Plant Growth and Productivity Along Complex Gradients in a Pacific Northwest Brackish Intertidal Marsh Author(S): Kern Ewing Source: Estuaries, Vol

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Plant Growth and Productivity Along Complex Gradients in a Pacific Northwest Brackish Intertidal Marsh Author(S): Kern Ewing Source: Estuaries, Vol Coastal and Estuarine Research Federation Plant Growth and Productivity along Complex Gradients in a Pacific Northwest Brackish Intertidal Marsh Author(s): Kern Ewing Source: Estuaries, Vol. 9, No. 1 (Mar., 1986), pp. 49-62 Published by: Coastal and Estuarine Research Federation Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1352193 Accessed: 30/07/2010 19:11 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=estuarine. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Coastal and Estuarine Research Federation is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Estuaries. http://www.jstor.org Estuaries Vol. 9, No. 1, p. 49-62 March1986 Plant Growth and ProductivityAlong Complex Gradients in a Pacific Northwest Brackish IntertidalMarsh KERN EWING Department of Biology McMaster University Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada ABSTRACT: Environmental characteristics were measured and recorded in the Skagit Marsh, a brackish intertidal marsh on Puget Sound, Washington. Four transects were placed perpendicular to a known gradient of increasing salinity which began with fresh water at the bank of one of the outlets of the Skagit River and reached a surface water salinity of 22%oat a point alongshore 5 km north of the outlet. The environmental characteristics which were measured varied along gradients (soil texture, organic carbon in fines, soil column temperature, free soil water salinity) or had a patchy distribution (soil redox potential, soil macro-organic matter). Growth and production vary across the marsh. The maximum aboveground standing crop (1,742 g m-2 dry weight) was measured at a site with 0-4%o free soil water salinity, dominated by the sedge Carex lyngbyei. In more saline areas (8-12%o), the bulrush Scirpus americanus was dominant and standing crop values dropped to a third of the maximum. Species performance varied in a complex manner as did the environment. C. lyngbyei had diminished growth and decreased standing crop in areas where salinity was higher. S. americanus was equally productive in low elevation, high salinity sites and in high elevation, low salinity sites. An increase in shoot density for dominant species occurred in saline areas as individual shoot weights and leaf areas decreased. Because species responded differently, environmental vari- ation was magnified in the population and community responses of the marsh vegetation. Introduction mances which plants are capable of when Environmental gradients have extensive so constrained, combined with environ- effects upon the structure of plant com- mental variability, play a very great role in munities and upon the performance and determining the observed pattern in coastal success of individual species (Chapman and estuarine wetlands. 1976). Although conditions in brackish in- This study was carried out in the inter- tertidal marshes may be stressful to some tidal brackish marsh formed by the Skagit species and only a limited number are able River as it enters the bay system of Puget to survive, production is comparable to the Sound in Washington. At the Skagit Marsh, most productive systems on earth (Chap- substantial environmental gradients exist. man 1960; Odum 1975; Jefferies et al. 1977). Large salinity differences can be found, as Many species reach the limits of their com- can gradients of soil temperature, soil de- petitive ability or of their tolerance to com- velopment, length of tidal inundation, soil bined stresses in parts of any marsh while textures, organic content of the soil, and re- a few are able to adapt across a great range dox potential. These gradients are neither of environmental variation and survive linear nor parallel, and their cumulative ef- (Mason 1957; Ranwell 1972). Plant reac- fect is a complex environmental pattern. tions to variable environments may be Responding to this pattern is a limited num- viewed as the results of their strategies, or ber of dominant plant species of wide North genetically defined and limited responses to American or circumboreal distribution ranges and combinations of environmental (Disraeli and Fonda 1978; Drinnan et al. conditions (Grime 1979). The perfor- 1978; Kistritz 1978; Taylor 1980; Liverman 0 1986 EstuarineResearch Federation 49 0160-8347/86/010049-14$01.50/0 50 K. Ewing 1982; Ewing 1983). The object of the anal- ysis of this system is to measuregrowth and productivity of five common and locally dominant plant species in the family Cyper- aceae across the range of environmental conditions existing in the marsh, and show the relationshipbetween the local environ- ment and species performance. 1- ~~~r~ Study Area 0-1 3 The study area is located along the east shoreof SkagitBay in PugetSound (48?18'N, 122?24'W), where the Skagit River has cre- 0 .5 i km ated a progradingsubaerial and subaqueous delta. The climate along the eastern shore of Puget Sound is maritime, with cool sum- mers, mild winters, moist air and a small daily range of temperatures.There are two high tides and two low tides in each tidal Fig. 1. Locationmap. Area of the intertidalSkagit period. On neap tides, tidal range may be Marshcovered in this study. Survey transectsare in- as low as 2 m; on spring tides, tidal range dicatedby heavy lines and are numbered. increasesto 4 m (U.S. Departmentof Com- merce 1980). The annualrange of day length varies from a minimum of 8 h to almost 16 marily these data presentedhere. The data h, while the sun angle increasesfrom 18?to collected show little variation from year to 65? above the horizon, so potential insola- year. The climatological conditions over tion increases rapidly in spring and early those years were also little different from summer. those recorded in previous years, demon- Salinities in Skagit Bay are as low as 25- strating the evenness of the maritime cli- 28%oat the surface (Collias et al. 1973). mate of the area. These loweredlevels are producedby runoff Four transects 0.8 to 2.0 km apart and from rainfalland melting snow and glaciers 500 to 750 m long were established from in rivers drainingthe Cascadeand Olympic the dike to the seaward edge of intertidal mountainsand by restrictedmixing with the emergentvegetation along a 5 km reach of salt water in the open sound. Within the 5- shoreline(see Fig. 1). Transect1 was located km long band of vegetation where the study near FreshwaterSlough, the main channel was carriedout, surfacewater salinities dur- of the South Fork of the SkagitRiver. Tran- ing the growingseason vary from 0%ooto that sects 2 through 4 were to the north of the of the open bay. Surface water salinity in slough, in areas inundated by waters of in- channels, tidal pools, and on incoming or creasingsalinity. Four environmentalmea- recedingtides varies substantially.Salinities suring stations were established on each generally increase alongshore away from transect,evenly spaced. At each station, in- rivers and out into the bay, and they are tensive sampling of vegetation and mea- seasonally lower during winter rains and surementof environmentalfactors was car- spring snowmelt runoff. ried out at regular intervals during the growing season. Less intensive measure- Methods ment between stations was used to verify the regularityof variation from station to ENVIRONMENTALMEASUREMENT station. That station closest to the dike at Field work was carried out during the the upland end of each transect was desig- growing seasons of 1978, 1979, and 1980. nated station A, and stations B, C, and D A complete data set for all comparisons of were progressivelylower and closer to the plant performanceand environmentalcon- open water of the bay and the seawardedge ditions was obtained for 1980, and it is pri- of emergentvegetation. Environmental data NorthwestIntertidal Marsh Productivity 51 were collected for soil texture, soil organic arated while fresh, then dried at 70 ?C for material content, free soil water salinity, soil 24 h. redox potential, soil column temperature For the measurement of height, dry weight profiles, and site elevations. Soils were sam- and leaf area per shoot, five randomly se- pled with replicate cores at each station. lected samples of each species in the canopy Nested sieve and hydrometer grain-size layer were collected at each station during analyses were performed on samples after every measurement period. Leaf areas were removal of iron and organic material. Or- calculated from measured dimensions. One ganic material was measured by physical surface of laminar leaves is used in the data separation and by use of the Walkley-Black presentation, while for conical, cylindrical method for fines. Free soil water salinity was or pyramidal shaped leaves or photosyn- determined by using a refraction salinom- thetic stems, total external area is reported eter to measure the salinity of water col- (Sestak et al. 1971). lected in standpipes with perforations from 15 to 25 cm below the soil surface. Soil Results redox potential was measured in the labo- ratory using a platinum electrode on soil ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS cores which had been collected, sealed and The four transects established for this transported.
Recommended publications
  • Ramsar Sites in Order of Addition to the Ramsar List of Wetlands of International Importance
    Ramsar sites in order of addition to the Ramsar List of Wetlands of International Importance RS# Country Site Name Desig’n Date 1 Australia Cobourg Peninsula 8-May-74 2 Finland Aspskär 28-May-74 3 Finland Söderskär and Långören 28-May-74 4 Finland Björkör and Lågskär 28-May-74 5 Finland Signilskär 28-May-74 6 Finland Valassaaret and Björkögrunden 28-May-74 7 Finland Krunnit 28-May-74 8 Finland Ruskis 28-May-74 9 Finland Viikki 28-May-74 10 Finland Suomujärvi - Patvinsuo 28-May-74 11 Finland Martimoaapa - Lumiaapa 28-May-74 12 Finland Koitilaiskaira 28-May-74 13 Norway Åkersvika 9-Jul-74 14 Sweden Falsterbo - Foteviken 5-Dec-74 15 Sweden Klingavälsån - Krankesjön 5-Dec-74 16 Sweden Helgeån 5-Dec-74 17 Sweden Ottenby 5-Dec-74 18 Sweden Öland, eastern coastal areas 5-Dec-74 19 Sweden Getterön 5-Dec-74 20 Sweden Store Mosse and Kävsjön 5-Dec-74 21 Sweden Gotland, east coast 5-Dec-74 22 Sweden Hornborgasjön 5-Dec-74 23 Sweden Tåkern 5-Dec-74 24 Sweden Kvismaren 5-Dec-74 25 Sweden Hjälstaviken 5-Dec-74 26 Sweden Ånnsjön 5-Dec-74 27 Sweden Gammelstadsviken 5-Dec-74 28 Sweden Persöfjärden 5-Dec-74 29 Sweden Tärnasjön 5-Dec-74 30 Sweden Tjålmejaure - Laisdalen 5-Dec-74 31 Sweden Laidaure 5-Dec-74 32 Sweden Sjaunja 5-Dec-74 33 Sweden Tavvavuoma 5-Dec-74 34 South Africa De Hoop Vlei 12-Mar-75 35 South Africa Barberspan 12-Mar-75 36 Iran, I. R.
    [Show full text]
  • Contribution of Plant-Induced Pressurized Flow to CH4 Emission
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Contribution of plant‑induced pressurized fow to ­CH4 emission from a Phragmites fen Merit van den Berg2*, Eva van den Elzen2, Joachim Ingwersen1, Sarian Kosten 2, Leon P. M. Lamers 2 & Thilo Streck1 The widespread wetland species Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. has the ability to transport gases through its stems via a pressurized fow. This results in a high oxygen (O2) transport to the rhizosphere, suppressing methane (CH4) production and stimulating CH4 oxidation. Simultaneously CH4 is transported in the opposite direction to the atmosphere, bypassing the oxic surface layer. This raises the question how this plant-mediated gas transport in Phragmites afects the net CH4 emission. A feld experiment was set-up in a Phragmites‑dominated fen in Germany, to determine the contribution of all three gas transport pathways (plant-mediated, difusive and ebullition) during the growth stage of Phragmites from intact vegetation (control), from clipped stems (CR) to exclude the pressurized fow, and from clipped and sealed stems (CSR) to exclude any plant-transport. Clipping resulted in a 60% reduced difusive + plant-mediated fux (control: 517, CR: 217, CSR: −2 −1 279 mg CH4 m day ). Simultaneously, ebullition strongly increased by a factor of 7–13 (control: −2 −1 10, CR: 71, CSR: 126 mg CH4 m day ). This increase of ebullition did, however, not compensate for the exclusion of pressurized fow. Total CH4 emission from the control was 2.3 and 1.3 times higher than from CR and CSR respectively, demonstrating the signifcant role of pressurized gas transport in Phragmites‑stands.
    [Show full text]
  • Wetlands of Saratoga County New York
    Acknowledgments THIS BOOKLET I S THE PRODUCT Of THE work of many individuals. Although it is based on the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Wetlands Inventory (NWI), tlus booklet would not have been produced without the support and cooperation of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Patrick Pergola served as project coordinator for the wetlands inventory and Dan Montella was project coordinator for the preparation of this booklet. Ralph Tiner coordi­ nated the effort for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS). Data compiled from the NWI serve as the foun­ dation for much of this report. Information on the wetland status for this area is the result of hard work by photointerpreters, mainly Irene Huber (University of Massachusetts) with assistance from D avid Foulis and Todd Nuerminger. Glenn Smith (FWS) provided quality control of the interpreted aerial photographs and draft maps and collected field data on wetland communities. Tim Post (N.Y. State D epartment of Environmental Conservation), John Swords (FWS), James Schaberl and Chris Martin (National Park Ser­ vice) assisted in the field and the review of draft maps. Among other FWS staff contributing to this effort were Kurt Snider, Greg Pipkin, Kevin Bon, Becky Stanley, and Matt Starr. The booklet was reviewed by several people including Kathleen Drake (EPA), G eorge H odgson (Saratoga County Environmental Management Council), John Hamilton (Soil and W ater Conserva­ tion District), Dan Spada (Adirondack Park Agency), Pat Riexinger (N.Y. State Department of Environ­ mental Conservation), Susan Essig (FWS), and Jen­ nifer Brady-Connor (Association of State Wetland Nlanagers).
    [Show full text]
  • GLOSSARY a Anoxic a Lack of Oxygen
    ECOLOGY OF OLD WOMAN CREEK ESTUARY AND WATERSHED 13. GLOSSARY A anoxic A lack of oxygen. abiotic Non living or derived from non-living anthropogenic Developed by human beings; man- processes; factor contributing to an environment made. that is of a non-living nature. aqueous Of, or pertaining to water. ablation All processes by which snow and ice are aquifer A body of rock that is sufficiently permeable lost from a glacier, floating ice, or snow cover, to conduct groundwater and to yield economically including melting, evaporation (sublimation), significant quantities of water to springs and wells. wind erosion, and calving. artifact Anything made by man or showing signs of AD Used as a prefix or suffix to a date, denoting the human use; generally applied to tools, implements, number of years after the beginning of the Christian and other objects of human manufacture. calendar (Anno Domini). adventitious roots Roots growing laterally from the atlatl A Mexican term for a spear throwing device; a stem rather than from the main root. stick with a hook at one end that fits into a depression in the base of a spear and is used to aerenchyma Tissue with large, air-filled cavities lengthen the thrower’s arm, thus adding leverage between the cells that are present in the stems and and speed. roots of certain aquatic plants that enables adequate gaseous exchange below water. atlatl weights Stone objects fastened to the throwing stick for added mass. aerial Growing or borne above the ground or water; autochthonous Material generated within a particular of, for, or by means of aircraft (e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • Boston Borough Strategic Flood Risk Assessment
    Water Boston Borough Council October 2010 Strategic Flood Risk Assessment Water Boston Borough Council October 2010 Prepared by: ................................ Checked by: .............................. Roy Lobley Richard Ramsden Associate Director Senior Engineer Approved by: ........................... Andy Yarde Regional Director Strategic Flood Risk Assessment Rev No Comments Checked by Approved Date by 1 Final to client RR AY April 2011 5th Floor, 2 City Walk, Leeds, LS11 9AR Telephone: 0113 391 6800 Website: http://www.aecom.com Job No 60034187 Reference RE01 Date Created October 2010 This document is confidential and the copyright of AECOM Limited. Any unauthorised reproduction or usage by any person other than the addressee is strictly prohibited. f:\projects\50016i boston sfra (revision)\reports\boston sfra final march11.docx Table of Contents Executive Summary ........................................................................................................................................................................ 1 1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................................... 7 2 Development Planning...................................................................................................................................................... 9 East Midlands Regional Spatial Strategy ...........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Greenhouse Gas Emissions Along a Peat Swamp Forest Degradation Gradient in the Peruvian Amazon: Soil Moisture and Palm Roots Effects
    Mitig Adapt Strateg Glob Change https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-018-9796-x ORIGINAL ARTICLE Greenhouse gas emissions along a peat swamp forest degradation gradient in the Peruvian Amazon: soil moisture and palm roots effects Jeffrey van Lent1,2,3 & Kristell Hergoualc’h1 & Louis Verchot 4 & Oene Oenema 2 & Jan Willem van Groenigen2 Received: 8 August 2017 /Accepted: 22 February 2018 # The Author(s) 2018 Abstract Tropical peatlands in the Peruvian Amazon exhibit high densities of Mauritia flexuosa palms, which are often cut instead of being climbed for collecting their fruits. This is an important type of forest degradation in the region that could lead to changes in the structure and composition of the forest, quality and quantity of inputs to the peat, soil properties, and greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes. We studied peat and litterfall characteristics along a forest degradation gradient that included an intact site, a moderately degraded site, and a heavily degraded site. To understand underlying factors driving GHG emissions, we examined the response of in vitro soil microbial GHG emissions to soil moisture variation, and we tested the potential of pneumatophores to conduct GHGs in situ. The soil phosphorus and carbon content and carbon-to-nitrogen ratio as well as the litterfall nitrogen content and carbon-to-nitrogen ratio were significantly affected by forest degradation. Soils from the degraded sites consistently produced more carbon dioxide (CO2) than soils from the intact site during in vitro incubations. The response of CO2 production to changes in water-filled pore space (WFPS) followed a cubic polynomial relationship with maxima at 60–70% at the three sites.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecology of Freshwater and Estuarine Wetlands: an Introduction
    ONE Ecology of Freshwater and Estuarine Wetlands: An Introduction RebeCCA R. SHARITZ, DAROLD P. BATZER, and STeveN C. PENNINGS WHAT IS A WETLAND? WHY ARE WETLANDS IMPORTANT? CHARACTERISTicS OF SeLecTED WETLANDS Wetlands with Predominantly Precipitation Inputs Wetlands with Predominately Groundwater Inputs Wetlands with Predominately Surface Water Inputs WETLAND LOSS AND DeGRADATION WHAT THIS BOOK COVERS What Is a Wetland? The study of wetland ecology can entail an issue that rarely Wetlands are lands transitional between terrestrial and needs consideration by terrestrial or aquatic ecologists: the aquatic systems where the water table is usually at or need to define the habitat. What exactly constitutes a wet- near the surface or the land is covered by shallow water. land may not always be clear. Thus, it seems appropriate Wetlands must have one or more of the following three to begin by defining the wordwetland . The Oxford English attributes: (1) at least periodically, the land supports predominately hydrophytes; (2) the substrate is pre- Dictionary says, “Wetland (F. wet a. + land sb.)— an area of dominantly undrained hydric soil; and (3) the substrate is land that is usually saturated with water, often a marsh or nonsoil and is saturated with water or covered by shallow swamp.” While covering the basic pairing of the words wet water at some time during the growing season of each year. and land, this definition is rather ambiguous. Does “usu- ally saturated” mean at least half of the time? That would This USFWS definition emphasizes the importance of omit many seasonally flooded habitats that most ecolo- hydrology, soils, and vegetation, which you will see is a gists would consider wetlands.
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Climate Change on Forested Wetland Soils [Chapter 9]
    CHAPTER Effects of climate change on forested wetland soils 9 Carl C. Trettina,*, Martin F. Jurgensenb, Zhaohua Daia aSouthern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Cordesville, SC, United States, bSchool of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, United States *Corresponding author ABSTRACT Wetlands are characterized by water at or near the soil surface for all or significant part of the year, are a source for food, fiber and water to society, and because of their position in landscapes and ecological structure help to moderate floods. They are also unique ecosystems with long-persistent flora and fauna. Because water is a driving factor for existence as a wetland, these systems are particularly vulnerable to climate change, especially as warming is accompanied by changes the quality and quantity of water moving through these systems. Because they are such diverse ecosystems, wetlands respond differently to stressors and, therefore, require different management and restoration techniques. In this chapter we consider forested wetland soils, their soil types, functions, and associated responses to climate change. Wetland processes are not well understood and therefore additional information is needed on these areas. In addition, more knowledge is needed on the interface between wetlands, uplands, and tidal waters. Introduction Wetlands are defined on the basis of saturated anaerobic soil conditions near the surface during the growing season and plants that are adapted to growing in anoxic soils (Cowardin et al., 1979). While specific definitions of wetlands vary by country or region, it is the presence of saturated soils and hydrophytic trees and understory plants that differentiate forested wetlands from upland forests.
    [Show full text]
  • Ramsar COP8 DOC. 6 Report of the Secretary General Pursuant To
    "Wetlands: water, life, and culture" 8th Meeting of the Conference of the Contracting Parties to the Convention on Wetlands (Ramsar, Iran, 1971) Valencia, Spain, 18-26 November 2002 Ramsar COP8 DOC. 6 Report of the Secretary General pursuant to Article 8.2 (b), (c), and (d) concerning the List of Wetlands of International Importance 1. Article 8.2 of the Convention states that: “The continuing bureau duties [the Ramsar Bureau, or convention secretariat] shall be, inter alia : … b) to maintain the List of Wetlands of International Importance and to be informed by the Contracting Parties of any additions, extensions, deletions or restrictions concerning wetlands included in the List provided in accordance with paragraph 5 of Article 21; c) to be informed by the Contracting Parties of any changes in the ecological character of wetlands included in the List provided in accordance with paragraph 2 of Article 32; d) to forward notification of any alterations to the List, or changes in character of wetlands included therein, to all Contracting Parties and to arrange for these matters to be discussed at the next Conference; e) to make known to the Contracting Party concerned, the recommendations of the Conferences in respect of such alterations to the List or of changes in the character of wetlands included therein.” 2. The present report of the Secretary General conveys to the 8th Meeting of the Conference of the Parties the information requested under Article 8 concerning the List of Wetlands of International Importance since the closure of
    [Show full text]
  • Salt River Ecosystem Restoration Project Rare Plant Mitigation and Monitoring Plan
    SALT RIVER ECOSYSTEM RESTORATION PROJECT RARE PLANT MITIGATION AND MONITORING PLAN Prepared by: H. T. HARVEY & ASSOCIATES with Winzler & Kelly Prepared for: Donna Chambers, Executive Director Humboldt County Resource Conservation District Agricultural Center 5630 South Broadway Eureka, California 95503 January 2011 (W&K revised December 2011) Project No. 3117-05 983 University Avenue, Building D Los Gatos, CA 95032 Ph: 408.458.3200 F: 408.458.3210 TABLE OF CONTENTS SYNTHESIS ....................................................................................................................................2 INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................................................4 PROJECT DESCRIPTION ..........................................................................................................4 RARE PLANT SPECIES DESCRIPTIONS AND ECOLOGY ..................................................8 CONSERVATION AND REINTRODUCTION PLAN ...............................................................15 PLANT PROPAGATION AND CULTURE .............................................................................22 MONITORING PLAN ..................................................................................................................23 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................23 SUCCESS CRITERIA ...............................................................................................................23
    [Show full text]
  • Field Guide to the 2008 Farm Bill for Fish and Wildlife Conservation
    Field Guide to the 2008 Farm Bill for Fish and Wildlife Conservation A Publication of the U.S. NABCI Committee and the Intermountain West Joint Venture May 2009 Acknowledgements Author: Randall Gray Randall worked for 31 years for the USDA NRCS, where he helped develop, deliver, and evaluate Farm Bill conservation programs. Before retiring, his final position was the National Wildlife Biologist. He is presently the Farm Bill Coordinator for the Intermountain West Joint Venture. Financial Contributions: Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies Intermountain West Joint Venture The Nature Conservancy, Migratory Bird Program Gray Wildlife Consulting U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service The following contributed to or reviewed this guide: Roxanne Bogart, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Wes Burger, Mississippi State University Barth Crouch, Playa Lakes Joint Venture Leslie Deavers, USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Terrell Erickson, USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Deborah Hahn, Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies Jon Haufler, Ecosystem Management Research Institute Steve Hilburger, United States Geological Survey Luke Miller, Ohio Department of Natural Resources Sal Palazzolo, Arizona Game and Fish Department Matthew Ponish, USDA Farm Services Agency Charlie Rewa, USDA, Natural Resources Conservation Service Steve Riley, Nebraska Game and Parks Commission Dave Smith, Intermountain West Joint Venture Reggie Thackston, Georgia Department of Natural Resources Bill White, Missouri Department of Conservation USDA Natural Resources
    [Show full text]
  • Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team Biological Control of Invasive
    Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER Biological Control Biological Control of Invasive Plants in the Eastern United States Roy Van Driesche Bernd Blossey Mark Hoddle Suzanne Lyon Richard Reardon Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team—Morgantown, West Virginia United States Forest FHTET-2002-04 Department of Service August 2002 Agriculture BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF INVASIVE PLANTS IN THE EASTERN UNITED STATES BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF INVASIVE PLANTS IN THE EASTERN UNITED STATES Technical Coordinators Roy Van Driesche and Suzanne Lyon Department of Entomology, University of Massachusets, Amherst, MA Bernd Blossey Department of Natural Resources, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY Mark Hoddle Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA Richard Reardon Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team, USDA, Forest Service, Morgantown, WV USDA Forest Service Publication FHTET-2002-04 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank the authors of the individual chap- We would also like to thank the U.S. Depart- ters for their expertise in reviewing and summariz- ment of Agriculture–Forest Service, Forest Health ing the literature and providing current information Technology Enterprise Team, Morgantown, West on biological control of the major invasive plants in Virginia, for providing funding for the preparation the Eastern United States. and printing of this publication. G. Keith Douce, David Moorhead, and Charles Additional copies of this publication can be or- Bargeron of the Bugwood Network, University of dered from the Bulletin Distribution Center, Uni- Georgia (Tifton, Ga.), managed and digitized the pho- versity of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, (413) tographs and illustrations used in this publication and 545-2717; or Mark Hoddle, Department of Entomol- produced the CD-ROM accompanying this book.
    [Show full text]