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Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) Contributions to Wildlife Habitat, Management Issues, Challenges and Policy Choices—An Annotated Bibliography

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Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) Contributions to Wildlife Habitat, Management Issues, Challenges and Policy Choices—An Annotated Bibliography Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) Contributions to Wildlife Habitat, Management Issues, Challenges and Policy Choices—An Annotated Bibliography Scientific Investigations Report 2012–5066 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Cover photos: Harvested Conservation Reserve Program field, Mark Vandever, U.S. Geological Survey; Northern bobwhite quail, Steve Maslowski, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; Blanketflower, Mark Vandever, U.S. Geological Survey; Monarch butterfly, Dr. Thomas G. Barnes, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Report body photos: All photos were taken by the authors unless otherwise indicated. i Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) Contributions to Wildlife Habitat, Management Issues, Challenges and Policy Choices—An Annotated Bibliography By Arthur W. Allen and Mark W. Vandever Scientific Investigations Report 2012–5066 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior KEN SALAZAR, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Marcia K. McNutt, Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2012 For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment, visit http://www.usgs.gov or call 1–888–ASK–USGS. For an overview of USGS information products, including maps, imagery, and publications, visit http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod To order this and other USGS information products, visit http://store.usgs.gov Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual copyright owners to reproduce any copyrighted materials contained within this report. Suggested citation: Allen, A.W., and Vandever, M.W., 2012, Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) contributions to wildlife habitat, management issues, challenges and policy choices—An annotated bibliography: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012–5066, 185 p. iii Contents Abstract ...........................................................................................................................................................1 Foreword .........................................................................................................................................................1 Acknowledgments .........................................................................................................................................2 Agricultural Conservation Policy ...............................................................................................................2 Agricultural Ecosystems .............................................................................................................................23 Biomass, Energy...........................................................................................................................................37 Economics .....................................................................................................................................................44 Grassland Management ...........................................................................................................................52 Grazing, Haying, Mowing...................................................................................................................62 Pollinators, Invertebrates, and Miscellaneous Wildlife ........................................................................66 Mammals .......................................................................................................................................................75 Non-Game Birds...........................................................................................................................................80 Reptiles and Amphibians ..........................................................................................................................113 Soils....... .......................................................................................................................................................116 Surveys, Landowner Opinions, and Public Attitudes ..........................................................................120 Upland Game Birds ....................................................................................................................................135 Northern Bobwhite Quail .................................................................................................................135 Prairie Grouse, Sage Grouse ..........................................................................................................141 Ring-Necked Pheasant ....................................................................................................................145 Waterfowl and Shorebirds .......................................................................................................................153 Wetlands, Aquatic Ecosystems ...............................................................................................................159 Buffers and Filter Strips ...................................................................................................................171 Woodland Management ...........................................................................................................................177 Relevant Books and Publications ...........................................................................................................183 Agricultural and Conservation Policy ............................................................................................183 Wildlife Habitat .................................................................................................................................185 iv Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) Contributions to Wildlife Habitat, Management Issues, Challenges and Policy Choices—An Annotated Bibliography By Arthur W. Allen and Mark W. Vandever Abstract Foreword The following bibliography presents brief summaries of While reviewing newer studies and editing the original documents relevant to Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) draft of this document some conclusions became obvious. relations to wildlife habitat, habitat management in agricultur- Since the CRP was initiated in 1985, we have learned a ally dominated landscapes, and conservation policies poten- great deal, but there is still a need to intertwine conservation tially affecting wildlife habitats in agricultural ecosystems. and agriculture for the long term. The implications cited in Because the literature summaries furnished provide only this bibliography reach far beyond farms and watersheds, as sweeping overviews, users are urged to obtain and evalu- all lands are working lands. Whether under the plow or CRP ate those papers appearing useful to obtain a more complete grass, they all are providing services and products. The mil- understanding of study findings and their implications to lions of acres enrolled in the CRP, and smaller programs, have conservation in agricultural ecosystems. benefited wildlife of all kinds. If you have sustainable popula- The bibliography contains references to reports that reach tions of targeted wildlife species, it’s likely other species of beyond topics that directly relate to the CRP. Sections address- wildlife are there with them. You cannot furnish ideal habitat ing grassland management and landowner surveys/opinions, for all species on any particular unit of land at any given for example, furnish information useful for enhancing devel- time. Vegetative characteristics change. Objectives must be opment and administration of conservation policies affecting clearly defined. Desired results are most often not immediate. lands beyond those enrolled in conservation programs. Some Grasslands support more beneficial insects than pest species. sections of the bibliography (for example, agricultural conser- Properly managed, permissive use of CRP grasslands gener- vation policy, economics, soils) are far from inclusive of all ally benefits habitat quality over the long-term. The ecological relevant material written on the subject. Hopefully, these sec- costs of putting existing conservation lands into corn produc- tions will serve as fundamental introductions to related issues. tion for ethanol exceed the environmental benefits realized. In a few instances, references may be presented in more Little attention has been directed toward identifying conserva- than one section of the bibliography. For example, individual tion benefits to aquatic habitats. Renters of agricultural lands papers specifically addressing both non-game and game birds tend to have less concern about the future of the land they are are included in respective sections of the bibliography. Dupli- farming than those who own it. Collaboration between agen- cation of citations and associated notes has, however, been cies and programs brings greater benefits. The public, includ- kept to a minimum. ing the farm community, values environmental health and food This bibliography is available online at http://pubs.usgs. quality; they want to protect it. gov/sir/2012/5066/. Generally, those enrolled in the CRP will be first to acknowledge improvement in the landscape, greater num- bers and kinds of wildlife, cleaner water and air, less erosion, and satisfaction to see farmland serving better purposes. The
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