition. for the benefit of the broader academic that this year our hard-worked Each Prize is now worth £100,000, community. Visiting Professors are drawn Research Awards Advisory Committee and we are offering awards in 18 broad from around the world – including dealt with more than 1,800 bids for subject areas over a three-year period, so China, India, the Middle East and North support I extend my sincere thanks that researchers in almost every discipline America – and this year worked on to them and to our other panels and should be able to apply at some point topics from computational cosmology to reviewers for their continued support during the cycle. The Prizes commemorate quantum mechanics and moral philosophy. for the work of the Trust. Philip, Third Viscount and grandson Leverhulme grants vary considerably As ever, we try to offer funding of the founder of the Trust, and reward in size, from relatively small awards for opportunities for researchers at every outstanding scholars who have already postgraduates at the start of their careers, stage of their career, and – since the made a substantial impact with their through to programme grants for research Trust favours the responsive-mode of research but where we hope that their groups to the value of almost £2 million grant-making – it finds itself supporting best work is yet to come. We saw a huge per award. Twenty-three talented Study the study of an astonishing array of topics. increase in application numbers, from Abroad Students will be embarking The Awards in Focus section of our the usual 150 or so to over 400, making on masters courses, doctoral research Annual Review is intended to give an the task of the specialist panels even and postdoctoral work, travelling to impression of both the breadth of the more difficult than usual. Thirty winners destinations across Africa, Asia, Europe, research we fund and of the variety of were selected from the very high-quality Oceania and South America, developing career phases at which we can offer bids. Our total investment of £3 million their skills and knowledge in subject support. Here you will find a sample will help Prize winners to advance their fields ranging from animation in Estonia of grants awarded during the past year, research in fields as diverse as evolutionary to visual culture in Cyprus. Meanwhile, ranging from ‘Early Chinese sculpture’ genetics, the sociology of inequality, and four large research programme grants will to ‘Seabirds as bio-indicators’ and the history of violence in medieval Europe. support novel investigations into subjects ‘The battle over clocks and timetables’. There was yet another rise in the as diverse as ‘Knots in nature: DNA, As Director of the Trust I read most number of applications for our Early the knotted molecule of life’ and ‘An of the final reports from these studies, Career Fellowships – to a record-breaking interdisciplinary approach to sustaining so I am in the privileged position of 800. It is clear that there is great demand urban habitats’. being able to hear from some of the most for these positions, aimed at helping less This year’s increase in application talented researchers working today, as they experienced researchers into independent numbers across the breadth of the Trust’s go about the business of advancing the research and academic life, at the start of varied portfolio of grant schemes had a frontiers of knowledge, stimulated by their scholarly careers. The Trust Board significant impact on the many individuals mere curiosity. This, as they say, is as was pleased to be able to increase its in the academic community who good as it gets. support of this scheme by awarding 100 generously assist us by providing expert Fellowships, the highest number ever, peer review of the proposals we receive. Professor Gordon Marshall INTRODUCTION 13

Distribution of funds in 2014 1. Research Project Grants 5. Major Research Fellowships 4% and International Networks 46% £3,733,019 £38,759,903 6. Research Fellowships 4% 2. Leverhulme Doctoral £3,456,979 Scholarships 17% £14,700,000 7. Philip Leverhulme Prizes 4% £3,000,000 3. Early Career Fellowships 10% £8,787,000 8. Visiting Professorships 2% £1,417,232 4. Research Programme Grants 8% £6,925,708 9. Other* 5% £4,607,093

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* including Artist in Residence Grants, Emeritus Fellowships, International Academic Fellowships and Study Abroad Studentships 14 INTRODUCTION

2014 IN NUMBERS

Gender split of awards Female made in the three most Male popular schemes 3826 Applications Applications % Awards % received

Research Project Grants 23% 23% 476 77% 77% Grants awarded

Early Career Fellowships 40% 45% 55% 60% 93 Institutions funded

Research Fellowships 42% 43% 58% 57% 14 Trust staff

N % Applications Research Project Grants & International Networks 1,007 21 received (N) Study Abroad Studentships 140 17 and success rates Early Career Fellowships 786 13 2014 (%) Research Fellowships 757 12 International Academic Fellowships 41 35 Major Research Fellowships 193 16 Emeritus Fellowships 100 40 Visiting Professorships 114 35 Philip Leverhulme Prizes 411 7 Leverhulme Doctoral Scholarships 101 14 Research Programme Grants 68 6 Artist in Residence Grants 108 34 3,826 INTRODUCTION 15

SUMMARISED FINANCIAL INFORMATION For the year ended 31 December 2014

2014 2013

£000 £000

Incoming resources Investment income 78,794 73,877

Resources expended Investment management costs 1,683 1, 894

Charitable activities: 83,029 52, 218 grants and awards

Governance costs 152 67

Net (outgoing) and incoming (6,070) 19, 698 resources before other recognised gains

Gains on 122,112 119, 665 investment assets

N % Net movement in funds 116,042 139, 363 Research Project Grants & International Networks 1,007 21 Study Abroad Studentships 140 17 Statement of funds Total funds brought forward 2,027,713 1, 888, 350 Early Career Fellowships 786 13 Research Fellowships 757 12 Total funds carried forward 2,143,755 2, 027, 713 International Academic Fellowships 41 35 Major Research Fellowships 193 16 Emeritus Fellowships 100 40 Visiting Professorships 114 35 Philip Leverhulme Prizes 411 7 Leverhulme Doctoral Scholarships 101 14 Research Programme Grants 68 6 This information is taken from the Leverhulme Trust Annual Report and Financial Statements 2014, which Artist in Residence Grants 108 34 are available to download from the Charity Commission 3,826 website or on request from the Trust. 16 INTRODUCTION 17

AWARDS IN FOCUS

Written by current award-holders, and spanning a range of funding schemes and academic disciplines, our twenty awards in focus highlight the breadth and significance of research funded by the Leverhulme Trust in 2014 18 AWARDS IN FOCUS

LOSING TIME AND TEMPER: HOW PEOPLE LEARNED TO LIVE WITH RAILWAY TIME

Professor Oliver Zimmer Zeit) came to underpin the running Oliver Zimmer’s research University of Oxford of Germany’s railways and public life. on railway passengers Major Research Fellowship The primary novelty of this project, seeks to improve our however, lies in its treatment of time Have we all turned into Newtonian as a resource of human experience and understanding of the role clocks? Have we become devotees creativity. It will focus on how nineteenth- of time in shaping modern of a linear culture of time, one whose century railway travellers in Britain and culture: at the heart of parameters we no longer query because Germany adapted to the rhythm of the they have come to conquer our soul? railways, on what they felt when they his investigation lies the These questions are less absurd than entered a busy railway station, waited encounter between they may seem. They reflect the widespread for their train on a crowded platform, railway time and the association of the modern period with or suffered delays on a particular line. a homogenisation of people’s temporal In the course of the nineteenth rhythms of life awareness. Its origins have often been century, railway trains became battlegrounds located in nineteenth-century Europe of modernity, dramatising the varied and North America; its driving force rhythms of modern life. As the timetable is said to be the steam train, and its most began to penetrate everyday lives, time potent symbol the railway timetable. became punctuated by empty spaces and This influential argument ignores the discontinuities: commuters expressed fact that the spread of standard time dismay at the running of excursionist was a contentious affair. It downplays trains on workdays; urban travellers the tensions that, to this day, characterise complained about delays caused by the relationship between clock time slow-moving passengers from rural areas; and human rhythms. businessmen insisted that their time Railways undoubtedly accelerated was more precious than that of ordinary the momentous shift from local solar folk. And while British and German to standard time. By the outbreak of the railway passengers shared many of these First World War, a large portion of the preoccupations and prejudices, they often world’s public clocks displayed a time differed in their attitudes to punctuality defined by the Greenwich meridian. By the and speed, as well as the question of end of 1847, all of Britain’s large railway individual freedom versus regulation. companies operated on the Greenwich Directly and indirectly, this project time standard, which was subsequently therefore seeks to throw new light on to define the operations of civic life across a set of problems that remain puzzling the United Kingdom. National time to this day, including how human beings standards developed considerably later adjust to technological innovations that on the European continent. For example, challenge existing habits in the name Germany’s mostly state-owned railways of progress and cultural homogenisation; continued to operate according to regional what emotions these adaptations (e.g. in Bavaria) and local time (particularly engender; and how cultural (including in Prussia). It was not until 1893 that a religious) attitudes influence the standard railway time (Mitteleuropäische experience of time. AWARDS IN FOCUS 19

Below. The Platform at Ludgate. The British public waiting for the 8.37 train. FUN, 1866. 20 AWARDS IN FOCUS

UNLOCKING FRICTION: UNIFYING THE NANOSCALE AND MESOSCALE AWARDS IN FOCUS 21

Dr Holly Hedgeland mechanism that, once properly understood, How do the forces University College London could be used to implement directionality of friction on the surface Early Career Fellowship in mechanical systems on the smallest of of an individual molecule scales such as molecular motors. Graphitic Friction is a ubiquitous force, and systems also offer potential insights into relate to those on enormous resources have been dedicated electronic friction, which results from larger surfaces? Holly to understanding its role in engineering electronic excitations causing additional Hedgeland’s bold applications from racing cars to medical dissipation to the phononic vibrations implants. The force originates on of the surface. Separating the electronic programme of research microscopic scales as surfaces try to and phonic contributions to friction will use state-of-the-art pass over each other, and yet there is not only of fundamental importance microscopy techniques remains a gap in our understanding to our theoretical understanding but of the processes involved: the time- will also allow the tuning of systems to bridge fundamental honoured phenomenological laws of for technological application through gaps in our understanding friction – first expounded at the turn techniques such as vibrational lubrication. of the eighteenth century – remain to Attempts to engineer systems suitable be fully connected to energy landscapes for nanotechnological applications have led and exchange on a molecular level. to significant interest in self-assembly and With the increasing miniaturisation supramolecular surface networks. of electronic devices towards the scale By examining friction in these networks of individual molecules and the design I will cross the length scales, joining the of materials for biomedical applications, simplest atomic and molecular systems there are exciting opportunities to unify to the mesoscale. A full understanding our understanding of friction across the of friction in these networks is central length scales and fill this critical gap to engineering assembly processes as well in our knowledge. as to the goal of the unification of our My research investigates friction models of friction. at the scale of individual molecules on An improved understanding of surfaces and aims to bridge the gap the role of friction will also be timely to nanoscale systems and collective for a range of biological systems vital behaviours. In this project, I seek across many applications from bioactive to address a number of phenomena materials and surfaces, sought for medical that challenge our current theoretical applications such as synovial joints in modelling of friction by relating the hip replacements, to biological molecular frictional properties measured under motors, fundamental agents of motion the forces applied by scanning probe in living organisms. Gaining a greater microscopy techniques to the thermally- understanding of friction in motor proteins driven motion that occurs in self-assembly and resultant effects such as the beating processes in nature. of cilia and flagella would inform nanoscale Different sizes of graphene flake engineering far beyond the immediate could allow us to make measurements biological context. to compare the stick-slip measured by My research aims to develop our probe microscopy techniques with the understanding of the processes underlying static and dynamic friction measured the everyday phenomenon of friction, within a stochastic diffusion model of but it will also have direct technological Left. Scanning thermally-activated molecular motion. The applications, for example in micro- tunnelling microscope: friction experienced on a graphene lattice and nanoscale electrical-mechanical investigating the friction can also vary with the direction of motion systems, biomedical applications and of the probe tip. across it. Such anisotropic friction is a molecular motors. 22 AWARDS IN FOCUS

HIGHLAND ENCOUNTERS: PRACTICE, PERCEPTION AND POWER IN THE MOUNTAINS OF THE ANCIENT MIDDLE EAST

Dr Claudia Glatz Such depictions and written Claudia Glatz’s University of Glasgow accounts have shaped not only historical monograph seeks to International Academic Fellowship perceptions of highland societies but also explain the relationships disciplinary practice, which tends to shy Inter-regional interaction is a universal away from the investigation of transitional between lowland and process and a fundamental structuring and highland regions as methodologically highland societies in the principle of all human societies. Contact difficult and marginal regarding their ancient Middle East and between different groups however, along contribution to major social and cultural with meaningful historical process and developments. As a result, the majority connect these to New cultural development, is imagined in of ancient Middle Eastern highland World debates on early most histories of interaction along two communities remain ‘people without social complexity dimensions: through time and on the history’ and, as yet, we know precious horizontal planes of period maps. little about them, their relationships A distinctive third – vertical – dimension with lowland groups, and the long-term of movement and interaction has received social and cultural consequences of much less scholarly interest in most parts sustained interaction. of the world and remains comparatively The mere fact that such little understood. encounters are depicted and described – Mountains, their inhabitants and alongside archaeological evidence for the interaction with them are important the movement of materials and goods and recurrent themes in the histories as well as practices and ideas – is, of the ancient Middle East. Such however, telling of their ubiquity. (hi)stories – ancient and modern – with My research project investigates few exceptions, are the product of lowland these highland–lowland relationships state ideologies that see mountains as in the ancient Middle East over the long imbued with ritual significance on the term, from c.5000 to 500 BCE. This one hand and as the home of coveted spans the time from the development resources on the other. Mountain people of the first stratified societies in the are invariably portrayed in unfavourable region, to full-flung urbanism, and terms in text and iconography, casting covers several episodes of early them as the highland ‘other’ to lowland imperialism and competition over civilisation, and encounters between highland regions and resources. highland and lowland groups as recursive, antagonistic and short-term events. The Victory Stele of Naram Sîn (r.2254–2218 BCE), King of Agade, one of the first expansive polities of south Mesopotamia, illustrates this well. The stele depicts Naram Sîn’s military victory over the Lullubi people of the western Zagros. At one glance, and through an accompanying cuneiform inscription, we learn about lowland power and Right. Victory Stele of highland alterity, through dress, hairstyle Naram Sîn. Photograph and disposition. The Lullubi tumble reproduced courtesy of chaotically off the mountain, Naram Sîn’s Rama under the Creative soldiers march uphill in orderly fashion. Commons licence. AWARDS IN FOCUS 23

1. Cuneiform inscription 1 2. Lullubi wearing skins or naked, long hair/pigtails, chaotic defeat 3. Zagros oak species 4. Red sandstone – probably from Hamrin Range, Zagros foothill 5. Akkadian army: well-attired, orderly, victorious 6. Naram Sîn 7. Cuneiform inscription 2

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KINSHIP, MORALITY AND THE EMOTIONS: THE EVOLUTION OF HUMAN SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY

The mind is plastic, and its structure can human social evolution – provisionally How can we understand change rapidly. It is just as much a product called the ‘network dispositions hypothesis’ the social evolution of of social learning and cultural evolution – that emphasises the importance of social humans? This is the as natural selection. networks rather than tribes, replaces vague In recent years, the concept of talk of ‘instincts’ with a psychologically- focus of Jonathan Birch’s ‘gene-culture co-evolution’ has started grounded account of human social interdisciplinary research to gain serious traction among social dispositions, and replaces ‘cultural on the origins and nature evolution researchers. It is chiefly group selection’ with an individual-centred associated with Robert Boyd and Peter approach based on a concept of the social, emotional Richerson, who have defended what of ‘cultural kin selection’. My framework and moral lives of they call a ‘tribal instincts hypothesis’. will highlight the crucial role of cultural human beings The idea, roughly speaking, is that a kinship, based on actual or perceived process of ‘cultural group selection’ in early shared cultural heritage, in maintaining human populations favoured large-scale cooperative ties in large-scale social Dr Jonathan Birch cooperation, and genetic evolution reacted networks: a phenomenon that I feel has London School of Economics to this new social environment by giving been largely neglected by previous work and Political Science us ‘instincts’ to cooperate. in this area. Philip Leverhulme Prize I count myself a fan of gene- The project will be thoroughly culture co-evolution, but I think several interdisciplinary in character, synthesising Humans, like any other species, are a considerations motivate developing theoretical and experimental insights part of the natural world and a product an alternative to the ‘tribal instincts and from psychology, anthropology, of natural processes. Yet we are a strange hypothesis’. In short, the ‘tribes’ part archaeology and evolutionary biology. biological phenomenon, set apart from is problematic, the ‘instincts’ part is There is no other way to do this work – the rest of nature by the richness of our even more problematic, and the notion armchair intuitions are not much help social, linguistic and ethical lives. of ‘cultural group selection’ remains here. Yet the questions I ultimately plan While the application of evolutionary theoretically under-developed and to address are of timeless philosophical ideas to human psychology has always empirically under-supported. relevance, for they concern the origin and been controversial, evolutionary biology My project will develop an nature of the social, emotional and moral alone holds the promise of shedding alternative framework for understanding lives of human beings. light on the origins of the psychological capacities that make humans unique. A central task for philosophers of science is to find a way to integrate evolution and psychology that delivers on that promise. Decades of controversy have given us a clear sense of how not to integrate evolution with psychology. We need to avoid the crude sociobiology of the 1970s, which was too ready to import gene-centred explanations of social behaviour – developed primarily to explain cooperation among social insects and non-human primates – and apply them uncritically to the human case. We also need to steer clear of the ‘Santa Barbara school’ of evolutionary psychology, which portrays the mind as a Swiss army knife of adaptations built to meet the ecological challenges of Stone Age life. We are not slaves to our genes, nor are we lumbered with Stone Age minds, their structure cemented in an earlier epoch. AWARDS IN FOCUS 25

SIDONIUS APOLLINARIS: A COMPREHENSIVE COMMENTARY FOR THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY

Sidonius beautifully exemplifies how historical problems. The grant should take Poet and letter-writer, the Roman élite manoeuvred to preserve us from having commentaries on only a administrator and their status amid political and social change; few works to having them for over half his bishop, Sidonius was his descriptions of daily life have long been œuvre. Network partners from Italy, admired; his importance as a writer has Switzerland and the Netherlands will an eyewitness of the end never been doubted. And yet Sidonius is work with colleagues in the UK to make of the Roman Empire a difficult author for literary and historical Sidonius’ imperial panegyrics and books in Western Europe. Gavin scholars to approach, let alone a wider of letters accessible to an English- readership. This is because the history speaking readership. Kelly explains how a new of fifth-century Gaul is unusually The series editors, van Waarden and International Network controversial; because his exact meaning I, will also edit an introductory companion of scholars from across is often wrapped up in literary allusions; to both Sidonius and the commentaries, because his virtuosic verse often appears including everything from a dictionary Europe aims to make bizarre to a modern aesthetic; and because of contemporaries he names to an account Sidonius approachable his prose is among the hardest of any of his appearances in modern fiction. Latin author. For this we have another of the Trust’s for modern readers Our International Network aims initiatives to thank: a separate British to make Sidonius approachable through Academy Leverhulme Small Research Dr Gavin Kelly the fundamental tool of a line-by-line Grant which enabled a still larger team University of Edinburgh commentary, guiding readers through of contributors to meet at a conference in International Network his text’s literary, linguistic and Edinburgh in November 2014.

Sidonius was born and brought up in the heart of the Gallo-Roman establishment. As a young man he wrote both verse panegyrics of emperors (among them his father-in-law, Avitus) and shorter poems celebrating his fellow Gallic aristocrats, their marriages and their estates. He survived the political turmoil of his youth, including the collapse of the regimes of Avitus and his successors, and he achieved worldly success: in his twenties a statue in the Forum of Trajan, the late-antique ‘Poet’s Corner’; in his thirties the prefecture of Rome. But in about 469, he gave up his civilian career for a different form of leadership, as bishop of the small city of Clermont. He also gave up poetry (except for occasional lapses) as inappropriate for a cleric, and instead started publishing the nine books of his allusive and elegant letters to friends. Sidonius appears farsighted. After 476 there was no more empire to have a career in, even if Romans could serve under the new Germanic kings. Now that office-holding no longer reflected social distinction, he remarked, “the only indication of nobility will be to know literature” (Letters 8.2.2). 26 AWARDS IN FOCUS

PROMOTING NATIONAL AND IMPERIAL IDENTITIES: MUSEUMS IN AUSTRIA-HUNGARY

Below. The Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna, image reproduced courtesy of Andrzej O under the Creative Commons licence. AWARDS IN FOCUS 27

from the mid-nineteenth century onwards. became aligned with nationalist politics Matthew Rampley’s It explores, in particular, how museums and acted as showcases for Czech art project examines the were established across the Empire both and culture. contrasting role art and to rival those in Vienna and also to Exploring issues such as the promote alternative visions of cultural collecting policies, exhibitions held, and design museums played and social identity. While museums in the key personnel of the institutions in in promoting either Vienna promoted a cosmopolitan vision question, as well as their architectural an imperial vision of of art and design, and celebrated the role design, the project examines how museums of the Habsburgs as patrons and collectors either projected official narratives of the the Austro-Hungarian of international stature, elsewhere, for imperial government or attempted to Empire or an alternative example, in Budapest, Cracow, Lemberg communicate competing cultural and nationalist cultural identity (now L’viv) or Zagreb, museums were political visions. founded to advance a distinctly nationalist This is the first time that museums vision that foregrounded Hungarian, of art and design have been analysed in Professor Matthew Rampley Polish or Croatian creative endeavour. the context of the multi-ethnic politics University of Leicester Concerned to ensure greater political of the Habsburg state in the final half Research Project Grant recognition and rights, the non-German century of its existence. Due to the peoples of the Empire saw it as crucial enormous linguistic demands, requiring Vienna has long been recognised as to demonstrate that they had a cultural knowledge of five or six languages, research the home of some of Europe’s most heritage comparable to that of other major into the cultural practices of Austria- important museums. Institutions such European nations, and museums of art and Hungary poses formidable challenges. as the Museum of Applied Arts, the design, as prominent public institutions, Consequently, most scholarship is limited Kunsthistorisches Museum, the Albertina played a significant role in attaining in scope to the study of individual national and the Belvedere house collections this goal. In Bohemia and Moravia, for cultures, with Vienna continuing to of world importance that reflect the example – with mixed German and Czech attract the greatest interest. long traditions of artistic patronage by populations – many complex political Cross-linguistic analysis is of the Habsburg dynasty and other noble considerations were involved. The Museum central importance for gaining a proper families. A less well-examined aspect of the Bohemian Kingdom and the understanding of the dynamics at work of their history is the role they played Picture Gallery of the Patriotic Friends of in much of the cultural life of Austria- in the national and imperial identities the Arts, both in Prague, or the Moravian Hungary. This comparative study will of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Design Museum in Brno, initially sought cast new light not only on the history This project examines the way that to avoid narrowly nationalist visions. But of its museums, but also provide a museums were drawn into the complex as the Czech population of these cities wider understanding of its cultural cultural politics of the multi-ethnic state came to be culturally dominant, they, too, and artistic life. 28 AWARDS IN FOCUS

ALICE IN SPACE: CONTEXTS FOR LEWIS CARROLL

Professor Dame Gillian Beer “Bow-wow” in Looking-Glass with Lewis Carroll’s ‘Alice’ University of Cambridge a nod to Müller’s scorn of what he called books have delighted Emeritus Fellowship ‘the bow-wow’ theory of language); generations of children the space-time of the Hatter’s tea-party In Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland (1865) (“It’s always six o’clock now”); and the and adults, and Gillian and Through the Looking-Glass and new taxonomies implied by evolutionary Beer’s new study will What Alice Found There (1871, dated 1872) theory where change and variability investigate the array Lewis Carroll created books that have had were given fresh importance. a crowd of unforeseeable and continuing In recent years works have of intellectual fields outcomes. Famously, the works were first appeared that have confirmed many from which Carroll triggered by the stories he improvised for of my earlier hunches and have greatly drew his materials and three young sisters on a boating expedition added to the materials available for in 1862. They were conceived and written investigation. For example, the extremely inspiration to create during a period of intense intellectual thorough bibliography Lewis Carroll these unforgettable works upheaval across a number of fields: Among His Books lists works on the shelves scientific, linguistic, evolutionary and of Carroll’s library (not all of which he mathematical. They were also the will necessarily have read and some which product of the skilled imagination of date later than the ‘Alice’ books) as well as one of the earliest amateur photographers, other books that he is known to have read. Charles Dodgson. It presents an extraordinary array Dodgson (Lewis Carroll’s birth of materials, from plays (Dodgson was name) was a Student (Fellow) of Christ a devoted theatre-goer) to mathematical Church Oxford, teaching mathematics treatises, philology, natural history, and specialising in logic. For many years philosophical dialogues, poetry – both it was customary to speak of Dodgson as classical and contemporary, parodies, an isolated and mediocre mathematician novels, contemporary theories of logic, who had somehow magically produced and debates about Euclid. Carroll read the ‘Alice’ books without otherwise Punch weekly and kept scrap-books demonstrating any intellectual curiosity. of items that amused him. From the start of my research this struck It now therefore becomes possible me as wrong-headed. So many of the for me to demonstrate much more jokes in the ‘Alice’ books drew on current fully the play of mind that allowed intellectual interests: among logicians Lewis Carroll to disrupt systems and such as John Stuart Mill about names and work askance expectations to compose signification (Humpty Dumpty, “my name his enchanting and disturbing worlds. means the shape I am”); among language My method is close reading and theorists such as Max Müller about juxtaposition of the ‘Alice’ books and the linguistic origins (the tree that says other texts that fired Carroll’s imagination. AWARDS IN FOCUS 29

Right. Original illustration of Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland, by John Tenniel 1865. 30 AWARDS IN FOCUS

DNA: THE KNOTTED MOLECULE OF LIFE

DNA knotting and linking, by combining for every 10.5 base-pairs, or 0.6 billion Dorothy Buck’s team our individual experience in biochemical times in every human cell, and must be will take an integrated experiments, computational simulations unlinked so the DNA can be copied at interdisciplinary approach and topological proofs applied to every cell division. The great length of molecular biology. DNA packed into a very small space leads to seek new insights into We will also explore the connections to further opportunities for knotting the organisation of DNA between knots in mathematics, biology and linking, and so a vast machinery in the chromosome and and art, together with the artist has evolved to tame DNA and keep Gemma Anderson. We hope that the its topology under control. Perhaps to create a new set of accompanying exhibitions and artwork unsurprisingly then, some of the proteins topological tools to produced, which will include textile that regulate this topology (particularly weavings of DNA molecular structure, type II topoisomerases that change study this which the wearer can knot, will engage topology by passing one duplex segment the public with these fascinating topics. through another) are major targets of Dr Dorothy Buck The fundamental question in knot anti-pathogen and anti-cancer drugs. Imperial College London theory is: when are two different-looking Site-specific recombinases, which knot Research Programme Grant knots the same? In particular, when is and link DNA molecules while mediating a complicated-looking knot actually targeted genetic rearrangements, are DNA, like any other long piece of string unknotted? And when knotted, what is major tools for synthetic biology packed into a small space, would become the most efficient way to unknot it? and genome modification. highly knotted without mechanisms to Much of the pure area of mathematics Since the 1980s when knotted and keep it organised and to untangle any known as 3-manifold topology has linked DNA molecules were discovered, transient knots. Every living organism developed to answer these questions. theorists joined biologists in exploring has developed mechanisms to control Knot theory has also become topological aspects of DNA. This has DNA knotting in its cells, and many important within the life sciences, been a successful symbiotic relationship: antibiotics and chemotherapeutics act by in the field of DNA topology. The helical biological problems have suggested novel, disturbing this control. nature of DNA leads to a fundamental interesting questions to theorists, and This Research Programme Grant topological problem. The two strands in turn new topological ideas arose that will address fundamental problems in are wrapped around each other once solved new biological problems. However, there remain fundamental biological questions, particularly those related to type II topoisomerases, DNA organisation, and site-specific recombination, that can be understood only by the interdisciplinary approach we will employ. It is the combination of our experimental, computational and mathematical approaches that will yield insights and solutions, not an aggregation of individual results. Our combined research will lead to a new understanding of the organisation of DNA in the chromosome and a new set of topological tools to study this organisation. Co-investigators: Sean Colloms, University of Glasgow; David Sherratt FRS, University of Oxford; Andrzej Stasiak, Université de Lausanne; and artist Gemma Anderson. AWARDS IN FOCUS 31

SEABIRDS AS BIO-INDICATORS: RELATING BREEDING STRATEGY TO THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT

focusing on small spatial scales and brief distribution around the tropics including How can seabirds help time periods such as during breeding, and well-documented breeding sites such us determine changes in they have examined seabird responses as my study site Dog Island, located the marine environment? only at a population level. A better in Anguilla, British West Indies. I will understanding of how seabird broad- examine how seabird breeding behaviour Louise Soanes’ research scale reproductive biology (e.g. breeding is linked to the marine environment, will explore how strategy and timing of breeding) is linked relating the timing of breeding of monitoring their breeding to the wider marine environment is crucial individual seabirds to their particular to our use of seabirds as indicators of the behaviour and breeding success. habits can provide an health of, and changes occurring within, This research will aid our understanding indicator of the health the marine environment. Therefore, I will of, and enable us to predict, impacts of of our marine ecosystems apply the bio-indicator approach to both changes in the marine environment due a larger temporal and spatial scale, to climate change and fishing. Similarly, focusing on the flexible reproductive the broad-scale reproductive behaviour Dr Louise Soanes strategies of seabird populations. of seabirds observed in any year may be University of Roehampton The proposed study uses brown used to highlight changes in the marine Early Career Fellowship and masked boobies as model seabird environment, strengthening the value of species. These species have a widespread seabirds as bio-indicators of marine health. The world’s vast and precious marine ecosystems are experiencing irrevocable human-induced changes, due to greenhouse gas emissions, pollution and over-fishing. It is vital that we scrutinise and understand these changes to be able to predict the future state of the oceans and plan accordingly. Direct monitoring of this dynamic environment is extremely difficult and thus there is great interest in an alternate, ‘bio-indicator’ approach; the monitoring of animals that utilise the marine environment and change their behaviours in response to changes in their oceanic habitats. Species which are ideal marine bio-indicators forage at sea, covering large tracts of ocean, and are suitably perceptive to changes in that environment, while also breeding onshore making them periodically accessible to researchers. Seabirds are particularly sensitive to environmental change and, for this reason, the relationship between seabird breeding parameters and foraging behaviour in relation to marine environmental factors has been widely documented. As such, seabirds offer insights into the present state of ecosystems and how they are changing. However, to date, studies of this nature have been relatively limited, 32 AWARDS IN FOCUS

AT HOME IN THE HIMALAYAS: RETHINKING PHOTOGRAPHY IN THE HILL STATIONS OF BRITISH INDIA

By focusing on how Professor Clare Harris British notions of the sublime and University of Oxford the picturesque were transposed. indigenous communities Research Fellowship In short, the presence and agency in the Himalayas used of local communities have generally been In recent years prices for photographic omitted from accounts of the Himalayas and consumed photography prints created in the Himalayas in under colonialism. A major aim of this in the second half of the nineteenth century have risen study is therefore to bring these two the nineteenth century, exponentially. Demand has been worlds – of the long-standing occupants particularly strong for two genres: of the mountains and of those who arrived Clare Harris will landscape views of the mountains and later – into the same discursive space demonstrate that portraits of their exotic inhabitants. and to assert that the Himalayas were not photography was not just Enthusiasm for this kind of photography a blank canvas before the British painted is perhaps inevitably tinged with their dreams of home upon it. After all, a passion of the British Raj ‘Imperialist nostalgia’ since existing the name of a tea that is now synonymous publications often imply that it was with Britishness – Darjeeling – is derived initiated, produced, purchased and viewed from Dorje Ling, Tibetan for the ‘land solely by the British. This research project of the thunderbolt’. sets out to overturn these assumptions Not long after the invention of through a transcultural study of photography in the 1840s leading figures photography in the hill stations of British in its development in India established India. It focuses on such places as Shimla themselves in the Himalayas. By the close and Darjeeling, where the British sought of the nineteenth century the names relief from the burdens of Empire and the of Bourne and Shepherd, Johnston and heat of the plains. In the cool Himalayan Hoffmann and Thomas Paar had become foothills they constructed churches, well known as the prints and postcards houses and theatres in styles reminiscent they created circulated within the ‘visual of Britain, but their capacity to make economy’ of the sub-continent. Their themselves ‘at home’ was dependent on studios in the hill stations were also the labour of local workers and the prominent social institutions and, for compliance of indigenous landowners. members of the Raj, no sojourn in the Those who had lived in the hills was complete without a portrait Himalayas for generations were a diverse sitting in one of them. But close attention group including Lepchas, Bhutias, Gaddis to the products of these studios and their and others, such as Tibetans, who hailed ‘afterlives’ in use, reveals that studios from beyond the borders of India. These were also frequented by local people who people were frequently the subject of bought prints and inserted them into British photography but they have not domestic displays, family albums and previously been seen as contributors other visual constructions of identity to it. Similarly the ‘natural’ and built just as the British did. I argue that they environments they had shaped in the too had a passion for photography and mountains over generations are usually they were also important, if usually described as simply a backdrop onto which unacknowledged, agents in its production. AWARDS IN FOCUS 33

Right. Bhutia lady postcard. Created in Darjeeling around 1900 (private collection).

Below. Darjeeling rickshaw postcard. Created in Darjeeling around 1900 (private collection). 34 AWARDS IN FOCUS

MAKING A MARK: IMAGERY AND PROCESS IN THE BRITISH AND IRISH NEOLITHIC

To the modern observer many of Below. Face of one of the Andrew Jones will these decorated artefacts appear quite Neolithic chalk artefacts known undertake the first holistic haphazardly made and hardly seem to as the Folkton Drums. These are comparison of decorated fulfil our contemporary understanding carved cylinders of chalk placed of fine art. Like many ethnographically in a child’s grave at Folkton, Neolithic artefacts from documented art traditions, such as those Yorkshire. The lower image Britain and Ireland of the ivory carvings of Arctic Inuit, was generated using the RTI and build a framework painted wood sculptures of Northwest technique and shows an erased Coast Canada and the Malanggan ‘eyebrow’ motif at the top for understanding the figurines of New Ireland, Papua New of the image, just above the relationship between Guinea, it seems likely that many artefacts central motif. these and the more are being made, carved or decorated and discarded very rapidly. The arbitrary nature extensively studied art of this decoration means that it is often of Neolithic monuments difficult to see on archaeological artefacts. To help us visualise the decorative marks and settlements this project will use digital microscopy and a new technique known as Reflectance Dr Andrew Jones Transformation Imaging (RTI) developed University of Southampton by colleagues at the University of Research Project Grant Southampton in collaboration with Hewlett Packard laboratories. This The components of agricultural economies technique is an advanced digital analogue that formed a stepping-stone to modern to traditional photography that produces life, including farming, settlement, and an aggregate image of digital photographs pottery, date to the period known to taken in multiple light conditions, archaeologists as the Neolithic (c.9000– providing more scientifically reliable 2500 BCE). The Neolithic period visual information. therefore represents one of the most Preliminary research using the RTI momentous changes in human history. technique on the group of decorated chalk Alongside these changes we also see an cylinders known as the Folkton Drums, explosion in visual culture across Europe, excavated in 1890 from a Neolithic grave with the production of clay figurines on the Yorkshire Wolds, has already depicting animals, people and the props provided plentiful evidence of erasure and of the new lifestyle: miniature models reworking of these artefacts before burial. of houses and furniture. Why should Taken by itself this example is interesting artistic expression be associated with these but it does not tell us a great deal. For this changes in lifestyle and economy? reason the project aims to look at artefacts The decorated artefacts of the from southern England, Wales, Ireland and British and Irish Neolithic are not the Isle of Man as well as the spectacularly representational like those of continental rich material from Orkney and Northern Europe. Instead objects of chalk, stone Scotland to compare traditions of mark- and red deer antler are carved with a making across these regions. In this way variety of abstract motifs similar to the the project will shed light on how these spectacular imagery of Irish passage artefacts are involved in practices of tombs, such as Knowth and Newgrange. community building and connectivity, How were different communities across and thereby help us understand the role Britain and Ireland connected by of visual expression in the wider process of making these motifs? becoming Neolithic in Britain and Ireland. AWARDS IN FOCUS 35

ASSEMBLING THE ANCIENT ISLANDS OF JAPAN

have been documented for more than Below. Peering from the rock A new project led by 100 years, but their record is piecemeal, is the detached head of a Mark Williams seeks to and their geographical connections fossil trilobite that lived in understand the geological with other regions of East Asia and the Silurian sea more than 400 Oceania are often obscure. This project million years ago. This specimen origins of the Honshu, builds an international team of geologists (4 cm wide) is from Australia, Shikoku and Kyushu and palaeontologists to identify the true but its name, Japanoscutellum, islands by studying some significance of Japan’s most ancient fossil belies its biogeographical assemblages and uses these fossils to affinity with Japan, and it of the most ancient fossils plot the origins of the Japanese islands also occurs in far distant of Japan, dating back more within the wider geographical evolution geological terranes including than 400 million years of East Asia. Kazakhstan. By plotting the Our project brings together scientists distribution of key fossils from the universities of Leicester, Oxford, a fuller understanding of Japan’s Professor Mark Williams Keele, Lille, Nagoya and Kumamoto, geological origins will unfold. University of Leicester and from the British Geological Survey, Image by David Holloway International Network Grant uniting geological skills as diverse as the (Museum Victoria, Australia) identification and classification of Silurian provided by Phil Lane Rising over 3,700 metres, majestic Mount trilobites and the radiometric dating of (Keele University). Fuji is a tangible signal of Japan’s violent zircons within fossilised volcanic deposits. and complex geological past. Japan lies The team will forge a new integrated in the northwest sector of the Pacific approach to resolving the geological ‘ring of fire’, its islands forming part history of complex terranes like Japan that of an extended chain of volcanoes that will form a lasting academic legacy of the stretch from the Aleutian islands in the project. We will also create new scientific north along the eastern margin of East collections of Japanese fossil and rock Asia, on into South East Asia and then specimens in the Oxford University and through the western seaboard of the Nagoya University museums that will form Americas. Japan sits on the point of the a permanent physical legacy of the work. Earth’s surface where the Pacific Ocean plate is being forced beneath the Eurasian plate by continental drift, melting the Pacific crust as it sinks and producing the violent eruptions of Japan’s more than 100 active volcanoes. Buried deep in Japan’s rocks are the records of a dramatic geological past, witnessed by the deposits of volcanoes that blasted out their eruptive debris more than 400 million years ago. Captured in these ancient rocks are fossils of the animals that lived in the seas around Japan during the Silurian Period. These fossils include familiar groups such as trilobites and brachiopods – and some less familiar animals like the ostracods, miniature crustaceans represented by their tiny petrified bivalved shells. The extensive fossil assemblages of Japan 36 AWARDS IN FOCUS AWARDS IN FOCUS 37

PIERRE SOULAGES: RADICAL ABSTRACTION

Dr Natalie Adamson paintings, where the surface is completely Pierre Soulages’ University of St Andrews covered in tar-like, textured black paint. uncompromising Major Research Fellowship These works refract light according to the abstract paintings position of the viewer and act as a kind Since 1946 the French artist Pierre of optical target for our visual perception. challenge the viewer Soulages (b.1919) has made abstract Soulages is amongst the very few to reflect on the meaning paintings using all sorts of liquid pigments remaining witnesses to an art history that of an art without a on different kinds of supports: oil or is yet to be accounted for by historians. acrylic paint, tar, wood stain, ink, gouache In describing the unfolding of the artist’s recognisable image. and charcoal, on surfaces of glass, canvas, work over time, I hope to map what Natalie Adamson’s paper, linen and ceramic. He rejects abstract painting signifies after 1940 – for research combines a close traditional, small, fine-haired brushes the artist and the public. Abstraction does for house painters’ brushes, hand-made not mean a retreat from history or the focus on the œuvre of scrapers and wooden gutters. The paintings public sphere for Soulages, who argues: this singular artist with exit the studio named by their medium, “The world is not absent from the painting measurements and date of completion. because its image – one of its images – a broader contextual Each work is thus inscribed into a precise is absent from the canvas.” Abstract art history of abstract moment in time and becomes part of illustrates a changing set of social contexts painting since 1940 a series of paintings that continues in of production and reception through – the present day. This inscription of each and because of – its apparent refusal work into historical time is the feature to refer to the world. of Soulages’ work that guides More broadly, this project seeks the methodology for my project. to overturn the banal recitation of One of my main aims is to provide groups, movements and periods – a comprehensive account of Soulages’ Abstract Expressionism, Neo-Dada, lifetime of painting (as well as sculpture, Pop, Minimalism, Conceptual Art, printmaking, tapestry and stained glass), Contemporary Art – that are used to to describe and interpret the particular describe an era that has often trumpeted appearance of these confronting artworks. the ‘end of painting’. Recently Soulages The narrative begins with Soulages’ asserted that the future “does not belong adolescent, expressionist landscapes to me”. This book project intends to in the mid-1930s and the formation contradict the artist insofar as it shows of his identity as a painter. It will look the degree to which artworks exist in in detail at the first sequence of a temporal flux where history, tradition, experimental abstract works from the mid- and our contemporary moment 1940s before examining the increasingly dynamically interact. large-format canvases of the fifties and sixties, thickly marked with sombrely- coloured, architectural configurations on Left. Pierre Soulages in the a light-coloured ground. The third main studio, rue Saint-Victor, 2009. section focuses on the works made since Photograph by Vincent Cunillère 1979: the outrenoir or ‘beyond black’ © Vincent Cunillère 2015. 38 AWARDS IN FOCUS

Left. Terracotta figure of an official from the tomb of the First Emperor of Qin, late third century BCE, Shaanxi Archaeological Institute, photo Lukas Nickel.

Below. Inspecting the earliest Buddha image known from northern China, possibly dating to around 300 CE, Museum of Xian City, photo Li Wenbo. AWARDS IN FOCUS 39

EARLY CHINESE SCULPTURE IN THE ASIAN CONTEXT – ART HISTORY AND TECHNOLOGY

Dr Lukas Nickel realistic terracotta sculptures and Why did sculptural SOAS, University of London erected bronze figures of giants in his images of gods and Research Fellowship palace. The figures fall outside Chinese humans appear in China artistic tradition, and it can be argued For a long part of its antiquity, China that their production was most likely only in the third century had an uneasy relationship with the catalysed by early contacts with the BCE and early Buddhist medium of sculpture. While patrons and contemporary Hellenistic world. period? Lukas Nickel’s artisans in Egypt and Mesopotamia, in With the death of the emperor, realistic the Achamaenid empire and in Greece sculpture disappeared from Chinese ambitious project aims created images of their gods and rulers public art as abruptly as it had emerged, to determine the cultural in human shape, the peoples of early East but tomb figurines became part of the interactions which might Asia hardly ever represented the deities repertoire of burial equipment. From they believed in. Throughout the Bronze the second century CE onwards, explain how this alien Age (sixteenth to third century BCE), Buddhist religion was introduced to art medium was adopted Chinese élites equipped their altars with China from India and Central Asia. precious vessels out of which food and The monk communities brought with drink was offered during rituals, them the worship of the likeness of but the addressees of the offerings the Buddha, and soon the Buddha icon remained invisible. The observer had to began to populate the public sphere. imagine their appearance. Only for a brief This project will focus on these period of time the Sanxingdui culture moments of adoption of and engagement (twelfth to eleventh century BCE) in what with an alien art medium. I will examine is now Guanghan in the southern Chinese the artistic qualities of figures of the Sichuan province, produced and probably third century BCE and of the early venerated giant bronze figures, but these Buddhist period in order to inquire were smashed, broken and buried in pits what characteristics the artisans and as soon as the area was conquered by their sponsors intended to achieve. the leading Anyang culture. Apart from I will further investigate production occasional instances of small figurines methods to see how craftsmen achieved in tombs mainly representing personnel those aims. The findings will then be serving the occupants, mainstream compared to artistic practice in other religion did not employ images of parts of Asia and in Greece. I hope gods and humans. to better understand the reception and This situation was changed adaptation processes in China. To what dramatically by two instances of cross- extent were alien objects or even foreign Asian interaction. In the late third century concepts of sculpture brought to East BCE the First Emperor of Qin famously Asia? Has knowledge about sculptural filled his tomb with thousands of life-size, technologies migrated with them? 40 AWARDS IN FOCUS

‘A GRAPHIC WAR’: DESIGN AT HOME AND ON THE FRONT LINES (1914–1918)

Ms Lucy Moore and Mr Ian Kirkpatrick between the retail and art worlds. The Curator Lucy Moore Leeds Museums & Galleries sculptures he produces for ‘A Graphic War’ and contemporary artist Artist in Residence Grant will re-examine and re-present the Leeds Ian Kirkpatrick challenge Museum First World War collections, How was graphic design of First World thematically uniting artefacts and helping traditional interpretations War objects – including maps, notebooks, to tease out their design strategies, while of First World War ration cards, pencils, postcards and examining the underlying mythologies, collections and raise household items – deployed by Allied anxieties and fears that they reveal about Forces during the conflict? Was graphic life in Leeds, in Great Britain and around awareness of the strategic design intended for consumption by the world, during wartime. The art will role graphic design played soldiers different in tone, tactic or be displayed at multiple sites as part of and continues to play – quality from that consumed on the home a sculpture trail, engaging new audiences, front… and did it become more or less promoting museum collections and during times of conflict nationalistic as the war progressed? Can challenging attitudes to the First World we still see traces of First World War War. Each display will be accompanied design innovations in graphic art today? by video documentation of Ian’s creative These are some of the questions process, along with linked commentary being asked (by us: Lucy Moore, about the artefacts that inspired it. curator at Leeds Museums & Galleries, In addition, we want to use graphic and contemporary artist/designer Ian design as a means to make the First World Kirkpatrick), as part of our upcoming War relevant to younger audiences. Ian Leverhulme-funded project ‘A Graphic will work closely with the Preservative War’. Drawing together artefacts from Party, a local youth curatorial collective, across Leeds Museums & Galleries’ to develop artworks inspired by the collections, we will take an entirely new First World War. We hope that these look at the conflict through the lens of will be showcased and sold at partnering its graphic design outputs. This new retail venues, providing members of the collaboration will focus on design as a collective with valuable skills in research, communicative, emotional and logistical design and marketing. Ian will also use tool – and will explore the multifaceted the subject of First World War design ways in which graphic design influenced as a means to connect with other life and thought at home and on the young people, so they can attain a front lines. national Arts Award qualification. ‘A Graphic War’ will culminate Through its engagement in a new body of artwork by Ian with younger audiences, its exciting Kirkpatrick, to be presented in a city- fusion of art and archival research, and wide programme in Leeds during its novel mixture of museum and retail- November 2015. Kirkpatrick’s artwork based exhibition spaces, this project is highly contemporary in appearance will challenge traditional curation – yet is strongly based on archival and of war collections and explore how object-based research. Kirkpatrick’s the skills and techniques of graphic sculptures, inspired by graphic design, design were transformed by – and have been exhibited across the UK and helped to transform – the events internationally, and sit at the intersection of the First World War. AWARDS IN FOCUS 41

Right. Huntley & Palmers biscuit tin, 1915, showing Allied soldiers © Leeds Museums & Galleries, photographed by Sara Porter.

Below. Fortune Favours the Brave by Ian Kirkpatrick, 2012. Digitally printed cardboard, PVC. 42 AWARDS IN FOCUS

Below left. Our Allies the Colonies – The Cyprus Regiment on the cover of The Boy’s Own Paper, August 1943 issue, Imperial War Museum collection: Posters of Conflict – The Visual Culture of Public Information and Counter Information.

Below right. Fokion Demetriades (Greek cartoonist, 1894–1977), Fighting Cyprus, 1955–1959 series. During the Cypriot liberation struggle his cartoons were published in the Greek and Cypriot press. They were also made into postcards and were disseminated abroad. AWARDS IN FOCUS 43

CULTURAL PROPAGANDA AGENCIES IN COLONIAL CYPRUS AND THEIR POLICIES

Mrs Maria Hadjiathanasiou ‘the British yoke’. On the other hand, How did imperial and Study Abroad Studentship the British Council focused on local cultural propaganda promoting ‘the British way of life’ and affect internal politics I am interested in the British Council’s the value of ‘the British connection’; role as a latent representative of the for example, through the teaching of the in Cyprus? Maria British and colonial governments, as English language and visual education Hadjiathanasiou’s an agent of implicit political propaganda, (films, periodicals, art exhibitions etc.). research will investigate and in the impact of its activities on The second half of British rule in Cyprus’ cultural development. In the Cyprus was a restless time; the rise of the the development of Cyprus State Archives I will look at the Enosis movement, the ascension of the Cyprus’ modern visual official correspondence – circulars and Cypriot communist party, the emergence culture and the gradual reports – dealing with its formation, of Turkish Cypriot nationalism, and range of activities, and the attempts the influx of Axis propaganda during formation of a Cypriot and/or inertia of its administrators the years of the Second World War cultural conscience to design and implement a cultural all shaped the island’s conditions. policy in accordance with the particular While different interest groups struggled requirements of Cyprus. In the Library to build a new system of order through of the Archbishop Makarios III disorder, propaganda became a Foundation and other archives, I powerful weapon used by all sides. will also gather information on the How did imperial and local propaganda strategies of the Christian cultural propaganda affect internal Orthodox Church which, as the official politics? How were Cypriot culture and representative of the Christian population community interpreted and presented of the island, were aimed at safeguarding through the above agencies? As a Public the loyalty and allegiance of the Cypriots Information Officer tellingly wrote in for future union with Greece. 1950, “we should be giving the Cypriots These two agencies, acting in answer a picture of themselves … nothing to and against each other, often boycotted is more fascinating than a mirror.” each other’s work. Some of the Church’s Through this investigation I seek to activities included teaching Greek history provide an original critical analysis of in schools, heated Church sermons, the complex processes of the development political speeches and press articles, of a Cypriot cultural consciousness, all extolling Cypriots’ pillars of faith: and to bring into the foreground the Christianity and Greek-ness, and the little-researched topic of British people’s need to free themselves from colonial cultural policy. 44 AWARDS IN FOCUS

Left. L–R: Trabecular bone from an Asian elephant (Elephas maximus), domestic horse (Equus caballus) and Fennec fox (Vulpes zerda) contain struts (trabeculae) and spaces with scale that varies in relation to body size. Colours represent trabecular thickness (yellow-white = 1 mm; dark blue-black = 0 mm). Larger animals have larger trabeculae, which are fewer per unit volume than smaller animals, but the volumetric ratio of trabeculae:spaces does not scale. AWARDS IN FOCUS 45

ACT BIG, GET BIG: BONE CELL ACTIVITY SCALING AMONG SPECIES AS A SKELETAL ADAPTATION MECHANISM

Dr Michael Doube This project proposes that bone How do bones ‘know’ Royal Veterinary College, cells have differing levels of activity what size and shape they University of London dependent on species and body size, and should grow to? Michael Research Project Grant that this may help to explain how skeletal forms arise during evolution. To test this Doube’s ground-breaking Bones, and the foam-like structures within hypothesis, we will isolate osteoblasts research challenges them, have differing scale and shape in and osteoclasts from animals great and current ideas and could large and small animals. This makes sense small and measure their activity under because large animals’ skeletons must bear standardised conditions, which has not help explain how greater body weight than small animals. been attempted systematically before now. different skeletal forms Galileo imagined that very tall animals Our experiments may introduce would need to have monstrously thickened a new concept underlying skeletal arise during evolution bones to avoid crumbling under their own evolution which could have profound weight. But is all the variation in skeletal significance for understanding bone’s shape related to mechanical loading? ability to produce functional structures Imagine replacing the bone cells of an in animals great and small. This study elephant with those of a mouse: would will contribute to development and the elephant’s mechanical loads cause growth science, where the broad question the mouse cells to produce elephant-sized of how varied organs ‘know’ to what bony structures, or would the mouse shape and size they should grow is cells make mouse-sized structures not fully answered. Scaling of bone cell despite being in an elephant? activity may have contributed to famous A central concept in bone biology cases of gigantism in numerous lineages is that bone strain is the primary of animals such as dinosaurs; so far it determinant of bone shape (Wolff ’s has been assumed that it does not exist. Law and Frost’s Mechanostat), which is We aim to challenge the accepted affected by the action of bone cells called dogma that bone form rigidly follows osteoclasts and osteoblasts. Osteoclasts mechanical function. Our studies will resorb bone tissue and osteoblasts produce test an unpopular counter-argument, bone tissue. The coordinated action of that bone cells are inherently different this pair of cell types results in bone tissue among species and that variation in bone arrangements within bone organs. This is shape can be explained by quantitative broadly correct within a single animal, but differences in their activity, which it doesn’t fully explain the range of bone are not dependent upon prevailing structures seen in the animal kingdom. mechanical conditions. 46 AWARDS IN FOCUS

BLACK SEA SKETCHES: MUSIC, PLACE AND PEOPLE

Professor Jim Samson close-up that can eventually lead to A major new study of Royal Holloway, University of London useful generalisations. Already I can see Black Sea music will allow Emeritus Fellowship that pedigreed narratives about polyphony Jim Samson to explore at are in quest of revision. Some years ago I had a Leverhulme A second theme will occupy me in first hand traditional folk Fellowship to work on music in the Abkhazia, which I will visit in November. polyphonies, epic song Balkans. The resulting book aimed at This will concern epic song, and will and the development continuities and at a panoramic overview, involve the study of musical treatments bringing many different kinds of music of the Nart legends, both in Abkhazia of Georgian opera (art, church, traditional, popular) under itself, in related cultures in the North a single scholarly roof. The present project Caucasus, and in the Circassian diaspora flows directly from this Balkan work, not in Turkey (notably Kayseri). My hope least because the Black Sea region, if it is that this will allow for meditations can be called a region, is likewise located on epic forms and their modern revivals, ‘betwixt and between’ European and a topic well researched in the Balkans West Asian cultures. But at the same and in Central Asia, but not yet in the time the new project marks something Caucasus. It is too early to say what of a departure. The intention is to present will come of this. close readings of localised repertories, While in Georgia, I also explored groups or situations, and then to allow a third theme, the construction of opera these to act as portals to big, wide-ranging houses around the Black Sea. This will and resonant debates. There will be no form the basis of wider issues, such attempt at comprehensiveness. as westernisation and modernisation During my first on-site visit to associated with the cities of the littoral: Georgia I explored the traditional (or the ‘old’ cities in the south (Tbilisi, ‘folk’) polyphonies and their relation to Trabzon) and the ‘new’ cities in the north professional polyphonies. Georgia is an (Odessa). The opera house at Tbilisi ideal place to undertake this study, not was completed in 1851, and it lies at least because of the International Centre the centre of an interesting story about for Traditional Polyphony which is based Italian and Russian troupes, and about at Tbilisi Conservatoire. I spent time the beginnings of Georgian opera. ‘in the field’, including a ten-hour, white- One of the nice things about these knuckle minibus ride to Upper Svanetia visits is that there can be reciprocity. in the Caucasian Alps. There I stayed In my capacity as Editor-in-Chief of with a ‘song master’, Vakho Pilpani, in the a major revision of Grove Music Online, village of Lenjeri, close to Mestia. Vakho I have been able to offer Georgian introduced me to Svanetian polyphonic scholars an opportunity to overhaul the singing, and I had an opportunity to coverage of Georgian topics in this, the watch his group in rehearsal and in world’s leading dictionary of music. This concert. This is the kind of ethnographic is good for them, and it is good for us. AWARDS IN FOCUS 47

Below. The Svanetian folk ensemble ‘Riho’. 48 AWARDS IN FOCUS

Right. Fieldwork, Ansabere, Pyrenees, credit: Matthew Fisher.

Below. North American bullfrog, credit: Matthew Fisher. AWARDS IN FOCUS 49

WHY CHYTRIDS ARE LEAVING AMPHIBIANS ‘NAKED’

genetic lineages. These reflect an ancient other – in other words, novel associations Skin-infecting chytrid history of cospeciation that has resulted in of amphibian chytrids will result in fungi are accelerating a worldwide phylogeographic structuring ‘winners’ and ‘losers’. Therefore, would extinction rates of chytrids alongside their amphibian endemic Madagascan amphibian chytrids hosts – an ancient diversity that is being buffer their host from invading pathogens in amphibians at eroded as wild-collected amphibians or would they be outcompeted and face unprecedented levels. vector their chytrid parasites worldwide extinction in their own right? Matthew Fisher leads within trade routes. Our characterisation of amphibian- Our project will characterise the skin chytrid taxonomic diversity will a study that will use spatial diversity of amphibian-associated enable us to assess the risk that this clade fungal barcoding and chytrids by developing DNA-barcoding poses to amphibians worldwide and will and genome sequencing technologies thus act to inform policy on biosecurity. genome sequencing to using field collections from amphibians It will also provide a rich source of map amphibian chytrid in their natural settings. We will focus our macroevolutionary and comparative phylogeography attention on regions where we believe we genomic data across these undersampled have a high chance of finding endemic fungi and will allow us to examine the chytrids – one such region is the island hypothesis that native chytrid species Professor Matthew Fisher of Madagascar which has a very high have evolved as an essential component Imperial College London diversity of amphibians which are found of a healthy skin microbiome. By Research Project Grant nowhere else on Earth. Does Madagascar integrating these data we will be able therefore harbour new and undiscovered to conclude whether chytrids leave A major consequence of globalisation has types of Bd? We believe it does! And if we amphibians ‘naked’ to assault, or are been the increase of invasive non-native are correct, what happens when invading rather key defenders against non-native species owing to trade in live animals lineages of chytrids make contact with invaders. If the latter proves true, then and plants. An extreme example of this an endemic lineage? Ecological theory this opens the door to a potentially (and process is the rise of new emerging shows that coinfection of a single niche much needed) new route to mitigating infectious diseases (EIDs) as pathogens by similar lineages is unlikely to be stable, the impact of introduced amphibian- track human networks of trade to and that one lineage will outcompete the parasitic chytrids. establish themselves in uninfected regions – so called ‘pathogen pollution’. Whilst EIDs affect human populations, their impact has also been broadly detrimental to natural populations of plants and animals, leading to world-wide losses of biodiversity. This dynamic has been most apparent across amphibians, where the emergence of parasitic aquatic chytrid fungi has played a major role in driving amphibian species declines worldwide. While one chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), was originally thought to have caused the ongoing panzootic, we now know that amphibian chytridiomycosis is caused by a much broader swathe of chytrid diversity than was originally thought. Through our use of next-generation genome sequencing, it is clear that Bd is actually composed of many deep 50 AWARDS IN FOCUS

‘THE WALRUS IVORY OWL’

‘The Walrus Ivory Owl’ is a writer’s journey to the North American Arctic. Kathleen Jamie will combine environmental writing with history, natural history, reportage and travel, covering art and archaeology

Professor Kathleen Jamie University of Stirling being lost to the sea. The village council Moravian missionaries having Research Fellowship decided to call in archaeologists. For suppressed the practice. five years now the site (called Nunallaq) When I first learned about the In the Yup’ik Eskimo village of has been excavated by a team from the dig, all my writer’s instincts woke up. Quinhagak, which lies on the shores University of Aberdeen. Winters are long As one whose literary interests lie in travel, of the Bering Sea, an extraordinary and snow-bound, so digging is restricted landscape, birds and wildlife, archaeology, archaeological dig is underway. to a few short, bug-infested weeks in the ecology and the human relationship with The scale of the landscape there is height of summer. The dig has become the natural world, this sounded too good vast, and the Yup’ik people have dwelt on part of the seasonal round for the people an opportunity to miss. Fascinating human this land and inshore waters for thousands of Quinhagak; the archaeological team events in a huge, still-wild landscape! I of years. Many still follow a subsistence is accommodated in the village and some was sure many people would be interested, way of life. They have weathered many of the local youths help on the site. but no-one was writing about it. changes, not least the arrival of European The sheer number and quality of artefacts I was delighted when the traders and missionaries. Now they being recovered is staggering, as is Leverhulme Trust granted me funds to are part of the state of Alaska. the craftsmanship: basketry, jewellery, go to Quinhagak as a writer expressly The most recent threat to Arctic carvings, knives, harpoons, dolls, masks, to make a literary piece of work. I called and sub-Arctic peoples is global warming. kayak parts – all, of course, handmade it a ‘writer’s journey’, but I have become Rising sea levels mean the sea is scouring from local materials. something like a writer-in-residence. away at the land, and the village is prone Eskimo peoples’ cultural confidence One of the highlights of my 2014 trip to flooding. It also means the permafrost has taken a hard knock in recent times, was taking a creative writing session in is melting. but the rediscovery of these pre-contact the village school, showing the children The dig began when local people cultural artefacts is having a galvinising some newly excavated artefacts, which began discovering ancient artefacts on effect. For example, last year, as a result would have been made by their own the seashore. It became plain that a Yup’ik of finding ceremonial dance masks, the forebears: a woman’s knife or ulu, a net- settlement, abandoned following a local people of Quinhagak held their first weight in shape of a fish, a tiny amulet war, had been discovered even as it was ceremonial dance for a century, carved in shape of a seal. AWARDS IN FOCUS 51

Left. Caribou carved on an antler, Below. Richard Knecht, archaeologist, image credit: Rick Knecht. image credit: Melia Knecht.

53 WHAT HAPPENED NEXT

In this series of interviews, previous award-holders tell us ‘what happened next’, explaining the role that Leverhulme Trust funding played in the progress of their research and careers 54 WHAT HAPPENED NEXT

DR CHRIS JIGGINS

“It allowed me to think ambitiously; approaching the problem from all angles and building strong collaborations within the international community”

share the cost of educating predators to Darwin’s time: how do identical complex Research on the stunning avoid them. For evolutionary geneticists, wing patterns emerge in different species? Amazonian passion vine including Cambridge University’s Chris The answer was unexpected. Comparing butterfly is helping Chris Jiggins, Heliconius mimicry presents an the DNA controlling wing pattern in unparalleled opportunity to study the H. melpomene with that of its closely Jiggins and his team to fundamental processes involved related mimics – Heliconius timareta and address fundamental in adaptive variation and the origin Heliconius elevatus – they found that large questions about how new of species. sections of the genome coding for wing A 2007 Research Leadership pattern had passed between the species biological species evolve Award enabled Chris to build the as a result of interbreeding. research team and facilities needed to “This was really surprising. The incredible diversity of wing maximise this opportunity by establishing When the same patterns emerge in patterns displayed by the Amazonian the Heliconius model as a powerful different places on the tree of life, we have Heliconius, or passion vine butterflies, resource for laboratories worldwide. always assumed that they have evolved has been providing inspiration and “We needed to develop a lot of different independently – perhaps by mutations insights for evolutionary science since complementary techniques, ranging in the same genes – but this shows that its early beginnings. In 1863, naturalist from studying butterfly behaviour in gene flow between species can contribute Henry Walter Bates wrote that, in these Panama to sequencing genomes in the significantly to evolution,” Chris explains. ‘handsome butterflies’, he could see a lab. The Research Leadership Award was Further analysis showed evidence of gene glimpse of the way new species evolved: exciting because it allowed me to think flow in almost 40% of the Heliconius he described finding two species of ambitiously; approaching the problem genome; suggesting that even though Heliconius, each with highly distinctive from all angles and building strong successful interbreeding is extremely wing patterns, living alongside a number collaborations within the international rare, it can enable substantial transfer of much rarer varieties, whose wing community,” Chris says. of genetic variation. This could have patterns appeared to span the two A highlight of this collaborative major implications for our understanding extremes. Bates saw this as the strongest effort was the sequencing of the entire of the evolution of biodiversity and, possible support for Darwin’s recently genome of the postman butterfly, with the recent DNA evidence for published ideas. Heliconius melpomene. This heralded interbreeding between Neanderthals and Bates was also struck by the a renaissance of work on Heliconius, Homo sapiens, also raises the intriguing numerous examples of species, living enabling studies of many different aspects possibility that hybrids played a in the same geographical area, which of butterfly biology and, for the first time, significant role in our own early evolution. appeared to have evolved nearly identical allowing researchers to investigate the Just how significant this mechanism wing patterns; a phenomenon known processes of speciation and mimicry at is for the generation of new species is one as mimicry. For the Heliconius butterfly, the molecular level. of the questions Chris hopes to address, this mimicry is a survival strategy: the Using the H. melpomene genome using the powerful Heliconius model, in butterflies have toxic chemicals that make as a reference, Chris and his team were a project supported by an ERC Advanced them taste bad, so mimics effectively able to address a question debated since Grant awarded in 2012. WHAT HAPPENED NEXT 55

Below. Heliconius, image reproduced courtesy of Eddy Van 3000 under the Creative Commons licence. 56 WHAT HAPPENED NEXT

DR HANNES BAUMANN

“My projects don’t fit the mindset of a single discipline”

Anti-Syrian saviour of Lebanon or corrupt for fieldwork particularly challenging: Using extensive fieldwork, self-interested crook? In the aftermath many interviewees (particularly those often under difficult of his assassination in 2005, the focus of in Hariri’s circle) were fearful of becoming circumstances, Hannes debate about Rafiq Hariri threatened to the next target for assassination, making obscure an important backstory: how did them both security-conscious and Baumann’s research this businessman billionaire win and hold circumspect about the message they were explores the impact of political power in Lebanon? Born giving; and, after a brief spell out of the Arab capital investment in Lebanon, Hariri accumulated his country, Hannes had returned to find wealth as a construction contractor in his apartment had been shelled during on contemporary Middle Saudi Arabia, returning to his native land a flare-up of violence. Eastern politics and in 1990, at the end of the 15-year civil He says the studentship was both the imbalances of power war. Within two years – and for most of humbling and formative: “In trying to the next twelve – he was Lebanon’s prime research an objective view of Hariri, that can result minister, pushing through ambitious I experienced at first hand that objective redevelopment plans for war-torn Beirut. does not mean neutral; I realised how Hariri had initially worked with the politically loaded social science can controlling Syrian regime, but his recent be.” Hannes’ investigation into Hariri’s anti-Syrian stance led many to assume biography and the impact of his policies, that the regime had arranged his murder. reveals much about contemporary Before his assassination, most Lebanese politics: it recognises the Lebanese had an ambiguous view of important influence of political economics Hariri. At first a welcome change in and uncovers how Hariri – by inviting a country where politics had been massive investment from Lebanon’s dominated by militia leaders or feudal oil-rich neighbours to finance his vision families, it had since become clear that for Beirut – made this small non-oil a major beneficiary of Hariri’s dream, Arab country completely economically to restore Beirut’s former glory, was Hariri dependent on Saudi Arabia and the Gulf. himself. In death, however, he became Supported by a Leverhulme Early the symbol of the popular anti-Syrian Career Fellowship, Hannes is currently uprising: a national hero. His alter ego, exploring the influence of Gulf investment emerging from lurid but unsubstantiated across three very different political stories of corruption, was the greedy economies: Jordan, Egypt and Morocco. architect of Lebanon’s economic woes. His research again involves extensive Hannes Baumann was researching fieldwork – an approach more commonly the biography of Hariri for his doctorate associated with area studies or history: in political science (at SOAS in London); “Political science is usually more interested and as these competing myths grew, he in the abstract, such as comparing found it increasingly difficult to negotiate economic indicators across countries,” a more objective path. From 2007 to Hannes explains, “so, my projects don’t 2008, supported by a Leverhulme Trust fit the mindset of a single discipline.” Study Abroad Studentship, he worked By following the threads linking business in Lebanon, searching local archives and and state, Hannes’ research promises interviewing sources close to the ‘real’ to spotlight the rising power of Arab Hariri: his opponents as well as his friends businesspeople in the complex politics and advisors. The political unrest triggered of the Middle East and explore by Hariri’s murder made the conditions their role in the ‘Arab Spring’. WHAT HAPPENED NEXT 57 58 WHAT HAPPENED NEXT WHAT HAPPENED NEXT 59

DR LUCIE GREEN

­“Leverhulme encourages you to pay back to the community and gives you the sense of independence you need to keep doing public engagement”

Solar physicist, Lucie In 2010 – the same year that she Hinode satellite. She also discovered was recognised in The Times’ Eureka that flux rope eruptions can initiate Green, is a rising star Supplement as one of the UK’s top ten sunquakes – seismic events, orders with an inspiring scientific minds – it was make or break of magnitude more powerful than for Lucie Green’s research career. any recorded on Earth. In 2012, Lucie combination of talents: Her Royal Society Dorothy Hodgkin secured a Royal Society University a scientific mind and Fellowship was drawing to a close and, Research Fellowship to continue her a flair for communicating with recent research council cuts, no work on how the magnetic fields in funds were available to support her the Sun’s atmosphere control the build her science work at the UCL Mullard Space up and release of magnetic energy. She Science Laboratory. Lucie was actively was also recently awarded a Leverhulme exploring an alternative career in public Trust Research Project Grant, enabling engagement – for which she had already her to develop an innovative approach shown both interest and flair – when that bridges the traditional gap she heard that her Leverhulme Trust between observation and theory. Early Career Fellowship application Although Leverhulme Trust had been successful. funding kept her on the research career The Leverhulme Fellowship allowed path, Lucie says it also supported her Lucie to continue her research into the activities in science communication and forces behind the spectacular eruptions education: “Leverhulme encourages you from the solar atmosphere known as to pay back to the community and gives coronal mass ejections (CMEs). These you the sense of independence you need eruptions – which throw magnetic field to keep doing public engagement – if you and billions of tons of electrically charged are research council funded the pressure gas particles into space – are a major is normally on to be a paper-producing driver of the stormy space weather that machine, so it’s harder to look at the can wreak havoc with satellites and with bigger picture,” she says. Lucie has built telecommunications and power grids on her research experience and findings on Earth. “How these eruptions happen to develop inspiring resources for is not at all intuitive,” Lucie explains: schoolteachers; she is a Governor at the “The Sun has a huge gravitational pull UCL Academy School and she is Chief and it’s not clear how any material can Observer for the Society for Popular escape from that.” Astronomy (giving advice and support Solar activity is related to the to young stargazers). With her passion behaviour of magnetic fields that thread for communicating science, she is also a through the Sun’s atmosphere and popular public speaker as well as a regular Left. These bright, theoretical studies suggest that structures guest on radio and TV. Lucie’s next step spiralling loops are known as magnetic flux ropes – twisted in the career ladder will play to both of particles spinning bundles of magnetic fields – are involved her strengths. When she finishes her along magnetic in the initiation of CMEs. Lucie was current Fellowship, she aims to take up field lines that have able to provide observational evidence a joint research and public engagement emerged from beneath to support the theory by showing an position at UCL, where the Sun’s surface. association between these rope-like she will continue to study the physics Credit: Solar Dynamics structures and solar eruptions in images of the Sun and to share the importance Observatory, NASA. of the Sun’s atmosphere collected by the of solar physics to life on Earth. 60 WHAT HAPPENED NEXT

PROFESSOR GIORGIO RIELLO

­“ It gave me time to step away from the day-to-day nitty gritty of research”

From following the of European cotton textiles: a direct Asia or America is how the locals look. consequence of the mechanisation of And particularly what they wear. So it’s fortunes of the world’s textile production that heralded Britain’s a unique way of seeing the encounters – first global commodity to Industrial Revolution. Or so the textbooks through the eyes of early modern people, say. Taking a longer view and analysing if you like.” Much as today, Europeans studying the rich history the interplay between Asia, Europe and made moral judgments based on how of luxury, Giorgio Riello the Americas, Giorgio presents a far people were dressed. Or not dressed. has made ground-breaking more nuanced picture of a revolution Naked ‘savages’ of the new world built on centuries of Asian know-how, were contrasted visually, culturally contributions to a new with new technology just one of many and mentally with ‘civilised’ Europeans historical field interconnected economic, social and in their stitched garments. cultural factors. The project’s emerging themes, Professor Giorgio Riello is an expert Richly illustrated, the book combining the economic and cultural in global history, an emerging field that highlights the depth and understanding with textiles and fashion, led Giorgio draws on a range of interdisciplinary that artefacts and visual sources can to the issue of luxury. His recently methodologies to explore a less nation- provide; and it was this potential synergy completed Leverhulme Trust International centric perspective of the past. His – between material culture and global Network Grant linked historical and recently published book Cotton: The Fabric history – that Giorgio set out to explore, contemporary perspectives of luxury, that made the Modern World, exemplifies through a Philip Leverhulme Prize by connecting business experts with a the power of that global perspective. awarded in 2011. “I was delighted to be multidisciplinary group of scholars in Completed during a Leverhulme Trust awarded the Prize,” Giorgio says. “It gave universities and museums: “History and Fellowship, the book – a history of the me time to step away from the day-to- business don’t usually go together, but global economic relevance of cotton – day nitty gritty of research. To look at the talking with leaders from the luxury won the World History Association Book bigger picture of global history beyond the industry gave a fascinating insight into Prize in 2014. By following cotton across economic realm, and explore more freely a world that academics don’t usually see. centuries, nations and disciplines, the ways that objects, and particularly It made it obvious that luxury is not just it presents an unorthodox view of the textiles and clothing, can help to tell the about today’s big brands and branded forces that shaped our modern economy. stories of the past.” products but also has a long – and one From the eleventh century, global Focusing on the period from 1500 might say ‘rich’ – history.” ‘Too weird’ for trade in Indian cotton textiles fuelled to 1700, as Europeans started engaging more traditional funding bodies, the widespread prosperity in Asia. However, with other cultures, Giorgio analysed Network inspired new interdisciplinary at the end of the seventeenth century, how dress and textiles helped people connections, Giorgio says, with ongoing in a striking reversal of fortunes, the make sense of their expanding world: links with the Warwick Business School world’s producers – India, China and the “In travelogues, for instance, the first thing and the Victoria and Albert Museum, Ottoman Empire – became consumers that people describe when they arrive in “a particularly wonderful result.” WHAT HAPPENED NEXT 61

Below. Batavia; plate from ‘Costumes of Various Countries’ by Johannes de Ram; etching; circa 1680 © Victoria and Albert Museum, London. 62 WHAT HAPPENED NEXT

PROFESSOR KIM BARD

­“ Without Leverhulme Trust funding it would have been very difficult to get support”

Using an experimental influence cognitive outcomes in human found there was no measurable species- infants, using this experimental design specific difference in joint attention design that takes account just seems crazy to me,” she says. There was, however, an intriguing link of early life experience, Supported by a Leverhulme Trust between the topic of joint attention Research Project Grant from 2010 to and the way infants were raised. Only Kim Bard’s research 2013, Kim teased apart the contribution in groups raised in western settings (both is challenging current of nature (species) from nurture (socio- chimpanzees and humans) was the focus thinking about the emotional background) by documenting of joint attention more likely to be an joint attention in groups of one-year old object than an event; these infants also cognitive differences infants from each species across a diversity experienced the most positive emotional between humans of life experiences; the human groups tone (encouraging or entertaining) from and chimpanzees were western urban (Portsmouth, UK), their partners. “This shows that experiences African traditional subsistence farming you have in your first year do very much (the Nso) and African hunter-gatherers determine cognitive outcomes – in What sets humans apart from other (the Aka); the chimpanzees were western humans and in chimpanzees. That’s primates? Current evolutionary theory urban (Ohio, USA), wild (Gombe Stream pretty remarkable,” Kim says. builds on experimental evidence of National Park), zoo (Chester, UK) and Another objective of the project – our unique capacity for joint attention laboratory (Kyoto University, Japan). about which Kim is particularly (basically, the ability to engage with The two western urban chimpanzees passionate – was to highlight deficiencies someone about something). This cognitive had been raised in the home of Professor in current working practice, and promote skill develops in our first year of life, Sally Boysen (Ohio State University) and a more logical and thoughtful approach and comparative psychologists see it a Leverhulme Trust Visiting Professorship, to comparative psychology: “Of course, as a foundation of our highly collaborative awarded concurrently, helped to get Sally that’s inherently critical of the entire field,” nature. But according to Professor Kim involved with developing some of the she explains “so without Leverhulme Bard from the University of Portsmouth, methodology for the project. Collecting Trust funding it would have been very the evidence for this species-specific new observations would have taken too difficult to get support.” This aspect of the difference in early social cognition much time, so Kim studied existing video- project remains a work in progress – the could be just an artefact of poorly footage of each group in their everyday experimental findings have yet to gain designed experiments. settings. She painstakingly coded over widespread acceptance, but an invited As Kim explains, these experiments 1,800 hours of archival videotape, at theoretical review (co-authored with typically compare the cognitive skills ten-second intervals, documenting any colleague, David Leavens), that highlights of infant humans, brought up in western instances of joint attention, the topic of the advantages of the ‘Lived Experience’ families, with the cognitive skills of adult that attention (whether it be an object or approach, was recently published. institutionalised chimpanzees, without an event), and its context (particularly the Meanwhile, Kim continues to use and taking account of the vastly different emotional tone surrounding it). develop this innovative approach to explore life experiences of the two groups: Comparing infants of the same age where cognitive differences between “As we know that both nature and nurture across developmental experiences, Kim humans and other species really lie. WHAT HAPPENED NEXT 63 64 WHAT HAPPENED NEXT

PROFESSOR MARTIN HAIRER

­“ It’s nice because I wasn’t expected to look into a crystal ball and know the next direction to take”

On 13 August 2014, it was with he needed to go from one-dimensional Internationally recognised relief, as well as pride, that Martin to higher dimensional systems. “It was through a series of high- Hairer took his place at the opening only a crack in the problem but profile awards, Martin ceremony of the International Congress I knew then that it would work. I knew of Mathematicians in Seoul. Speculation I could drive a wedge through that Hairer’s fascination had been rife since February – when crack,” Martin says. By ‘wedge’ he means for long-standing he’d got the news – and he had come what his peers have described as a feat mathematical conundrums close to letting the cat out of the of breathtakingly deep and technical bag on more than one occasion. mathematics: a theory – all 180 pages of continues to drive his But now it was official. Martin – a it – that appeared to come out of the blue. curiosity-driven research professor at Warwick University – had His presence on the Fields Medal won the Fields Medal: widely regarded stage the following year, however, was as the Nobel Prize of the mathematics less of a surprise. He had won the latest community. The award recognised Fermat Prize (internationally prestigious Martin’s work on a particularly thorny and regarded as predictive for the ‘big class of mathematical objects – stochastic one’), had recently been appointed partial differential equations (SPDEs) – as Warwick University’s first Regius and, in particular, his magnum opus, Professor, and been elected a Fellow ‘A Theory of Regularity Structures’, of the Royal Society. His recipe for which provides the tools to solve them. success? Martin says it’s a genuine The equations are used to model complex fascination for mathematics: “It’s no spatial behaviour where there is an good doing something because it’s element of randomness – a situation fashionable or applied and you think common to many natural processes – you should.” It was the focus on but for decades mathematicians have curiosity-driven research that struggled to make sense of them. encouraged Martin to apply for his Martin had already caused a Philip Leverhulme Prize: “My Head splash in 2012, with a mathematical of Department asked if I thought it was masterpiece giving meaning to one SPDE a good idea… and I did… because the – the KPZ equation. Named after Kardar, Leverhulme seems to genuinely care Parisi and Zhang, three physicists who about fundamental research,” he explains. studied it in 1986, the KPZ equation Martin currently holds a models how a boundary between two Leverhulme Trust Research Leadership substances changes over time: the Award, which is giving him the freedom interface between burning paper and ash, to explore some of the many new for example. Martin’s solution emerged mathematical avenues that his theory from a project supported by his Philip opened up: “It’s nice because I wasn’t Leverhulme Prize (awarded in 2008), and expected to look into a crystal ball and during the last few months of that prize know the next direction to take,” he says. period he had started to develop a more “If you can predict which bit is going to general theory addressing a broad range be interesting, it isn’t really research is it?” of SPDEs – including those modelling systems in more than one dimension. His ‘aha’ moment came while walking to his office. He suddenly realised that wavelet analysis – a technique developed for digital signal processing – was the tool WHAT HAPPENED NEXT 65

DR ROBERT NUDDS

­“ It’s very much a Leverhulme project because it is so cross-disciplinary”

Over 500 years after Leonardo da Vinci powered flight or a flightless feathered From bats to birds learned the basics of bird flight, Dr prototype. Using measurements of to feathered fossils, Robert Nudds says our feathered friends the fossilised flight feathers, current Robert Nudds’ can still teach us a thing or two. Part knowledge of modern bird flight, and of his current Leverhulme-funded a theory usually used in architecture research takes a cross- research project involves studying the to calculate the load-bearing ability of disciplinary approach aerodynamics of geese, pigeons and beams – Robert and Gareth concluded to help us understand cockatiels in the wind tunnel at the that if Archaeopteryx flapped to propel Département d’Aérospatiale et itself forward, its feathers would have more about nature’s Mécanique at Liège. Working with snapped. It could probably only glide. aerodynamic designs animals, although challenging, is often The study, reported in Science in unavoidable in research investigating 2010, required some educated guesswork, flight in birds and bats. however, because we know surprisingly Robert’s first Leverhulme project little about the material properties of – supported by a 2005 Early Career feathers or the distribution of lift forces Fellowship – involved field trips to study across birds’ wings during flight. In the the flight of Miniopterus shreibersii: a Liège wind tunnel experiments, Robert bat species with an intriguing extra fold extrapolates these lift forces from the at the tip of its wing. The wing shape of bending force recorded by small strain this bat is something of a compromise gauges attached to the base of flight because its roosting and foraging habits feathers. For simple flapping, he uses require quite different flight expertise: dried wings attached to a mechanical slow and manoeuvrable to access cave flapper, but for natural flapping Robert roosts; fast and swift-like to catch insects attaches the gauges to living birds in flight. Robert thinks the wing fold (because mechanical devices cannot may be a novel aerodynamic device to mimic the way birds’ wings bend at overcome this mismatch – perhaps to the elbow and wrist on the upstroke). generate extra thrust during slow flight. He is also studying the material The video footage he collected hints properties of feathers, testing the that he is right, but it was frustratingly relationship between feather shaft inconclusive. However, the field trips did morphology and the maximum forces allow Robert to do a comparative study they can withstand before they buckle. of bat take-off, and he says the experience “It’s very much a Leverhulme of running his own research programme project because it is so cross-disciplinary. helped him to ‘hit the ground running’ As well as palaeontological evolutionary when he took up his current lectureship biology, it has an engineering and a at Manchester University. materials science aspect – a completely The opportunity for independent new area for me,” Robert explains. research also allowed Robert to “Particularly in zoology, working with build new collaborations to work on whole animal systems, I think it’s this other ideas, including a project with interdisciplinary approach that’s going palaeontologist, Dr Gareth Dyke, on the to make the real progress,” he adds, flight capabilities of the feathered fossil, “so it’s important research, but… Archaeopteryx. Since its fossilised remains sometimes, when I’m in the wind were discovered in 1861, debate has raged tunnel putting wings on a mechanical over whether Archaeopteryx represents flapper, I do smile and think: ‘I’m nature’s first successful experiment in getting paid for this’!” 66 WHAT HAPPENED NEXT

PROFESSOR RANA MITTER

­“ I don’t think this type of project can be done without the type of support provided by the Leverhulme, giving enough leeway to take new paths and seize opportunities when they open up”

the cost, is used as evidence of a willful Kai-shek, and growing interest within Rana Mitter’s ambitious disregard for his people; the backlash China in its wartime history. With this programme of research this caused laying the foundations openness came access to new materials has helped to restore one for Communist victory in the civil and unexpected networking opportunities, war that followed. including collaboration with the Archives of the great untold stories There is no denying that the cost and Library in Chongqing – China’s of the Second World to China was massive: more than 14 temporary wartime capital, and the heart War to its rightful place million dead, 80–100 million refugees, of the Chinese wartime experience. and the country’s infrastructure almost Drawing on the personal accounts and transformed the entirely destroyed. And in his successful of those involved in the war effort, study of China’s wartime bid for a 2007 Leverhulme Trust the project has helped to restore the Research Leadership Award, Oxford Nationalists’ voice to the narrative, experience in the UK historian, Rana Mitter, argued that it presenting Chiang Kai-shek’s government and beyond was time this tragic story was told: not in a new light: “Our research shows that just to acknowledge the contribution the regime, although certainly flawed China’s vital role in the Second World the Chinese made, but to understand and corrupt, also made very genuine War is all but forgotten. Yet China’s how this wartime experience still shapes attempts to deal with the social problems wartime experience was the longest and society and politics in China today. of its people, trying to work out the amongst the bloodiest of any of the Allied It was an ambitious project: a team best way forward for China in difficult forces. At war from 1937 to 1945, an of early-career researchers explored circumstances,” Rana says. uneasy alliance between the Nationalist China’s wartime experience from political, A wealth of publications including forces of Chiang Kai-shek and their social and cultural perspectives; and his well-received book China’s War Communist rivals under Mao Zedong much of the source material was stored with Japan, 1937-1945: The Struggle held fast against the Japanese Empire. in China’s archives, with access subject for Survival (2013), reinforce the But, following the Allies’ victory, to changeable political whim. importance of remembering the War’s China’s contribution to the war effort “China is a risky place to do history ‘forgotten Ally’; but Rana says the quickly became an inconvenient truth: research,” Rana explains, “because you project’s most transformative legacy for the West, not least because Chiang can’t plan exactly what materials you will is the people who continue to take that Kai-shek was seen as a deeply corrupt, study. I don’t think this type of project message forward, including his team of ineffective leader and an embarrassing can be done without the type of support postdoctoral fellows and graduate students, ally; for Communist China, because of provided by the Leverhulme, giving all of whom progressed to academic the central role played by their Nationalist enough leeway to take new paths and positions across the UK and beyond. opponents. Where Churchill, with his call seize opportunities when they open up.” Now Director of Oxford’s new University to ‘never surrender’, is remembered as a The five-year project coincided China Centre, Rana also feels the skills leader of strength and backbone, Chiang’s with an unprecedented thawing of learned through leading the project refusal to bend to Japan’s might, whatever Beijing’s attitudes towards Chiang have been invaluable in his new role. WHAT HAPPENED NEXT 67 68 INTRODUCTION 69

AWARDS MADE

Find listings for all awards made by the Trust in 2014. Details are given for each of the funding schemes across the Sciences, Social Sciences and Humanities 70 AWARDS MADE

AWARDS MADE IN 2014

University of Reading Leverhulme Doctoral Professor Catriona McKinnon Research Project Grants Scholarships Climate justice: ethics, politics, law Sciences Royal Holloway, Institutions received £1,050,000 Professor Adrew Adamatzky to fund fifteen PhD students over University of London University of the West of England three years. Professor Paul Hogg Artificial Paramecium: intelligent The Magna Carta doctoral distributed sensing and manipulation Durham University centre for individual freedom by ciliates Professor Ludmilla Jordanova £249,754 Leverhulme Durham doctoral University of Sheffield training programme in Professor Rob Freckleton Dr Tim Albrecht visual culture Centre for advanced biological Imperial College London modelling (CABM) Charge transfer processes in small University of Edinburgh metal nanoparticles Professor James Smith University of Southampton £174,768 Perfect storm – interdisciplinary Professor Damon Teagle doctoral training Understanding maritime futures: Dr Christopher Bayliss opportunities, challenges, and threats University of Leicester University of Glasgow Mutate and survive: how bacteria Professor Karen Lury University of Warwick fight viruses Collections: an Enlightenment Professor Jan Palmowski £158,130 pedagogy for the twenty-first century Bridges: bringing together the social and mathematical Dr Elizabeth Bayne University of Huddersfield sciences to understand University of Edinburgh Professor Martin Richards social information Regulation of RNAi-directed Genetic journeys into history: chromatin modification by ubiquitin the next generation Research Programme Grants and SUMO £175,891 University of Lancaster The nature of knots Professor Gert Westermann Dr Morgan Beeby Doctoral scholarship programme Dr Dorothy Buck Imperial College London in interdisciplinary research Imperial College London Evolutionary pathways to rotary motors: on infant development Knots in nature: DNA, the knotted evolution and mechanism molecule of life of the archaellum London School of Economics £1,739,476 £117,620 and Political Science Professor Mike Savage Professor Paul Sutcliffe Professor Simon Belt The challenge of escalating Durham University University of Plymouth inequalities Scientific properties of complex knots Quantification of sea ice carbon within £1,692,509 Arctic ecosystems University of Nottingham £173,049 Professor Markus Owen Innovation for Mathematics for a sustainable living Dr Alexander Belton sustainable society University of Lancaster Mr Michael Ramage Quantum random walks and quasi-free Open University University of Cambridge quantum stochastic calculus Professor Patrick McAndrew Natural material innovation £84,895 Open world learning (OWL) £1,748,091 Professor Gavin Bremner Queen’s University Belfast Professor Darren Robinson University of Lancaster Professor James McElnay University of Nottingham Auditory-visual congruence and Leverhulme interdisciplinary Sustaining urban habitats: young infants’ perception of network on cybersecurity and an interdisciplinary approach object persistence society (LINCS) £1,745,632 £334,712 AWARDS MADE 71

Dr Peter Culmer University of Leeds Sense and sensibility: an optimisation framework for tactile sensing £193,864

Dr Sheila Cunningham University of Abertay Dundee The ‘me’ in memory: exploring the developing self and its influence on cognition £106,336

Dr Judith Curran University of Liverpool Control of biological responses by isolated synthetic material variables £225,287

Dr Hai Deng University of Aberdeen Using spectrometric and genetic techniques for new fluorometabolites discovery £69,089

Dr Saverio Brogna Dr Hugo Christenson Dr Ross Denton University of Birmingham University of Leeds University of Nottingham What are the functions of ribosomes Effects of topography Catalytic alkylation reactions of free within the nucleus? on ice nucleation amines with alcohols £147,656 £162,138 £142,396

Dr Glenn Burley Dr Simon J Clarke Professor Stefan Doerr University of Strathclyde University of Oxford Swansea University Transformable photonic circuitry: Synthesis and control of the Carbon sequestration from wildfires? using DNA to create the next generation properties of solids using soft Quantifying the role of pyrogenic carbon of molecularly active surfaces chemical approaches £231,575 £231,276 £143,884 Dr Michael Doube Professor Robert Cernik Professor David Clayton Royal Veterinary College, University of London University of Manchester Queen Mary, University of London Act big, get big. Bone cell activity scaling Using diffracted X-rays to form images Neurogenomics of perception among species as a skeletal adaptation with chemical and structural information £312,618 mechanism £247,737 £192,009 Professor Nicola Clayton Dr Kevin Chalut University of Cambridge Dr Dominic Dwyer University of Cambridge Novel approaches to testing Cardiff University Physical biology of early mammalian belief state attribution in Generality and specificity in food learning: embryogenesis and acquisition children and corvids questioning the received wisdom of pluripotency £147,728 £300,233 £223,277 Dr Matthew Cook Professor Ian C Eperon Professor Neil Champness Queen’s University Belfast University of Leicester University of Nottingham Synthesis and anticancer Is RNA splicing regulated by collisions Structural elucidation and reactivity investigation of between proteins bound to a freely-diffusing modification in metal-organic frameworks diazonamide A RNA chain? £260,350 £160,889 £249,416 72 AWARDS MADE

Dr Stephen Goldup Queen Mary, University of London Mechanically chiral rotaxanes as switchable enantioselective catalysts £104,326

Dr Anjali Goswami University College London Untangling the enigmatic origins of placental mammals with fossils and genomics £112,319

Dr Lucie Green University College London Solar magnetic activity: bridging the gap between observation and theory £304,505

Professor Michaele Hardie University of Leeds Structurally dynamic cages and frameworks £239,463

Dr Lee Haynes University of Liverpool Mapping mitotic calcium signals in mammalian cells with targeted sensors £176,554

Professor Michael Hayward University of Oxford Topochemical reduction of 4d and 5d transition metal oxides £105,122

Professor Ortwin Hess Dr Heather Jane Ferguson Dr Kristian Franze Imperial College London University of Kent University of Cambridge Extreme nonlinear chirality in Imagining the self in fictional worlds: Forces in neuronal development THz metasurfaces evidence from autism spectrum disorder and growth £184,819 £225,482 £166,156 Dr Andrew Horsfield Professor Matthew Charles Fisher Dr Lucia Garrido Imperial College London Imperial College London Brunel University London Novel excited electron devices: The emperor’s new clothes – are chytrid Multisensory processing of faces and a computational investigation fungi leaving amphibians naked? voices in person identity recognition £147,073 £264,405 £202,083 Dr Michael Hough Dr Sonja Franke-Arnold Professor Andre Gerber University of Essex University of Glasgow University of Surrey Enzyme catalysis in action: 3D movies Quantum memory and processing of Development of a novel translatome of X-ray induced chemical reactions orbital angular momentum information analysis method and application in protein crystals in atomic gasses in aging £173,794 £249,507 £163,720 Professor Steven Howdle Dr Keara Franklin Dr Duncan Gill University of Nottingham University of Bristol University of Huddersfield A clean and versatile route to hierarchical How do plants sense temperature? Convergent synthesis of aconitine structured functional devices £157,901 £133,481 £234,691 AWARDS MADE 73

Professor Brian Huntley Professor Myungshik Kim Dr Douglas Mair Durham University Imperial College London University of Aberdeen Modelling vegetation development during Proposal for quantum optical tests Calving glaciers: long-term validation Pleistocene glacials and interglacials of the minimum length scale and evidence £249,730 £118,662 £238,775

Dr Geoffrey Hyett Dr Ian Lane Dr Mahesh Marina University of Southampton Queen’s University Belfast University of Edinburgh A new method of nanosynthesis: Production of ultracold hydrogen Application-oriented TV white chemical control of nanostructure by molecular fragmentation space networking in films £180,142 £232,512 £95,903 Professor Kurt Langfeld Professor Jon May Dr Michael Ingleson University of Plymouth University of Plymouth University of Manchester The density of states approach for In the dancer’s mind: creativity, New routes to B,N-oligoacenes simulations of dense matter in QCD novelty and the imagination for application in oxygen £137,065 £246,061 reduction catalysis £167,561 Dr Ai-Lan Lee Dr Fernando Montealegre-Z. Heriot-Watt University University of Lincoln Dr Andrew Jackson Dual catalysis: gold and photoredox The evolution of acoustic University of Liverpool catalysis for stereoselective synthesis communication in fossil and Evolutionary genomics of free-living £106,832 extant insects and parasitic amoebae £249,154 £112,582 Professor Huiyun Liu University College London Dr Ian Moore Dr Andrew Jamieson High-efficiency GaAsP nanowire University of Oxford University of Leicester solar cells on silicon Thinking inside the box: how do DNA templated synthesis £181,602 plants build organised walls? of de novo protein ß-motifs £248,344 £129,566 Professor Bradley Love University College London Dr Karen Mullinger Dr Peter Jarowski Circumventing limits in University of Nottingham University of Surrey memory retrieval Revealing the origin of human alpha Computational molecular design £256,226 oscillations using ultra high-field of type IV metallopolymers fMRI-EEG £95,707 Dr Stephen Lynch £264,470 Cardiff University Professor Chris Jarrold Quantum optics of mid gap Dr Ryan Nichol University of Bristol chalocogen donors in single University College London The development of procedural crystal silicon Probing the ultra-high energy universe working memory £230,776 with ANITA and ARA £193,065 £220,205 Dr Anotida Madzvamuse Dr Chris Jiggins University of Sussex Dr Sergei Novikov University of Cambridge Unravelling new mathematics University of Nottingham Developing transgenic tests of for 3D cell migration Molecular beam epitaxy for graphene/ butterfly wing patterning genes £258,593 boron nitride electronics £245,534 £132,073 Professor Stefan Maier Professor Hugh R A Jones Imperial College London Dr Niamh Nowlan University of Hertfordshire Dielectric nanoantennas: Imperial College London PAN-Disciplinary algORithms exploration of a new low-loss The importance of mechanical forces for data Analysis nanophotonics platform due to prenatal movements for £204,219 £197,120 spinal development £296,349 Professor Anne Juel Dr Ewan Main University of Manchester Queen Mary, University of London Dr Nathan Patmore Multiple bubble propagation Using repeat proteins to create University of Huddersfield modes in elastorigid models a toolkit for synthetic biology Electron transfer between hydrogen of airway reopening and biotechnology bonded ‘dimers of dimers’ £156,490 £241,357 £103,250 74 AWARDS MADE

Professor Michael Ruzhansky Imperial College London Phase space analysis on nilpotent Lie groups £216,178

Dr Setsuko Sahara King’s College London A quantitative approach towards understanding the evolutionary cortical size regulation £177,936

Professor David Salt University of Aberdeen Mapping radial ion-transport pathways in plant roots with cell-type specific resolution £225,631

Dr Christoph G Salzmann University College London Mixtures of large hydrophobes and amorphous ice: new directions in ice research £119,421

Dr Riccardo Sapienza Dr Mika Peck Dr Hugh Rabagliati King’s College London University of Sussex University of Edinburgh Bio-compatible silk random laser Rapid acoustic survey: validating acoustic Expectation-driven language learning £242,888 methods for biodiversity assessment £158,522 £60,421 Dr Tamsin Saxton Dr Ben Raymond Northumbria University Dr Steven Penfield Imperial College London Dating, mating and relating: University of Exeter Directed evolution of virulence to how parents shape offspring Understanding real limits to plant overcome resistance to biological insecticide partner choice productivity: a macroeconomic perspective £233,233 £53,266 £218,793 Dr Thomas A Richards Professor Dave Scanlan Mr Sergio Pineda University of Exeter University of Warwick Cardiff University Ancestral gene repertoires at the dawn Obtaining a mechanistic understanding Crystallographically inspired architecture: and diversification of the eukaryotes of viral photosynthesis a new pathway from nanogeometry to design £212,986 £174,844 £249,742 Dr Nicholas Roberts Dr Steven Schockaert Professor Don Pollacco University of Bristol Cardiff University University of Warwick Seeing the invisible – the optics Approximating Markov logic theories Homogeneous study of transiting systems of vertebrate polarisation vision in possibilistic logic £145,100 £154,879 £118,263

Dr Cristina C Popescu Dr Jonathan Robbins Professor Walther Schwarzacher University of Central Lancashire University of Bristol University of Bristol Connecting the high and low energy views Liquid crystals defects in Landau-de Nanoparticle interactions in of the Milky Way Gennes theory freeze-concentrated aqueous solutions £149,518 £155,927 £173,483

Dr Steven Porter Dr Dmitriy Rumynin Professor Murray Selkirk University of Exeter University of Warwick Imperial College London Complex decision-making in bacteria: Hecke algebras and Kac-Moody groups: Dissecting the immunoregulatory function predicting multikinase-networks representations, lattices and categories of helminth secreted proteins £93,873 £152,563 £178,096 AWARDS MADE 75

Dr Sergey Sergeyev Dr Michail Stamatakis Professor Simon Roy Turner Aston University University College London University of Manchester Combined harnessing of synchronisation Accurate and computationally Exploiting microbial metagenomics in mode locked lasers efficient models for virtual to alter plant cell wall composition £233,587 catalyst design £246,732 £113,044 Dr Vahid Shahrezaei Professor Chronis Tzedakis Imperial College London Dr Tokiharu Takahashi University College London The impact of cell growth and University of Manchester Placing the earliest human occupation cell size on protein noise and The evolutionary origin of of Europe in a climate context phenotypic variability the vertebrate head mesoderm £224,364 £250,173 £153,451 Dr Jasper van Thor Professor Dudley E Shallcross Professor Doerthe Tetzlaff Imperial College London University of Bristol University of Aberdeen A novel structural probe for the light Urban airborne particulate pollution, Plant-water interlinkages in northern reactions of Photosystem II air ions and electric charge effects uplands: mediation of climate change? £278,450 £181,407 £249,380 Dr Pieter Vermeesch Dr Kieran Sharkey Dr Neil Andrew Thacker University College London University of Liverpool University of Manchester Determining erosion rates to revive Invasion in population dynamics Quantitative use of pattern recognition the LOREX neutrino experiment £162,614 in the analysis of complex (Macedonia) data distributions £119,337 Professor Mike Shipman £270,368 University of Warwick Dr Tobias von der Haar New molecular scaffolds for the assembly Professor Matthew Thirlwall University of Kent of libraries of chiral diamines Royal Holloway, University of London Ribosome movement, information £172,313 Seawater records and climate change in processing and the language of life the Mesozoic £168,860 Dr Nima Shokri £249,584 University of Manchester Professor Paul Weaver Fundamental understanding of Professor Jennifer Thomas University of Bristol the evaporation process from saline University College London Remote chemical sensing, signal porous media The path to CP violation in the neutrino transmission and control of £148,933 sector: megaton water detectors self-actuating structures £383,431 £210,461 Professor Anvar Shukurov Newcastle University Dr Jim A Thomas Professor A J Welch Observations and models of turbulent University of Sheffield Heriot-Watt University flows: a topological approach Kinetically inert self-assembled An exploration of supraicosahedral £200,457 macrocycles as sensors for non-Wadian molecular architectures biomolecules £193,422 Professor S. Ravi P. Silva £146,312 University of Surrey Dr Richard Wheatley Designer ‘inorganics-in-organics’ Dr Christopher R Thornton University of Nottingham semiconductors for high-energy University of Exeter A computational study of the effect of radiation detection Development of a rapid diagnostic test temperature and pressure on chemicals £248,892 for amphibian chytridiomycosis £147,722 £142,360 Dr Christopher Smart Dr Roger Whitehead University of Plymouth Dr Cesare Tronci University of Manchester Shelled heteropods: morphology, University of Surrey New bio-catalysts for synthetically useful molecular taxonomy and From geometry to kinetic-fluid systems metabolites from available phenols global distributions (and back) £167,478 £164,585 £252,676 Dr Kielan Yarrow Professor (Renee) Elizabeth Sockett Professor George Turner City University London University of Nottingham Bangor University Novel neurometric measures to The molecular control of bacterial biting Genome-wide analysis of discriminate models of speeded and gliding in Bdellovibrio the evolution of new species decision making £143,770 £251,249 £216,306 76 AWARDS MADE

Dr Gabriel Yvon-Durocher Professor Thomas A Heslop Professor Simon Newman University of Exeter University of East Anglia University of Glasgow The molecular mechanisms of thermal The medieval parish churches Runaway slaves in Britain: acclimation and adaptation in of Norwich: city, community bondage, freedom and race marine algae and architecture in the eighteenth century £290,658 £193,131 £291,327 Humanities Mr David Howell Dr Jose R Oliver University of Oxford University College London Professor Lynn Abrams Painting by numbers: decoding The Cotua Island entrepôt: building University of Glasgow Ferdinand Bauer’s colour code a reflexive archaeology in the Housing, everyday life and wellbeing £147,089 Orinoco basin over the long term in Glasgow £332,780 c.1950–1975 Professor Katarzyna M Jaszczolt £180,730 University of Cambridge Professor Matthew Rampley Expressing the self: cultural diversity University of Birmingham Professor Ian Kenneth Bailiff and cognitive universals Promoting national and imperial Durham University £219,634 identities: museums in Austria-Hungary Developing new approaches to dating £286,602 ancient irrigation features Dr Andrew Jones £102,443 University of Southampton Professor Paula Reimer Making a mark: imagery and process Queen’s University Belfast Dr Jennie Batchelor in the British and Irish Neolithic Freshwater reservoir effect on re-dating University of Kent £97,826 of Eurasian Steppe cultures The Lady’s Magazine (1770–1818): £112,245 understanding the emergence of a genre Rev Dr David Ceri Jones £185,147 Aberystwyth University Professor Andrew Reynolds George Whitefield (1714–1770) University College London Professor Michael Fulford and transatlantic Protestantism Travel and communication University of Reading £115,527 in Anglo-Saxon England From Roman England to Roman Britain: £292,207 rural settlement, society and economy Dr Parvathi Kumaraswami £260,639 University of Manchester Dr Ian Ruffell Beyond Havana and the nation? University of Glasgow Professor Chris Gosden Peripheral identities and literary Hero of Alexandria and his University of Oxford culture in Cuba theatrical automata European Celtic art in context: exploring £160,035 £282,881 Celtic art and its eastern links £223,595 Dr Jim Leary Professor Philip Schofield University of Reading University College London Dr Hilary Greaves Extending histories: from medieval The authoritative edition of Jeremy University of Oxford mottes to prehistoric round mounds Bentham’s economic writings Population ethics: theory and practice £264,705 £297,407 £305,487 Dr Neil Loader Dr Tim Shephard Dr Anne C Haour Swansea University University of Sheffield University of East Anglia New tools for science-based Music in the art of Renaissance Italy, Cowrie shells: an early global commodity archaeology: isotope-supported c.1420–1540 £251,634 dendrochronology £247,972 £289,875 Professor Colin Haselgrove Dr Emma Spary University of Leicester Professor Lutz Marten University of Cambridge In the footsteps of Caesar: the archaeology SOAS, University of London Selling exotic plant products in Paris, of the first Roman invasions of Britain Morphosyntactic variation in Bantu: 1670–1730 £330,656 typology, contact and change £191,798 £249,613 Dr Liz Herbert McAvoy Professor Stuart Taberner Swansea University Dr David Millard University of Leeds The enclosed garden: pleasure, University of Southampton Traumatic pasts, cosmopolitanism, contemplation and cure in the Story places: exploring the poetics and nation-building in contemporary hortus conclusus 1100–1450 of location-based narratives German and South African literature £156,548 £183,260 £260,140 AWARDS MADE 77

Professor Jane Whittle University of Exeter Women’s work in rural England, 1500– 1700: a new methodological approach £231,307

Professor Jon Williamson University of Kent Grading evidence of mechanisms in physics and biology £222,096

Professor Andrew Wood Durham University Social relations and everyday life in England, 1500–1640 £189,360 Social Sciences

Dr Nicholas Bardsley University of Reading How individual is ‘individual choice’? Exploring team reasoning in context £77,373

Professor Alessandro Beber City University London Short-selling bans and bank stability: evidence from two crises £65,074

Professor Harriet Bradley University of the West of England Paired peers: moving on up? The impact of social class on graduate destinations £262,047

Professor Fiona Brookman Dr Mary Corcoran Professor Shane D Johnson University of South Wales University of Keele University College London Homicide investigation and forensic science: Voluntary sector adaptation and resilience Migrant networks, decisions, tracing processes, analysing practices in the mixed economy of resettlement and immigration policy £216,531 £161,064 £205,365

Professor Chris Brooks Dr Rob Drummond Dr Julia P G Jones University of Reading Manchester Metropolitan University Bangor University The first real estate bubble? Land prices Expressing inner city youth identity Can payments for ecosystem and rents in medieval England c.1200–1550 through multicultural urban services deliver environmental £196,249 British English and livelihood benefits? £107,113 £257,224 Dr Joanna Brück University of Bristol Dr Amanda H Goodall Dr Fernanda Leite Lopez de Leon The social context of technology. Non- City University London University of East Anglia ferrous metalworking in later prehistoric Leadership, the work environment, The role of conferences on academic research: northwest Europe (c. 1500–50 BCE) and scientific productivity evidence from a natural experiment £254,082 £55,225 £72,853

Dr Charlotte Burns Dr Andrew Hudson-Smith Dr Anna Lora-Wainwright University of York University College London University of Oxford Evaluating the impact of austerity upon Visualising inequality in community Circuits of waste and value: making environmental policy in Europe networks to enhance participatory planning e-waste subjects in China and Japan £224,372 £256,670 £322,557 78 AWARDS MADE

Professor Paul Martin Dr Istvan Ballai Humanities University of Sheffield University of Sheffield How does inequality get ‘under the skin’? Instabilities in partially ionised Professor James Belich Epigenetics, health disparities and the prominence plasmas University of Oxford making of social policy £108,980 Global nodes, global orders: £214,967 macro- and micro-histories Dr Colin Beale of globalisation Professor Seán McConville University of York £124,789 Queen Mary, University of London Uncovering the variable roles of fire Irish political prisoners 1960–2000 in savannah ecosystems Professor Stephen Church £239,197 £124,830 University of East Anglia New interpretations on the Dr Hugh Smith Professor Joanna Bullard Angevin world University of Liverpool Loughborough University £86,044 Agricultural change in Britain: modelling High latitude and cold climate aerosols past impacts to predict the future – state of science and future prospects Dr Nathaniel Coleman £217,766 £116,365 Newcastle University Imaginaries of the future: historicising Dr Matthew Struebig Dr Sasha Dall the present University of Kent University of Exeter £109,906 Tolerating tigers: do local beliefs offset A Darwinian framework for phenotypically human–carnivore conflicts? integrating genetic and epigenetic cues Dr Mark Frost £226,392 £84,820 University of Essex War memoryscapes in Asia Dr John Tsoukalas Professor Phil Green partnership: routes to post-conflict University of Glasgow University of Sheffield reconciliation Where is the news in business cycles? A cloud-based computational resource £102,877 A new approach with novel methodologies for clinical and educational applications £119,082 of speech technology Professor Margaret-Anne Hutton £124,994 University of St Andrews Dr Richard Whitaker Network for contemporary studies: University of Leicester Professor Natalie Shlomo what is the contemporary? MEPs in the 2014–2019 European University of Manchester £86,297 Parliament: the rise of Euroscepticism? Bayesian adaptive survey design network £56,399 £113,184 Dr Gavin Kelly University of Edinburgh Professor Balint Toth Sidonius Apollinaris: International Networks University of Bristol a comprehensive commentary Laplacians, random walks, bose gas, for the twenty-first century Sciences quantum spin systems £63,281 £125,520 Dr Wael Bahsoun Professor Hugh Kennedy Loughborough University Professor Mark Williams SOAS, University of London Statistical properties of non-uniformly University of Leicester Economic integration and social hyperbolic dynamical systems: computer Assembling the early Palaeozoic change in the Islamic world system, assisted proofs and rigorous computations terranes of Japan 800–1000 CE £58,830 £124,846 £110,177 AWARDS MADE 79

Professor Patrick K O’Brien Dr Paolo Di Martino Dr Kieran McCartan London School of Economics University of Birmingham University of the West of England and Political Science Re-doing business: insolvency and Community engagement and Economic outcomes flowing from bankruptcy legislation, models of partnership working with the revolutionary and Napoleonic wars, business, and firms governance in sex offenders 1793–1815 historical and comparative perspective £52,454 £96,281 (1900–2010) £22,239 Dr Lindsay O’Dell Professor Richard Pettigrew Open University University of Bristol Dr Par Engstrom Critical autism network: policy, practice The scientific approach to epistemology University College London and identities in five national contexts £77,554 The inter-American human rights system: £38,201 assessing its development and impact Professor Diane Watt £124,799 Dr David Valler University of Surrey Oxford Brookes University Women’s literary culture and the medieval Dr Francesco Goglia Global science ’scapes: dimensions English canon University of Exeter of transnationalism £64,401 Shifting sociolinguistic realities of the £118,104 nation of East Timor and its diasporas Dr Sarah Wright £94,658 Dr Yingjie Yang Royal Holloway, University of London De Montfort University Childhood and nation in world cinema: Dr Jonathan Grix Grey systems and its applications borders and encounters since 1980 University of Birmingham £124,997 £101,315 State strategies for leveraging sports mega-events Social Sciences £83,997 Major Research Fellowships Dr David Benson Professor Suman Gupta University of Exeter Open University Dr Natalie Adamson Integrated water resources management Framing financial crisis and protest: University of St Andrews as an approach for climate change north-west and south-east Europe Pierre Soulages: Radical Abstraction adaptation: comparative lesson drawing £121,959 £82,653 £120,657 Professor Robert Lord Dr Maria Alvarez Professor Peter Blatchford Durham University King’s College London Institute of Education, University of London International network of implicit Choice in action Class size and effective teaching leadership theory (ILT) scholars £88,370 £82,450 £99,833 Professor Mary Beard University of Cambridge The twelve Caesars £113,076

Professor Hagit Borer Queen Mary, University of London Syntactic uniformity, syntactic diversity: syntactic building blocks and their role in determining inter- and intra- linguistic variation £104,040

Professor Barbara E Borg University of Exeter Mapping the social history of Rome: a micro-historical approach £139,497

Professor Andrew S Bowie Royal Holloway, University of London Aesthetic dimensions of modern philosophy £101,702 80 AWARDS MADE

Professor Eamonn Carrabine Professor Axel Körner University of Essex University College London The iconography of punishment: Transnational monarchy. Rethinking from Renaissance to Modernity nationality in the Habsburg Empire, £159,686 1804–1918 £153,940 Professor Patricia Clavin University of Oxford Professor Elizabeth Eva Leach Security-minded: a transnational University of Oxford history of Europe, 1900–present Douce 308 and the contexts of vernacular £156,615 song c.1300 £152,835 Professor Norma Dawson Queen’s University Belfast Professor David Moon Treasure: dream, metaphor University of York and legal instrument The Amerikan steppes: Russian Professor Alexandra Walsham £88,013 influences on the Great Plains University of Cambridge £102,082 The reformation of the generations: Professor Mick Dumper age, ancestry; memory in England University of Exeter Professor Alan Norrie 1500–1700 Power, piety and people: University of Warwick £158,303 the politics of holy cities Criminal justice and the blaming relation in the twenty-first century £154,645 Professor Edwin Williamson £139,927 University of Oxford Professor Miles Ogborn The making of Don Quixote: how Professor Nancy Edwards Queen Mary, University of London Cervantes came to write the first Bangor University The freedom of speech: talk and slavery modern novel Life in early medieval Wales in the Caribbean £99,508 £135,280 £107,162 Professor Yongjin Zhang Dr Nicholas Halmi Professor J Parry University of Bristol University of Oxford University of Cambridge International relations in Ancient China: History’s form: aesthetics and Britain and the Near East, 1825–1882 ideas, institutions and law the past in the romantic age £145,631 £79,205 £101,058 Professor Yolanda Plumley Dr Oliver Zimmer Professor Stephen Hart University of Exeter University of Oxford University College London French music in the time of Jehan, Losing time and temper: the battle over A critical edition of the Apostolic Duke of Berry, c.1350–1415 clocks and timetables, 1840–1914 Processus of Santa Rosa de Lima £139,469 £102,899 (1586–1617) £97,155 Professor Michael Questier Queen Mary, University of London Philip Leverhulme Prizes Professor Robert Hollands Challoner unbound: treason, politics, Newcastle University religion and martyrdom c.1570–c.1745 Prize winners received £100,000, Urban cultural movements £100,290 to be used for any purpose that would and the struggle for alternative advance their research. creative spaces Professor Alexander Ryrie £91,471 Durham University Biological Sciences Becoming radical in the English Revolution Professor Tim Kendall £132,176 Professor Michael Brockhurst University of Exeter University of York Ivor Gurney’s complete literary Professor Cathy Shrank Evolutionary biology and works: a variorum edition University of Sheffield experimental evolution £127,702 Conversation and community: English dialogues, 1475–1675 Dr Elizabeth Murchison Professor Susanne Kord £126,673 University of Cambridge University College London Cancer genetics The Devil we know: crime writing Dr Isolde Standish vs propaganda in Germany’s SOAS, University of London Professor Ewa Paluch pre-world-war periods Ōshima Nagisa: a politics of cinema University College London £138,482 £110,135 Cell biophysics AWARDS MADE 81

Dr Thomas Richards Dr Corinna Ulcigrai University of Exeter University of Bristol Sociology and Social Policy Evolutionary genomics of eukaryotic Dynamical systems and ergodic theory Dr Lucie Cluver cellular complexity and microbial diversity University of Oxford Philosophy and Theology Preventing HIV-infection and Dr Nikolay Zenkin reducing social disadvantage for Newcastle University Dr Jonathan Birch AIDS-affected children Biochemistry and molecular biology London School of Economics of gene expression and Political Science Dr Hazem Kandil Philosophy of the biological University of Cambridge History and behavioural sciences Revolution and war in the modern Middle East, France and the US Professor Manuel Barcia Paz Dr Tim Button University of Leeds University of Cambridge Dr Victoria Redclift Atlantic slavery and slave trade Metaphysics, philosophies of logic, University of Surrey history: Brazil and Cuba language and mathematics The sociology of migration (nineteenth century) and political exclusion Professor Ofra Magidor Dr Aaron Moore University of Oxford Dr Katherine Smith University of Manchester Philosophy of logic and language, University of Edinburgh Comparative history of East Asia metaphysics, epistemology and philosophy Public health and inequalities of mathematics Dr Renaud Morieux Dr Imogen Tyler University of Cambridge Dr Anna Mahtani University of Lancaster Anglo-French relations in the eighteenth London School of Economics The sociology of inequality; century in Europe and empires and Political Science social and cultural theory Philosophy of probability and philosophy Dr Hannah Skoda of logic and language University of Oxford Early Career Fellowships Medieval socio-cultural history, Dr Holger Michael Zellentin particularly violence and reactions University of Nottingham In 2014 Early Career Fellowships to change Qur’anic studies and Jewish studies provided fifty percent of the salary costs of a three-year research position, Dr David Trippett Law up to £23,000 a year, with the host University of Bristol university providing the balance. Music history, nineteenth century Professor Alan Bogg Research expenses of £6,000 a year intellectual history, aesthetics and University of Oxford are also available. media theory International, European and Comparative Labour Law Sciences Mathematics and Statistics Dr Prabha Kotiswaran Dr Paul Albert Dr Alexandros Beskos King’s College London University of Oxford University College London Feminist legal theory, criminal law, rape, Lake Suigetsu and volcanic ash, Computational statistics and trafficking, sex work, sexual violence and the key to synchronising Monte Carlo methods the sociology of law palaeoclimate archives

Dr Daniel Kral Dr Sarah Nouwen Dr Alison Banwell University of Warwick University of Cambridge University of Cambridge Graph theory, extremal combinatorics International criminal law, the Calculating current and future mass and theoretical computer science intersections of law and politics and loss from the Greenland Ice Sheet peace processes using a coupled hydrology / ice Dr David Loeffler dynamics model University of Warwick Professor Erika Rackley and University of Birmingham Dr Adrian Barker Dr Sarah Zerbes Gender and diversity in the judiciary University of Cambridge University College London and legal profession Tidal interactions between planets and Number theory stars: simulations from first principles Dr Michael Waibel Professor Richard Samworth University of Cambridge Dr Nikolai Bode University of Cambridge International (economic) law, University of Bristol Nonparametric and international dispute settlement law Genes of behaviour: mining patterns high-dimensional statistics and economics in sequenced social interactions 82 AWARDS MADE

Dr Laura Bovo Dr Corina Logan Dr Akshay Rao University College London University of Cambridge University of Cambridge Thin films and multilayers of What makes a large brain? Drivers Beyond the Shockley-Queisser limit: frustrated magnets – tuning their of intraspecific variation in brain size singlet fission sensitised solar cells exotic properties Dr David Long Dr Anne Roudaut Dr Moreno Coco University College London University of Bristol University of Edinburgh Predicting the momentum and magnetic Highly organic programmable electronics Formation, maintenance and field orientation of solar eruptions use of top-down knowledge Dr Nicholas Simm in Alzheimer dementia Dr Philip Mannion University of Warwick Imperial College London Mesoscopic statistics of random matrices Dr Yvonne Dombrowski The impact of climate on and the Gaussian free field Queen’s University Belfast macroevolutionary patterns in Inflammasomes in brain repair Paleogene tetrapods Dr Louise Soanes University of Roehampton Dr Holly Hedgeland Dr Jeroen Minderman Seabirds as bio-indicators: relating University College London University of St Andrews breeding strategy to the marine Unlocking friction: unifying Predicting behavioural responses to environment the nanoscale and mesoscale environmental change from stress physiology Dr Kogularamanan Suntharalingam Dr William Hunter King’s College London Queen’s University Belfast Dr Stephen Montgomery Metal-based drugs and bioinspired Extinction, ecosystem structure and University College London nanomaterials for targeting cancer stem cells carbon cycling in coastal sediments Neurological adaptation, ecological diversification and the evolutionary process Dr James Taylor Dr Christopher Joyner University of St Andrews Queen Mary, University of London Dr Richard Morton Catalytic activation of carboxylic acids Nodal domain statistics, spectral Northumbria University and alcohols geometry and random matrix theory The solar regulator: a novel study of the chromosphere and its MHD wave dynamics Dr Christopher Toseland Dr Lindsay Lee University of Kent University of Leeds Dr Andy Nowacki A biochemical and single molecule Taming the uncertainty monster: using University of Leeds characterisation of nuclear myosin motors statistics to improve climate models The secret history of the Earth’s mantle Dr Ben Warren Dr Susan Little Dr Jocelyn Poissant University of Leicester Imperial College London University of Exeter Characterisation of the Unlocking the paleoclimate signal of Adaptive evolution in an unmanaged mechanotransduction current in insect Zn and Cd isotopes in deep-sea corals insular population of horses auditory neurons

Dr Anne-Marie Weijmans University of St Andrews Galaxies over cosmic time Humanities

Mr Leonard Aldea University of Oxford Art as alternative theological methodology: Bulgakov, Kandinsky and the Dadaists

Dr Chiara Alfano Kingston University “They f*** you up, your mum and dad”: narratives of infancy in post-1945 Britain

Dr Serena Bassi Cardiff University Translating gay liberation: the negotiation of sexual identities and political struggle between the United States and Italy AWARDS MADE 83

Miss Fanny Bessard Dr Elisabeth Giselbrecht Dr Katherine McGettigan University of St Andrews King’s College London University of Nottingham Economy and social changes in early Music in early modern Europe: Transatlantic nationalism: Islam (eighth to tenth centuries) owners and users inventing American literature in Britain, 1819–1860 Dr Jacob Blakesley Dr Felicia Gottmann University of Leeds University of Dundee Dr Matthew McHaffie Poets of Europe, translators National, European or global? King’s College London of the world The Prussian East India Company Lordship, custom, and landholding in northern France, c.1000 to c.1200 Dr Sheldon Brammall Dr Alastair Hemmens University of Oxford Cardiff University Dr Zubin Mistry The Appendix Vergiliana and the Ne travaillez jamais: the critique of Queen Mary, University of London Renaissance art of discernment work in nineteenth- and twentieth- ‘The sterility of their wives’: handling century French thought, from Charles infertility in Carolingian Europe Dr Alexander Bubb Fourier to Guy Debord King’s College London Dr Rachel Moore Persia in pocket edition: Dr Simon Jackson University of Oxford the orientalisation of Victorian University of Warwick Patriotism under pressure: reading cultures The musical publication of the musical exchange and allied identity seventeenth-century lyric during WWI Dr Michael Bycroft University of Warwick Dr Leslie James Dr Rachel Moss Jewellers, travellers and the science University of Birmingham University of Oxford of gems in France, 1630–1830 Transatlantic passages: empire, Beyond between men: the medieval nationalism, and the African and homosocial imagination Dr Roberta Cimino Caribbean press, 1930–1960 University of Nottingham Dr Edward Naylor The royal fisc in Carolingian and Dr Katherine Kennedy University of Portsmouth post-Carolingian Italy (c.774–962) University of Cambridge Decolonising welfare: social services The fateful voyage: Rupert Brooke, and integration in (post)colonial France Dr Mark Condos FS Kelly and William Denis Browne Queen Mary, University of London Dr Jamie Page Policing the borderlands: frontier Dr David Lewis Durham University violence in the British and French University of Edinburgh Honour, law, and the self in the medieval empires, c.1830–1939 The material expression of city: Zurich 1400–1500 status and inequality in Dr Rachel Crellin classical Athens Dr Christabelle Peters University of Leicester University of Warwick New materials, new worlds: Dr Matthew Machin-Autenrieth The cultural politics of race and national understanding the uses of Bronze University of Cambridge identity in the Iberian Atlantic Age axes Flamenco Andalusí: history and multiculturalism in Dr Jaclyn Rajsic Dr Jeremy Dunham contemporary Andalusia University of Cambridge University of Sheffield Crossing the Channel: reading the prose Transnational dialogues on habit: Dr Nikoletta Manioti Brut in France and Burgundy, 1400–1600 idealism, pragmatism, and spiritualism University of St Andrews View from above: aerial perspectives Dr Majied Robinson Dr Alberto Fernandez Carbajal in Latin epic University of Edinburgh University of Leicester Marriage, Muhammad and early Islamic Queer diasporas: Islam, homosexuality Dr Alexander Massouras history: a quantitative approach and a micropolitics of dissent University of Oxford Casts and iconoclasts: Dr Tanja Romankiewicz Dr Victoria Flood the twentieth-century plaster cast University of Edinburgh Durham University and the reproduction of culture Building ancient lives: new perspectives The politics of the marvellous: the fairy on the past for a sustainable future hunt in insular culture, c.1180s–1590s Dr Justine McConnell University of Oxford Dr Gregory Scott Dr Nikolas Funke Socrates and Anansi: between University of Edinburgh University of Birmingham orality and literacy in African, The Buddhist revival and the Getting along – toleration and its limits Afro-Caribbean and Ancient reconstruction of sacred spaces in early modern Germany Greek poetics in modern China 84 AWARDS MADE

Dr Rúben Serém Dr Chris Clarke Dr Thomas MacManus University of Nottingham University of Warwick Queen Mary, University of London Portugal and the Spanish Civil War, Prospects for a relational finance: State crime contested: civil society, 1936–1939 the political economy of social lending the public relations industry and denial

Dr Emile Shemilt Dr Nathan Coombs Dr John Narayan University of Dundee University of Edinburgh University of Warwick Celluloid film futures Governing financial algorithms: a social Coloured cosmopolitanism: the global study of regulation and compliance politics of black British activism Dr Ekaterina Shutova University of Cambridge Dr David Dawson Dr Christopher Opie Computational modelling of University of Leeds University College London metaphorical reasoning and Transport infrastructure problems: A new dawn? The origins of sociality human creativity our future failures (TIP:OFF) in humans and other primates

Dr Nicole Sierra Dr Filippo Dionigi Dr Justin Pearce King’s College London London School of Economics University of Cambridge Leonora Carrington’s surrealist space: and Political Science Political identity, nation building and literary and visual artistry Impact of the Syrian refugee crisis violence in Angola and Mozambique on Arab statehood: a comparative analysis Dr Simon Smith Dr Stavroula Pipyrou University of Oxford Dr Thomas Elston University of St Andrews Playgoing, pleasure and judgement University of Oxford An intergenerational analysis of forced in early modern England, 1594–1642 Understanding administrative modernity: child-relocation in Italy the shared services mega-trend Dr Mark Thakkar Dr Elisabeth Schimpfossl University of St Andrews Mr Michael Farquhar University College London Wyclif ’s logic: a critical edition SOAS, University of London Philanthropic practices of the UK and and translation Neoliberalism and the police state in Russian super rich: élite cultures compared the global south: Egypt since Sadat Dr Josephine von Zitzewitz Dr Anna Tarrant University of Cambridge Dr Jude Fransman University of Leeds Leningrad samizdat as social and Open University Men’s experiences of family life and material culture: from reader to activist Engaging research in the digital multiple care responsibilities in low- university: a civil society perspective income localities Dr Christine Whyte University of Kent Dr Iginio Gagliardone Dr Norbert Vanek Fostering civilisation: Liberians, University of Oxford University of York imperialism and the family home, The international politics of a fragmenting Conceptual reorganisation in highly 1822–1865 internet: a view from Africa advanced second language learners

Dr Benjamin Williams Dr Trever Hagen Dr Julia Viebach University of Manchester University of Exeter University of Oxford Reading the Bible in the Ottoman Hearing and listening in urban spaces: Atrocity’s archives: the remnants Empire: a new chapter in early modern sound, health and community (HEALUS) of transitional justice Jewish exegesis Dr Agatha Herman Social Sciences University of Reading Research Fellowships The power of fairtrade: resilience, Dr Eleanor Bindman ethical development and wine networks Sciences Queen Mary, University of London The EU, social rights and the state in Dr Jason Hickel Professor Christopher Allton the post-Soviet context London School of Swansea University Economics and Political Science Towards quantitative understanding Dr Gwilym Blunt Central banking and the politics of the quark-gluon plasma University of Cambridge of debt in South Africa £44,976 Resistance and global poverty Dr Giulia Liberatore Professor Stuart C Althorpe Dr Andrew Clarke University of Oxford University of Cambridge University of Cambridge Female Muslim leaders in Britain: Extending quantum transition-state Archaeogenetics of the first global crop: transnational publics and changing theory to multi-surface reactions 10,000 years of bottle gourd dispersal forms of leadership and authority £7,600 AWARDS MADE 85

Professor Carlton Baugh Professor Colin McInnes Dr Sarah Zerbes Durham University University of Glasgow University College London Building synthetic universes Partial differential equations in Euler systems and Iwasawa theory in a computer astrodynamics: a new formalism £44,511 £44,978 £44,752 Humanities Dr Nicholas Besley Dr Aline Miller University of Nottingham University of Manchester Dr Richard Adelman Computational X-ray spectroscopy Functional and responsive materials University of Sussex £42,358 for biomedical applications Idleness and aesthetic consciousness, £44,756 1815–1900 Professor Janette Bradley £44,734 University of Nottingham Professor Stuart Piertney Born to be wild University of Aberdeen Dr Julian Baker £44,953 The genome-wide landscape of adaption University of Oxford and speciation in deep sea amphipods Money in Constantinople, the Sea Professor Richard Brown £42,953 of Marmara and the Northeast Aegean Liverpool John Moores University during the fourteenth century Within-island genetic diversity: Professor Peter J Sarre £10,670 ecology or isolation? University of Nottingham £27,766 What is the origin of the diffuse Dr Stefano Baschiera interstellar bands? Queen’s University Belfast Dr Stefan Eriksson £42,953 Reframing the body and domestic space Swansea University in Italian New Wave cinema: 1961–1972 Two-photon spectroscopy Dr Richard Scott £20,949 of the 1S–2S transition in University of St Andrews trapped antihydrogen A unified framework for atmospheric Professor George Boys-Stones £42,825 dynamics, transport and climate Durham University £44,807 Post-Hellenistic Platonism Dr Martin Genner £40,022 University of Bristol Dr Marian Yallop The adaptive landscape and University of Bristol Dr Andrea Brady transcriptional basis of Living on thinning ice: survival Queen Mary, University of London vertebrate speciation mechanisms for extremophilic algae Poetry and bondage: the literary history £44,967 £43,933 of constraint £43,534 Professor Stephen Gourley Dr Oleg Zaboronski University of Surrey University of Warwick Professor Matthew Campbell Larval competition and its intriguing Eigenvalue processes for matrix-valued University of York role in malaria spread Brownian motions A history of Irish poetry, 1789–2010 £45,000 £41,047 £39,905

Professor Christian Knigge University of Southampton The universal nature of accreting compact objects: from phenomenology to physics £45,000

Dr John Mackenzie University of Strathclyde The mechanisms behind cell migration and chemotaxis: dissection using computational modelling £44,981

Professor Joao Magueijo Imperial College London Dimensional reduction at the Planck scale and models of the early universe £44,910 86 AWARDS MADE

Professor C M Colvin University of Dundee Jacobites by name £18,196

Dr Sara Crangle University of Sussex Mina Loy and the avant-gardist, feminist rejuvenation of satire £44,344

Dr Simon Ditchfield University of York Discovering how to describe the world: Daniello Bartoli and the writing of global history £39,764

Professor Neil Gregor University of Southampton Beyond ‘culture contra barbarism’: symphonic listening in the Third Reich £40,014 Dr Tom Jones Dr Andrea Major University of St Andrews University of Leeds Professor Clare Harris A new biography of George Berkeley ‘Beggars in their native land’: abolitionist University of Oxford (1685–1753) attitudes to India, 1785–1857 At home in the Himalayas: £40,508 £39,214 rethinking photography in the hill stations of British India Dr Michael Jonik Professor Laura Marcus £44,151 University of Sussex University of Oxford Anarchists, scientists, lovers Rhythmic subjects: time, tempo and modernity Professor Nicholas Harrison and con-men: risk in the £43,931 King’s College London nineteenth-century novel Literature, education and £44,765 Dr Emma Mason the ‘mission civilisatrice’ University of Warwick £43,876 Dr Myles Lavan Christina Rossetti: poet of grace University of St Andrews £8,068 Dr Jane Hiddleston Quantifying the spread of University of Oxford Roman citizenship in the provinces, Professor Josephine McDonagh Transcultural literary reflections 218 BCE–212 CE King’s College London between France and the £34,948 Literature in a time of migration: print, Arab world population and the nineteenth-century novel £40,661 Dr Alex Long £25,807 University of St Andrews Dr Alex Houen Death and immortality in Greek Professor Peter McDonald University of Cambridge and Roman philosophy University of Oxford War and sacrifice in British £34,485 A world of letters: literature and American literature, and internationalism after 1860 1914–2014 Dr Sarah Longair £44,748 £36,996 British Museum Objects of empire: displaying Professor Nicholas McDowell Dr Peter Howarth colonial knowledge in the Western University of Exeter Queen Mary, University of London Indian Ocean The English Rabelais: translation, morality The rise of performance poetry, £42,278 and prose fiction, 1580–1780 1930–1960 £33,825 £44,994 Mr William Lyons Independent Researcher Dr Danuta Mirka Professor Kathleen Jamie Silver sounds and moody food. University of Southampton University of Stirling Theatre bands and their music Hypermeter and phrase structure ‘The Walrus Ivory Owl’ 1575–1645 in eighteenth-century music £29,324 £45,000 £44,577 AWARDS MADE 87

Dr Lukas Nickel Dr Helen L Spencer Dr Janine Natalya Clark SOAS, University of London University of Oxford University of Birmingham Early Chinese sculpture in the Asian Editing medieval English texts: War rape, sexual violence and context – art history and technology a reception history the societal impact of international £23,653 £44,446 jurisprudence £43,537 Dr Margarita Palacios Dr Giora Sternberg Birkbeck, University of London University of Oxford Dr Alasdair Cochrane Tejas Verdes: I was not there Writing acts: the power of writing University of Sheffield £20,145 in the ancien régime Beastly cosmopolitanism: £42,434 a theory of global Dr Lorenzo Pericolo inter-species justice University of Warwick Dr Sarah Stockwell £43,685 Heterotopia and the Renaissance: King’s College London painting architecture in Italy and beyond The British end of the British Empire Dr Stephanie Decker £20,998 c.1950–1970 Aston University £43,966 New approaches to understanding Dr Catherine Pickstock organisational change University of Cambridge Professor Elisabeth van Houts £40,716 Plato’s theology of mediation University of Cambridge £43,733 Marriage and domesticity in the Dr Derek Edyvane Middle Ages University of Leeds Professor Jane Plastow £17,471 Incivility: a theory of University of Leeds bad citizenship A history of East African theatre Ms Clarissa von Spee £43,641 £45,000 British Museum Art and imagery from the Jiangnan Dr Matthew Goodwin Dr Nicole Reinhardt region and the shaping of China’s University of Nottingham Durham University image, 1100–1800 Putting anti-Muslim prejudice Royal confessors and political counsel £44,941 under the microscope in seventeenth-century France and Spain £39,959 £39,173 Dr Alastair Wright University of Oxford Dr Christopher Holmes Professor Neil Rhodes Modernism and the public sphere: University of Warwick University of St Andrews painting and politics in France, 1880–1905 Visions of perfectibility: state, Common: the development of literary £42,269 market and alternatives in the culture in sixteenth-century England formation of economic ideas £40,023 Dr Nicolette Zeeman £40,900 University of Cambridge Dr Ulrike Roesler Arts of disruption. Narrative conflict Dr Tarik Kochi University of Oxford and contradiction in medieval allegory University of Sussex The emergence of a Tibetan £42,700 Law’s material constitution: monastic tradition reconceptualising the global £14,912 Social Sciences legal order £41,134 Dr Francisco J Romero Salvadó Professor Clive Barnett University of Bristol University of Exeter Professor Jo Little Political comedy and social tragedy The urbanisation of responsibility University of Exeter in Spain, 1897–1921 £44,792 Mobility and domestic violence £23,250 in rural communities Dr Derya Bayir £44,920 Dr Robert Samuels Queen Mary, University of London Open University Official Islam and religious minorities Dr Neophytos Loizides Symphony and novel in the long in Turkish law University of Kent nineteenth century £40,500 The return of refugees and the £44,413 restoration of multicultural societies Dr Charis Boutieri £44,605 Dr Natalia Sobrevilla Perea King’s College London University of Kent The Tunisian experiment: Professor Catriona McKinnon The armed forces and state-building educating the first generation University of Reading in post-colonial Peru 1800–1860 of democratic citizens Climate change as postericide £34,958 £44,987 £44,967 88 AWARDS MADE

Dr Owen Parker Dr Leslie Vinjamuri Professor Peter Henderson University of Sheffield SOAS, University of London University of Leeds Citizenship for sale? ‘Immigrant investor The logic of justice in ongoing conflict Novel microbial transport proteins programmes’ in crisis Europe £41,257 that contribute to drug resistance £45,000 £15,222 Dr Liz Watson Professor Laura Piacentini University of Cambridge Professor Elliot Leader University of Strathclyde Governing mobility in the context Imperial College London A sociology of rights consciousness of risk, insecurity and opportunity The internal structure of the nucleon amongst prisoners in Russia £43,853 £12,560 £44,366 Dr Sarah Wolff Professor Thomas H Lenagan Dr Richard Powell Queen Mary, University of London University of Edinburgh University of Oxford Explaining EU (non-)engagement Quantum algebras and total ‘Holistic Greenland’? Science, politics with Moroccan and Tunisian non-negativity and a geographical imagination political parties £15,980 £44,824 £42,530 Professor J John Lowe Professor Tony Prosser Royal Holloway, University of London University of Bristol Emeritus Fellowships Out of tune: a more secure approach The economic constitution: theoretical for synchronising past and comparative dimensions Sciences climate histories £12,848 £21,056 Dr William Bradshaw Amos Dr Anca Pusca MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology Professor Geoffrey Moore Goldsmiths, University of London Evaluation of the mesolens for University of East Anglia Roma nomads today: between myth and reality biomedical microscopy Characterising a pro-apoptotic form £18,716 £20,790 of cytochrome c £17,915 Dr Dana Rosenfeld Professor Angela Danil-de-Namor University of Keele University of Surrey Professor George Pickett Making sense of history, biography, and Calix[4]pyrrole based receptors University of Lancaster health: ‘HIV cohorts’ and social change for monitoring/removing aqueous Advanced facility for nanoscience £44,969 mercury (II) experiments at microkelvin temperatures £21,776 £22,000 Dr Waltraud Schelkle London School of Economics Professor A. Philip Dawid Professor Derek Siveter and Political Science University of Cambridge University of Oxford The political economy of monetary solidarity: Inference from groups to individuals: Fossils of the Herefordshire and understanding the Euro experiment causality and prediction Chengjiang Lagerstätten £42,286 £18,920 £21,846 Humanities

Professor Peter Ainsworth University of Sheffield The ‘A’ version of Froissart’s Chronicles, Book III: completing an edition £4,707

Professor Dame Gillian Beer University of Cambridge Alice in space: contexts for Lewis Carroll £6,860

Professor Mark Brisbane Bournemouth University The archaeology of Novgorod: a medieval city state on the edge of Europe £7,740 AWARDS MADE 89

Professor David George Professor Bill Sheils Professor Elizabeth Ettorre University of Leeds University of York University of Liverpool Manifestations of the commedia dell’arte Religion and identity in post-Reformation Writing the self, the other and in modern Spanish and Catalan theatre England: the legacy of Sir Thomas More the social: using autoethnography £4,040 £5,575 as a feminist method of ‘sensitising the I’ Professor Christopher J Gill Professor Keith J Stringer £11,493 University of Exeter University of Lancaster Learning to be good: stoic ethics The Acts of Alexander II, King of Scots Professor Frank Furedi and its modern challenge (1214–1249) University of Kent £17,790 £4,220 The social construction of reading problems – a sociological history Professor Jonty Harrison Professor Brandon Taylor £18,252 University of Birmingham University of Southampton Voyages: a major acousmatic work The Dannatt Bequests: collecting and Professor Sonia Jackson exploring travel, alienation and belonging philanthropy in modern British art Institute of Education, £10,583 £5,185 University of London Comparative studies on education Professor Gregg Huff Professor Jeremy Treglown of youth in care University of Oxford Independent Researcher £21,020 The economic impact of the World War II Hersey’s wars: a critical biography Japanese occupation of Southeast Asia of John Hersey, 1914–1993 Dr David Lehmann £20,987 £9,516 University of Cambridge Redrawing religious boundaries Professor Ann Hughes Professor David Walker and identities: Messianic Jews University of Keele University of Sheffield and Christians Preachers and hearers in revolutionary England Albert Camus, man of the theatre £22,000 £14,521 £3,350 Professor Tom Selwyn Professor Peter Hulme Social Sciences SOAS, University of London University of Essex Anthropology of tourism Tropical town: pan-American writing Dr Judith Bara and pilgrimage in Sarajevo in New York, 1910–1925 Queen Mary, University of London and Bethlehem £13,922 Analysing parliamentary discourse £22,000 on regulation of MPs expenses, Professor Yosefa Loshitzky 1964–2015 Professor Roderick Stirrat SOAS, University of London £8,414 University of Sussex Just Jews and Muslims: conversions, Economic and social change conflations and conflicts Professor Mary Buckley in coastal Sri Lanka £22,000 University of Cambridge £16,500 The politics of human trafficking in Professor Margaret MacDonald and out of Russia and forced labour University of Glasgow £11,862 International Academic The paintings of James McNeill Whistler Fellowships £22,000 Professor Gibson Burrell University of Leicester Professor Marcia Pointon W(h)ither the world’s peasantry in Sciences University of Manchester the study of business and management? Dr Camilla Benfield Diamond £12,345 Royal Veterinary College, £16,217 University of London Professor Allan Cochrane Using evolutionary bioinformatics Professor Jim Samson Open University to reveal host-virus interactions and Royal Holloway, University of London Governing a suburban growth region: ecology – Australia Black Sea sketches: music, place and people living on the edge of the Greater £12,400 £20,385 South East £9,966 Professor James Brasington Mr Graham Shaw Queen Mary, University of London School of Advanced Study, Professor Michael Dunford From point clouds to processes: University of London University of Sussex multidimensional models of The history of the printed book in South Cities, regions and the sustainable river forms and flows – New Asia from 1556–1800 transformation of the Chinese earth Zealand, USA, Japan £6,941 £11,100 £27,924 90 AWARDS MADE

Dr Deirdre Gribbin Professor Oliver James Dr Anthony Ellis Trinity Laban Conservatoire University of Exeter Greek Gods and history: of Music and Dance Citizens and public services: the intellectual history of Herodotus Music for ScreenPlay interactive video voice, choice and service delivery between renaissance humanism and wall which reduces anxiety in hospital mechanisms – USA modern anthropology – Switzerland waiting spaces – Canada £14,599 £40,400 £15,280 Professor Ann Light Ms Alison Garden Dr Jonathan Keeling Northumbria University Haunting a transnational University of St Andrews Designing to age well: landscape: the ghost of Collective critical behaviour in age, agency and social wellbeing – Roger Casement in literature – Ireland many-body quantum optics – USA Australia £28,666 £23,461 £19,188 Mrs Maria Hadjiathanasiou Dr Catherine Merry Dr Bryan Maddox Cyprus in Europe: visual University of Manchester University of East Anglia culture in Cyprus under Glycosaminoglycans – towards a European Ecological frameworks in British colonial rule – Cyprus network of excellence – Sweden educational testing – Canada £24,059 £29,559 £6,105 Miss Victoria Harrild Dr Simon Mudd Master of Chamber Music University of Edinburgh Study Abroad Studentships (MMus) – Germany Impact of changing climateand sediment £24,883 supply on coastal wetland survival – Italy Sciences £24,064 Miss Chloe Ireton Mr Joseph Kelly Ethiopian royal vassals: black Professor Mark Viney Integrated bi-national itinerancy in the Iberian Atlantic – University of Bristol master of international nature Colombia, Mexico and Spain Learning a new transgenesis conservation – Germany £37,316 technique to discover gene function in and New Zealand nematode worm parasites – USA £38,953 Mr Jonathan Roskilly £27,021 MA in Musical Performance Dr Sophie Patterson (with Minor in Contemporary Music) – Humanities Criminalisation of HI non-disclosure; Switzerland a threat to women’s health and £22,260 Professor Sandy Black rights – Canada University of the Arts London £46,200 Dr Andrew Stephenson Application of mathematical concepts Kant’s model of the mind: of topology to 3D knitting technology Mr Jack Pryor perception, misperception, – New Zealand, Australia, Japan Hypothalamic neuronal anthropology – Germany £24,212 activity and the molecular £38,100 mechanisms underlying obesity – Dr Claudia Glatz Australia Dr Graeme Ward University of Glasgow £36,700 Reading Orosius in the Carolingian Highland encounters: practice, perception world – Austria and power in the mountains of the ancient Ms Nadia Sanchez Martin £37,500 Middle East – USA MSc Architektur und Stadtplanung – £26,800 Germany Miss Helen Woolston £20,230 MA in Animation – Estonia Dr Ceri Morgan £19,850 University of Keele Humanities Heartlands/pays du Coeur: imagining and Social Sciences representing Quebec’s ‘regions’ – Canada Mr Adam Clifford £19,143 Cours Professionel, École Miss Gwen Burnyeat Internationale de Théâtre MA in Social Anthropology – Colombia Social Sciences Jacques Lecoq – France £43,350 £25,150 Dr Peter Cox Ms Emanuelle Degli Esposti University of Chester Ms Amy De’Ath Reflections of power, Developing cross-disciplinary research into New feminist poetry and subjectivity and the self bicycling and the environment – Germany political affect – Canada in the Iraqi Shi’a – Iran £27,093 £43,152 £21,710 AWARDS MADE 91

Dr Heba Elsayed Three years after the uprising: are young Egyptians still active users of new information technologies? – Egypt £23,862

Mr Jonathan Gladstone Suboptimal savings decisions: a lab and field approach – Canada £27,137

Dr Stephanie Law Interjudicial relations in international law: theoretical and case-based analyses – Canada £38,250

Mrs Ailie Tam Investigating the negotiation of intimate relationships within social spaces in rural Uganda – Uganda £30,401

Mr Neil James Wilson The urbanisation of forced displacement – Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda £40,350

Dr Emily Wilson-Smith Investigating the impact of a menstrual hygiene programme on rural Ugandan girls’ school absenteeism – Uganda £37,707

Visiting Professorships Sciences

Professor Andrew Adamatzky University of the West of England Visiting Professor – Dr Martin Hanczyc £83,766

Dr Fernando Brandao University College London Visiting Professor – Professor Aram Harrow £21,500

Professor John Colbourne University of Birmingham Visiting Professor – Dr Charles Brockhouse £62,888

Dr Christopher Douglas University of Oxford Visiting Professor – Dr Andre Henriques £64,096 92 AWARDS MADE

Visiting Professorships

Professor Carlos Frenk Professor Malcolm Levitt Dr Cornelia Rodenburg Durham University University of Southampton University of Sheffield Visiting Professor – Visiting Professor – Professor Visiting Professor – Professor Julio Navarro Philip Kuchel Dr Maurizio Dapor £34,000 £37,700 £11,061

Professor Costas Iliopoulos Professor Ottoline Leyser Dr Hartmut Schwetlick King’s College London University of Cambridge University of Bath Visiting Professor – Visiting Professor – Professor Visiting Professor – Professor Esko Ukkonen Eric Mjolsness Professor Acharya Amit £25,820 £16,991 £9,150

Professor Matthew Jarvis Professor Thomas Lukasiewicz Professor Kostas Skenderis University of Oxford University of Oxford University of Southampton Visiting Professor – Visiting Professor – Visiting Professor – Professor Rennan Barkana Professor David Poole Professor Claudio Corianò £30,138 £20,500 £67,672

Professor Tom Johnstone Professor Pat Monaghan Dr Ivan Tomasic University of Reading University of Glasgow Queen Mary, University of London Visiting Professor – Visiting Professor – Visiting Professor – Professor Paul Whalen Dr Mark Haussmann Professor Alessandro Berarducci £17,600 £58,205 £17,000

Dr Ranko Lazic Dr Jonathan Robbins Professor Alexander Tudhope University of Warwick University of Bristol University of Edinburgh Visiting Professor – Visiting Professor – Visiting Professor – Dr Sylvain Schmitz Professor Omri Gat Professor Eric Steig £7,250 £14,000 £43,158 AWARDS MADE 93

Professor Sergei Turitsyn Social Sciences Artist in Residence Grants Aston University Visiting Professor – Professor Karin Barber Dr Claudia Aradau Professor Yuri Kivshar University of Birmingham Department of War Studies, £31,400 Visiting Professor – Professor Jane Guyer King’s College London £6,889 Artist: Dr Lola Frost – Professor Pete Walker Fine artist University of Bath Dr Marinos Diamantidis £15,000 Visiting Professor – Birkbeck, University of London Professor B.V. Venkatarama Reddy Visiting Professor – Professor Mr Jack Ashby £82,456 Michel Rosenfeld Grant Museum of Zoology, £27,787 University College London Humanities Artist: Dr Eleanor Morgan – Professor Rosaleen Duffy Multidisciplinary artist Professor Dorian Fuller SOAS, University of London £15,000 University College London Visiting Professor – Dr Giorgos Kallis Visiting Professor – £84,626 Professor Mark E Bailey Dr Xiaoyan Yang Armagh Observatory £56,000 Professor Robert Foley Artist: Dr Sally Walmsley – University of Cambridge Musician and writer Dr Naomi Howell Visiting Professor – Professor £14,810 University of Exeter Alan G. Morris Visiting Professor – £24,978 Professor Isabelle Baraffe Professor Anne-Lise François Astrophysics Department, £46,950 Professor Glyn Humphreys University of Exeter University of Oxford Artist: Ms Pandora Mond – Professor Margaret–Anne Hutton Visiting Professor – Professor Shihui Han Painter University of St Andrews £34,950 £15,000 Visiting Professor – Professeur Lionel Ruffel Professor Henrietta Moore Mr John Benson £30,692 University of Cambridge National Waterways Museum, Visiting Professor – Dr Sharyn Davies Canal and River Trust Dr Tomasz Kamusella £19,900 Artist: Ms Francesca Millican-Slater – University of St Andrews Writer, theatre-maker and performer Visiting Professor – Professor Alain Pottage £15,000 Professor Elena Marushiakova-Popova London School of Economics and £78,696 Political Science Professor Lionel Bently Visiting Professor – Professor Dan Burk Faculty of Law, University of Cambridge Professor Elizabeth Eva Leach £11,100 Artist: Ms Sophie Arkette – University of Oxford Sculptor and glass maker Visiting Professor – Professor Birgit Schyns £13,850 Professor Durham University Jeremy Llewellyn Visiting Professor – Dr Roseanne Foti Professor Jon Blundy £61,006 £15,248 School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol Professor Gordon Lynch Professor Paul Statham Artist: Mr Rodney Harris – University of Kent University of Sussex Sculptor and printmaker Visiting Professor – Visiting Professor – £15,000 Professor Mia Lovheim Professor Raymond Taras £24,421 £50,119 Professor Jeanice Brooks Department of Music, Dr Matthew Rubery Dr Lasse Thomassen University of Southampton Queen Mary, University of London Queen Mary, University of London Artist: Dr Aura Satz – Visiting Professor – Visiting Professor – Filmmaker and performer Professor Garrett Stewart Professor Yannis Stavrakakis £15,000 £17,645 £29,416 Dr Ben Campkin Professor Julian Savulescu Professor Giovanni Urga UCL Urban Laboratory, University of Oxford City University London University College London Visiting Professor – Visiting Professor – Professor Lynda Artist: Mr Max Colson – Professor Neil Levy Khalaf Photographer £31,630 £15,500 £15,000 94 AWARDS MADE

Dr John Martin School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Plymouth Artist: Ms Dominica Williamson – Multidisciplinary design artist £14,999

Professor Timothy Paul Mathews Department of French, University College London Artist: Ms Margarita Saad – Writer £15,000

Dr Lauren Mawn School of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University Artist: Miss Laura Degnan – Film and theatre writer/director £14,950

Dr William Mayes Centre for Environmental and Marine Sciences, University of Hull Artist: Mr Conohar Scott – Photographer Dr Nick Collins Dr Andrew Harris £14,475 Department of Music, Department of Geography, Durham University University College London Ms Emma Middleton Artist: Dr Adinda van ‘t Klooster – Artist: Mr Tom Wolseley – The Foundling Museum Multidisciplinary artist Multimedia artist Artist: Mr Luke R Styles £14,500 £15,000 – Composer £15,000 Dr Sarah Cook Professor Sue Heath LifeSpace Science School of Social Sciences, Ms Lucy Moore Art Research Gallery, University of Manchester Leeds Museums & Galleries University of Dundee Artist: Ms Lynne Chapman – Artist: Mr Ian Kirkpatrick Artist: Mr Mat Fleming – Filmmaker Illustrator and urban sketcher – Artist/graphic designer £15,000 £15,000 £15,000

Dr Simone De Liberato Professor Vivienne Jabri Professor Hugh Nimmo School of Physics and Astronomy, Department of War Studies, Institute of Molecular, Cell and University of Southampton King’s College London Systems Biology, University of Glasgow Artist: Mr Martin Fogel – Artist: Mr Baptist Coelho – Artist: Mr Ally Wallace – Visual artist Musician Visual artist (drawing and painting) £14,080 £15,000 £14,997

Professor Duncan French Dr Tariq Jazeel Professor Geoffrey Pilkington Department of Law, Department of Geography, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical University of Lincoln University College London Sciences, University of Portsmouth Artist: Mr Jordan Baseman – Artist: Dr Amita Murray – Artist: Dr Immy Smith – Visual artist Visual artist and filmmaker Writer (automatic drawing) £12,750 £13,300 £13,920

Professor Julian Evans Dr Karen Louise Johnson Professor Lasse Rempe-Gillen Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering and Computing Department of Mathematical Sciences, University College London Sciences, Durham University University of Liverpool Artist: Dr Hilary Powell – Artist: Mr Stephen Livingstone– Artist: Dr Emily Howard Multimedia artist Multidisciplinary artist – Composer £15,000 £14,480 £14,984 AWARDS MADE 95

Dr Wendy Russell Professor Nick Tyler Dr Karen Wells Rowett Institute of Nutrition Department of Civil, Environmental Department of Geography, and Health, University of Aberdeen and Geomatic Engineering, Birkbeck, University of London Artist: Ms Cathrine Kramer – University College London Artist: Miss Ain Bailey – Multidisciplinary artist Artist: Miss Zoe Schoenherr – Sound artist and DJ £15,000 Sculptor £14,341 £14,878 Ms Rose Stanyon Professor Patricia Wilson Department of Learning, Dr Bhaskar Vira Centre for Health Services Studies, Manchester Jewish Museum Department of Geography, University of Kent Artist: Miss Torange Khonsari – University of Cambridge Artist: Ms Leah Thorn – Multidisciplinary artist Artist: Mr Toby Smith Spoken word poet (participatory art projects) – Contemporary photographer £14,520 £14,700 £15,000 Professor Rachel Woodward Dr Claudia Sternberg Professor John Wainwright School of Geography Politics and Legacies of War project, Department of Geography, Sociology, Newcastle University University of Leeds Durham University Artist: Mr Michael Mulvihill – Artist: Dr Juliet MacDonald – Artist: Dr Miguel Santos – Visual artist (drawing) Visual artist (drawing and painting) Transdisciplinary artist and researcher £14,750 £14,000 £15,000 Design by Jonathan Roberts jonathanrobertsdesign.com

Image credits p2 and 8. Courtesy of Unilever Archives. p71. Coral stone box filled with cowrie p86. Lynne Chapman at work during a shells, recovered in a grave at Fuvahmulak SketchCrawl in Sheffield. Grant holder: p6 and 12. Photography by Rosie Hallam. atoll, Maldives. Recovery was accidental, Sue Heath. and not part of any archaeological research p10. Clockwise from top left: In response programme; thus its context, date and p88. The ANITA balloon viewed through to certain stresses or mutations, yeasts can significance remain unknown, image a telescope. Image courtesy of Mike grow in a variety of intricate structures courtesy of Anne Haour. Smith, Columbia Scientific Ballooning and patterns, image © Felice Frankel Facility. Grant holder: Ryan Nichol. (www.felicefrankel.com); Abbey Mills p72. ‘A nostalgic idyll? ‘June from Les and the Wolsey building © Sarah Kirby; Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry, by p91. Fieldwork in the course of the Cide Electroencephalography (EEG) is the the Limburg brothers 1412–16: MS 65, Archaeological Project in the Pontic recording of electrical activity along the Musée Condé, Chantilly, fol. 6v. Grant Mountains of the central Turkish Black scalp, image credit JD Howell; Young girl holder: Hannah Skoda. Sea region, Claudia Glatz. weaving a loin-cloth, watched by a co- resident other-than-human being, image p74. Arabidopsis thaliana, the plant p92. Village archaeology show and tell, courtesy of Robert Storrie. scientist’s model organism. Image courtesy image credit: Melia Knecht. of K. Franklin, University of Bristol. p25. St Sidonius depicted in a nineteenth- p94. Paris chooses the goddess Aphrodite century window in the cathedral at p77. Sangihe hanging parrot (Loriculus as ‘the fairest one’. Detail from Botticelli’s Clermont-Ferrand. Photograph: Henri catamene), from the Ornithological The Judgement of Paris (1485, Galleria Hours. miscellany (1876). Grant holder: Joe Kelly. Cini, Venice). Grant holder: Tamsin Saxton. p30. Two dimensional Geometric Molecular p78. Silbury Hill at sunrise, image credit: Structure of DNA, weaving and colouring Steve Marshall. Grant holder: Jim Leary. p95. Pierre Soulages, Goudron sur verre pencil on loom, Gemma Anderson in 45.5 x 76.5 cm, 1948 (tar on glass); collaboration with Dorothy Buck and p79. Purple-brown areas interspersed Musée National d’Art Moderne, Paris. Fiona Sperryn, 2013. with bare ice on the GrIS surface, image © Soulages 2015. courtesy of Marion Yallop. p31. Masked booby with egg. p80. Woodcuts showing rock crystal p57. Image reproduced courtesy of specimens, from Anselmus Boethius de LeShaque under the Creative Commons Boodt, Gemmarum et lapidum historia Attribution-Share Alike 2.0. (1647). Source: Google Books. Grant holder: Michael Bycroft. p63. Chimpanzee mother with infant at Chester Zoo, 2009. © Chester Zoo. p82. Zack and Cat, image credit: Center for Genomic Gastronomy. Grant holder: p67. China first to fight! United China Wendy Russell. Relief participating in National War Fund, Martha Sawyers (1902–1988). UNT p85. Serengeti fire experiment, image Digital Library. http://digital.library.unt. courtesy of Dr Colin Beale. edu/ark:/67531/metadc367/

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