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United States Foreign Policy Towards Djibouti from George W. Bush to Donald J FACULTY OF SOCIAL STUDIES United States Foreign Policy Towards Djibouti from George W. Bush to Donald J. Trump: A Laboratory of U.S. Strategic Interests in Africa Master's Thesis BC. LUCIA MAJERČIAKOVÁ Supervisor: PhDr. Petr Suchý, Ph.D. Department of International Relations and European Studies International Relations Brno 2018/2019 UNITED STATES FOREIGN POLICY TOWARDS DJIBOUTI FROM GEORGE W. BUSH TO DONALD J. TRUMP: A LABORATORY OF U.S. STRATEGIC INTERESTS IN AFRICA Bibliographic Record Author: Bc. Lucia Majerčiaková Faculty of Social Studies, Masaryk University Department of International Relations and European Studies Title of Thesis: United States Foreign Policy Towards Djibouti from George W. Bush to Donald J. Trump: A Laboratory of U.S. Strategic Interests in Africa Degree Programme: International Relations Supervisor: PhDr. Petr Suchý, Ph.D. Academic Year: 2018/2019 Number of Pages: 200 Keywords: Djibouti, United States, Bush, Obama, Trump, China, Horn of Africa, Africa, Foreign Relations, Foreign Policy, Economic Relations, Military Pre- sence 3 UNITED STATES FOREIGN POLICY TOWARDS DJIBOUTI FROM GEORGE W. BUSH TO DONALD J. TRUMP: A LABORATORY OF U.S. STRATEGIC INTERESTS IN AFRICA Abstract The thesis deals with the issue of the U.S.-Djibouti relations under the ad- ministrations of George W. Bush, Barack Obama, and Donald Trump. The thesis shall examine and compare the continuity and change of the U.S. for- eign policy towards Djibouti in the selected period. To that end, the thesis shall provide an outline of the overall Africa policy of each administration (including its security, economic and humanitarian aspects) and examine how those aspects manifested themselves in the U.S. approach to Djibouti. The thesis shall also look at regional developments and involvement of other fo- reign actors in Djibouti (China in particular) and examine their connections to the U.S.-Djibouti relations. 4 UNITED STATES FOREIGN POLICY TOWARDS DJIBOUTI FROM GEORGE W. BUSH TO DONALD J. TRUMP: A LABORATORY OF U.S. STRATEGIC INTERESTS IN AFRICA Statutory Declaration I hereby declare that I have written the submitted Master's Thesis concerning the topic of United States Foreign Policy Towards Djibouti from George W. Bush to Donald J. Trump: A Laboratory of U.S. Strategic Interests in Africa independently. All the sources used for the purpose of finishing this thesis have been adequately referenced and are listed in the Bibliography. In Brno 5 May 2019 ................................... Bc. Lucia Majerčiaková 5 UNITED STATES FOREIGN POLICY TOWARDS DJIBOUTI FROM GEORGE W. BUSH TO DONALD J. TRUMP: A LABORATORY OF U.S. STRATEGIC INTERESTS IN AFRICA Acknowledgements I would like to thank my supervisor PhDr. Petr Suchý, Ph.D. for giving me the opportunity to complete my thesis under his supervision. I deeply appre- ciate all the advice, ideas, support and patience in guiding me through this research project. I would also like to express my gratitude to Ambassador David H. Shinn, Robin S. Cromer, Kelsey Lilley and Captain Charles J. De- Gilio who provided insight and expertise that greatly assisted the re-search. A special note of thanks should also be given to Ambassador Lange Schermerhorn for her kind help with all my questions and for providing me with research materials. I would also like to convey my appreciation to Mirek Tobiáš Hošman for all the constructive comments and suggestions that helped to improve the quality of the thesis. I am also greatly indebted to Lillian Do- nahue, Deborah Rheem, Sam Marino and Alexandra Katkinová for proof- reading this thesis. I would also like to express my appreciation to all of those with whom I have had the pleasure to work and study with at the Masaryk University. Many of my classmates became my close friends and I could not imagine my time at university without their support, help and friendship. No- body has been more important to me in the pursuit of this thesis than the members of my family. I would like to thank them for love and support that they extended to me in everything I pursue. 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS 7 Table of Contents List of Maps 9 List of Tables 10 List of Terms and Acronyms 11 1 Introduction 13 2 Research Design and Methodology 16 2.1 Research Questions................................................................................... 17 2.2 Thesis Structure Outline ......................................................................... 17 2.3 Definitions and Methods of Data Collection .................................... 19 2.4 Literature Overview ................................................................................. 23 3 Overview of the U.S.-Africa Relations 27 4 Overview of the U.S.- Djibouti Relations 37 5 Bush administration 47 5.1 Foreign Policy Aspects of the U.S.- Djibouti Relations ................ 49 5.2 Security Aspects of the U.S – Africa Relations ................................ 55 5.3 Security Aspects of the U.S – Djibouti Relations ............................ 61 5.4 Economic and Humanitarian Aspects of the U.S.-Africa Relations ................................................................................................... 70 5.5 Economic and Humanitarian Aspects of the U.S.-Djibouti Relations ................................................................................................... 75 5.6 Conclusion .................................................................................................... 79 6 Obama administration 85 6.1 Foreign Policy Aspects of the U.S.-Djibouti Relations ................. 87 6.2 Security Aspects of the U.S – Africa Relations ................................ 96 6.3 Security Aspects of the U.S – Djibouti Relations .......................... 102 6.4 Economic and Humanitarian Aspects of the U.S.-Africa Relations ................................................................................................. 110 7 8 TABLE OF CONTENTS 6.5 Economic and Humanitarian Aspects of the U.S.-Djibouti Relations ................................................................................................. 116 6.6 Conclusion .................................................................................................. 120 7 Trump administration 128 7.1 Foreign Policy Aspects of the U.S.-Djibouti Relations ............... 130 7.2 Security Aspects of the U.S – Africa Relations .............................. 135 7.3 Security Aspects of the U.S – Djibouti Relations .......................... 139 7.4 Economic and Humanitarian Aspects of the U.S.-Africa Relations ................................................................................................. 147 7.5 Economic and Humanitarian Aspects of the U.S.-Djibouti Relations ................................................................................................. 152 7.6 Conclusion .................................................................................................. 157 8 Conclusion 164 Bibliography 173 8.1 Primary Sources ....................................................................................... 173 8.2 Secondary Sources .................................................................................. 184 8 LIST OF MAPS 9 List of Maps 1 - Map of Djibouti 37 2 - Area of Responsibility for Africa Command 59 3 - Security Threats in Africa During Obama's Administration 101 4 - Foreign Military Bases in Djibouti 134 9 10 LIST OF TABLES List of Tables 1 - Security aid from United States to Djibouti (2001-2008) 68 2 - Top recipients of security aid from the United States to Africa (2001- 68 2008) 3 - Arm sales from the United States to Djibouti (2001-2008) 69 (deliveries only) 4 - Top recipients of arm sales between the United States and Africa 69 (2001-2008) 5 - Top recipients of economic aid from the United States to Africa 77 (2001-2008) 6 - Trade between the United States and Djibouti (2001-2008) 79 7 - Security aid from United States to Djibouti (2009-2016) 108 8 - Top recipients of security aid from the United States to Africa (2009- 108 2016) 9 - Arm sales from the United States to Djibouti (2009-2016) 109 10 - Top recipients of arm sales between the United States and Africa 109 (2009-2016) 11 - Top recipients of economic aid from the United States to Africa 117 (2009-2016) 12 - Trade between the United States and Djibouti (2009-2016) 120 13 – U.S. Drone Strikes in Somalia (2007-2018) 137 14 - Security aid from United States to Djibouti (2017-2018) 145 15 - Top recipients of security aid from the United States to Africa 145 (2017-2018) 16 - Arm sales from the United States to Djibouti (2017-2018) 146 17 - Top recipients of arm sales between the United States and Africa 146 (2017-2018) 18 - Top recipients of economic aid from the United States to Africa 153 (2017-2018) 19 - Trade between the United States and Djibouti (2017-2018) 154 10 LIST OF TERMS AND ACRONYMS 11 List of Terms and Acronyms ACOTA – Africa Contingency Operations Training and Assistance Program ACRI – Africa Crisis Responsibility Initiative AFRICOM – United States Africa Command AGOA – African Growth and Opportunity Act AMISOM – African Union Mission to Somalia APRRP or “A-Prep” – African Peacekeeping Rapid Response Partnership BUILD – Better Utilization of Investments Leading to Development Act CJTF-HOA – Combined Joint Task Force – Horn of Africa DP World – Dubai Ports World EACTI – East Africa Counterterrorism Initiative EU NAVFOR – European Union Naval Force FEWSNET – Famine Early Warning System Network FNLA – National Front for the Liberation of Angola FRUD
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