SCHOLARSHIPS FOR RESEARCH AND EDUCATION JANUARY 2015 ROUND MOUNDS Were they really built by Normans?

INSIDE THIS ISSUE

The ‘me’ in memory Exploring the developing self The American steppe Russian influences on the Great Plains GEMOLOGY NANOSYNTHESIS New materials, new worlds Jewellers, travellers and the A new method of nanostructure Understanding the uses of Bronze Age axes science of gems in France in fi lms

XXXX LEVER JAN15 NEWSLTTR.indd 1 28/01/2015 11:34 DIRECTOR’S NOTE FUNDING UPDATES COMPETITIONS SCHEME NEWS OLD AND NEW

Award winners in no fewer than seven and the latest round produced over LEVERHULME RESEARCH funding streams are announced in this 750 applications, so we were very CENTRES edition of the Newsletter. pleased to be able to make 100 awards. We congratulate the recipients of Competition to secure one of these The Leverhulme Trust has announced our new Leverhulme Doctoral Scholarship Fellowships is obviously fierce – so many the launch of a major new initiative to Awards. Fourteen universities will each congratulations to those who succeeded establish Leverhulme Research Centres receive £1 million, over three years, to in this particular round. in the UK, representing a commitment provide 15 scholarships per institution For the first time, our popular of up to £10 million over 10 years for to address topics as diverse as Artist in Residence Grants were made each Centre. The objective is to fund understanding maritime futures, climate via the competitive mechanism of a innovative research of the greatest justice, genetics journeys into history and single ‘gathered field’. Over 100 bids originality and to encourage bold, mathematics for a sustainable society. were received, and our expert panel was ‘disruptive’ thinking, capable of creating a With match-funding from a number greatly impressed by the originality of the step-change in the field and transforming of institutions, some 300 students will bids and quality of the field, so the Board our understanding of a topic of benefit.A second call for bids follows in was pleased to make additional funds significance to contemporary societies. 2017. available for a total of 21 awards. The The expectation is that Centres Other schemes will be familiar to competition will now run annually in this will draw upon a range of disciplinary those who follow the Trust’s activities. new format. perspectives and expertise, perhaps Five Philip Leverhulme Prizes (each The ‘core business’ of the Trust bringing new disciplinary mixes to worth £100,000) were awarded in: continues to be its Research Project bear on an emerging topic of societal Biological Sciences, Mathematics and Grants, which typically represent about significance. They should have the Statistics, History, Sociology and Social one third of the Trust’s annual spend. capacity to become internationally- Policy, Philosophy and Theology, and The 62 grants agreed at the November recognised ‘centres of research excellence’ Law. Again, competition was intense, meeting cover a typically wide range in the chosen area. The Trust has a with individual subject areas attracting of fascinating topics in the sciences, reputation for encouraging research between 50 and 100 nominations. Many humanities and social sciences. which is often fundamental or congratulations to the thirty winners. Finally, we have recently announced curiosity-driven (so-called ‘blue The 2015 Prizes will be in six different a major new venture: a competition for skies’), multi-disciplinary, and perhaps subjects – so please visit the Trust website Leverhulme Research Centres. The Trust somewhat higher risk. for details. Board’s hope is that the competition The scheme is now open, and Major Research Fellowships and proves to be of sufficient appeal to the each UK university will be permitted to Early Career Fellowships continue to research community that it can be run on make one bid as the principal applicant be hugely popular, and applications for a regular basis and become part of our institution. Full details and application both schemes rose again. Early Career established – and growing – portfolio of information are available on the Fellowships are targeted at what is clearly awards. Leverhulme Trust website. a persistent pinch-point of entry to the scholarly and research professions, Professor Gordon Marshall WHY THE LEVERHULME TRUST?

Application forms for Research Project Grants and International Networks require applicants to explain why they are CONTACTS applying to the Trust. Peer reviewers and Trust Board members place considerable weight on your reply, so give very careful The Leverhulme Trust thought to what you write and take note 1 Pemberton Row, London, EC4A 3BG of the tips on the Leverhulme Trust’s Tel 020 7042 9888 | Web www.leverhulme.ac.uk website.

For more profiles of current research and full awards listings, please visitthe Leverhulme Trust website (www.leverhulme.ac.uk). To order additional copies of this newsletter, please contact Bahia Sheppard at [email protected].

2 January 2015

XXXX LEVER JAN15 NEWSLTTR.indd 2 28/01/2015 11:34 Jewellers, travellers and the science of gems in France, 1630–1830

Exploring the emergence of the ‘science understood. This is especially true in of gems’, Michael Bycroft’s research the history of physics, where historians will shed light on how a shared interest have given far more attention to in precious and semi-precious stones the instruments that experimenters brought collectors, experimenters, built than to the materials that the craftsmen and merchants together in instruments measured. Gems address early modern Europe this problem because they were used to study phenomena (such as heat, light What can you do with a diamond? and electricity) that are part of physics ‘Science’ may not be the first answer that rather than biology or the earth comes to mind, but it was a common sciences. one in early modern France. Naturalists Gemology not only united collected diamonds, displayed them different branches of early modern in cabinets, and arranged them in science but also bound the sciences to classification schemes. Experimenters trade, travel and the decorative arts. rubbed them to draw out their Gems arrived in France on the ships ‘electric virtue,’ heated them to study of the French East India Company, in luminescence, and weighed them with the hands of globe-trotting merchants, precision balances. Chemists created and in the luggage of adventurous diamonds (or so they thought) with astronomers and naturalists. Paris-based dyes and furnaces, and destroyed them scientists relied on these travellers for with giant mirrors in their studies of their raw materials. They also shared light and combustion. As for diamonds, the merchants’ interest in detecting so for rubies and emeralds, amber and counterfeits and drew on the practical quartz, and many other precious and skills of jewellers and gem-cutters. semi-precious stones. All were part To build on these connections of a burgeoning science of gems that I will be studying a range of sources brought collectors into contact with that include mineralogical treatises, experimenters and that brought both into jewellery manuals, and the archives of contact with jewellers and international the Paris Academy of Science, the Paris travellers. These points of contact are Natural History Museum, the Paris the focus of a monograph and two jewellers’ guild, and the French East India international workshops that I will work Company. on over the next three years. Surprisingly little has been written Dr Michael Bycroft about the early modern science of gems, University of Warwick in France or elsewhere. The assumption Early Career Fellowship seems to be that scientists ceased to see gems as a properly scientific category some time around 1600. It is true that, in the seventeenth century, philosophers and experimenters began to question the magical and medical properties that had long been ascribed to these intensely symbolic materials. But this questioning did not spell the end of gemology as a serious field of research. It was only at the TOP TO BOTTOM Painting of specimens very end of the eighteenth century that in a mineral cabinet, by the French painter mineralogists began to drop ‘precious Alexandre-Isidore Leroy de Barde (late stone’ as a category in their classification eighteenth century). Source: Web Gallery of minerals. of Art, http://www.wga.hu; Woodcuts Throughout the preceding showing rock crystal specimens, from period, the collection and classification Anselmus Boethius de Boodt, Gemmarum of gems went hand-in-hand with et lapidum historia (1647). Source: experimentation. Experimenting and Google Books; Diagram of diamond collecting aro e b th hot topics in the cuts, from Antoine-Joseph Dezallier history of science, but the relationship d’Argenville, Oryctologie (Paris, 1755). between these two activities is poorly Source: Gallica.

www.leverhulme.ac.uk 3

XXXX LEVER JAN15 NEWSLTTR.indd 3 28/01/2015 11:34 Were round mounds recycled?

Every schoolboy and girl knows that doubt over the Marlborough mound’s question. The project will identify mottes castles with large earthen mounds, the origin that caused me – with suitable in England with prehistoric potential, latter known as mottes, were built by funds and resources from both the and through a targeted programme the Normans; a wooden tower on a Marlborough Mound Trust and English of coring, survey work and scientific mound of earth is our archetypal image Heritage – to put together a small project analyses, will determine their date of of the time. But were they really built to drill two boreholes from its summit construction, sequence of development by the Normans? A new project, led by down to its very base. The resultant cores and environmental context. Jim Leary, will challenge this medieval were removed for analyses, and small If it is shown that many, or even sacred cow by investigating whether samples of organic material were taken just some, of the mottes investigated all mottes were constructed anew or from various points within the core and are prehistoric, it will have considerable if some represent re-used prehistoric radiocarbon dated. This ncco lusively implications for our understanding of mounds showed that the mound was built at the Neolithic monumental mounds – a same time as Silbury Hill, around 2,400 monument type that is poorly understood The Marlborough castle mound in BC; it was a Neolithic mound that had and currently extraordinarily rare – Wiltshire, now within the grounds of been re-used and adapted in the medieval improving our knowledge of their Marlborough College, is undoubtedly a period. distribution and form. The research will medieval motte. And yet its appearance The obvious question that follows be of importance for the medieval period is reminiscent of a smaller version of on from this, then, is how many other too, helping us understand the influence the iconic Neolithic mound of Silbury mottes from around England are actually prehistoric mounds had on shaping Hill, located a little over 8km to its west prehistoric ceremonial mounds which subsequent histories, and potentially and which forms part of the legendary were adapted in the medieval period helping us to define more tightly the Stonehenge and Avebury World Heritage for a different use? A new Leverhulme- development of medieval mottes in Site. It was this similarity and a nagging funded project will seek to address this England. Large mounds provide focal points in the landscape, and this work will demonstrate the manner, sequence and environmental context of mound construction, as well as illustrating the length of the national tradition.

Dr Jim Leary University of Reading Research Project Grant

ABOVE AND COVER Silbury Hill at sunrise.

LEFT Marlborough castle mound.

Image credits: Steve Marshall

4 January 2015

XXXX LEVER JAN15 NEWSLTTR.indd 4 28/01/2015 11:34 The Amerikan steppe: Russian influences on the Great Plains

A new project by David Moon challenges Russians and Americans recognised the the perception that the American Great similarities, and realised they could learn Plains were shaped largely by the West, from each other’s experience. The extent by demonstrating the pivotal role that to which Russians learned from American Russian and Ukrainian farming practices experience, for example of mechanisation, played in the American West has been well researched. This project focuses on the other side of the story. Glinka, and tested the approach on the We think of the Great Plains as From the 1870s, ethnic German Great Plains. In the 1930s, the fertile black quintessentially American. The home farmers from the Volga region of Russia earth of the Plains was categorised on of cowboys, Stetsons and the tumbling and Mennonites from southern Ukraine American soil maps as ‘chernozem’: the tumbleweed has been immortalised by migrated to the Great Plains. Their crops Russian term. Hollywood. We also tend to think that and farming techniques proved well suited to Perhaps the most enduring influence the West has been the origin of most the Plains environment, and were adopted from the steppe on the Great Plains is the innovations, which have then spread by other farmers. The US Department of tumbleweed. Ironically, this icon of the around the globe. This project challenges Agriculture played a key role. One of its American West was introduced by these ideas. The American Plains were scientists, Mark Alfred Carleton, became Mennonite migrants in the late-nineteenth shaped by influences from the Russian and acquainted with Mennonites on the Plains century, by accident in a sack of flax seed, Ukrainian steppe. When Euro-American and visited their previous homes on the and, despite efforts to thwart it, became a settlers ploughed up the Plains from the steppe to collect crop varieties, including classic example of an invasive species. 1860s, they drew on the prior knowledge a hard, red, winter wheat – known as of Slav, German and Mennonite settlers on Turkey Red in the USA – whiche b came a Professor David Moon the steppe, who had already accumulated mainstay of Plains farming. University of York several decades of experience farming in In the 1920s, under Curtis F. Marbut, Major Research Fellowship drought-prone environments. the US Soil Survey adopted a new approach The Great Plains and the steppe share to conceptualising soils, as the products ABOVE Curtis F. Marbut and Konstantin similar environments and environmental of the environment in which they had Glinka (2nd and 3rd from left) on the histories. Both were grasslands, with formed, which was based on pioneering transcontinental excursion following the 1st semi-arid climates and periodic droughts, work by the Russian soil scientist World Congress of Soil Science, Washington, but very fertile soil. Both were settled Vasilii Dokuchaev on the steppe in the DC, 1927. Curtis Fletcher Papers (C3720), by farmers, attracted by the fertile soil, 1870s–80s. Marbut learned about it from folder 134 © The State Historical Society of but facing recurring shortages of water. one of Dokuchaev’s students, Konstantin Missouri, reproduced with permission. A new method of nanostructure in films

The unique properties of thin films give been frequently demonstrated in research these preliminary results to fully investigate them multiple real-world applications, laboratories, where the small scale, but the origin and mechanism of this control and Geoffrey Hyett’s research on the relatively expensive, synthetic routes on microstructure, and expand its use to a control mechanisms of microstructures available to researchers allow particle size wide range of commonly used functional promises significant advances for and shape to be controlled. As the materials. This holds out the promise of scientific researchers and industry influence of particle shape and orientation providing a CVD route in which the on materials properties has become microstructure of a film can be a A nanoscale thin film is a thin layer of a increasingly apparent, it is also the case controllable parameter, which would material with an overall thickness of around that a method of synthesis that also allows provide enormous benefit to both one millionth of a metre, composed of control of these parameters is necessary researchers and industry. Materials particles on the scale of 1 billionth of a metre. not only for researchers, but also for scientists will be able to experiment The extremely small scale of both the industry. However, it has not been directly with the microstructure using films and the particles they are composed previously possible to directly control film CVD, treating it simply as an additional of – approaching the scale of the atom microstructure using the low cost, scalable film parameter, confident that if itself – endow thin films with unique synthetic techniques, such as chemical applicable their work could be scaled up properties vital for their use in numerous vapour deposition (CVD), that are required directly for industrial use. optical, electronic and catalytic devices. for commercial exploitation of materials. An example of this is titanium dioxide. In My research group has recently Dr Geoffrey Hyett bulk it is a simple white pigment used in shown that such control is possible for one University of Southampton paints, cosmetics and even foodstuffs – but material, zinc oxide, using a CVD Research Project Grant as a thin film it is the active layer in the technique and structure directing additives, widely marketed self-cleaning windows. which bind selectively to the particles COVER Examples of some of the different The shape and orientation of the during growth, generating a defined shape microstructures found with zinc oxide particles in a thin film, known as the and more importantly, a uniform size on thin films using different structure microstructure, also plays a key role in the nanoscale. With funding from the directing additives, under 75,000 times determining the film properties. This has Leverhulme Trust we plan to capitalise on magnification.

www.leverhulme.ac.uk 5

XXXX LEVER JAN15 NEWSLTTR.indd 5 28/01/2015 11:34 Becoming radical in the English Revolution

Why did members of radical movements other and from ‘mainstream’ society, but and the American colonies). In this period feel compelled to abandon their most of their members had come out of of turmoil, even royalists and Anglicans traditional lives? Alexander Ryrie’s that mainstream society and often passed were forced into asserting startling Fellowship focusses on the mid 1660s through numerous radical groups during new positions, as the old ones gave way when England saw an explosion of their lifetimes. beneath them: in one sense, simply to live religious and political radicalism, from My project aims to map the in these times was to be a ‘radical’. the Fifth Monarchists to the Quakers radicalism of this era – how the groups I will also be asking what tied the related to each other and to their ‘political’ and ‘religious’ radicalisms of the The period of the English Civil War and supposedly orthodox brethren – from age together. It is well known that some Revolution (1640–60) is notorious for the the perspective of religious experience radicals anticipated later ideals such as emergence of radical religious and political and the history of emotions. We have tolerance, democracy and socialism, but movements – from now-established groups an underexploited wealth of personal the power of these ideals depended on the like the Baptists and Quakers, through testimonies from radicals: I will be working very particular religious motivations and short-lived and ill-defined groupings like with these to ask why it made emotional experiences that drove them. We cannot the Ranters and Seekers, to political sense for these people to abandon their properly understand the ideals which that agitators such as the Levellers, Diggers traditions and embrace something new. first blossoming of English radical politics and Fifth Monarchists. We have a fair idea Or, indeed, why these new sects now has left to us without appreciating how of why political and religious normality seemed the best way to be faithful to what deeply it was grounded in Puritan and broke down under the pressure of war they had always believed. And I will be post-Puritan religious sensibilities. and social collapse during this period, but asking how far these radical undercurrents we don’t truly understand this explosion can be seen in those who never openly Professor Alexander Ryrie of radical creativity. The radical groups joined radical groups, and in those living Durham University are usually treated as distinct from each outside England (in particular in Ireland Major Research Fellowship Women’s work in rural England, 1500–1700

Surprisingly little is known about ordinary of GNP. It adopted a definition of ‘work’ and farm accounts: a more conventional women’s working lives in the centuries as any activity that could be replaced with approach to women’s work which will before the Industrial Revolution. paid labour or purchased goods. This provide an essential comparative element, Jane Whittle aims to develop a new project applies that definition of work to anchoring the research in existing debates. methodology to map and measure early modern England for the first time. Evidence will be drawn from a swathe women’s everyday work activities in early The methodology involves collecting of sites in south and west England from modern rural England for the first time incidental evidence about work activities Hampshire to Cornwall, selected for their from manuscript court documents that range of agricultural regimes and rural While sixteenth-century commentators describe what people were doing when a industries, some of which favoured women’s noted that women’s work ‘has never an end’, crime, dispute or accident occurred. For employment and some of which did not. historians of pre-industrial England have instance, evidence from a disputed marriage The aim is to be able to describe and struggled to move beyond generalisations contract in Devon in 1562 records a explain the differences between the types and find systematic evidence of women’s female servant collecting water, a farmer’s of work tasks and forms of employment activities. This project develops a new daughter doing laundry by the well, and a of women and men, with particular methodology which aims to illuminate tailor’s wife watching them while sewing in attention given to unpaid work, including the majority experience – unpaid work the doorway of her house. Individually, income-generating work in small farming in rural households – as well as tracing such records are interesting, but collected in households and work caring for the family. forms of waged work; gathering and their thousands, they allow the prevalence It is hoped that the findings will analysing evidence of women’s and men’s of different work activities to be measured, have ground-breaking implications for our everyday working lives. offering an unprecedented window into understanding of gender and economic Historic patterns of women’s work are ordinary working lives. The project also development in pre-industrial Europe by widely misunderstood. Ideas about women’s includes a PhD studentship to analyse revealing detailed patterns of work in pre-industrial economies vary from women’s waged work using household commercialisation and occupational ‘golden age’ views suggesting women once structures as well as the lived experience did virtually every type of work, to the of work. opposite assumption that women’s traditional work roles were restricted to housework and Professor Jane Whittle childcare. In the absence of accurate data, University of Exeter such views are used to support arguments Research Project Grant about women’s roles in the modern family and workplace. In 1993 the UN revised its LEFT A man harvesting wheat while guidance on national accounting to a woman brings him food. Trevilian, include unpaid work within the home, in Thomas, b. ca. 1548, Trevelyon Miscellany recognition of the fact that women’s work of 1608, V.b.232. Used by permission of and work on small peasant farms was being the Folger Shakespeare Library under a grossly under-valued in modern estimates Creative Commons License.

6 January 2015

XXXX LEVER JAN15 NEWSLTTR.indd 6 28/01/2015 11:34 Linking genome diversity to how biological functions evolved

There is still a long way to go in understanding how life diversified, but Thomas Richards aims to bridge a major gap in knowledge by bringing together genomic analysis with technologies to study microbial function and so help trace the evolution not only of genes but also of functional characteristics

The 2000s promised us a unified and accurate tree of life: a diagram that would allow us to pinpoint how living organisms are related to each other. This was thought possible because genome sequencing became easier, allowing us to sample a large number of genes for many different species. These sequence data could then be compared mathematically to create a diagram describing the evolutionary relationships of the organisms sampled: a phylogenetic tree. Yet these data promised even more exciting progress. Chiefly, comparisons of how gene repertoires have altered across the tree would allow us to identify the changes that underpinned the diversification of life and the rise of biological complexity. This hope proved naïve, and the prevailing message from this work is not stepwise acquisitions of genes mapped on to the tree, which can be related to biological characteristic, but rather complex cases of gene duplication, loss and, vexingly, transfer of genetic material between unrelated lineages. These results have made understanding the relationship between the tree and gene content evolution difficult and has demonstrated that the tree, in many cases, does not predict the functional capability of an organism. So where does this leave us? To understand how biological capabilities evolved we need more data, specifically two more sets of information. Firstly, we Secondly we need improved tools in gene content and understanding the need to sample more of the diversity of for understanding the phenotype encoded phenotypic effect of these changes. This will life. This sampling needs to include both by a gene. This means we need to develop require bringing together comparative closely related lineages and organisms new approaches for knocking-out genes, genomic analysis with technologies that representing distant and unsampled adding genes to model organisms, and allow rapid and parallel comparisons of branches in order to capture every importantly testing how these genetic microbial function under altered genetic major branch on the tree of life. This changes alter phenotypes across a wide conditions. is problematic because conservative array of conditions. If we can do this on estimates suggest we can only grow about a systematic scale we can start to flesh Dr Thomas Richards 1% of microbial diversity in laboratory out comparative genomic analysis with University of Exeter conditions and most of the diversity of life phenotype data and tie comparative Philip Leverhulme Prize is microbial. To solve this problem we are observations to actual biological developing approaches to capture single functions. Such comparisons will allow ABOVE Reproduction of Ernst Haeckel’s microbial cells from the environment and us to trace the evolution of functional genealogical oak tree depicting the Kingdoms sequence their genomes directly. Such characteristics not just genes. Plantae (plants), Protista (micro-organisms) approaches will allow us to understand I will use my prize funds to try and and Animalia (animals), from Generelle the true genomic diversity of life. bridge the gap between observing changes Morphologie der Organismen (1866).

www.leverhulme.ac.uk 7

XXXX LEVER JAN15 NEWSLTTR.indd 7 28/01/2015 11:34 New materials, new worlds: understanding the uses of Bronze Age axes

The microscopic study of wear marks object in understanding the start of that bronze had on other materials on bronze axes forms the basis of metallurgy in Britain and Ireland; a and prehistoric worlds is a study that Rachel Crellin’s endeavour to reach a process of material transformation that appreciates all the existing contextual new understanding of the use and value irrevocably altered the prehistoric world. data but also seeks to address the ‘use-life’ of new materials in the ritual and daily Yet we cannot sufficiently answer key of these iconic objects. life of the Early Bronze Age questions such as ‘what were bronze Use-wear analysis is the axes used for?’. At present studies of microscopic study of wear marks left on New materials change the worlds we live bronze objects tend either to focus on the surface of prehistoric copper-alloy in. They make new kinds of activities stories of their production, with a strong objects as a result of their use. Copper- possible and lead to varied innovations. emphasis on chemical composition and alloy use-wear analysis is still a relatively They change relations between peoples, metallography, or they concentrate on new field with few specialists and often places, objects, animals and other narratives surrounding their deposition. varied methods: it has yet to see true materials. This focus on production and deposition critical appraisal. My research will seek My research explores the impact means that we do not fully appreciate the to establish the first reference collection of the new material bronze at the start impact these objects had and the varied of use-wear marks for Early Bronze Age of the Early Bronze Age (c.2200–1500 uses to which they were put; we fail to flat axes from Britain and Ireland (to cal BC) in Britain and Ireland. Bronze address large parts of their biographies. be made freely available online). Ten axes are arguably the most important What is needed to understand the impact accurate replica axes ewill b used in a series of controlled experiments that will combine both embodied use of the tools and laboratory-based, repeatable testing. The axes will be used in a variety of ways on a range of materials including stone, wood, animal carcasses and copper-alloys. The reference collection established through these tests will be used as the basis for a large-scale microscopic analysis of axes from across Britain and Ireland. A range of flat axes of different types, and from different places, will be examined in order to try to explore different and changing patterns of use. The use-wear analysis will then be considered in the light of the existing contextual infomation about the axes. This will be used as the basis for a consideration of the impact of copper and bronze as new materials in Britain and Ireland. How were the new materials used? What properties were exploited? Moreover, how did this impact on the lives of people in the Early Bronze Age? How did these materials transform the worlds they existed within? This will allow new understandings of ritual and routine in the Early Bronze Age to emerge and a more detailed and sophisticated sense of the use and value of bronze.

Dr Rachel Crellin University of Leicester Early Career Fellowship

LEFT Early Bronze Age Flat Axe from the Isle of Man. Image reproduced with the kind permission of Manx National Heritage, property of the author.

8 January 2015

XXXX LEVER JAN15 NEWSLTTR.indd 8 28/01/2015 11:34 Different ways of seeing the world

Lynne Chapman, illustrator and urban conversation in the drawing. Urban sharing our reflections and our sketches sketcher, will be joining the Morgan Sketchers aim to be truthful to the scene, on a blog, and we will produce a toolkit Centre for Research into Everyday Lives “showing the world, one drawing at a for other researchers interested in using as a Leverhulme Artist in Residence. time”, but through personal interpretation sketching in their work. The collaboration will explore the rather than a reproduction. As we look forward to the possibilities of sketching as a way of At the Morgan Centre we use collaboration starting, we have lots understanding and commenting on qualitative research methods, for example of questions buzzing around in our everyday life interviewing people or observing them. heads, from philosophical wonderings We also incorporate visual research about perspective and knowledge, to Conceptually, there are similarities methods, using photography or video, smaller doubts about whether some between the ethos of urban sketching and although we usually ask the people social scientists are simply too bad at a lot of the research we do at the Morgan taking part in our project to do this bit sketching to use this method. The beauty Centre. We share a curiosity about the for us. We are experienced in combining of this grant scheme is that we now everyday world around us. We have a real different research methods to shed have a supply of pencils and pens, and fascination with things like emotions and light on a particular issue. Our projects the luxury of Lynne Chapman’s time to experiences which are notoriously hard usually span months or years. Our most explore these questions, big and small. to pin down in words. We are committed common way of sharing our knowledge to exploring the world around us in is – like all academics, really – through Professor Sue Heath innovative and creative ways. lengthy articles. Morgan Centre, School of Social Sciences, And yet, our respective ways of During the residency, Lynne will University of Manchester working would look very different to an be documenting a year in the life of the Artist in Residence Grant observer. Urban sketchers work quickly Morgan Centre through her sketches – and intuitively, selecting which parts coincidentally, our tenth anniversary If you want to follow our progress, you of their environment to include in or year – and coming with us while we can find out more about us at: leave out of their sketch. Unlike most carry out our research to trial sketching www.manchester.ac.uk/morgancentre | photographs, sketches often capture a as a research method. She will also be www.lynnechapman.co.uk | Twitter: period of time rather than a fraction of a teaching us how to sketch (good luck, @morgancentre #SketchingResearch second, and some sketchers – including Lynne!) and taking us on ‘SketchCrawls’ Lynne – choose to highlight small, yet so we can experiment for ourselves. ABOVE Lynne Chapman at work during a significant, details or include snatches of Throughout the residency, we will be SketchCrawl in Sheffield.

www.leverhulme.ac.uk 9

XXXX LEVER JAN15 NEWSLTTR.indd 9 28/01/2015 11:34 Tiny treasures of the Welsh Borderland

The microscopic debris from wildfires In 1995, Professor Dianne Edwards techniques, the researchers discovered that smouldered over 415 million years and her team at Cardiff University a previously unrecognised group of ago holds clues to the earliest pioneers published the first evidence unequivocally small plants, which they have named of life on land. Carolyn Allen, of the linking cryptospores to land plants. They cryptophytes. Cryptophytes have simply Trust, reports on the work of Professor had discovered tiny charcoalified plant branching stems characteristic of early Dianne Edwards and her team fossils, termed mesofossils, in early vascular plants, terminated by sporangia Devonian rocks (around 415 million years (simple sacs) of spores whose internal When plants moved from water to land, old) collected from the Welsh Borderland. construction and configurations are it heralded a period of evolutionary Usually, fossil plants are compressed sheets closest to those of the bryophytes, and innovation with far-reaching consequences of coal, but these millimetre sized plant particularly the liverworts of today. They for the Earth’s environment and for all fragments had been charred in smouldering also have stomata (pores that allow gas the organisms that inhabit it. But the wildfires; a process that exquisitely exchange), a character found only in fossil record of the early chapters of this preserved their three dimensional mosses, hornworts and vascular plants. momentous story is patchy at best. anatomy. Amongst the charcoalified “This combination of characters is Although genetic analyses show fragments isolated from a sample of the unknown in any plant groups today,” that the earliest land plants were allied rocks were the fertile tips of land plants Dianne says. “Indeed, they became extinct to bryophytes – a group that includes containing cryptospores fossilised in situ. shortly after the horizon we were studying the liverworts, mosses and hornworts “This was very exciting because in the Welsh Borderland; their of today – there is little direct fossil it was the first time these spores had spores disappearing from the fossil record.” evidence of these pioneers of life on been found attached to the parent In rocks of the same era but from land. The oldest fossils of recognisable plant,” Dianne explains; it also raised the another site, the researchers found plant parts of plants (megafossils) are found tantalising possibility that mesofossils still megafossils in the same locality as the in sediments laid down in the middle hidden in the rock collection could help tiny mesofossils, showing that they must Silurian (around 425 million years ago) fill some of the frustrating gaps in the have co-existed. As Dianne explains, but these are the remains of vascular fossil record of early land plant evolution. this showed that the mesofossils they plants that had already evolved most Identifying mesofossils is a had found were not just the fertile tips of the adaptations needed to survive in painstaking process; all that can be seen of larger plants: “We were able to show relatively dry environments. with the naked eye are tiny smudges of that the two types of vegetation existed Traces of earlier stages in land carbon on the surfaces of some of the together, one creating a turf that would plant evolution are found in microfossils rocks: first the rock must be dissolved have brushed your ankles, and another including an abundance of spores in hydrofluoric acid; then the resulting creating a shorter turf that would have dispersed throughout sediments as far rock macerate is sieved before potentially brushed your toes. We think this shorter back as the mid-Ordovician (475 million interesting charcoalified fragments can be turf represents a pool of primitive land years ago). Although the land plant collected for analysis. plants from which eventually evolved the origin of some of these fossilised spores is Over the years, Dianne and her first bryophytes and then the vascular undisputed, bearing strong similarities team isolated a large collection of the plants.” to those found attached to the Devonian mesofossils, and in 2009 The mesofossil collection also megafossils of vascular plants, there is they were awarded a Leverhulme Trust contained examples of some even more also a large and diverse group that are Research Project Grant to screen and enigmatic fossils, found interspersed known as cryptospores because it is not analyse this potential treasure trove. with cryptophytes in the fossil record. clear what type of plants could have Using a combination of light, scanning Their three-dimensional preservation produced them. and transmission electron microscopy enabled the researchers to conclude that these fossils were probably lichens – the symbiotic association of fungi and either algae or cyanobacteria often found thriving in more inhospitable environments today. This predates previous records of lichens with similar architecture by some 195 million years and the similarities between these mesofossils and fragments (microfossils) extending back to the Ordovician, helps to confirm the important role they must have played in early terrestrial ecosystems.

LEFT Top L-R: scanning electron micrographs of Cryptophyte, Partitathica splendida showing stoma at sporangium base; spores in situ(1200 x). Bottom L-R: SEMs of lichen (Nematothallus sp.) intact whole fragment (150x); fragment at higher magnification (500x).

10 January 2015

XXXX LEVER JAN15 NEWSLTTR.indd 10 28/01/2015 11:34 Medieval socio-cultural history

Hanna Skoda’s Prize will allow her insights of anthropology, I am trying to entire landscapes, religious change with to work on two little-studied aspects uncover the many-layered reciprocity a dislocated and eventually schismatic of the later Middle Ages: firstly, the of how people misbehave, and what papacy, social mobility, disappointment relationship between stereotypes and others say about their misbehaviour. The and rebellion. Many contemporaries misbehaviour in the student population scholarship on late medieval universities reacted in profoundly nostalgic terms and secondly, the role of nostalgia at a is enormous, but exploration of their to these changes and catastrophes. time of cataclysmic change social history is a relatively new and This is a perspective on the period expanding field. My research offers a which has hitherto received almost no In my first project I will be exploring perspective on medieval universities as attention, but which will nuance our student misbehaviour in fifteenth- more than intellectual hothouses. More understanding of reactions to change century Oxford, Paris and Heidelberg. importantly it contributes to histories of right across the social spectrum. I I explore misbehaviour ranging from dysfunctional behaviour, by stressing the will be drawing particularly on recent laziness to bullying, from playful pranks complex relations between stereotypes anthropological and philosophical work to murder. It is challenging to uncover and misbehaviour. which has highlighted the counter- student deviance in the records, because The second project will examine intuitively hopeful aspect of nostalgia. so much of it appears to be highly the role of nostalgia in the Middle Ages. In many ways a cross-cultural concept, it stereotyped in the ways in which it is The long fourteenth century is often was articulated in powerful, lyrical and represented. However, it is the very labelled the century of catastrophe in often subversive ways in the fourteenth prominence of these stereotypes which Western Europe.A fairer assessment century. interests me: late medieval students describes profound socio-economic, In this project, my work is were aware of the labels by which they cultural and political changes which structured around a series of nostalgic were denigrated, and responded to, and transformed ways of thinking: ideals. An Aesthetic Ideal, will focus manipulated these labels in the ways in contemporaries faced epidemic disease, on urbanisation and land clearing:I which they misbehaved. Drawing on economic change, massive urbanisation, will research townspeople of all social criminological labelling theory and the wars lasting for decades and debilitating ranks nostalgic for a pastoral idyll. A Moral Ideal explores sermon evidence and sumptuary legislation nostalgic for a world of fixed social hierarchies. An Economic Ideal considers the rise of commerce and banking and the reactions of moral theorists. A Chivalric Ideal focuses attention on knights, challenged by changing practices of warfare. A Political Ideal returns to townspeople: urban rebels often articulated their demands by citing a golden past.

Dr Hannah Skoda University of Oxford Philip Leverhulme Prize

LEFT ‘A nostalgic idyll?’ June from Les Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry, by the Limburg brothers 1412-16: MS 65, Musée Condé, Chantilly, fol. 6v.

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XXXX LEVER JAN15 NEWSLTTR.indd 11 28/01/2015 11:34 The ‘me’ in memory

Image courtesy of Dr Josephine Ross, co-applicant on the project.

How young children develop the concept or ‘Is clever a positive word?’. This robust project has potential real-world impact. of the ‘self ’ and ‘self memory’ is a memory advantage is known as the self- Recent work suggests that applying self- poorly understood area of childhood reference effect (SRE). Research suggests referencing strategies in the classroom development; Sheila Cunningham and that the SRE happens for two distinct provides learning benefits by increasing her team will take an interdisciplinary reasons. First, attention is drawn to student engagement and supporting approach to help fill this important gap in information that concerns self (e.g., when memory. This promising finding is knowledge, providing insights both for we hear our name mentioned in someone limited by a lack of insight into when self- theoretical psychologists and practitioners else’s conversation), enhancing our referential biases emerge and learning memory for that information. Second, we strategies should be targeted, a problem The self is a concept that influences have a rich body of self-knowledge (i.e., the overcome by the proposed project. There numerous social, emotional and cognitive objective self) into which new self-relevant are also clear clinical applications. In processes in adulthood, but we know information can be easily slotted and stored, particular, self processing issues may be surprisingly little about its development again enhancing memory. These systems important in autism spectrum disorders in childhood. By around three years, appear to be additive – any incidental (ASD), associated with atypical processing children can describe autobiographical link with self produces a small memory of people. An understanding of typical self- memories, use personal pronouns to refer advantage probably driven by attention, but processing development is vital to produce to themselves, recognise their reflection in consciously thinking about or evaluating successful strategies for children with ASD. a mirror, and show embarrassment in self- the self leads to a larger effect supported by Our research brings together conscious situations. These developmental objective self-knowledge. However, to what previously isolated lines of research from achievements suggest that children have extent the SRE operates across childhood social, cognitive and developmental established a sense of self by the end of (i.e., before ten years) is currently unclear. psychology and applies them to an under- toddlerhood, although self-knowledge and To provide clarification, our project studied issue: the development of children’s self-reflection becomes more elaborate uses age-appropriate SRE measures for self-processing systems. This work will with age. young children across three to ten years. form a robust basis for future research in An important question is whether Children’s developing self-consciousness, both theoretical psychology and applied this developing self impacts on cognition. self-esteem and autobiographical memory fields (i.e., clinical interventions and Adults and teenaged children show a are also assessed so that a broad picture of educational strategies). The project will consistent memory advantage for emergent self-systems can be compiled. By also allow two early career researchers to information processed with reference to being the first research to systematically collaboratively explore an issue identified self over information processed about other chart the emergence of critical self-concept by both as an important research gap. people, or in other contexts. For example, and self-memory systems across childhood people are more likely to remember being and the relationship between them, the Dr Sheila Cunningham asked the question ‘Are you clever?’ than current project will elicit a significant University of Abertay Dundee questions like ‘Is Stephen Hawking clever?’, advancement of knowledge. Further, the Research Project Grant

12 January 2015

XXXX LEVER JAN15 NEWSLTTR.indd 12 28/01/2015 11:34 Oshima Nagisa: a politics of cinema

The Japanese film director and filmmakers of the period, Ōshima and their critical reception in Japan, screenwriter, Oshima Nagisa is best Nagisa, Yoshida (Kijū) Yoshishige and my aim is to reach an understanding of known for his sexually explicit political Imamura Shōhei, I identified a political how Ōshima himself conceptualised and allegory In The Realm Of The Senses sensibility that motivated much of their articulated his film-making practices, (Ai No Corrida); however he was also work: a generational consciousness based how these practices were informed by a prolific social critic. Isolde Standish’s on shared experiences as Japan’s first his political beliefs, and how his films study will shed light on the impact of post-war generation of filmmakers who, impacted on and contributed to counter- his many books and journal articles unlike their parent generation, remained cultural debates within Japan. To date, untainted by Japan’s criminalisation there has only been one book published In Politics, Porn and Protest: Japanese for the War (they were all born around in English on Ōshima Nagisa by Maureen Avant-Garde Cinema in the 1960s and 1930). This sensibility had deep roots Turim – The Films of Oshima Nagisa: 1970s (2011), I argued that out of the in the student movements of the 1950s Images of a Japanese Iconoclast (1998). background of war, occupation and the opposing in the first instance, Japan’s While this volume offers interesting legacies of Japan’s post-defeat politics, logistic support for the US military in readings of his films, it does not take there emerged in the 1960s a dissentient the Korean War, and in the late 1950s the account of Ōshima’s prolific written group of avant-garde filmmakers who ruling Liberal Democratic Party’s policy material. Therefore, a comprehensive study created a counter-cinema that both of renewing the joint US Japan Security in English of this remarkable man and his challenged mainstream conservative Treaty (known as the Anpo Struggles). impact on a generation of Japanese and domestic and international political Ōshima Nagisa (1932–2013) was European filmmakers is long overdue. policies, and dominant historical central to this movement, as not only interpretations of Japan’s imperialist did he experiment with very different Dr Isolde Standish ambitions on the Asian mainland conceptions of visual-style that challenged School of Oriental and African Studies, between 1931 and defeat in the Pacific images and narratives dominant in the University of London War in 1945. This counter-cinema films of the mainstream ‘major’ studios, Major Research Fellowship addressed a newly constituted, educated he was also a prolific writer and social and politically conscious youth audience. critic pulis b hing thirteen books and ABOVE Ōshima on the set of Merry Although there was no formal manifesto numerous journal articles. In this new Christmas Mr. Lawrence, 1983. Credit: for this cultural movement, through study, through an analysis of Ōshima’s Recorded Pic-Cineventure-Asahi/Oshima/ a survey of the writings of prominent writings in conjunction with his films The Kobal Collection.

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XXXX LEVER JAN15 NEWSLTTR.indd 13 28/01/2015 11:34 RECENTLY AWARDED GRANTS

LEVERHULME DOCTORAL University of Warwick Law SCHOLARSHIPS Professor Jan Palmowski Bridges: bringing together the social and Professor Alan Bogg Institutions receive £1,050,000 to fund mathematical sciences to understand social University of Oxford fifteen PhD students over three years. information International, European and comparative labour law Durham University Dr Prabha Kotiswaran Professor Ludmilla Jordanova PHILIP LEVERHULME PRIZES Leverhulme Durham doctoral training King’s College London programme in visual culture Prize winners receive £100,000, which may Feminist legal theory, criminal law, rape, be used for any purpose that would advance trafficking, sex work, sexual violence, and the University of Edinburgh their research. sociology of law Professor James Smith Perfect storm – interdisciplinary doctoral training Dr Sarah Nouwen Biological Sciences University of Cambridge University of Glasgow International criminal law, the intersections of Professor Karen Lury Professor Michael Brockhurst law and politics and peace processes Collections: an enlightenment pedagogy for University of York the twenty-first century Evolutionary biology and experimental Professor Erika Rackley evolution University of Birmingham University of Huddersfield Gender and diversity in the judiciary and Professor Martin Richards Dr Elizabeth Murchison legal profession Genetic journeys into history: the next University of Cambridge generation Cancer genetics Dr Michael Waibel University of Cambridge University of Lancaster Professor Ewa Paluch International (economic) law, international Professor Gert Westermann University College London dispute settlement, law and economics Doctoral scholarship programme in Cell biophysics interdisciplinary research on infant development Dr Thomas Richards Mathematics and Statistics London School of Economics and Political University of Exeter Science Evolutionary genomics of eukaryotic cellular Dr Alexandros Beskos Professor Mike Savage complexity and microbial diversity University College London The challenge of escalating inequalities Computational statistics and Monte-Carlo Dr Nikolay Zenkin methods University of Nottingham Newcastle University Professor Markus Owen Biochemistry and molecular biology of gene Dr Daniel Kral Mathematics for a sustainable society expression University of Warwick Graph theory, extremal combinatorics and Open University theoretical computer science Professor Patrick McAndrew History Open world learning (OWL) Dr David Loeffler Professor Manuel Barcia Paz University of Warwick Queen’s University Belfast University of Leeds and Professor James McElnay Atlantic slavery and slave trade history; Brazil Dr Sarah Zerbes Leverhulme interdisciplinary network on and Cuba (nineteenth century) University College London cybersecurity and society (LINCS) Number theory Dr Aaron Moore University of Reading University of Manchester Professor Richard Samworth Professor Catriona McKinnon Comparative history of East Asia Climate justice: ethics, politics, law University of Cambridge Nonparametric and high-dimensional Dr Renaud Morieux statistics Royal Holloway, University of London University of Cambridge Professor Paul Hogg Anglo–French relations in the eighteenth The Magna Carta doctoral centre for century in Europe and empires Dr Corinna Ulcigrai individual freedom University of Bristol Dr Hannah Skoda Dynamical systems and ergodic theory University of Sheffield University of Oxford Professor Rob Freckleton Medieval socio-cultural history, particularly Centre for advanced biological modelling violence and reactions to change Philosophy and Theology (CABM) Dr David Trippett Dr Jonathan Birch University of Southampton University of Bristol London School of Economics and Political Professor Damon Teagle Music history, nineteenth-century Science Understanding maritime futures: intellectual history, aesthetics and media Philosophy of the biological and behavioural opportunities, challenges, and threats theory sciences

14 January 2015

XXXX LEVER JAN15 NEWSLTTR.indd 14 28/01/2015 11:35 Dr Tim Button Professor Barbara Borg Professor Axel Korner University of Cambridge University of Exeter University College London Metaphysics, philosophies of logic, language, Mapping the social history of Rome: a micro- Transnational monarchy. Rethinking and mathematics historical approach nationality in the Habsburg Empire, 1804–1918 £139,497 £153,940 Professor Ofra Magidor University of Oxford Professor Andrew Bowie Professor Elizabeth Eva Leach Philosophy of logic and language, Royal Holloway, University of London University of Oxford metaphysics, epistemology and philosophy of Aesthetic dimensions of modern philosophy Douce 308 and the contexts of vernacular mathematics £101,702 song c.1300 £152,835 Dr Anna Mahtani Professor Eamonn Carrabine London School of Economics and Political Science University of Essex Professor David Moon Philosophy of probability and philosophy of The iconography of punishment: from University of York logic and language Renaissance to Modernity The Amerikan steppes: Russian influences on £159,686 the Great Plains Dr Holger Michael Zellentin £102,082 University of Nottingham Professor Patricia Clavin Qur’anic studies and Jewish studies University of Oxford Professor Alan Norrie Security-minded: a transnational history of University of Warwick Europe, 1900–present Criminal justice and the blaming relation £156,615 Sociology and Social Policy £154,645

Dr Lucie Cluver Professor Norma Dawson University of Oxford Queen’s University Belfast Professor Miles Ogborn Preventing HIV-infection and reducing social Treasure: dream, metaphor and legal Queen Mary, University of London disadvantage for AIDS affected children instrument The freedom of speech: talk and slavery in the £88,013 Caribbean Dr Hazem Kandil £107,162 University of Cambridge Professor Mick Dumper Revolution and war in the modern Middle University of Exeter Professor Jon Parry East, France and the US Power, piety and people: the politics of holy University of Cambridge cities in the twenty-first century Britain and the Near East, 1825–1882 Dr Victoria Redclift £139,927 £145,631 University of Surrey The sociology of migration and political Professor Nancy Edwards Professor Yolanda Plumley exclusion Bangor University University of Exeter Life in early medieval Wales French music in the time of Jehan, Duke of Dr Katherine Smith £135,280 Berry, c.1350–1415 University of Edinburgh £139,469 Public health and inequalities Dr Nicholas Halmi Dr Imogen Tyler University of Oxford Professor Michael Questier University of Lancaster History’s form: aesthetics and the past in the Queen Mary, University of London The sociology of inequality; social and romantic age Challoner unbound: treason, politics, religion cultural theory £101,058 and martyrdom c.1570–c.1745 £100,290 Professor Stephen Hart University College London Professor Alexander Ryrie MAJOR RESEARCH FELLOWSHIPS A critical edition of the Apostolic Processus of Durham University Santa Rosa de Lima (1586–1617) Becoming radical in the English Revolution Dr Natalie Adamson £97,155 University of St Andrews £132,176 Pierre Soulages: radical abstraction Professor Robert Hollands £82,653 Newcastle University Professor Cathy Shrank Urban cultural movements and the struggle University of Sheffield Dr Maria Alvarez for alternative creative spaces Conversation and community: English King’s College London £91,471 dialogues, 1475–1675 Choice in action £126,673 £88,370 Professor Tim Kendall Dr Isolde Standish Professor Mary Beard University of Exeter School of Oriental and African Studies, University of Cambridge Ivor Gurney’s complete literary works: a University of London The twelve Caesars variorum edition Ōshima Nagisa: a politics of cinema £113,076 £127,702 £110,135 Professor Hagit Borer Professor Susanne Kord Queen Mary, University of London University College London Professor Alexandra Walsham Syntactic uniformity, syntactic diversity: The devil we know: crime writing v University of Cambridge syntactic building blocks and their role in propaganda in Germany’s pre-world-war The reformation of the generations: age, determining inter- and intra- linguistic variation periods ancestry; memory in England 1500–1700 £104,040 £138,482 £158,303

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XXXX LEVER JAN15 NEWSLTTR.indd 15 28/01/2015 11:35 Professor Edwin Williamson Dr Peter Culmer Dr Geoffrey Hyett University of Oxford University of Leeds University of Southampton The making of Don Quixote: how Cervantes Sense and sensibility: an optimisation A new method of nanosynthesis: chemical came to write the first modern novel framework for tactile sensing control of nanostructure in films £99,508 £193,864 £95,903

Professor Yongjin Zhang Dr Sheila Cunningham Dr Michael Ingleson University of Bristol University of Abertay Dundee University of Manchester International relations in Ancient China: The ‘me’ in memory: exploring the developing New routes to B,N-oligoacenes for application ideas, institutions and law self and its influence on cognition in oxygen reduction catalysis £79,205 £106,336 £167,561

Dr Oliver Zimmer Dr Judith Curran Dr Andrew Jamieson University of Oxford University of Liverpool University of Leicester Losing time and temper: the battle over clocks Control of biological responses by isolated DNA templated synthesis of de novo protein and timetables, 1840–1914 synthetic material variables ß-motifs £102,899 £225,287 £129,566 Dr Hai Deng Professor Chris Jarrold University of Aberdeen University of Bristol RESEARCH PROJECT GRANTS Using spectrometric and genetic techniques The development of procedural working for new fluorometabolites discovery memory Sciences £69,089 £193,065

Dr Christopher Bayliss Dr Michael Doube Dr Ai-Lan Lee University of Leicester Royal Veterinary College, University of London Heriot-Watt University Mutate and survive: how bacteria fight viruses Act big, gei t b g. Bone cell activity scaling among Dual catalysis: gold and photoredox catalysis £158,130 species as a skeletal adaptation mechanism for stereoselective synthesis £192,009 £106,832 Professor Gavin Bremner University of Lancaster Dr Dominic Dwyer Professor Huiyun Liu Auditory-visual congruence and young Cardiff University University College London infants’ perception of object persistence Generality and specificity in food learning: High-efficiency GaAsP nanowire solar cells £334,712 questioning the received wisdom on silicon £300,233 £181,602 Dr Saverio Brogna University of Birmingham Dr Heather Jane Ferguson Dr Karen Mullinger What are the functions of ribosomes within University of Kent University of Nottingham the nucleus? Imagining the self in fictional worlds: Revealing the origin of human alpha £147,656 evidence from autism spectrum disorder oscillations using ultra high-field fMRI-EEG £225,482 £264,470 Dr Glenn Burley University of Strathclyde Dr Lucia Garrido Dr Niamh Nowlan Transformable photonic circuitry: using DNA Brunel University London Imperial College London to create the next generation of molecularly Multisensory processing of faces and voices in The importance of mechanical forces due to active surfaces person identity recognition prenatal movements for spinal development £231,276 £202,083 £296,349 Dr Anjali Goswami Dr Nathan Patmore Professor Neil Champness University College London University of Huddersfield University of Nottingham Untangling the enigmatic origins of placental Electron transfer between hydrogen bonded Structural elucidation and reactivity mammals with fossils and genomics ‘dimers of dimers’ modification in metal-organic frameworks £112,319 £103,250 £260,350 Professor Michael Hayward Dr Mika Peck Dr Hugo Christenson University of Oxford University of Sussex University of Leeds Topochemical reduction of 4d and 5d Rapid acoustic survey: validating acoustic Effects of topography on ice nucleation transition metal oxides methods for biodiversity assessment £162,138 £105,122 £60,421

Professor Nicola Clayton Dr Michael Hough Mr Sergio Pineda University of Cambridge University of Essex Cardiff University Novel approaches to testing belief state Enzyme catalysis in action: 3D movies of X-ray Crystallographically inspired architecture: a attribution in children and corvids induced chemical reactions in protein crystals new pathway from nanogeometry to design £147,728 £173,794 £249,742

Dr Matthew Cook Professor Brian Huntley Dr Nicholas Roberts Queen’s University Belfast Durham University University of Bristol Synthesis and anticancer investigation of Modelling vegetation development during Seeing the invisible – the optics of vertebrate diazonamide A Pleistocene glacials and interglacials polarisation vision £160,889 £249,730 £154,879

16 January 2015

XXXX LEVER JAN15 NEWSLTTR.indd 16 28/01/2015 11:35 Professor Dave Scanlan Professor Simon Roy Turner Professor Philip Schofield University of Warwick University of Manchester University College London Obtaining a mechanistic understanding of Exploiting microbial metagenomics to alter The authoritative edition of Jeremy Bentham’s viral photosynthesis plant cell wall composition economic writings £174,844 £246,732 £297,407

Professor Jane Whittle Professor Walther Schwarzacher Professor Chronis Tzedakis University of Exeter University of Bristol University College London Women’s work in rural England, 1500–1700: a Nanoparticle interactions in freeze- Placing the earliest human occupation of new methodological approach concentrated aqueous solutions Europe in a climate context £231,307 £173,483 £224,364

Professor Murray Selkirk Imperial College London Dr Pieter Vermeesch Social Sciences Dissecting the immunoregulatory function of University College London Dr Nicholas Bardsley helminth secreted proteins Determining erosion rates to revive the University of Reading £178,096 LOREX neutrino experiment (Macedonia) £119,337 How individual is ‘individual choice’? Exploring team reasoning in context Dr Sergey Sergeyev £77,373 Aston University Professor Paul Weaver University of Bristol Combined harnessing of synchronisation in Professor Chris Brooks Remote chemical sensing, signal transmission mode locked lasers University of Reading £233,587 and control of self-actuating structures The first real estate bubble? Land prices and £210,461 rents in medieval England c.1200–1550 Dr Vahid Shahrezaei £196,249 Imperial College London Dr Richard Wheatley The impact of cell growth and cell size on University of Nottingham Dr Mary Corcoran protein noise and phenotypic variability A computational study of the effect of University of Keele £250,173 temperature and pressure on chemicals Voluntary sector adaptation and resilience in £147,722 the mixed economy of resettlement Dr Kieran Sharkey £161,064 University of Liverpool Invasion in population dynamics Humanities Dr Anna Lora-Wainwright £162,614 University of Oxford Circuits of waste and value: making e-waste Professor Mike Shipman Professor Chris Gosden subjects in China and Japan University of Warwick University of Oxford £322,557 New molecular scaffolds for the assembly of European Celtic art in context: exploring libraries of chiral diamines Celtic art and its eastern links Professor Seán McConville £172,313 £223,595 Queen Mary, University of London Irish political prisoners, 1960–2000 Dr Nima Shokri Dr Anne Haour £239,197 University of Manchester University of East Anglia Fundamental understanding of the Cowrie shells: an early global commodity evaporation process from saline porous media £251,634 INTERNATIONAL NETWORKS £148,933 Dr Liz Herbert McAvoy Sciences Professor Anvar Shukurov Swansea University Professor Natalie Shlomo Newcastle University The enclosed garden: pleasure, University of Manchester Observations and models of turbulent flows: a contemplation and cure in the hortus Bayesian adaptive survey design network topological approach conclusus 1100–1450 £113,184 £200,457 £156,548

Professor Ravi Silva Dr Jim Leary Humanities University of Surrey University of Reading Designer ‘inorganics-in-organics’ Extending histories: from medieval mottes to Professor Margaret-Anne Hutton semiconductors for high energy radiation prehistoric round mounds University of St Andrews detection £264,705 Network for contemporary studies: what is £248,892 the contemporary? £86,297 Dr Tokiharu Takahashi Dr Neil Loader Swansea University University of Manchester Professor Richard Pettigrew New tools for science-based archaeology: The evolutionary origin of the vertebrate head University of Bristol isotope-supported dendrochronology mesoderm The scientific approach to epistemology £153,451 £289,875 £77,554

Professor Matthew Thirlwall Dr David Millard Professor Diane Watt Royal Holloway, University of London University of Southampton University of Surrey Seawater records and climate change in the Story places: exploring the poetics of location- Women’s literary culture and the medieval Mesozoic based narratives English canon £249,584 £183,260 £64,401

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XXXX LEVER JAN15 NEWSLTTR.indd 17 28/01/2015 11:35 EARLY CAREER FELLOWSHIPS Dr David Long Dr Anne-Marie Weijmans University College London University of St Andrews In 2014 Early Career Fellows Fellowships Predicting the momentum and magnetic field Galaxies over cosmic time provided fifty percent of the salary costs of a orientation of solar eruptions three-year research position, up to £23,000 a year, with the host university providing the Dr Philip Mannion balance. Research expenses of £6,000 a year Humanities Imperial College London were also available. The impact of climate on macroevolutionary Mr Leonard Aldea patterns in Paleogene tetrapods University of Oxford Sciences Art as alternative theological methodology: Dr Jeroen Minderman Bulgakov, Kandinsky and the Dadaists Dr Paul Albert University of St Andrews University of Oxford Predicting behavioural responses to Dr Chiara Alfano Lake Suigetsu and volcanic ash, the key to environmental change from stress physiology Kingston University synchronising palaeoclimate archives “They f*** you up, your mum and dad”: Dr Stephen Montgomery narratives of infancy in post-1945 Britain Dr Alison Banwell University College London University of Cambridge Neurological adaptation, ecological Dr Serena Bassi Calculating current and future mass loss diversification and the evolutionary process from the Greenland Ice Sheet using a coupled Cardiff University hydrology / ice dynamics model Translating gay liberation: the negotiation Dr Richard Morton of sexual identities and political struggle Northumbria University Dr Adrian Barker between the United States and Italy The solar regulator: a novel study of the University of Cambridge chromosphere and its MHD wave dynamics Tidal interactions between planets and stars: Miss Fanny Bessard simulations from first principles University of St Andrews Dr Andy Nowacki Economy and social changes in early Islam University of Leeds Dr Nikolai Bode (eighth to tenth centuries) University of Bristol The secret history of the Earth’s mantle Genes of behaviour: mining patterns in Dr Jacob Blakesley Dr Jocelyn Poissant sequenced social interactions University of Leeds University of Exeter Poets of Europe, translators of the world Dr Laura Bovo Adaptive evolution in an unmanaged insular University College London population of horses Dr Sheldon Brammall Thin films and multilayers of frustrated University of Oxford magnet – tuning their exotic properties Dr Akshay Rao University of Cambridge The Appendix Vergiliana and the Renaissance Dr Moreno Coco Beyond the Shockley-Queisser limit: singlet Art of Discernment University of Edinburgh fission sensitised solar cells Formation, maintenance and use of top-down Dr Alexander Bubb knowledge in Alzheimer dementia Dr Anne Roudaut King’s College London University of Bristol Persia in pocket edition: the orientalisation of Dr Yvonne Dombrowski Highly organic programmable electronics Victorian reading cultures Queen’s University Belfast Inflammasomes in brain repair Dr Nicholas Simm Dr Michael Bycroft University of Warwick Dr Holly Hedgeland University of Warwick Mesoscopic statistics of random matrices and Jewellers, travellers and the science of gems in University College London France, 1630–1830 Unlocking friction: unifying the nanoscale the Gaussian free field and mesoscale Dr Louise Soanes Dr Roberta Cimino Dr William Hunter University of Roehampton University of Nottingham Queen’s University Belfast Seabirds as bio-indicators: relating breeding The royal fisc in Carolingian and post- Extinction, ecosystem structure and carbon strategy to the marine environment Carolingian Italy (c.774–962) cycling in coastal sediments Dr Kogularamanan Suntharalingam Dr Mark Condos Dr Christopher Joyner King’s College London Queen Mary, University of London Queen Mary, University of London Metal-based drugs and bioinspired Policing the borderlands: frontier violence in Nodal domain statistics, spectral geometry nanomaterials for targeting cancer stem cells the British and French empires, c.1830–1939 and random matrix theory Dr James Taylor Dr Rachel Crellin Dr Lindsay Lee University of St Andrews University of Leicester University of Leeds Catalytic activation of carboxylic acids and New materials, new worlds: understanding Taming the uncertainty monster: using alcohols the uses of Bronze Age axes statistics to improve climate models

Dr Susan Little Dr Christopher Toseland Dr Jeremy Dunham Imperial College London University of Kent University of Sheffield Unlocking the paleoclimate signal of Zn and A biochemical and single molecule Transnational dialogues on habit: idealism, Cd isotopes in deep-sea corals characterisation of nuclear myosin motors pragmatism, and spiritualism

Dr Corina Logan Dr Ben Warren Dr Alberto Fernandez Carbajal University of Cambridge University of Leicester University of Leicester What makes a large brain? Drivers of Characterisation of the mechanotransduction Queer diasporas: Islam, homosexuality and a intraspecific riva ation in brain size current in insect auditory neurons micropolitics of dissent

18 January 2015

XXXX LEVER JAN15 NEWSLTTR.indd 18 28/01/2015 11:35 Dr Victoria Flood Dr Matthew McHaffie Dr Simon Smith Durham University King’s College London University of Oxford The politics of the marvellous: the fairy hunt Lordship, custom, and landholding in Playgoing, pleasure and judgement in early in insular culture, c.1180s–1590s northern France, c.1000 to c.1200 modern England, 1594–1642

Dr Nikolas Funke Dr Zubin Mistry Dr Mark Thakkar University of Birmingham Queen Mary, University of London University of St Andrews Getting along – toleration and its limits in ‘The sterility of their wives’: handling Wyclif’s logic: a critical edition and translation early modern Germany infertility in Carolingian Europe Dr Josephine von Zitzewitz University of Cambridge Dr Elisabeth Giselbrecht Dr Rachel Moore Leningrad Samizdat as social and material King’s College London University of Oxford culture: from reader to activist Music in early modern Europe: owners and Patriotism under pressure: musical exchange users and allied identity during WWI Dr Christine Whyte University of Kent Dr Felicia Gottmann Dr Rachel Moss Fostering civilisation: Liberians, imperialism University of Dundee University of Oxford and the family home, 1822–1865 National, European, or Global? The Prussian Beyond between men: the medieval East India Company homosocial imagination Dr Benjamin Williams University of Manchester Dr Alastair Hemmens Dr Edward Naylor Reading the Bible in the Ottoman Empire: a Cardiff University University of Portsmouth new chapter in early modern Jewish exegesis Ne travaillez jamais: the critique of work in Decolonising welfare: social services and nineteenth- and twentieth-century French integration in (post) colonial France thought, from Charles Fourier to Guy Debord Social Sciences Dr Jamie Page Dr Simon Jackson Durham University Dr Eleanor Bindman University of Warwick Honour, law, and the self in the medieval city: Queen Mary, University of London The musical publication of the seventeenth- Zurich 1400–1500 The EU, social rights and the state in the post- century lyric Soviet context Dr Christabelle Peters Dr Gwilym Blunt Dr Leslie James University of Warwick University of Cambridge University of Birmingham The cultural politics of race and national Resistance and global poverty Trans-Atlantic passages: empire, nationalism, identity in the Iberian Atlantic and the African and Caribbean press, 1930– Dr Andrew Clarke 1960 Dr Jaclyn Rajsic University of Cambridge University of Cambridge Archaeogenetics of the first global crop: Dr Katherine Kennedy Crossing the Channel: reading the prose Brut 10,000 years of bottle gourd dispersal University of Cambridge in France and Burgundy, 1400–1600 The fateful voyage: Rupert Brooke, FS Kelly Dr Chris Clarke and William Denis Browne Dr Majied Robinson University of Warwick University of Edinburgh Prospects for a relational finance: the political Dr David Lewis Marriage, Muhammad and early Islamic economy of social lending University of Edinburgh history: a quantitative approach The tema rial expression of status and Dr Nathan Coombs inequality in classical Athens Dr Tanja Romankiewicz University of Edinburgh Governing financial algorithms: a social study University of Edinburgh of regulation and compliance Dr Matthew Machin-Autenrieth Building ancient lives: new perspectives on University of Cambridge the past for a sustleainab future Dr David Dawson Flamenco andalusí: history and University of Leeds multiculturalism in contemporary Andalusia Dr Gregory Scott Transport infrastructure problems: our future University of Edinburgh failures (TIP:OFF) Dr Nikoletta Manioti The Buddhist revival and the reconstruction University of St Andrews of sacred spaces in modern China Dr Filippo Dionigi View from above: aerial perspectives in Latin London School of Economics and Political Science epic Dr Rúben Serém Impact of the Syrian refugee crisis on Arab University of Nottingham statehood: a comparative analysis Dr Alexander Massouras Portugal and the Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939 University of Oxford Dr Thomas Elston Casts and iconoclasts: the twentieth-century Dr Emile Shemilt University of Oxford plaster cast and the reproduction of culture University of Dundee Understanding administrative modernity: the Celluloid film futures shared services mega-trend Dr Justine McConnell Mr Michael Farquhar University of Oxford Dr Ekaterina Shutova School of Oriental and African Studies, Socrates and Anansi: between orality and University of Cambridge University of London literacy in African, Afro-Caribbean, and Computational modelling of metaphorical Neoliberalism and the police state in the Ancient Greek poetics reasoning and human creativity global south: Egypt since Sadat

Dr Katherine McGettigan Dr Nicole Sierra Dr Jude Fransman University of Nottingham King’s College London Open University Transatlantic nationalism: inventing Leonora Carrington’s surrealist space: literary Engaging research in the digital university: a American literature in Britain, 1819–1860 and visual artistry civil society perspective

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XXXX LEVER JAN15 NEWSLTTR.indd 19 28/01/2015 11:35 Dr Iginio Gagliardone ARTIST IN RESIDENCE GRANTS Dr Lauren Mawn University of Oxford School of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, The international politics of a fragmenting Professor Mark Bailey Durham University internet: a view from Africa Armagh Observatory Artist: Miss Laura Degnan Artist: Dr Sally Walmsley Film and theatre writer/director Dr Trever Hagen Musician and writer £14,950 University of Exeter £14,810 Hearing and listening in urban spaces: sound, Ms Emma Middleton health and community (HEALUS) The Foundling Museum Mr John Benson Artist: Mr Luke R Styles National Waterways Museum, Canal and River Dr Agatha Herman Composer Trust £15,000 University of Reading Artist: Ms Francesca Millican-Slater The power of fairtrade: resilience, ethical Writer, theatre-maker and performer development and wine networks Ms Lucy Moore £15,000 Leeds Museums & Galleries Dr Jason Hickel Artist: Mr Ian Kirkpatrick London School of Economics and Political Professor Lionel Bently Artist/graphic designer Science Faculty of Law, University of Cambridge £15,000 Central banking and the politics of debt in Artist: Ms Sophie Arkette Professor Geoffrey Pilkington South Africa Sculptor and glass maker £13,850 School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth Dr Giulia Liberatore Artist: Dr Immy Smith University of Oxford Dr Sarah Cook Automatic drawing Female Muslim leaders in Britain: LifeSpace Science Art Research Gallery, £13,920 transnational publics and changing forms of University of Dundee Artist: Mr Mat Fleming leadership and authority Professor Lasse Rempe-Gillen Filmmaker Department of Mathematical Sciences, £15,000 Dr Thomas MacManus University of Liverpool Queen Mary, University of London Artist: Dr Emily Howard State crime contested: civil society, the public Professor Duncan French Composer relations industry and denial Department of Law, University of Lincoln £14,984 Artist: Mr Jordan Baseman Dr John Narayan Visual artist and filmmaker Dr Wendy Russell University of Warwick £12,750 Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, Coloured cosmopolitanism: the global politics University of Aberdeen of black British activism Dr Andrew Harris Artist: Ms Cathrine Kramer Department of Geography, University College Various arts Dr Christopher Opie London £15,000 University College London Artist: Mr Tom Wolseley A new dawn? The origins of sociality in Multimedia artist Ms Rose Stanyon humans and other primates £15,000 Department of Learning, Manchester Jewish Museum Dr Justin Pearce Artist: Miss Torange Khonsari Professor Sue Heath University of Cambridge Participatory art projects School of Social Sciences, University of Political identity, nation building and violence £14,700 Manchester in Angola and Mozambique Artist: Ms Lynne Chapman Dr Bhaskar Vira Illustrator and urban sketcher Dr Stavroula Pipyrou Department of Geography, University of £15,000 University of St Andrews Cambridge An intergenerational analysis of forced child- Artist: Mr Toby Smith relocation in Italy Professor Vivienne Jabri Contemporary photographer Department of War Studies, King’s College £15,000 Dr Elisabeth Schimpfossl London Professor John Wainwright University College London Artist: Mr Baptist Coelho Department of Geography, Durham University Philanthropic practices of the UK and Russian Visual artist Artist: Dr Miguel Santos Superrich: élite cultures compared £15,000 Transdisciplinary artist and researcher £15,000 Dr Anna Tarrant Dr Tariq Jazeel Department of Geography, University College University of Leeds Dr Karen Wells London Men’s experiences of family life and multiple Department of Geography, Birkbeck, University Artist: Dr Amita Murray care responsibilities in low-income localities of London Writer Artist: Miss Ain Bailey £13,300 Dr Norbert Vanek Sound artist and DJ University of York £14,341 Conceptual reorganisation in highly advanced Dr John Martin second language learners School of Geography, Earth and Professor Patricia Wilson Environmental Sciences, University of Centre for Health Services Studies, University Dr Julia Viebach Plymouth of Kent University of Oxford Artist: Ms Dominica Williamson Artist: Ms Leah Thorn Atrocity’s archives: the remnants of Multidisciplinary design Spoken word poet transitional justice £14,999 £14,520

20 January 2015

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