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Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-04164-6 - Old Saint Peter’s, Rome Edited by Rosamond Mckitterick, John Osborne, Carol M. Richardson and Joanna Story Index More information

Index

Aachen, 257, 259 oratory at Saint Peter’s basilica, 154 inscription, 259 alms, 32 Abgar, king of Edessa, 244, 254 altar cloth, 268–9 acheiropoieta, 230–1, 237, 246 Amalarius of Metz, 160 in Saint Peter’s basilica, 237 Ammianus Marcellinus, 21, 24, 27, 138 Lateran, 232 Fig. 12.3, 233, 237, 239, 241 Anacletus II (1130–8), pope, 6, 313 see also icons; Mandylion; Venice, Bibl. Anastasia, Roman matron, 85 Marciana, MS gr. 573 Anastasia, wife of Marinianus, 149 Achilleus, bishop of Spoleto, 148 Anastasius I (399–401), pope, 145 Acta Cyriaci, 186 Anastasius III (911–13), pope, 327 Acts of Pilate, 243 Anastasius Bibliothecarius, 104, 237, 305 Acts of the Apostles, 33 destruction of icon at Saint Peter’s, 237 ad sanctos, burial, 327 Ancona, Ciriaco d’, 368–70 Adelheid, daughter of Charlemagne, 271 Andaloro, Maria, 190, 247, 248 Adriatic Sea, 28 Andrew, saint, brother of Saint Peter, 261, 264 adventus, 28, 30, 33, 185 relic of the head of, 343 Agapetus, saint, 228 rotunda, 262, 264, 283 Agatho (678–81), pope, 159 Anicii, Roman family, 28, 124n. 18, 130, 143 Agaune, martyrs of, 376 annona,27 Agnes, empress, 5 Annunciation of the Lord (Adnuntiatio Agnes, saint, 2, 228 Domini, 25 March), 13 Akathistos hymn, 200, 202–3 mass for feast at Saint Peter’s, 177–8, Alaric the Goth, 96, 146 179–84 Alberti, Leon Battista, 338 anointing/anointment, 378, 379, 380, 382 Albertini, Francesco, 332 Anonymous Florentine, plan of, 122 Opusculum de Mirabilibus Novae et Veteris Anonymus Valesianus, 26–7, 30 Urbis Romae, 390–2 Anthemius, emperor, 32 Albina, sister of Lampadius, 24 Antioch, 339 Alcuin, 229, 259 Apollo, temple of, 391 Alexander II (1061–73), pope, 327 Vatican cult of, 179 Alexander III (1159–81), pope, Lateran Apostoleion, Constantinople, 125, 129 acheiropoieta, 241 Apostolic succession, 265, 326, 337, 339, 345 Dedication of Petrus Mallius, Descriptio Aquileia cathedral, 63, 88 Basilicae Vaticanae, 242 Arabs, 185 Alexander VI (1492–1503), pope, 196, 279, 327 Arator, 33 Alexandria, 228, 339 Arbeiter, Achim, 92 Alfarano, Tiberio, 51, 196, 263, 312, 403 Arcadius, emperor, 30, 128 and Liber Pontiﬁcalis,87 Arch of Arcadius, Honorius and Theodosius plan of Saint Peter’s basilica, 10, 12, 18–20, II, 30–1 183, 196, 263, 376, 383 mausoleum, 129, 141–2 position of baptistery, 85–6, 88, 89, 91, 92, archicantator, 153, 159 93, 94 see also John the Archcantor/Archchanter All Saints, 14, 266, 346, 347 Ariadne ivory (Florence, Bargello Museum), cult at Saint Peter’s basilica, 177, 188–9 199 467

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-04164-6 - Old Saint Peter’s, Rome Edited by Rosamond Mckitterick, John Osborne, Carol M. Richardson and Joanna Story Index More information

468 Index

aristocracy, Christian, 120 Benedictus Canonicus, Ordo of 1143, 242 see also Anicii family benefaction, Roman imperial, 132–3 Arles mint, 48 Bertelli, Carlo, 203 Arn, archbishop of Salzburg, 261 Bethlehem, relics of, at Rome, 178 Asella, daughter of Albina, 24 biography, serial, 96 Athalaric, king of the Goths, 32 Biondo, Flavio, 362–3, 368 Athanasius, bishop of Alexandria, 63 Roma Instaurata, 401 Athaulf, Gothic ruler, 31, 116 Blaauw, Sible de, 151, 203, 216, 219, 225, Attalus, prefect of Rome, 146 332 Augustine, bishop of Hippo, 144 Blachernae Sanctuary, 198 Augustus, Roman emperor, mausoleum, 115 Blachernitissa iconography, 199, 202 Aurelian, Roman emperor, 27 Black Death, 8 walls of, 2 black marble see marble Aurelius Victor, 96 Bolgia, Claudia, 15, 226–8, 237 authority, papal, 225, 227–8 Bologna, Nello de, 334 Autun, Saint-Martin, 316n. 43 Bonifacio, Natale, 20 Averlino, Antonio see Filarete Boniface II (530–2), pope, 97 Avignon, 328, 329, 337, 338, 339, 380n. 36 Boniface IV (608–15), pope, 276, 328 exile in, 328, 329, 338–9 Boniface VI (896), pope, 327 popes, 8 Boniface VIII (1294–1303), pope, 327, 328 Boniface IX (1389–1404), pope, 327, 329 Ballardini, Antonella, xx, 14 Boniface, saint, 170 baptism, 265, 269, 271 Bordi, Guilia, 213 baptistery, 263, 266–7 Borgo, 28, 33, 329, 331 Barbo, Cardinal Marco, 342, 345 English, 100 Barbo, Cardinal Pietro, 326, 334, 335, 340, 341, Borgo, Francesco de, 334 342, 343, 345, 346–7 Borgolte, Michael, 105 see also Pope Paul II Boron, Robert de, 242 Baronio, Cesare, 42–3, 403 Bosman, Lex, xx, 11, Basel, Council of (1431), 352 Botarea, 102 Basilica Constantiniana see San Giovanni in Bowersock, Glen, 23n. 5, 36, 42 Laterano Bracciolini, Poggio, 355, 381, 382 Basilica Eudoxiana see San Pietro in Vincoli Bramante, Donato, 9–10, 283, 325, 386–7, 393 Bassus, Anicius Auschenius, consul in Rome, corridio, 391 147n. 49 drawings of plans for rebuilding Saint Bassus, Junius, prefect of Rome, 112, 130, Peter’s basilica, 386, 394–9 and 139–40, 144 Figs. 20.1–3, 401–2 burial of, 3, 130 intentions, 388 Baths of Agrippa, 321, 321 medallion of Julius II, 399–400 Fig. 20.5 Bede, 143, 159 Zentralbau, 386 Belisarius, 100 Brandenburg, Hugo, 82, 85, 87 Bell, Catherine, 375 Brandt, Olof, xx, 12 Beltramo di Martino da Varese, 331 Brenk, Beat, 73 Benedict Biscop, 183 brick stamps, 42–4, 284 Benedict III (855–8), pope, 94, 104 Brown, Peter, 21 Benedict IV (900–3), pope, 327 building material, 73–5, 77–8 Benedict VI (973–4), pope, 327 laws concerning, 77 Benedict VIII (1012–24), pope, 327 bulla, 121 Benedict of Sant’Andrea in Monte Soratte, burial, ad sanctos,4 Chronicle, 243, 245 imperial, at Saint Peter’s basilica, 125–6, Benedict, saint, 168 129, 131 Benedictine monks, 347 papal, 3, 98, 105–17, 130–1, 134, 326–8 Rule, 158 politics of, 10, 16

Index 469

practices in Rome, 110 Charlemagne, king of the Franks and Roman elite at Saint Peter’s, 131 Lombards, emperor, 5, 7, 30, 181, Burroughs, Charles, 330, 334, 339 253n. 69, 254, 258–60, 266, 266–71, Byzantine emperors, coronation of, 337 312, 376, 381 conquers Lombard kingdom, 270–1 Caecina Basilius, patrician, 124, 151 coronation in Rome, 7, 101, 179, Calandrini, Cardinal Filippo, 335 272 Fig. 13.3, 273, 311 Calendar of 354, 140 magnus epithet, 271–3 Caligula, emperor, 281–2 monogram, 259 Callixtus I (217–22), pope, 108, 114, 117 promises to pope, 270 cemetery of, 111 Charles the Bald, king of the Franks, 6, 376 Callixtus II (1119–24), pope, 379, 380 Charles the Younger, son of Charlemagne, 270, Callixtus III (1455–8), pope, 327 272 Campus Martius, 33 baptism, 271 Cannell, Fenella, 375 Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, coronation canons of Saint Peter’s, 403 of, 8 Capella Magna, Vatican, 326 Chavasse, Antoine, 181, 186 Caracalla baths, 70 child-emperors, 127–9 cardinal archpriests of papal basilicas, 340, Christ (Saviour), dedication to, 216, 220 343–4, 346 Fig. 17.7 Christ, images of images of, 215, 230–1, 234, dress, 334 237, 241–56 and Figs. 12.9–10 cardinal nephews (nipote), 335, 340, 342 Clipeate, 250–2 Carloman, brother of Charlemagne, 270 Hadrian I and, 234, 246–7, 249–50, 252, Carloman, brother of Pippin III, Frankish 253–4 mayor of the palace, 101 Paul I and, 221–2 Carolingians, 257–8, 269–70, 273 Porta Argentea in, 350, 357–9 Figs. 18.6–7, Carpiceci, Alberto, 35, 45, 54 360–1, 366 Marco, 191 in Saint Peter’s, 233, 234, 237, 246, 247, 249, Cascioli, Giuseppe, 306, 313 256 Castel Sant’ Angelo, 275, 278, 353, 369 in San Marco, 227 Castiglione, Baldasare, 66 in San Paolo fuori le mura, 247, 249 Cathedra Petri, 7, 32, 376, 382, 385 in Santa Maria Antiqua, 248, 249 Fig. 12.8 feast of (22 February), 134, 140, 145, in Santa Maria Maggiore, 248, 250, 252 148 in Santa Prassede, 224 Cecchelli, Margherita, 85 see also icons; Lateran acheiropoieta; Cecilia, saint, 103, 301, 302 Mandylion; Veronica (image) Ceionii Rufii, Roman family, 24 Fig. 1.2 Christ, liturgical celebration of Incarnation, Ceionius Rufius Volusianus, son of Lampadius, 178, 180 24 Incarnation and Passion on, 25 March, 180, Celestine III (1191–8), pope, 206 181, 182, 183 ciborium of, 229 Fig. 12.1, 237–9 tomb of, 58–60 Celestine IV (1241), pope, 327 Christern, Jurgen,¨ 90 Cellini, Cristo Blanco, 314 Christmas (25 December) celebration, 178, 179 cemetery ad catacumbas see Via Appia Chrysopolis, battle of (324), 38, 40, 57, 62 Ceolfrid, abbot of Wearmouth, 183 ciborium, 237–8 Fig. 12.6, 333 Fig. 17.4 ceometeria, 146 of Pope Celestine III 191, 206 Cerdano, Antonio, 338 Cimitile, Basilica dei Santi Martiri, 316 ceremony of the burning flax (caeremonia Circus of Nero, 326 combustionis stipulae), 337 Claudian, 33 Cesarini, Cardinal Giuliano, 342 Clement I (92–9), pope, 108 Chadwick, Henry, 111 Clement VIII (1592–1605), pope, 52 Chalke Gate see Constantinople Cletus (c. 79–c. 92), pope, 105 chancery, papal, 97n. 8 Clipeate see Christ, images

470 Index

Clovis king of the Franks, 100 Constantine, Arch of see Constantine I Codex Theodosianus, 77, 110 Constantinople, 13, 177, 178, 180, 215, collectae, 150–1 219–20, 339 Colonna, Roman family, 9, 329 Chalke Gate, 31 Colonna Santa, 217 Hagia Sophia in, 219–20 Columbanus, saint, 168 patriarch of, 216, 223 columns, 331 Rome’s competition with, 126, 129 base, 69 templon of, 219–20 black marble, 198–9 Constantius I, emperor, 41, 125n. 26 twisted, 198, 199, 217, 219, 246 Constantius II, emperor, 39, 41–42, 58, 141 conciliar crisis, 338–9 building techniques, 50n. 36 Condulmer, Cardinal Francesco, 335 Constitutum Constantini, 321–2 Condulmer, Cardinal Gabriele, see Conti, Sigismondo dei, 392 Eugenius IV, 341 Conti, Stefano, 318 confessio of Saint Peter, 163, 222, 263 Cooper, Kate, 111, 114 see also Saint Peter’s basilica Cornelius Gallus, Roman prefect, 281 consecrations of popes, 103–4 Cornelius and Cyprian, saints, mass of, 188 at Lateran, 104 Cornelius (251–3), pope, 108, 110, 111 Constance, Council of (1415), 329 coronation, imperial, 7, 15, 352, 360, 366, 373, Constans, Roman emperor, 41–2, 43, 44, 57, 377, 378–81 and Table19.1, 382, 384 60, 63 papal, 335, 337 brick stamps, 63 Correr, Cardinal Angelo see Gregory XII inscription of, 57 Correr, Antonio, 341, 342 Constans II, Byzantine emperor, 100 Cosmas and Damian, saints, 224 Constantia, empress, 125–6 cross, gold, of Helena, 57, 62, 323 Constantina, daughter of Constantine I, 2, 146 gold, in Saint Peter’s, 38, 40 Constantine (768), antipope, 103–4 silver, 6 Constantine I, Roman emperor, 2, 5, 11–12, Cross, Holy, 86, 87, 91, 92, 93, 94, 263 28, 30, 109, 117, 138–40, 186, 215, 264, chapel of at Saint Peter’s basilica, 177 320, 386 in Constantinople, 185 Arch of, 41, 66, 74–5, 79 feast of Finding of (3 May), 186–7 benefactions of to Saint Peter’s, 37–8, 61–2 feast of Exaltation of (14 September), 13, brick stamps, 42–4 184, 185–7, 301 building techniques, 50n. 36 at Lateran, 93 builds Martyrium in Jerusalem, 58, 62 relic of, 13, 184–6 builds Saint Peter’s, 2, 115 cruciﬁx, 307 burial, 125 Carolingian, 315–16 donation of, 318, 321, 322 Escorial, 314 family, 146–7 Florence, Santo Spirito, 314 founder of Saint Peter’s, 39–41 Freiburg cathedral, 307, 309, 310 fresco, 5 Naples, San Giovanni Maggiore, 314, 315 gift of columns, 217 Pavia, San Michele, from Santa Maria and Helena, gold cross of, 37, 38, 57, 62 Teodote, 307, 308, 309, 310 inscription, 57, 323 Piacenza, San Savino, 314, 315 patron, 77, 79 Vercelli, Sant’Eusebio, 307, 309, 310 sons of, 23 cruciﬁx in stucco, 307–23, 308 Fig. 16.2, visits to Rome, 124n. 124 317 Fig. 16.5, Plates 12, 13 Constantine II, Roman emperor, 42, 63 copy in silver, 310 Constantine V, Byzantine emperor, 220, 248 cubicularii, 150–1, 152 Constantine VI, Byzantine emperor, 202, cult, imperial, 116 252–4, 320 Cura Santitatis Tiberii, 243–4, 245 Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus, Byzantine curia, 358 emperor, 245 Curran, John, 138

Index 471

cursus in papal chancery, 97n. 8 Enmann Kaisergeschichte,96 monastic, 159, 163, 164 Ephesus, temple of Diana, 391 Roman, 159, 164 episcopia, 3, 152 Curzi, Gaetano, 312 Esquiline hill, 344 custos, custodes, 140–1 Estouteville, Cardinal Guillaume d’, 340, 344–5 Cybele, cult of, 23, 24 Eucher, bishop of Lyon, 376 Sanctuary of (Phrygianum), 23–4 Eugenius I (654–7), pope, 104 see also Ostia Eugenius III (1145–53), pope, 327 Cyriacus of Ancona, 84 Eugenius IV (1431–47), pope, 15, 327, 329, 330, 334, 335, 340, 341, 342, 343, 348, Dalmata, Giovanni, 346 349, 351 Fig. 18.3, 355, 381 Damasus I (366–84), pope, 37, 86, 89, 91, 92, coat of arms, 359, 360, crowns 110, 114, 145, 155 crowns Sigismund emperor, 353 baptistery inscriptions, 82–5 kneeling to receive keys Plate 15 Dante, 277 on Lateran, 339 Davies, Douglas, 374 narrative reliefs, 365n. 33 De locis sanctis,4 Euphemia, saint, 220 Deichmann, F. W., 63, 72, 78 Eusebius, 36, 58, 61 Deipara, 202 Historia Ecclesiastica, 36, 243 Denis, saint, 302–3 on pilgrims, 2 Depositio Martyrum, 140 Theophania,36 Descriptio Basilicae Vaticanae,91 Vita Constantini,36 Deshusses, Jean, 181 Eusebius, imperial eunuch, 140 Desiderius, king of the Lombards, 101, 270–1 Eutherius, prefect (?) of Rome, 141 Deusdedit, shoemaker, 25 Eutropius, 96 Dibenedetto, Giovanni, 191 Eutychius, exarch of Ravenna, 217, 219 Dijk, Ann van, xx, 11, 14 Evangeliary, 167 Diocletian, Roman emperor, baths, 69 Exaltation of Holy Cross, feast of see Cross, Dionysio-Hadriana, 271 Holy Dionysius (260–8), pope, 303 diplomacy, 100 Faltonia Proba, wife of Probus, 143 Divine Ofﬁce, 159–60 feast days see Easter; Peter’s Chair; Mary, saint doges, of Venice, tombs of, 345 Felicissimus, saint, 228 Domitian, Roman emperor, 115 Felix I (269–74), pope, 97 Domitilla, catacomb, 221 Felix II (355–65), pope, 97, 302, 303, 305 domus of the dead, 39 Felix III (483–92), pope, 112 domusculta Capracorum, 27n. 20 Ferdinand III, 385 Donation of Constantine, 318, 321, 323 fermentum, 146 see also Constitutum Constantini Ferrara-Florence, Council of (1438–42), 350 donor images, 317 Ferrua, Antonio, 83 Duchesne, Louis, 88 Fiesole Mino da, 345, 346 Duffy, Eamon, 375 Filarete, Antonio Averlino, 116, 199, 381, Dyer, Joseph, 224 348–70 bronze doors of Saint Peter’s, 348–70, Easter, 145, 182, 183 Plate 15 see Pascha Annotina Filocalus, 85 Egeria, pilgrim, 58 Fioravante, Aristotele, 333 Einhard, Vita Karoli, 259 Flavius Filippus, imperial architect, 142 elections, papal, 102 ﬂax burning ceremony, 337 Ember weeks, 172, 175 Fletcher, Catherine, 15 Emerick, Judson, 179 Florence, cathedral, 391 emperors, burial places of, 115 Fontana, Domenico, 280, 281 Fig. 14.4 Holy Roman, 376, 377 Formosus (891–4), pope, 327

472 Index

Forum of Augustus, 79 Arch of Gratian, Valentinian II and fossores, 110 Theodosius I, 31 Fouquet, Jean, 272, 381, Plate 10 burial of, 126 Fouquet, Nicolas, 330 co-emperor, 127 Fra Angelico, 330 Gregorian Reform, 321 France, 328, 342 Gregorius, Master, 285 Francesca, Piero della, 344 Gregory I (590–604), pope, 3, 25, 26, 52, 97, Francesco del Borgo, 334 151, 153, 155–6, 199, 219, 263, 286 Francia, 258, 259 annular crypt, 217, 218 Fig. 11.2, 284 Franklin, Carmen Vircillo, xxi, 14 chapel for, 247 Frazer, A. K., 197 Dialogues, 300 Frederick I Barbarossa Holy Roman emperor, mass, 103 322, 377 monument of, 335 Frederick III, Holy Roman emperor, 381 penitential procession of (590), 275 coronation of (1452), 8 vision of Archangel Michael, 278 Freiburg, Bocklinkreuz,¨ 307, 309, 310 Vita of by John the Deacon, 302 Frommel, C., 10, 325n. 3, 330 Gregory II (715–31), pope, 160, 215 Fulrad, abbot of Saint Denis, 101 Gregory III (731–41), pope, 154, 156, 160, 176, funerals, imperial clergy in, 15 177, 188–9, 199, 214, 216–17, 219–20, papal, 336–8 222, 227–8, 250, 262, 264 attitude to images, 220 Gaiseric, king of the Vandals, 149 burial, 220 Galla Placidia, Roman empress, 31, 116, 121, oratory, 161, 216, 262, 263 123, 123, 132n. 58, 133 patronage of art, 250 burial, 121, 131, 133 synodal decree inscription, 162 Fig. 8.2 mausoleum in Ravenna, 123n. 17 tomb of, 220 writes to Theodosius II, 134 tomb chapel see oratory Gallican liturgy, 177 Gregory IV (827–44), pope, 166, 226–8, 247, Gaspare da Verona, 341 251, 284 Gelasius I (492–6), pope, 97, 175 decoration of San Marco, 251 Gem, Richard, xxi, 12, 139, 248 donation of icons to Saint Peter’s, 247 Gennaccari, Cristina, 313 Gregory V (996–9), pope, 327 Gesta Innocentii III, 239 Gregory VI (1045–6), pope, 327 Gesta Liberii, 85, 86, 89, 94 Gregory VII (1073–85), pope, 294, 295–6, 301, Gesta Martyrum, 301 321 gifts, 257–8, 266–8, 269, 271 In Die Resurrectionis, 295–6, 304 from Carolingian kings, 258, 266–9 Gregory IX (1227–41), pope, 6, 327 Gill, Meredith, 344, 346 mosaic of, 7 Gillett, Andrew, 124 Gregory X (1271–6), pope, 337 Giocondo, Giovanni, 402 Gregory XII (1406–15), pope, 337, 341, 342 Giotto, 8 Gregory, bishop of Tours, 25 Giovanni, Antonello di, 334 Decem Libri Historiarum, 182 Gisela, daughter of Charlemagne, 269 Grimaldi, Giacomo, 111, 42, 310, 311, 312, Glass, Robert, xxi, 15, 329 313, 337, 343, 392n. 14, 403 Godescalc Evangelistary, 270 dating of oratory of John VII, 206, 213 Golgotha, 323 description of oratory of John VII, 213 Goths, 30–1, 33 drawing of oratory of John VII, 191, 193, attack on Rome (410), 3 195, 198, 207 Gozzoli, Benozzo, 344 Instrumenta Autentica, 238 Fig. 12.6, Grado, Sant’Eufemia, 88 255 Fig. 12.10, 318, 323 Grassis, Paris de, 392, 394 records inscription, 200, 211 Gratiam tuam, 184 use of Deipara, 202, 210 Gratian, Roman emperor, 31, 126, 127 works of, 205

Index 473

Grunewald,¨ Matthias, 376 Holy Cross see Cross, Holy Holy Lance see Lance, Holy Hadrian, Roman emperor, 270 Holy Week, liturgy of, 178 mausoleum, 25, 270, 275, 278 homiliary, 167 Hadrian I (772–95), pope, 27, 101, 167, 181, Honorius, Roman emperor, 16, 28, 30–1, 121, 225, 266, 278, 320 122, 127, 128, 131, 142, 144, 146–7 anoints Pippin and Louis, 269–70 burial of, 121–2 donation of icons to Saint Peter’s, 234, ceremonial entry to Rome, 130 246–7, 249–50, 252 image of, 128 donation of icons to San Paolo fuori le mausoleum/tomb, 16, 31, 117, 119–36, mura, 247, 252 119 Fig. 6.1, 147 inscription, 200, 201 Fig. 10.9, 202 visits to Rome, 124, 130 gifts from, 267–8 Honorius I (625–38), pope, 95, 164 on images, 222, 246, 252–5, 320 Honorius IV (1285–7), pope, 327 letter to Charlemagne, 254–5 Hormisdas (514–23), pope, 100 letter to Emperor Constantine VI and Irene, 252–4 Ichnographia,20 Life of, 249 iconoclastic controversy, 14, 215–17, 214–28, monumental epitaph, 259–61 and Fig. 13.2 227–8, 320 Synodica, 202 papacy’s response to, 246, 248–9, 252–4 textiles, 247 icons, Byzantine, 234 tomb chapel/oratory, 259–60, 264, 376, 382 Lateran acheiropoieta, 230–3, 232 Fig. 12.3, Hadrian II (867–72), pope, 103, 104 237, 239, 241 Hadrian IV (1154–9), pope, 91, 322, 327, 377 Madonna of the Pantheon, 229–30, Hagia Sophia, 219, 220 231 Fig. 12.2, 237 Hammer, Olav, 374 Madonna of Santa Maria Antiqua, 233 Hay, Denys, 341 Madonna of Santa Maria Maggiore, 233 Heemskerck, Maerten van, 84 Fig. 4.2, 86, metal, 234, 246–7, 249 87 Fig. 4.3, 92 Roman processions with, 230–1, 233, Heiria, Council of (754), 220 239 Helena, empress, daughter of Constantine I of Saint Michael, 234, 236 Fig. 12.5 and wife of Emperor Julian, 138–9, 146 textiles, 247, 256 Helena, empress, mother of Constantine I, 2, veneration of, 229–56 37, 38–9, 62, 125n. 24, 186, 196 see also iconoclastic controversy honours holy places, 61 Ihm, Maximilian, 82 mausoleum, 115, 116 images, function of, 252–4 Helena, queen of Serbia, 321 papal attitudes towards, 246 Henry III, German emperor, 377 synod in Rome, 102 HenryV,Germanemperor,379 see also Christ, images of; Mary, images of; Heraclius, Byzantine emperor, 185 Saint Peter’s basilica; Veronica Hercules’ labours, 367 In die Resurrectionis (Decree of Gregory VII), Hilarus (461–8), pope, 97, 103 295–6, 324 Hilary, bishop of Arles, 133n. 62, 148 Incarnation, feast of, 178 Hildebert of Lavardin, 285 Innocent I (401–17), pope, 145–6 Hildegard, queen of the Franks and Lombards, Innocent II (1130–43), pope, 207–8, 321, 313, 266, 269–71 322 Hilduin, abbot of Saint Denis, 302 donation of silver cruciﬁx, 312–13 Hilkiah, high priest, 186 Innocent III (1198–1216), pope, 6, 206, 230, Historia Augusta,96 239 Hitherius, Frankish notary, 101 Lateran acheiropoieta and, 230, 239 Hobsbawm, Eric, 372 Veronica image and, 239–40 Holy Apostles church (Constantinople), see Innocent VII (1404–6), pope, 327, 329, 337 Apostoleion tomb of, 335

474 Index

Innocent VIII (1485–92), pope, 327, 335 John the Evangelist, saint, 86, 87, 91, 92 tomb of, 335 John Chrysostom, chapel of, 311, 313 Innocent X (1644–55), pope, 75 John the Deacon, Vita Gregorii, 113n. 69 inscriptions, 38–41, 44, 62, 138, 258–61, Johnson, Mark, 115–16 264–8, 270–1 Joseph d’Arimathie, 242 Irene, Byzantine empress, 202, 252, 254, 320 jubilee, of 1400, 329 Isaia da Pisa, 335, 336 of 1450, 339 itinerary, pilgrim, 261–6 Jubilee Door, 206 at Saint Peter’s, 283–5 Julian the Apostate, Roman emperor, 25, 138–9 Janiculum, 86 Julius I (337–52), pope, 41, 62, 112 Jeffery, Peter xxi, 13 Julius II (1503–13), pope, 10, 17, 283, 325, 327, Jerome, 24, 25, 97n. 3, 109 328, 330, 386 on sack of Rome, 96 court of, 391–3 Jerusalem, 4, 58, 185, 187, 202, 339 medallion portrait of, 398–400 heavenly, 224 patronage of, 390–1 Martyrium, 38, 58, 59 Fig. 2.10, 60, 62 plans for renovations of Saint Peter’s John IV (640–2), pope, 188 basilica, 387–9, 392, 394 John VII (705–7) pope, 4, 14, 106, 193, 215, tomb of, 389 250 Julius III (1550–5), pope, 307 3D reconstruction of oratory, 196 Fig. 10.5, Julius Caesar, remains of, 279, 282–3, 284, 286 209 Fig. 10.11, 210 Fig. 10.12, tomb of, 394 212 Fig. 10.13, Plate 5 Junius Bassus, 130 education, 193 sarcophagus, 112 John VII, oratory of, in Saint Peter’s basilica, Jupiter, 29 11, 141, 190–213, 215, 234, 237, 242, temple of, 392 243, 245, 246, 256, 364n. 31, 384 Justin, Byzantine emperor, 100 altar inscription, 200, 201, 202, 203 Justinian, Byzantine emperor, 31, 100, 110, archway inscription, 203 219, 220, 268 black marble columns, 198–9 Christological cycle in oratory, 211 Kempers, Bram, 16–17, 325n. 3 epitaph, 199, 203, 204 Kessler, Herbert, 253, 254 frieze, 193–5, 197, 202 keys, symbol of Saint Peter, 317, 328, 449 Greek inscription, 200 Kludov Psalter, 227 mosaics, 198, 204–213 Krautheimer, Richard, 21, 35, 45, 50, 52, 54, patronage of art, 250 56, 92, 197, 225 porphyry oval, 200 on spolia, 63, 77 slabs with inhabited vine scroll motif, 193–4, 195 Ladislaus of Naples, 329 Tellus (iconography), 193 Lampadius, prefect of Rome, 21–2, 24, 142 Theotokos altar, 198, 200 Lance, Holy, 377n. 25 Theotokos image, 195, 198, 199 Lando (913–14), pope, 327 titulus (tabula ansata), 199–200 Fig. 10.8 Lateran, 3, 8, 32–4, 75–7, 99, 102, 132, 145, tomb, 198, 200 152, 161, 167, 239, 265, 270, 319, 339 twisted columns, 195, 198, 199 baptistery, 89, 90, 92, 94, 318, Plate 4 John VIII (872–82), pope, 6 Chapel of Saint Nicolas, 322 John IX (898–900), pope, 327 liturgy, 164–5 John XI (931–5/6), pope, 327 narthex, 322 John XIV (983–4), pope, 327 palace, 322 John XV (985–6), pope, 327 papal mausoleum, 327 John XIX (1024–32), pope, 327 scrinium,32 John the Archcantor/archicantator/ triclinium, 267 archchanter, 153, 159, 184 see also Lateran archeiropoieta; San Giovanni John the Baptist, saint, 86, 87, 92 in Laterano

Index 475

laudes, 311 Liber Politicus, 377 Laurence (498–c. 501–5), antipope, 152 Liber Pontificalis, 3, 15, 23, 179, 184, 185, 186, Laurentian schism, 3 215–17, 234 Lawrence, saint, 81 baptistery at Santa Maria Maggiore, 94 lectio markings, 296–7 building of Saint Peter’s basilica, 37–8 Lectionary, 167–9 Table8.1 Charlemagne in Rome (774), 271–2 Legendary of Saint Peter’s basilica see San composition, 37, 95–6 Pietro Legendary Easter baptism, 81 Leo, bishop of Vercelli, 317 election of Stephen III, 229–30 Leo I, Byzantine emperor, 202, 203 gifts, 233 Leo III, Byzantine emperor, 214, 216, 217 gifts of columns, 217, 219 Leo IV, Byzantine emperor, 220 Gregory IV, 226 Leo V, Byzantine emperor, 223 images, 215, 219–22, 246–62 Leo I (440–61), pope, 3, 7, 51, 144, 276, 284, Life 88 (John VII), 213, 250 286 Life 94 (Stephen II), 230–1, 248–9, 250 burial at Saint Peter’s basilica, 4, Life 96 (Stephen III), 229–30 113 and n. 69, 116, 117, 130, 131, 327 Life 97 (Hadrian), 246–7, 249–50 claims primacy, 133, 134 Life 98 (Leo III), 90, 247 confronts Valentinian III, 134 Life 105 (Leo IV), 233, 247 founds monastery apud beatum Petrum narrative strategy, 117, 188 apostolorum, 158 oratories of Pope Symmachus, 87–9, 93 and liturgy, 172 papal ordinations, 175 oratory, 260 and Fig. 13.1, 262 patronage, 264 promotes Petrine cult, 149–52, 155 poor relief, 26–8 and San Paolo fuori le mura, 133 priests at tituli, 151 sermon on Saints Peter and Paul, 276 representation of Saint Peter’s basilica, Leo III (795–816), pope, 6, 89–90, 267, 284, 95–118 312, 313, 319, 234 Saint Cecilia, 301 baptistery in Liber Pontificalis, 89–90, 92 Saint Peter, 95–118 church decoration promoted, 132, 135 silver crucifix, 312 crowns Charlemagne, 179 tower gateway at Saint Peter’s basilica, 221 donation of icons to Saint Peter’s, 234, 247 vultus, 246–7, 249, 250, 252 embellishment of presbyterium, 222 Zacharias’s library, 290, 294 gift, 247, 311 Liberius (352–66), pope, 37, 64, 140–1, 155 monasteries restored by, 166 libraries in Rome, 33 restoration of, 101 Licinia Eudoxia, Roman empress, wife of translation of, 106, 264–5 Valentinian III, 31, 132, 148 triclinium at Saint Peter’s, 100 Licinius, Roman emperor, 30, 41 textiles, 247, 256 Linus (c. 66–c. 78), pope, 105 Leo IV (847–55), 5, 99, 233, 237, 247, 311, 312, Lisner, Margit, 314 313 liturgy, 12–13, 15, 23, 63, 96, 103, 224, 295–6, Assumption Day procession, 233 305, 372 decisions against Anastasius Bibliothecarius, development of, 7 237 and imperial family, 116 Leonine city walls, 6, 99, 275 Romanization, 158 Leo V (903), pope, 327 at Saint Peter’s basilica, 140, 153, 155 Leo VI (928), pope, 327 stational, 15, 103 Leo VII (936–9), pope, 327 topography, 261, 263 Leo VIII (963–5), pope, 327 year, 145, 172 Leo IX (1049–54), pope, 282, 327 see also feast days and sacramentaries Leo X (1513–21), pope, 66, 282 Liutprand, king of the Lombards, 101 Leonine city/walls see Leo IV, pope Liverani, Paolo, xxi–xxii, 12 Lewis, James T., 374 Lombards, 101, 270, 272 Liber Diurnus, 152 Longeuil, Cardinal Richard Olivier de, 342, 346

476 Index

Longinus, saint, 217 Florence, Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale di Longo, Michele, 384 Firenze II–III–173 (Opusculum), 193 Lorsch sylloges, 266 Lucca, Biblioteca Capitolare, 490, 244n. 35 Lothar III, German emperor, 322 Milan, Biblioteca Ambrosiana cod. A 168 Lothar I, Frankish Emperor, 181 inf. 193, 197 Fig. 10.7 Louis I, the Pious, Frankish emperor, 269, 302 Padua, Bibloteca Capitolare, Cod. D.47 Louis XI, king of France, 342 (“Paduense”), 180, 181 Lucido dei Conti di Poli, 342 Paris, Bibliotheque` nationale de France, lat. Lucina, Roman matron, 108, 111, 113 257 (Gospel Book of Francis II), 316 lat. 1141, 316 Macarius, bishop of Jerusalem, 37, 38 n.a. lat. 1132 (Saint-Amand Apocalypse), McClendon, Charles, xxii, 14, 188 316 McEvoy, Meaghan, xxii, 16 n.a. lat. 1203 (Godescalc Evangelistary), Mackie, Gillian, 93–4 270n. 41 McKitterick, Rosamond, xxii, 15, 215n. 5, 274, Rome, Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale 326 Vittorio Emanuele II MS V.E. 1190, 169 Magnuson, Torgil, 331, 334 Saint Paul in Karnten¨ Stiftsbibliothek Majorian, Roman emperor, 149 MS 2.1, 168n. 41 Mallius, Petrus, 242, 312, 313, 321, 378, 382 Saint-Omer, Bibliotheque` Municipale MS description of Saint Peter’s basilica, 311 202, 244n. 35 Mandylion, 244, 245–6, 254 Venice, Bibl. Marciana, MS gr. 573, 245 Manetti, Giannozzo, 9, 325, 330, 344, 396 Vienna, Osterreichische¨ Nationalbibliothek mansionarii, 150, 154, 262, 264 Cod. 563, 243n. 33 marble, africano, 68, Plate 2 Cod. 795, 261 black, 198–9 Cod. 799, 92–3 cipollino, 68, 76, Plate 2 Marcella, daughter of Albina, 24 giallo antico, 76, 79 Marcella, Roman matron, 97n. 3 pavonazetto, 76, 79, 202, 203 Maria, empress, wife of Honorius, 16, 31, 144 Phrygian, 203 burial of, 121, 122, 131, 135 portasanta, 68, Plate 2 Mariano, Fra, 67 stockpiles, 69, 73 Marinianus, Flavius Avitus, 149–50 varieties of, 69 Marinus II (942–6), pope, 327 Manuscripts: Mark (336), pope, 62 BAV Archivio di S. Pietro, A 2 287–93, Mark, evangelist saint, relics of, 228 Figs. 15.2–4, 297, 300n. 48, 303, 304 Martin I (649–53), pope, 153, 304–5 A 3, 297–300, 303, 305 Martin V (1417–31), pope, 9, 329, 341, 352 A 4, 288–90, 300n. 48, 301 Martin, saint of Tours, 182, 183 A 5, 288–90, 300n. 48, 301, 304 monastery at Saint Peter’s basilica, 153, 183 A 64, 192, 198 martyr cult, 2, 114, 300 A 64 ter, 191, 198, 211 Mary, saint, the Virgin, 202–4, 205, 206, 210, C 92, 294n. 20 216, 220 C 105, 294n. 19 Assumption, 233 caps. 61 fasc. 223, 243n. 32 chapel dedicated to at Saint Peter’s, 3 H3(Opusculum de Sacrosancto Veronicae image of, 215–16, 221–2, 229–30, 233, Sudario), 191, 192, 195 Fig. 10.4, 196, 234–5 Fig. 12.4, 237, 239, 248–9, 250, 200, 205, 206, 207 256, 350, 357–9 Fig. 18.6, 360–1, 366, BAV Barberini Lat. 2733 (Instrumenta 369 Autentica), 193, 195, 205, 206, 207, 211, images of in Saint Peter’s, 233, 237, 246, 247, 238 Fig. 12.6 249 Pal. Lat. 833, 83n. 5, 266, 266n. 29, Maria Regina from the oratory of John VII, 267n. 31 234, 235 Fig. 12.4, 237, 255 Fig. 12.10, Vat. Lat. 5736, 299 256 Vat. Lat. 8404, 195 in Santa Maria Antiqua, 248 Vat. Lat. 11988, 205 in Santa Maria Maggiore, 248, 250, 252

Index 477

in Santa Maria in Sassia, 239 Nordhagen, Per Jonas, 193, 195 in Santa Prassede, San Zeno chapel, 250 Nuremberg Chronicle, 122, 277, Plate 11 see also icons maphorion, 202, 203 OCarrag´ ain´ Eamonn´ xxii, 13–14, 216 Master Gregorius, 285 oak wreath, 366–7 Matthews, John, 139 obelisk, Vatican, 1, 5, 100, 179, 274–86, 334, Maurice, Byzantine emperor, 268 394 Maurice, Saint Odoacer, king of Italy, 124, 151 altar, 15, 371–85 Office (liturgical), 159–60, 166–76 cross and lance, 377 Olivier de Longueil, Cardinal Richard, 342, cult of, 376 346 depiction of, 376 Olybrius, Roman emperor, 123, 131 mausolea see tombs Optatianus, Publilius, 40 Maxentius, Roman emperor, 41, 116 opus caementicium,50 Meta Romuli, 279 incertum,50 Michael, archangel and saint, 234, listatum,50 236 Fig. 12.5, 275 testaceum,50 Michael II, Byzantine emperor, 223 oratories, function of, 58, 261, 263 Michelangelo, 314 Oratorium Pastoris / Petrus Pastor (oratory of Micrologus de Ecclesiasticis Observationibus, Saint Peter the Shepherd), 5, 261–9, 296 263, 265–6, 271, 273 Mignante, Filippo Maria, 311–12 oratory of Mirabilia Urbis Romae, 278, 279, 282 Gregory III/Virgin, Christ, Apostles, monasteries, 150–1, 153–5 Martyrs and Confessors, 262–3, 266 Monte Cassino, 299 of Hadrian I, 259–61 Muffel, Nicolaus, 92, 199, 381, 382 of the Holy Cross, 263, 265 of Leo I, 262, 264 Naples, liturgy of, 177, 186, 187 Paul I/Mary Genetrix Dei, 261–2 San Giovanni Maggiore crucifix, 314, 315 of Saint Andrew, 261–2 Napoleon, 379 of Saint Martin, 261 Naumachia, 25 of Saint Peter the Shepherd see Oratorium necropolis, papal, 16 Pastoris see also Via Appia of Saint Petronilla, 261–2, 269 Nello da Bologna, 334 theTwelveApostles,262 Nelson, Janet, 379 ordinations, 175 Nero, emperor, 363–4, 368 Ordines romani, 153, 353, 354, 360 circusof,1,2,4 Ordo of 1143, 242 Nicaea Second Council (787), 222, 252, 254, Ordo Officiorum Ecclesiae Lateranensis, 296 320 Ordo Qualiter (Rule for Canons), 295 Carolingian response to, 254 Ordo Romanus XIII, 168, 170, 172, Nicholas II (1058–91), pope, 294 173 Table8.3, 176 Nicholas III (1277–80), pope, 318, 326, 327, XIV, 168, 170, 171 Table8.2, 176 328 XVI, 168 Nicholas V (1447–55), pope, 9, 16, 51, 163n. 7, orientation, 225–6 283, 340, 344, 390, 392, 394, 396 Orosius on sack of Rome, 96 crowns Frederick III emperor, 381 Orsini, Roman family, 329, 334, 342n. 66 on precedence of Saint Peter’s, 339 Cardinal Giordano, 342 rearrangement of monuments, 337 orthodoxy, 220 restoration of Saint Peter’s basilica, 325, 326, Old Saint Peter’s basilica as a symbol of, 215, 327, 330–1, 334 228 tomb, 335 Osborne, John, 221 Night Office, readings, 287–305 Ostia, port, 28, 69 Nilgen, Ursula, 351–2 sanctuary of Cybele, 24 Noble, Thomas, 216, 222 Ostrogothic wars, 95

478 Index

Otto II, German emperor, tomb of, 188 Pavia, 271 Ovid, Metamorphoses, 367 Santa Maria Teodote, cruciﬁx, 307, 309 Fig. 16.3 Paduensis see manuscripts, Padua pavonazzeto marble, 202, 203 pagan images, 350, 367 Pelagius I (556–61), pope, 268 Palatine hill as papal residence, 193 Pelagius II (579–90), pope, 153, 268 Palladio, Andrea, 282 Pellegrini, Carlo, 384, 385 Pammachius, senator, 24–5, 28, 142 Peroni, Adriano, 309 Pantheon, 116, 229, 276, 332, 356, 402 Persians, 185 see also icons; Santa Maria ad Martyres Peruzzi, Baldassarre, 93, 402 Panvinio, Onofriio, 310, 311, 383, 403 Peter, saint, 81, 86, 179, 186, 188, 307, 321, Paparone, Giovanni, 377 323, 338, 339 Paris, Matthew, 239, 240 Fig. 12.7 burial of, 1–2, 36, 105–9, 114, 117 Chronica Maiora, 239–40 burial near, 107 Parmenio, Lorenzo, 393 chains, 148n. 53 Pascha Annotina, 182 confessio, 32, 33, 147, 150 Paschal I (817–24), pope, 97, 103, 104, 166, cult, 148–9, 151, 155, 264 223 and Fig. 11.3, 250, 223, 227 feast of Peter and Paul, 140, 144–5, decoration of San Zeno chapel, Santa 155 Prassede, 250–1 funerary monument (tomb), 45 Fig. 2.4, 46, gift of books, 97 47 Fig. 2.5, 48 Fig. 2.6, 56, 58–9, 61, 62, revelation of Saint Cecilia to, 301, 302 372 textiles and, 247 icons in Saint Peter’s, 233 Paschal II (1099–1118), pope, 321, 379 image of, 221–2, 224, 317–19, 320 Fig. 16.7, Passion see Christ 321, 323, 335, 336 Fig. 17.5, 350, patronage, 334 351 Fig. 18.3, 356, 358–9, 360–1, 363, imperial, 2 Plate 15 papal, 326 keys, 340 Paul I (757–67), pope, 220–2, 248, 254, 258, mosaic picture cycle, 207–8 262, 269 martyrdom, 362 Fig. 18.8 feast of Peter and Paul, 140, 144–5, 155 Porta Sancti Petri,31 letter from three eastern patriarchs, 254 as Shepherd, 265, 268–9 oratory, 221 tomb of, 29, 139–40, 153–5, 215 orientation of, 224–5, 228 Peter and Paul, saints, diptychon with patronage of art, 248 portraits, 318, 319, 320, 323, Plate 14 Saviour, Mother of God and All the Saints, feast of (29 June), 61, 140, 144, 155 216, 220 ideology of, 3 Paul II (1464–71), pope, 326, 331, 334–5, 338, images of, 215, 224, 227 342, 345, 394, 396 Peter’s Chair see Cathedra Petri medal of tribune, 333 Petronilla, saint, 5, 16, 120, 136, 221, 261, 264, tomb, 335, 346 284, 391 Paul V Borghese (1605–21), pope, 10, 16, 17, chapel/oratory/rotunda of, 120, 122, 123, 158n. 5, 191, 386 136, 221, 269, 342 Paul, saint, 81, 109, 110, 307, 317, 318, 321, Petronius Apollodorus, son in law of 323 Lampadius, 24 image of, 224, 317–19, 320 Fig. 16.7, 321, Petrus Mallius, Descriptio Basilicae Vaticanae, 323, 335, 336 Fig. 17.5, 350, 358, 360–1, 91, 242 363 Petrus Sabinus, 84 Paul the Deacon, 122 Philip II, king of France, 239 homily, 148 Phrygian marble, 203 Paulina, funeral of, 37 Phrygianum, 23 Paulinus of Nola, bishop, 25 Piacenza, San Savino cruciﬁx, 314, 315 Fig. 16.4 Epistulae,37 Picard, Jean-Claude, 105

Index 479

Piccolomini family, 342–3 Priscilla, cemetery of, 111, 112, 302 Piccolomini, Cardinal Francesco Todeschini, Probus diptych, 128 335, 342–3 Probus, Sextus Petronius, senator, tomb of, Piccolomini, Enea Silvio see Pius II, pope 143–4 Piero della Francesca, 344 processions, 233, 239, 242 Pietri, Charles, 85 Assumption Day, 233 Pigafetta, Filippo, 283 icons in, 230–1, 233, 239 pilaster, eighth century, 197 Fig. 10.6 imperial Fig. 1.4, 29 pilgrimage, 12, 23, 28, 258, 260, 286 protection of Rome against Lombards, pilgrimage to Holy Land, 5 230–1 pilgrims, 3–5, 99–100, 241, 275 see also Saint Peter’s basilica, processions pilgrims’ itinerary in Saint Peter’s basilica, Procopius, 25, 31, 278 261–6 Prosper, 123 Pincus, Debra, 345 Prudentius, 29, 33, 82, 85 Pippin III, king of Franks, 120, 157–8, 170, Pudenziana, saint, 224 221, 258, 269–70 pyramid, 279 Pippin, king of Italy, son of Charlemagne, 269–70 Quintavalle, Armando Ottaviano, 314 Pisa, Isaia da, 335 Pius II (1458–64), pope, 327, 330, 331, 332, Raingarda, abbess, 317 334, 335, 337, 342, 343–4, 335, 381, Ranger, Terence, 372 383, 391 Raphael, 66, 100, 402 Pius VI (1775–99), pope, 163n. 19 Ravenna, 146, 152, 217, 219 Pius VII (1800–23), pope, 379 archbishop of, 217 Pliny the Elder, 282 columns from, 217 Pogliani, Paola, xxii–xxiii, 14 readings, monastic, 167 Pons Aelius, 276–8 reform of canons, 294–5, 305 Pons Neronianis, 276n. 8 of liturgy, 295–6, 305 Ponte Sant’Angelo, 276 refrigeria (funeral feasts), 144 poor, 142 relics, 4, 188–9, 216, 220–1, 228 relief of, 12, 21, 24–5, 26–7 cult of, 220, 222, 224 popes, Venetian, 343 destruction of, 220 Popper, Karl, 374 of Saint Peter, 275 populus Romanus, 27, 30 transferal (translation) of, 109–10, 221, Porec, Basilica Eufrasiana, 88 224 Porphyry disk, 354, 355 Remus, 3 Porta Argentea, 329, 348–70, 349 Fig. 18.1 supposed tomb of, 279 Collina, 353, 354 Ricci, Antonio, 211 Iudicii, 338 Rice, Louise, 325n. 3 Pertusa, 393 Richardson, Carol M., xxiii, 16 del Popolo, 92 ritual, 275–6, 374–5 porticus construction of at St Peter’s, 3 imperial, 21 Porticus Sancti Petri, 31 Robert de Boron, Joseph d’Arimathie, 242 portraits, imperial, 365 Robertson, Ian, 341 papal, 250 Rocca, Angelo, 310, 311 Portus, 69 Romanus, canon, 312 xenodochium Pammachii,28 Romanus (897), pope, 327 praepositi, 152 Rome, 216, 219, 221, 222, 228 Praxedes, saint, 224 apostolic see of, 339 presbyterium, 222, 246 catacombs of, 221, 224 priests, 151, 153 Campus Martius, 33 hebdomadal, 154 Capitolium, 28, 30 primacy papal, 134, 265, 338–9 cemeterial basilicas, 139, 146

480 Index

Rome (cont.) aula, 39–40, 62 Circus Maximus, 28 baptistery, 81–94, 145, 152, 263, 265 clergy, 146 bricks, 42–4 curia and senate, 28, 30, 32 bronze doors see Filarete fermentum, 146 burial at, 8 parochiae, 146 canons, 10, 14, 17, 340–1, 343, 346, 347 Pons Aelius, 30–1 cardinal archpriest of, 340–2 Porticus Maximae, 30–1 ceiling, 37, 62 public monuments, 148–9 Cerdano, Cardinal Antonio, chapel of, 338 rostra, 28 chapels of Leo I, 193 sack of (410), 96, 141, 146, 313 Gregory I, 247 Synod of (769), 102 of the Kings of France see Petronilla temples, 138 of Saint John Chrysostomos, 311, 312, tituli, 146–7, 149, 152, 154 313 Vatican necropolis, 138 see also oratories Rome, xenodochia Aniciorum, 28 chapter of, 340–1, 343 Valeriorum, 28 choir of singers, 333 Romulus, 3 choir-chapel of Sixtus IV (Cappella del supposed tomb of, 279 Coro), 335, 338 Romulus, son of Maxentius, 125n. 24 Christmas at, 64 mausoleum, 117 chronology of, 11–13, 23, 35–64 Rossi, Giovanni de, 105 ciborium-altar of Saints Andrew and Rovere, Cardinal Giuliano della, see Julius II, Gregory, 331, 335, 337, 342 339, 340, 343 Clementine ambulatory, 193 Rucci, Antonio, 211 clergy, 137–56 Rufia Volusiana, daughter of Lampadius, 24 Clipeate images at, 250 ruins as quarries, 76–7 columns, 65 Fig. 3.1, 68 Fig. 3.2, 69 Fig. 3.3, 69–76 Sabina, daughter of Lampadius, 24 confessio, 32, 154, 215, 217, 222, 247, 258, Sacramentary, Gregorian, 181 263, 265, 270 Hadrianum, 181 consecration of popes at, 103–4 sacrarium, 184n. 27, 185 courtyard surrounding, 45–6, 60 sacristan see mansionarii crypt, 217, 223, 225–6, 228 Saint Amand Apocalypse, 316 cubicularii, 150, 152 Saint Martin’s monastery, 159 cultural role of, 33 Saint Peter’s basilica (new) Chapel of dedication, 63n. 61 Michelangelo’s Pieta,` 310 designs for new building, 386 New Sacristy, 306, 313, 314 dimensions, 197–8 Saint Peter’s basilica (Old), 214–17, 219–28, in plan, 46, 48–9 252, 255 domus,39 acheiropoieta, 237 drunkenness at, 144 alleged decay of, 8 early medieval icons at, 233–4, 237, 246–7, almsgiving at, 21, 23–5, 27–8, 33, 150 252 altars, 203 early sixth-century structure, reconstruction of Saint Mark, 335 of Fig. 1.3, 26 of Saints Philip and James, 311, 312 Easter Sepulchre, 338 of Saints Simon and Judas, 311 emulation of, 223–4, 226, 228 of the Virgin, Saint Peter and Paul, 335, episcopia, 152 336 excavations below, 44–57 ambo, 150 exedrae, 53–6 apse, 42, 51–3, 56, 57, 61 extant column base, 69, 70 Fig. 3.4 archchanter, 153 façade (eastern), 149 architectural influence of, 7 foundation inscription, 138, 392 atrium, 37, 63, 145, 221, 223, 270, 331, 346 foundations, 46–57, 60–1

Index 481

gallery of popes, 337 Saint Peter’s Legendary see San Pietro gifts to, 98, 100, 101 Legendary Gregory I’s ring crypt, 52 Saint Peter’s letter of canons, 10, 17 habitacula pauperibus, 27–8 Saint Peter’s Needle see obelisk, Vatican images in, 147, 215, 216, 219, 221–2, 227 Saint Petronilla, saint, daughter of Saint Peter, inscriptions in, 38–42 261, 264 Jubilee Door (Porta Aurea), 191, 198 Saint Stephen Major monastery, 164 Lance of Longinus, chapel of, 335 Saint Stephen Minor monastery, 163 library of Sixtus IV, 338 Saints John and Paul, monastery, 158 liturgies for, 161–2, 337, 341 Saints Peter and Paul, bones, 383 mausolea/rotundas, 261–2, 264 statues at stair, 331 mosaic of, 222 saints, cult, 141 nave remnants, 336, 390, 397 see also Peter, saint necropolis under, 109nn. 51, 52 saints, relics, 141 obelisk, 264 see also Peter, saint oratory of John VII, 234, 237, 242, 243, Salus Populi Romani see icons, Roman, 255 Fig. 12.10, 256 Madonna of Santa Maria Maggiore oratory of Saint Thomas, 335, 338 Salzburg itinerary, 92, 93 palace of archpriest at, 346 Salzman, Michele, 150 papal burials in, 117, 326, 327 Table17.1, Samatrian attack (322), 41 328–9, see also Leo I, pope San Apollo fuori le mura, 29 Petronilla, rotonda of, 342 San Clemente, 88, 251, 316 pilgrim itinerary within, 261–6 San Crisogono, 160, 176, 250 podium surrounding, 46–8, 60 San Giorgio in Alga, secular canons of, 341–2 Porta Iudicii, 338 San Giovanni in Laterano archpriest of, 329, portico, 318 332, 339, 340, 343 precedence of over San Giovanni in chapter of, 341, 343 Laterano, 339 columns of, 74, 80 procession for First Sunday after as local centre, 339 Epiphany/Feast of the Miracle at see also Lateran basilica Cana, 239 San Lorenzo fuori le mura, 27–8, 99, 100, 113 procession for Third Sunday of Advent, 242 San Lorenzo, Milan, 126 rejected proposals, 390 San Marco, 14, 225–8 and Figs. 11.5–6, 251, relics in, 343 Plate 7 sack of by Saracens, 255 palace, 334 south aisle, 336–8 San Marco, Florence Ricci’s altar, 211 spolia,65 San Marco, Venice, 236 stairs leading to atrium, 331 San Martino, monastery, 153 stylized plan, 18 see also Martin of Tours, saint synods at, 102, 214–15, 216, 217, 228 San Paolo fuori le mura, 99, 132m, 160, 167, tomb monument, 37, 46–8, 57–8, 62, 264–5 227, 329, 332 tomb-chapels see oratories chronology of, 60 tower gateway, 221 columns at, 51 transept, 53–6 and Fig. 2.9, 63, 67, 336, dwellings for the poor, 27–9 338 gifts to, 100 tribune, 332–3 image of Christ, 252 triumphal arch, 50–1, 56, 57–61, 62, 336 imperial patronage of, 132–3 inscription, 2 mosaics, 227 tropaion, 36, 45–6 pictorial decoration at, 247, 250, 252 twisted (spiral) columns in, 37, 46, 47, 199, San Pietro in Vincoli (Basilica Eudoxiana), 33, 217, 219, 222 132 Zen, Cardinal Giovanni Battista, chapel of, San Pietro Legendary, 14–15, 287–305 338, 342, 345 San Salvatore in Lauro, 342 Saint Peter’s Chair see Cathedra Petri San Stefano, monastery, 153–4

482 Index

San Stefano Rotundo, 149n. 47 Schism, Great, 9, 380 San Vincenzo al Volturno, 316 Scholastica, saint, 299–300 Sancta Sanctorum, 319 Schuppel,¨ Katharina Christa, xxiii, 6, 14 Sangallo, Giuliano di, 397–8, 402 scola cantorum, 103n. 38 Sant’Andrea, rotunda, 86, 87, 90, 311, 313 scrinium,32 Sant’Apollinare Nuovo, Ravenna, 219 seals, papa, 321 Sant’Aquilino, Milan, 126 secretarium, 113n. 69 Santa Caterina in Portica, 347 Senate, 32 Santa Cecilia, 88 senatorial aristocracy, 142, 144, 149–52, Santa Croce in Gerusalemme, 132, 213 154–5 Santa Francesca Romana see Santa Maria Nova see also tombs Santa Maria ad Martyres, 101, 116, 229, 237 Septimius Severus, Arch of, 75 see also Pantheon Serbian icon, 320–1 Santa Maria Antiqua, 200, 213, 233, Sergius I (687–701), pope, 13, 106, 113n. 69, 248–9 Fig. 12.8, 250 262, 286 John VII’s inscriptions in, 200 ﬁnds relic of True Cross, 184, 185, 186–7 John VII’s paintings in, 205, 213 Sergius II (844–7), pope, 99, 167 Santa Maria in Cancellis, 161 Sergius III (904–11), pope, 327 Santa Maria Maggiore, 94, 99, 100, 165, 167, Serlio, Sebastiano, 402 231, 233, 248, 249, 252, 344 Sessorian palace, 39 apse, 344 Severan pilasters, 193–4 and Fig. 10.3 archpriest of, 340, 344–5 sibling saints, 224 baptistery, 94 Sigismund of Luxembourg, emperor, 352–4, chapel of Saint Anthony, 344 353 Fig. 18.4, 368–9, 370, 381 chapel of Saint Michael the Archangel and coronation of (1433), 329 Saint Peter in Chains, 344 Silverius (536–7), pope, 112 ciborium, 345 Silvester I (314–35), pope, 37, 62, 115, 117, Santa Maria Nova, 233 302, 318, 320, 321, 323, 383 Santa Maria sopra Minerva, 331 Simon Magus, 363 Santa Maria in Sassia, 239 Simplicius (468–83), pope, 3, 81, 85, 103, 151, Santa Maria in Trastevere, 41 278 Santa Maria in Turri/inter Turres/in Turribus, singers, singing, 164, 333 353, 354, 378 Siricius (384–99), pope, 37, 144, 145n. 39 Santa Prassede, 105n. 47, 223–5 and Sistine Chapel, Vatican, 326 Figs. 11.3–4, 227, Plate 6 Sixtus III (432–40), pope, 94, 107, 111, 116, Greek monks of, 223–4 132, 147–8, 150, 326, 327, 335, 338, San Zeno chapel of, 250–1, Plate 9 340, 343, 389n. 8, 391, 396 Santi Cosma e Damiano, 224–5 ciborium-altar of, 332 Santi Giovanni e Paolo, monastery, 150–1, tomb, 335 153–4 Sixtus V (1585–90), pope, 279 Santi Giovanni e Paolo, Venice, 345 Smith, Julia, 221 Santi Nereo ed Achilleo, 316 Solomon’s temple, 202 Santi Pietro and Marcellino, cemetery of, 3 Spain, liturgy of, 180 Santi Quattro Coronati, Cappella di San spolia, 12, 65–80, 219, 392 Silvestro, 318, 319 Fig. 16.6 Stefaneschi, Jacopo Caetani (c. 1260–1341), Santo Spirito, hospital, 239 cardinal, 9 Santo Stefano degli Abissini, 163 Stephen II (III) (752–7) pope, 5, 100, 163, 230, Santoro Fazio, 390 248, 252, 258, 264, 284 Saracen sack (846), 5, 275 procession with the Lateran acheiropoieta, Sarmatians, 30 230–1 Sarot, Marcel, 374 donation of icon to Santa Maria Maggiore, Savonarola, Girolamo, 314 248, 250, 252 Saxl,Fritz,369 Stephen III (IV) (768–72), pope, 229, 270

Index 483

Stephen IV (V) (816–17), 104 tradition, invention, 372–6, 381, 385 Stephen VII (VIII) (928–31), pope, 327 Trajan, Roman emperor, 79, 370 Stephen VIII (IX) (939–42), pope, 327 column, 115 Stephen IX (X) (1057–8), pope, 327 TrebellenaFlacilla,coinfromurnof,48 Story, Joanna, xxiii, 5–6, 14 tribune (choir), 333 sudarium, 237, 241–2, 243 Trier, cathedral, 58, 63 see also Veronica, image triumph, abolished, 28 Suetonius, 96 Troll, Mary, 379 Sun, Unconquered, pagan celebration of on 25 Tronzo, William, 4, 206, 207 December, 178 tropaion, 36, 45 Sutri, 322 sylloges see inscriptions Ugonio, Pompeo, 67, 384 Symmachus (498–514), pope, 3, 13, 27–8, 31, Urban II (1088–99), pope, 301, 327 86, 87, 89, 93, 114, 151–3, 155, 261, Urban VI (1378–89), pope, 327, 328, 329, 335 262, 284 burial, 9 tomb, 328 Fig. 17.2 Tasselli, Domenico, 192, 198, 205, 208, 211 Urban VIII (1622–44), pope, 385 taurobolium,riteof,24 Tebaldeshci, Roman family, 8 Valens, Roman emperor, 58 Tellus, 193 Valentine (827), pope, 104 templon, of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople, Valentinian I, Roman emperor, 58 219–20 Valentinian II, Roman emperor, 31, 126, 127, Thacker, Alan, xxiii, 13, 113n. 69 142 Theoderic, king of the Goths, 26–31, 33, 100, Valentinian III, Roman emperor, 31, 124, 127, 135, 136, 152, 217 128, 132, 147–9, 155 adventus, 30, 33 church building of, 132 mausoleum of, 136 supports papal primacy, 133–4, 148 Theodore II (897), pope, 327 Vandal attack on Rome (455), 3, 97 Theodore of Studios, 223 Vasari, Giorgio, 11, 67, 346, 350, 355, 402 Theodosian Code see Codex Theodosianus Vatican cemetery necropolis, 36, 46, 48, 61 Theodosius I, Roman emperor, 31, 124n. 21, Fabbrica di San Pietro, 312 127, 141–2 grottoes, 83, 193 Theodosius II, Roman emperor, 30, 32, 128, Vatican hill, 23–4, 114, 326 148 Museo Petriano, 314 rejects Council of Ephesus, 134 palace, 346 Theodosius, son of Galla Placidia and Athaulf, Vatican obelisk see obelisk 31, 116, 121, 123, 131, 133 Vegius, Mapheus, 84, 91, 92, 94, 362–3, 368 Theotokos, 193, 198–9, 202, 207 Venantius Fortunatus, 310 Thermantia, Roman empress, 131 Veneziano, Agostino, 398 Thierry, monk of Fleury, 304–5 Venice, 228, 341–2, 345 Tiberius Roman emperor, 281 Santi Giovanni e Paolo, doges’ tombs, sight restored, 237, 244 354 Fig. 17.6 tituli, 146, 151, 152 Vercelli, Sant’Eusebio, 307, 310 Titus, Roman emperor, 115 Verona Gaspare de, 341 tombs and mausolea, imperial, 4, 5, 25, 31, Veronica image, 237, 254, 256 115, 138–9, 144, 147, 284 Christ’s Passion and, 237, 242–3 papal, 3, 17, 105, 155, 215, 345 description by Josef Wilpert, 241 Roman, 278–9 healing power, 243, 244 senatorial, 139–40, 142–4, 154 indulgences, 240 of Venetian doges in Venice, 345 Mandylion and, see Mandylion Totila,kingoftheGoths,30 miraculous production of, 237, 242, 245 Tours, 13 see Acheiropoieta liturgy of, 177, 182, 183, 184 ostensions, 239

484 Index

Veronica image (cont.) Tiburtina, 28 procession to Santo Spirito/Santa Maria in papal necropolis, 113 Sassia, 239–40 Triumphalis, 28 representations of, 240 Via sacra, 264–5 Sudarium, identified as, 237, 239, 241–3 Vigilius (537–55), pope, 100 sources for cult see Gesta Innocentii III; Vindicta Salvatoris, 244, 245 Matthew Paris, Chronica Maiora vine motifs, 364–7 Fig. 18.10 sources for object, 243, 245, 254–5 Vitalian (657–72), pope, 100 see also Venice, Bibl. Marciana, MS gr., Viterbo, Egidio da, 393–4 573 Volterra, liturgy of, 296 textile, identified as, 237, 241–2, 245 Volto santo see Veronica, Veil of; vultus Christi see also icons Votive crown, 266–7 veneration of, 240, 242 vultus Christi, 191, 202, 250, 252–4 Vultus Christi/domini, 229–56 definition, 244 Veronica, saint, 237, 242, 243, 256 Pope Hadrian I and, 252–4 identification with the Woman with the use of term in the Liber pontificalis, 246–52 Issue of Blood, 237, 243, 244, 255, 256 see also Veronica image; Veronica sources for legend see Eusebius, Historia ecclesiastica; Robert de Boron, Joseph Waal, Anton de, 88, 247 d’Arimathie; Cura Sanitatis Tiberii; Waldipert, priest, 229–30, 237 Vindicta Salvatoris Wearmouth, Saint Peter’s monastery, 153, 183 Veronica, Veil of, 191, 205–6, 208, 343, 354 Weber, Max, 374 Vespasian, Roman emperor, 115 Wilpert, Joseph, 213, 241–2 Vestina, Roman matron, 146 Witigis, king of the Goths, 25, 26 Vexilla regis hymn, 310 Wohl, Linndros, 79 Via Appia, 16, 110, 111, 326 Wolf, Gerhard, 245 cemetery ad catacumbas, 61, 108, 140 papal necropolis, 108, 111, 113, 116, 117 xenodochia, 28 Via dei Banchi Vecchi, 30 dell’Arco della Fontanella, 31 Zacharias (741–52), 27, 168, 172 del Banco di Santo Spirito, 30 library, 290, 294 Flaminia, 28 Zantfliet, Cornelius, 354, 355, 381 Lata, 334 Zen, Cardinal Giovanni Battista, 338, 342, Ostiensis, 28 345 Salaria papal necropolis, 113 Zeno chapel, 250–1 Tecta, 30 Zephyrinus (198/9–217), pope, 108