Pastos Y Forrajes Del Ecuador Siembra Y Producción De Pasturas

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Pastos Y Forrajes Del Ecuador Siembra Y Producción De Pasturas Pastos y forrajes del Ecuador Siembra y producción de pasturas Ramiro León - Nancy Bonifaz Francisco Gutiérrez Pastos y forrajes del Ecuador Siembra y producción de pasturas 2018 Pastos y forrajes del Ecuador Siembra y producción de pasturas ©Ramiro León - Nancy Bonifaz - Francisco Gutiérrez 1ra edición: Universidad Politécnica Salesiana Av. Turuhuayco 3-69 y Calle Vieja Cuenca-Ecuador Casilla: 2074 P.B.X. (+593 7) 2050000 Fax: (+593 7) 4 088958 e-mail: [email protected] www.ups.edu.ec CARRERA DE BIOTECNOLOGÍA Diagramación: Editorial Universitaria Abya-Yala Quito-Ecuador Derechos de autor: 054473 ISBN UPS: 978-9978-10-318-0 Impresión: Editorial Universitaria Abya-Yala Quito-Ecuador Tiraje: 300 ejemplares Impreso en Quito-Ecuador, octubre 2018 Publicación arbitrada de la Universidad Politécnica Salesiana Índice Prólogo ......................................................................................................... 37 CAPÍTULO I Generalidades .............................................................................................. 39 Importancia de los pastos y forrajes .............................................................. 39 Clasificación de los forrajes ..................................................................... 44 Clasificación de las plantas forrajeras ..................................................... 45 Clasificación de las pasturas..................................................................... 47 Estudio de la flora de las pasturas .................................................................. 48 Gramíneas o poáceas (Poaceae) ............................................................... 48 Morfología ............................................................................................. 50 Leguminosas o Fabáceas (Fabaceae) ..................................................... 52 Morfología ............................................................................................. 53 Adventicias ............................................................................................ 56 CAPÍTULO II Factores que influyen en el establecimiento y producción de las pasturas ...................................................................... 57 Clima ............................................................................................................... 61 Factores que determinan el clima en el Ecuador .................................... 61 Latitud geográfica ................................................................................. 61 Altitud sobre el nivel del mar ............................................................... 62 Circulación atmosférica general ........................................................... 62 Masas de aire locales ............................................................................. 63 Los vientos ............................................................................................. 64 Corrientes marinas ............................................................................... 64 PASTOS Y FORRAJES DEL ECUADOR SIEMBRA Y PRODUCCIÓN DE PASTURAS Solsticios y equinoccios .................................................................................. 65 Elementos principales del clima ..................................................................... 66 Temperatura .......................................................................................... 66 Lluvias ................................................................................................. 67 Radiación solar y heliofanía ................................................................ 69 Principales climas del Ecuador .................................................................... 70 Clima cálido, tropical o megatérmico .................................................... 71 Clima megatérmico semi-árido .......................................................... 71 Clima megatérmico seco ...................................................................... 72 Clima megatérmico semihúmedo ...................................................... 72 Clima megatérmico húmedo .............................................................. 73 Clima megatérmico lluvioso ................................................................. 73 Clima medio, subtropical o mesotérmico .............................................. 74 Clima mesotérmico húmedo .............................................................. 75 Clima mesotérmico seco ..................................................................... 75 Clima templado, temperado-frío ............................................................ 76 Clima ecuatorial de alta montaña, páramo andino o microtérmico ........................................................................................ 77 Suelo ............................................................................................................. 78 Propiedades físicas del suelo ................................................................... 78 Textura ................................................................................................ 78 Estructura ............................................................................................ 80 Consistencia ......................................................................................... 81 Densidad ............................................................................................. 81 Aireación ............................................................................................. 82 Temperatura del suelo ........................................................................ 82 Color .................................................................................................. 82 Propiedades químicas .............................................................................. 82 Fertilidad ............................................................................................. 82 pH .................................................................................................. 83 Capacidad de Intercambio Catiónico ................................................. 86 Otras características importantes del suelo ........................................... 88 Profundidad ....................................................................................... 88 — 6 — ÍNDICE RAMIRO LEÓN - NANCY BONIFAZ - FRANCISCO GUTIÉRREZ Relieve y pendiente .............................................................................. 89 Topografía............................................................................................ 90 Drenaje ................................................................................................ 92 Especie forrajera .............................................................................................. 92 Factores bióticos .............................................................................................. 93 Microorganismos benéficos ...................................................................... 93 Microorganismos perjudiciales ................................................................. 96 Microfauna ................................................................................................. 96 Adventicias ................................................................................................ 96 Animales .................................................................................................... 96 Factores de manejo ......................................................................................... 96 Factores culturales .......................................................................................... 97 Factores económicos ....................................................................................... 97 CAPÍTULO III Establecimiento de pasturas ....................................................................... 99 Identificar el requerimiento ........................................................................... 100 Reconocimiento del terreno ........................................................................... 100 Análisis de suelo .............................................................................................. 100 Selección de la especie forrajera ..................................................................... 102 Semilla ........................................................................................................ 103 Calidad de la semilla ............................................................................. 103 Cantidad de semilla .............................................................................. 103 Pureza .................................................................................................... 104 Germinación .......................................................................................... 104 Métodos de ruptura del letargo de las semillas ..................................... 105 Prueba de viabilidad ............................................................................ 106 Prueba de germinación ......................................................................... 107 Energía germinativa .............................................................................. 108 Incrustación ........................................................................................... 109 Valor cultural ........................................................................................ 109 Densidad
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