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Survey Report of FY 1997 on the Trends of Novel CO2 Fixation

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............................................................................... 82 4^.7 t: 31 83 4.3 m±#®co,Bi)Eftmim#8#g#...............................................................................«4 4.4 $0 ® it fit <D ffl m i & ft) fc Ml W ± g£......................................................... 85 4.4.1 85 4.4.2 n 31 ^11iH®—.......... 87 4.4.3 rr V ;k M S <D - y 31 89 fyi,f ^ 4.4.4 =z31^#^®(Dm^^gl<DmiJ###<D#$f........................................... 89 4.4.5 $ & & 92 5 3ft CO 213 /$: 5£ IE % <D ^lj .................................................................................. 94 5.1 # D » K.............................................................................................................................. 94 5.2 &±m................................................................................................................95 5.3 @ {* §r -a tr £ J&1S -a fti J8................................................................................... 97 S 6 S & b$> hiIs .................................................................................................... 98 .........................................................................................................................101 Appendix - cOsHSlMgNiffc-ES^-...................................... ns iii Wt E Summary It is widely, accepted that effective measures must, be taken to reduce atmopheric CO2 and its effect on global warming. Research has concentrated on use of biological activities for this purpose through design of bioreactors using microorganisms (bacteria and microalgae) for efficient CO2 fixation. In order for the process to have net CO2 fixation as assessed by its life cycle and to make the process economically feasible, it is essential not only to fix CO2 merely in the form of biomass but in addition to cenvert it to useful materials by the catalytic activities of the organisms. We have made a literature survey to clarify the points to be overcome in the development of such innovative bioprocess. Three categories were set for the survey; 1) microorganisms with C02-fixing ability , 2) available energy for COz-fixation, and 3) target COz-fixation products. Detailed survey on "3) target C02-fixation products" will be done in the second year, for this is dependent on categories 1) and 2). The theme of this survey is to establish and estimate the energy source, biological reactions, and products derived, and also to present the direction of research and development to make the process practical. 1) Microorganisms with C02-fixing ability Microalgae are knwon to have higher CO2 fixation ability, and engineering data for cultivation in bioreactors have accumulated. The C02-fixstion system exploiting microlagae still requires a large area for collecting light energy, because the energy efficiency of photosynthesis is very low. And it is very difficult to genetically improve the efficiency of microalgae and to produce specific products, since the tools for DNA manipulation and cell engineering techniques are limited. While photosynthetic bacteria have potential for this purpose for that the techniques for breeding are already established. We have surveyed systematics of photosynthetic bacteria and the biochemical functions involved in CO2 fixation. CO2 fixation pathways reported for other microorganisms were also summarized for Calvin cycle, reductive TCA cycle, acetyl-coenzyme A pathway, 3- 1 hydroxypropionate pathway, glycine cycle, reductive monocarboxylate pathway, and serine pathway, and enzyme reactions which liberate or fix CO2 were also reported. If we can repress cell division and control the carbon flow into specific metabolites, it will greatly enhance production efficiency. Molecular mechanism underlying cell division control were investigated for coryneform bacteria industrially used for amino acid production such as glutamate and aspartate. 2) available energy for C02-fixation Availability of light, organic materials, and hydrogen for CO2- fixation energy was investigated. Mechanism of light- to metabilic- energy conversion, light-harvesting complex, mechanism of excitation energy transfer, reaction centers of photosynthetic bacteria were reported. We also presented experimental data for CO2 fixation using light of specific wavelength emitted from laser apparatus. For organic materials, possibility of microbial treatment of industrial wastes and unutilized resources was investigated. For hydrogen energy, chemoautotrophic microorganisms.were studied for their classification, CO2 fixation pathway, and method of cultivation. 3) target C02-fixation products As mentioned above,detailed survey on this subject is to be done in the second year. Kinds and quantity of potential target- products, and the expected products including biomass are reported. mr co, 6mi-) tctc @nCQz ^fc@S-fb y*TAfcE^f££1t;/t-ti:5-h-e;&E‘T:&;5££>S§BR:'L^PSSrfi^fCo 1. C0z 2. ElS-fkoic^om^vv^-, 3. ©HEg K^X'ftotCo TctcLs T3. :®g 1. £2. £<£ COz @ #<km±#<DM###K:cV'T<D3ga^&mTE&-CMi-5!&^8S&5%:&, 4" 1. COzB^mMiclli-dPS SEte, —#T<%) ti-6. #E(- Ct^muv'Ct-e&S. zntc*j-L^-e-^^SE«#-fflJ3Sx^^ifi-E^-X^©^)&§r '&$,%WB(D?£M&ftMb COz BS^SaSi~5^-fb^6t)SIB^-oV^Tp$LiCo
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