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GUIDE to NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENTS This Page Intentionally Left Blank GUIDE to NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENTS GUIDE TO NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENTS This page intentionally left blank GUIDE TO NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENTS Editor BENJAMIN CABALLERO Elsevier Ltd., The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford, OX5 1GB, UK ª 2009 Elsevier Ltd. The following articles are US Government works in the public domain and not subject to copyright: CAROTENOIDS/Chemistry, Sources and Physiology VEGETARIAN DIETS All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone (+44) 1865 843830, fax (+44) 1865 853333, e-mail [email protected]. Requests may also be completed on-line via the homepage (http://www.elsevier.com/locate/permissions). Material in this work originally appeared in the Encyclopedia of Human Nutrition, Second Edition, edited by Benjamin Caballero, Lindsay Allen and Andrew Prentice (Elsevier, Ltd 2005). Library of Congress Control Number: 2009929980 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978-0-12-375109-6 This book is printed on acid-free paper Printed and bound in the EU EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD Christopher Bates Janet C King MRC Human Nutrition Research Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute Cambridge, UK Oakland, CA, USA Carolyn D Berdanier Anura Kurpad University of Georgia St John’s National Academy of Health Sciences Athens, GA, USA Bangalore, India Bruce R Bistrian Harvard Medical School Kim Fleisher Michaelson Boston, MA, USA The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University Frederiksberg, Denmark Johanna T Dwyer Frances Stern Nutrition Center Carlos Monteiro Boston, MA, USA University of Saˆo Paulo Paul Finglas Saˆo Paulo, Brazil Institute of Food Research Norwich, UK John M Pettifor University of the Witwatersrand & Chris Terrence Forrester Hani-Baragwanath Hospital Tropical Medicine Research Institute Johannesburg, South Africa University of the West Indies, Mona Campus, Kingston, Jamaica Barry M Popkin Hedley C Freake University of North Carolina University of Connecticut Chapel Hill, NC, USA Storrs, CT, USA Michele J Sadler Catherine Geissler MJSR Associates King’s College London Ashford, UK London, UK Susan A Jebb Ricardo Uauy MRC Human Nutrition Research London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Cambridge, UK UK and INTA University of Chile, Santiago, Chile Rachel Johnson David York University of Vermont Pennington Biomedical Research Center Burlington, VT, USA Baton Rouge, LA, USA This page intentionally left blank PREFACE he use of dietary supplements continues to increase worldwide. In the US, sales of dietary supplement is T reaching $30 billion per year, but their use transcend cultural barriers, and dietary supplement products now can be found virtually anywhere in the world. One reason for the widespread use of dietary supplements is the increasing concern in the general population about diet-related chronic diseases, such as diabetes, arthritis, and cardiovascular diseases. In addition, limited access to preventive health care (particularly in the US) may encourage people to self- medicate, as a means to reduce any perceived risk of disease. Claims on the curative properties of dietary supplements abound, many times based on individual testimonials or unsubstantiated data. Still, most health practitioners are likely to confront the decision of whether to recommend (or to allow) a nutritional supplement, based on their own experience and on the best scientific evidence available. This compilation of articles from the acclaimed EHN focuses on nutritional supplements1. These include the traditional, well-known substances such as vitamins and major minerals, present in most diets consumed by humans. They also include other food constituents such as certain fatty acids and amino acids, fiber, carotenoids, and other compounds. Some of these may not have a defined nutritional role, but do affect health by their involvement in specific physiological functions. In addition, several chapters describe key biological mechanisms related to dietary supplement effects, such as cellular antioxidant activity. We trust that the scientific information provided in this compilation will assist the health care professional and the educated consumer in making reasonable choices when dealing with the sometimes limited evidence on supplements’ effects. We also hope that this book will provide a scientific basis for assessing the validity of claims and indications of the ever increasing number of supplements that are coming into the market. Benjamin Caballero Johns Hopkins University, Maryland USA 1 The other group of supplements would include botanicals, extracts from animal tissues, and other compounds not commonly present in human diets. This page intentionally left blank CONTRIBUTORS L H Allen L Cobiac University of California at Davis, CSIRO Health Sciences and Nutrition, Davis, CA, USA Adelaide, SA, Australia J J B Anderson C H C Dejong University of North Carolina, University Hospital Maastricht, Chapel Hill, NC, USA Maastricht, The Netherlands L J Appel M L Dreyfuss Johns Hopkins University, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA Baltimore, MD, USA M J Arnaud J Dwyer Nestle S.A., Tufts University, Vevey, Switzerland Boston, MA, USA A Arin˜ o C A Edwards University of Zaragoza, University of Glasgow, Zaragoza, Spain Glasgow, UK G E Bartley J L Ensunsa Agricultural Research Service, University of California at Davis, Albany, CA, USA Davis, CA, USA C J Bates C Feillet-Coudray MRC Human Nutrition Research, National Institute for Agricultural Research, Cambridge, UK Clermont-Ferrand, France J A Beltra´n H C Freake University of Zaragoza, University of Connecticut, Zaragoza, Spain Storrs, CT, USA D A Bender L Galland University College London, Applied Nutrition Inc., London, UK New York, NY, USA I F F Benzie M Gueimonde The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, University of Turku, Hong Kong, China Turku, Finland A Cassidy Z L Harris School of Medicine, University of East Anglia, Johns Hopkins Hospital and School of Medicine, Norwich, UK Baltimore, MD, USA x CONTRIBUTORS A Herrera P Kirk University of Zaragoza, University of Ulster, Zaragoza, Spain Coleraine, UK B S Hetzel R D W Klemm Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Johns Hopkins University, North Adelaide, SA, Australia Baltimore, MD, USA J M Hodgson D Kritchevsky University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA M F Holick Boston University Medical Center, R Lang Boston, MA, USA University of Teeside, Middlesbrough, UK C Hotz National Institute of Public Health, A Laurentin Morelos, Mexico Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela R Houston Emory University, Atlanta, A R Leeds GA, USA King’s College London, London, UK B K Ishida Agricultural Research Service, BLo¨ nnerdal Albany, CA, USA University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA W P T James International Association for the Study of Obesity Y C Luiking International Obesity Task Force Offices, University Hospital Maastricht, London, UK Maastricht, The Netherlands S A Jebb MRC Human Nutrition Research, R J Maughan Cambridge, UK Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK I T Johnson Institute of Food Research, S S McDonald Norwich, UK Raleigh, NC, USA C L Keen J McPartlin University of California at Davis, Trinity College, Davis, CA, USA Dublin, Ireland J E Kerstetter R P Mensink University of Connecticut, Maastricht University, Storrs, CT, USA Maastricht, The Netherlands M Kiely A R Michell University College Cork, St Bartholomew’s Hospital, Cork, Ireland London, UK CONTRIBUTORS xi D M Mock CPSa´nchez-Castillo University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Little Rock, AR, USA Salvador Zubira´n, Tlalpan, Mexico T A Mori K J Schulze University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA P A Morrissey University College Cork, J Shedlock Cork, Ireland Johns Hopkins Hospital and School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA J L Napoli University of California, R Shrimpton Berkeley, CA, USA Institute of Child Health, London, UK F Nielsen Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, A P Simopoulos Grand Forks, ND, USA The Center for Genetics, Nutrition and Health, Washington, DC, USA S S Percival University of Florida, P B Soeters Gainesville, FL, USA University Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands M F Picciano K Srinath Reddy National Institutes of Health, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA New Delhi, India S Pin S Stanner Johns Hopkins Hospital and School of Medicine, British Nutrition Foundation, Baltimore, MD, USA London, UK Y Rayssiguier J J Strain National Institute for Agricultural Research, University of Ulster, Clermont-Ferrand, France Coleraine, UK P Roncale´s C L Stylianopoulos University of Zaragoza, Johns Hopkins University, Zaragoza, Spain Baltimore, MD, USA A C Ross S A Tanumihardjo The Pennsylvania State University, University of Wisconsin-Madison, University Park, PA, USA Madison, WI, USA M J Sadler E H M Temme MJSR Associates, University of Leuven, Ashford, UK Leuven, Belgium S Salminen D I Thurnham University of Turku, University of Ulster, Turku, Finland Coleraine, UK xii CONTRIBUTORS D L Topping H Wiseman CSIRO Health Sciences and Nutrition,
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