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Nutritional Biochemistry of the Vitamins, Second Edition David A Cambridge University Press 0521803888 - Nutritional Biochemistry of the Vitamins, Second Edition David A. Bender Index More information Index abetalipoproteinemia, 36, 125 adenosylhomocysteine, 290f absorption, 9 adequacy, criteria, 10–2 biotin, 325, 329 adequate intake (see also reference intakes), 21, calcium, 93 23 carotene, 35, 40–1, 42 adipic acid oxidation, 191–2 folate, 273–4 adipocytes, vitamin D, 97 iron, 369 adipose tissue, carotene, 72 niacin, 203 retinol, 37 pantothenic acid, 346 vitamin D, 106 phosphate, 93 cADP-ribose, 219–21 riboflavin, 175–6 ADP-ribose cyclase, 219, 220f thiamin, 150–1 ADP-ribosyltransferase, 204f, 206, 215–7 vitamin A, 35–6 adrenal gland, lycopene, 71 vitamin B6, 234 adriamycin, 194, 195f vitamin B12, 300–1, 314 advanced glycation endproducts, 264 vitamin C, 361 aglycone, 402 vitaminD,83 agmatine, 240t vitamin E, 113 AI (adequate intake, see also reference intakes), vitamin K, 133–4 21, 23 accessory food factors, 1 β-alanine, 266 Accutane®,72 alanine, transamination, 242t acetomenaphthone, 132f alanine-glyoxylate transaminase, 20t acetyl choline, 165, 221, 390f alcohol, 62, 151 acetyl CoA carboxylase, 330, 333t dehydrogenase, vitamin A, 38 acetylator status, 355 aldehyde dehydrogenase, 235 N-acetylglutamate, 306 aldehyde oxidase, 41f, 188, 207 activation coefficient, glutathione reductase, alfacalcidiol, 107 197 alkaline phosphatase, 96, 103, 104t, 235 transaminases, 251–2 allicin, 402f transketolase, 168–9 alliin, 402f acute phase proteins, 64 allinase, 401 acyl carnitine excretion, 306 allithiamin, 149f, 150 acyl carrier protein, 350 alloxan, 219, 229–30 acyl CoA dehydrogenase, 185, 191–2 all-R-tocopherol, 112 acyl CoA:retinol acyltransferase, 36 allyl sulfur compounds, 401–2 acylation, proteins 352 alopecia, 97, 101, 337 S-adenosyl methionine, 284, 289, 290f Alzheimer’s disease, 130, 169–70, 346, 356 decarboxylase, 267 amadorins, 264 463 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521803888 - Nutritional Biochemistry of the Vitamins, Second Edition David A. Bender Index More information 464 Index amide groups, peptide hormones, 366 ARAT (acyl CoA:retinol acyltransferase), 36 amine oxidases, 186, 189 arecoline, 165 amino acid, decarboxylation, 237t, 239, 240t arginine, decarboxylase, 240t metabolism, vitamin B6, 237–45 hydroxylation, 296–7 oxidases, 186 transamination, 242t racemization, 237t, 241 ariboflavinosis see riboflavin deficiency side-chain reactions, 244 aromatic amino acid decarboxylase, 209f, 240t, p-aminobenzoic acid, 277f, 355 243–4, 264, 365f p-aminobenzoylglutamate, 276 hydroxylases, 294–6 γ -aminobutyric acid (GABA), 156–7, 165, 240t, arrestin, 53 247 arthritis, diabetic, 263 shunt, 156–7, 164 ascorbic acid (see also vitamin C), 358f aminocarboxymuconic acid semialdehyde, phosphate, 359 209f sulfate, 359 aminolevulinic acid synthetase, 250t ascorbyl palmitate, 359 aminomethyltransferase, 281 aspartate transaminase, 242t, 247–8 aminotransferases, 237t, 241–4 β-decarboxylase, 266, 351–52 amitriptyline, 195f β-hydroxylase, 367 cAMP-dependent protein kinases, 59 ataxia, 125 amygdalin, 5 atherocalcin, 136, 142 androgens, 102 atherogenesis, homocysteine, 293t anemia, hemolytic, 125 vitamin E, 121 megaloblastic, 152, 308 atherosclerosis, 263 pernicious, 308 Gla protein, 136, 142 riboflavin deficiency, 193–4 vitaminD,97 sideroblastic, 250t ATP synthase, 90t vitamin B6 deficiency, 246–7 atrophic gastritis, 300 vitamin C deficiency, 373 availability, 8–10 vitamin E deficiency, 125 biotin, 326 angular stomatitis, 191 carotene, 40–1 anhydroretinol, 32f, 33, 55–6 niacin, 203 anthocyanins, 7 vitamin B6,234 anthycyanidins, 403 AVED (ataxia with vitamin E deficiency), 125 antibiotics, vitamin K requirements, 145 avidin, 326, 341–3, 337 antibodies, intrinsic factor, 309 anticoagulants, dietary, 401, 402 bacterial toxins, 215–7 vitamin E, 128 barbiturates, rickets and osteomalacia, 86, vitamin K, 141, 145–6 99–100 anticonvulsants, folate, 312, 319 vitaminA,40 vitaminD,86 vitamin D, 86, 99–100 antidepressant,s 194–6 bathorhodopsin, 50–1 antiestrogens, 404–6 Benserazide, 225 antioxidant, carotene, 43, 72–4 beriberi, 148, 161–3 riboflavin, 187 acute infantile, 163 status, 126–7 acute pernicious, 162 vitamin C, 371 cardiac failure, 162 vitamin E, 116–8 dry, 161–2 synthetic, 123t fish, fermented, 166 apo-carotenals, 39, 43–5 fulminating, 163 apo-carotenoic acids, 73, 74 shoshin, 162 apo-lipoproteins, 263, 352 wet, 162 apoptosis, poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase, 218 betaine, 283, 291, 309, 391f retinoids, 61, 71 bile, folate, 274 vitaminD,96–7 retinoyl glucuronide, 39 vitamin K, 142 taurine, 398 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521803888 - Nutritional Biochemistry of the Vitamins, Second Edition David A. Bender Index More information Index 465 vitamin A, 39 metabolism, 324–7 vitamin B12, 302 metabolites, 326f vitaminD,86 plasma concentration, 340 vitamin K, 134 plasma protein binding, 325, 334 biocytin, 325 protein ligase, 332–4 bioflavonoids, 7, 362, 402–3 receptors, 335 biological activity, carotenes, 35 requirements, 341 retinoids, 35 status, 340–1 biological availability see availability synthase, 328–9 biopterin synthesis, 277f, 278 unavailable, 326 biotin, 325f biotinidase, 325, 334–5 absorption, 325, 329 biotinylation, histones, 337 availability, 326 bisphosphonates, 102 biosynthesis, 327–9 Bitot’sspot,63 catabolism, 326f, 327 bleaching, rhodopsin, 50 cell surface receptors, 335 blind staggers, 166 deficiency, 337–40 blood clotting, vitamin K, 139–41, 142, 144 alopecia, 337 bone, aging, 101–3 chicks, 338 healing, vitamin K, 146 cot death, 339 matrix Gla protein, 136, 141–2 dermatitis, 337 metabolism, vitamin D, 94–6 fatty acid synthesis, 338 mineral, 95, 141 fatty liver and kidney syndrome, 338 mineralization, vitamin D, 98–101 glucokinase, 338 pain, vitamin C deficiency, 373 gluconeogenesis, 338 peak mass, 102 glucose homeostasis, 338, 339 resorption, 95–6, 136 holocarboxylase synthetase, 335 vitamin A, 55, 68 hyperammonemia, 336 vitamin C, 367–8, 373 hyperglycemia, 338 vitamin D, 94–6, 98–101 hypoglycemia, 338 vitamin K, 136, 141–2, 146 odd-carbon fatty acids, 341 bow legs, 99 organic aciduria, 333t bracken fern, thiaminase, 166 polyunsaturated fatty acids, 337, 341 branched chain oxo-acid decarboxylase, 158–9 pregnancy, 340 brushite, 141 pyruvate carboxylase, 338 burning foot syndrome, 354–5 sudden infant death, 339 γ -butyrobetaine hydroxylase, 387f, 367 hypoglycemic action, 336 intestinal bacterial synthesis, 329 cachexin, 90t metabolic functions, 329–37 cyclic ADP-ribose, 60 acetyl CoA carboxylase, 330 calbindin D, 90t, 93–4, 98 biotinidase, 334–5 calcidiol (see also vitamin D), 84f carboxylases, 330–2 1-hydroxylase, 84f, 85, 101 cell cycle, 336 24-hydroxylase, 84f, 85–6 cell proliferation, 336 hydroxylases, 90t, 87–9 enzyme induction, 335 pharmacological use, 100, 101 gluconeogenesis, 335 plasma concentration, 80, 103, 104t glycolysis, 335 receptor, 56–7 histones, 337 calciferol glucuronides, 82 holocarboxylase synthetase, 332–4 calcinosis, 82,195–6 methylcrotonyl CoA carboxylase, calciol (see also cholecalciferol; vitamin D), 78f, 332 79t propionyl CoA carboxylase, 330 25-hydroxylase, 84f protein synthesis, 335–6 calcipotriol, 107 pyruvate carboxylase, 331 calcitetrol, 79t, 84f RNA polymerase, 335 calcitonin, 88–9, 96 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521803888 - Nutritional Biochemistry of the Vitamins, Second Edition David A. Bender Index More information 466 Index calcitriol (see also vitamin D), 79t, 84f, 85 possible essentiality, 388 gene expression, 90t premature infants, 387 pharmacological use, 100 valproic acid, 387 plasma concentration, 80, 103 vitamin C, 372, 387 receptor, 90–1, 101 carotene, 34f vitamin D metabolism, 88 absorption, 35, 40–2 calcitroic acid, 84f, 86 adipose tissue, 72 calcium, absorption, 93 antioxidant, 72–4 balance, osteoporosis, 102 asymmetric cleavage, 43–5, 74 binding proteins, 135–9 availability, 40, 41 body content, 89 average intakes, 72 hypertension, 264–5 cancer, 72–4 intake, osteoporosis, 102 chylomicrons, 42 intracellular, 394 diabetes mellitus, 43 plasma concentration, 104t dioxygenase, 41–5, 74 reabsorption renal, 94, 142 antioxidants, 43 regulation, cADP-ribose and NAADP,220–1 dietary protein, 43 transport, vitamin D, 92 hepatic, 42 vitamin D metabolism, 89 non-intestinal, 42 calmodulin, 394 reaction specificity, 43–5 calnexin, 45 vitamin A deficiency, 43 cancer, carotene, 72–4 excentric cleavage, 43–5, 74 folate antagonists, 288–9 pharmacological uses, 72–4 deficiency, 311–2 plasma, 64, 65t supplements, 321 requirements, 67–8 hormone dependent, 405 retinol equivalents, 35, 41–5 lycopene, 72 carotenoids, 33–5 neopterin excretion, 278 cataract, 72 retinoids, 71–2 toxicity, 70 vitamin C, 370, 382 cascade, blood clotting, 139–41 vitamin D, 97, 107 cassava, cyanide intoxication, 300 vitamin E, 129 cataract, carotenoids, 72 candidiasis, 337 diabetic, 263 canthaxanthin, 34f, 43 vitamin E, 129 carbamazepine, 313 catechins, 403 Carbidopa, 225 cats, carotene dioxygenase, 42 γ -carboxyglutamate, 135–9 niacin requirement, 210 excretion, 144–5 CD-38, 219 carboxylase, vitamin K dependent, 136–9 γ -CEHC, 116 carboxylation, biotin-dependent, 330–2 cell cycle, tocotrienols, 116 carcinoid syndrome, 224 biotin, 336 cardiac failure, thiamin, 162 cell differentiation, vitamin D, 96–7 cardiomyopathy, taurine, 399 cell proliferation, biotin, 336 cardiovascular disease, homocysteine, 292–4 vitamin D, 90, 92, 96–7 vitamin C, 383 cell signaling, vitamin E, 121–2 vitamin
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