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Le Micro-Endémisme Dans Un Hotspot De Biodiversité

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Le Micro-Endémisme Dans Un Hotspot De Biodiversité ! Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie Ecole Doctorale du Pacifique (ED 469) Laboratoire Insulaire du Vivant et de l’Environnement THESE Présentée par Adrien WULFF Pour obtenir le grade de Docteur en Sciences de l’Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie Spécialité : Physiologie et Biologie des Organismes – Populations - Interactions Le micro-endémisme dans un hotspot de biodiversité : approche globale sur la flore vasculaire de la Nouvelle- Calédonie et analyse comparative au sein du genre Scaevola Soutenue publiquement le 27 avril 2012 devant le jury composé de : Kingsley Dixon Professor, Kings Park and Botanic Garden of Perth Rapporteur Thierry Dutoit Professeur, Université d’Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse Rapporteur Pete Hollingsworth Professor, Royal Botanical Garden of Edinburgh Examinateur Hamid Amir Professeur, Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie Examinateur Bruno Fogliani Chercheur HDR, Institut Agronomique néo-Calédonien Directeur de thèse Laurent L’Huillier Chercheur, Institut Agronomique néo-Calédonien Co-encadrant de thèse ! ! Résumé Les milieux naturels de la Nouvelle-Calédonie, Hotspot de biodiversité, ont subi de nombreuses dégradations par l’action simultanée de différentes menaces telles que les incendies, les extractions minières, l’urbanisation et l’introduction d’espèces envahissantes. A cela s’ajouteront probablement à court terme les impacts des changements climatiques. Afin de proposer un consensus entre la nécessité de protéger cette importante biodiversité néo-calédonienne et l’accroissement rapide des activités anthropiques à l’origine de ces menaces, une étude comprenant une approche à une échelle macroscopique et une approche comparative de la flore micro-endémique est proposée. La première s’attache à appréhender le micro-endémisme sur l’ensemble de la flore vasculaire du territoire. Les espèces micro- endémiques (EME), séparées en trois groupes, ont été identifiées à partir de la littérature et des échantillons d’herbiers. De nombreuses espèces se sont révélées être micro-endémiques (309 restreintes à une localité, 193 à deux localités, 133 à trois localités). Parmi celles-ci, de nombreuses n’ont pas de statut UICN (76%) et de ce fait ne sont pas protégées par la règlementation locale. Cependant, une corrélation significative a été mise en évidence entre les EME inscrites à l’UICN et les EME à une et à deux localités, conduisant à l’établissement d’une liste d’espèces extrêmement menacées, non protégées par la réglementation, l’objectif étant de favoriser la mise en place d’études pour leur inscription et de fait leur protection. Aussi, grâce à la localisation de ces espèces, il a été possible d’identifier des Hotspots de Micro-Endémisme Végétal (HMEV), zones présentant de fortes densités en EME. La distribution de ces HMEV a été comparée à celle des aires protégées, mettant en évidence de nombreux espaces d’une exceptionnelle diversité micro-endémique non encore protégés et qu’il conviendrait de prendre en compte dans les politiques actuelles de conservation. Le recueil par ce travail de la liste des nombreuses localités abritant des EME et la spatialisation sur l’ensemble du territoire de variables environnementales, ont permis de séparer les EME en fonction de leurs exigences écologiques et de modéliser, par utilisation de MaxEnt, la distribution potentielle de micro-habitats susceptibles d’en héberger d’autres. De nombreuses nouvelles zones se sont ajoutées aux HMEV déjà identifiés, permettant d’orienter les opérations futures de prospection et de conservation à mettre en place rapidement sur l’ensemble du territoire au regard des menaces grandissantes. La seconde approche utilisée pour étudier le micro-endémisme avait pour objectif de comprendre pourquoi au sein d’un même genre, certaines espèces proches phylogénétiquement présentent des distributions larges et d’autres plus restreintes. Pour cela, une étude comparative a été menée entre Scaevola montana, espèce indigène à large répartition, et S. coccinea, espèce micro-endémique de la vallée de la Tontouta. L’espèce commune s’est révélée très tolérante en terme de climats et de sols, à l’inverse de S. coccinea limitée aux seuls sols bruns hypermagnésiens. Au niveau de leur biologie de la reproduction, l’espèce commune est pollinisée par une guilde d’insectes et dispersée par les oiseaux, alors que l’espèce micro-endémique est pollinisée par des oiseaux territoriaux et ses fruits ne sont pas dispersés par des animaux. Ces modes de reproduction bien distincts laissaient envisager de forts impacts sur les flux de gènes entre les individus et les populations. Cet élément a été confirmé par l’étude de la diversité et de la structuration génétiques des populations à partir de marqueurs microsatellites. Les populations de S. montana sont organisées en deux grands groupes, celui des massifs ultramafiques de la côte ouest et celui du Grand Sud (deux populations particulières ont été retrouvées à l’Ile des Pins et au Col d’Amoss). A l’opposé les populations de S. coccinea apparaissent très différenciées alors même qu’elles sont proches géographiquement (<2km). Ceci met en évidence l’absence de flux de gènes sur de très courtes distances chez cette espèce. S. coccinea a donc une distribution restreinte principalement due à son incapacité à se disperser sur de longues distances et à une niche écologique relativement restreinte. Ces observations vont permettre de mieux gérer ces deux espèces. S. montana étant utilisée dans des programmes de revégétalisation, il conviendra d’utiliser des semences du groupe correspondant à la zone d’implantation. Quant à S. coccinea, sa conservation apparaît incontournable car représentée par quelques populations situées dans une vallée fortement impactée par les activités minières. Mots Clés : espèce micro-endémique, Scaevola, conservation, MaxEnt, biologie de la reproduction, génétique des populations, Nouvelle- Calédonie. Abstract Natural habitats of New Caledonia, a hotspot of biodiversity, encounter degradation by simultaneous actions of threats such as fires, mining, urbanization and invasive species. Climatic changes will probably also have their importance in near future. In order to provide a first pass scale assessment of where the conservations issues are most likely to be concentrated, we focused on narrow endemic species at a macroscopic and a comparative scale. The first approach was to look at narrow endemism of the whole vascular flora of the island. Narrow endemic species (NES), divided into three different groups, were identified according to the literature and herbarium samples. Many species were considered as narrow endemics (309 restricted to one location, 193 restricted to two locations and 133 restricted to three locations). Many of them didn’t have IUCN status although IUCN NES were correlated to NES of one and two locations. A list of very problematic species unprotected by local legislation is proposed to prioritize conservation actions. The aim here is to favour studies enabling to consider them as problematic and to protect them. According to distributional data of NES, it was possible to identify Hotspot of Plant Narrow Endemism (HPNE), areas with high levels of narrow endemism. The distributions of these HPNE were compared to protected areas, enlightening a lack of conservation politics in regards to the exceptional flora. It was also possible to model with distributional data and environmental GIS layers the suitability of narrow habitats of grouped NES with MaxEnt. In addition to the HPNE, many other areas with conservation interest were identified. This allows planning more efficient sampling and conservation efforts on the whole territory in regard to increasing threats. The second approach used here to study narrow endemism was to understand why two con-genera species, phylogenetically close, could have dissimilar distributions, some are common, other are narrow endemic. A comparative study was carried out between S. montana, a common indigenous species and S. coccinea, a narrow endemic species of the Tontouta valley. The common species tolerated large variations of environmental variables in opposition to S. coccinea. Reproductive biology was different for each, the common species was pollinated by a guild of different insects and dispersed by birds whereas the narrow endemic was pollinated by birds and didn’t benefit of a disperser. These distinct reproduction systems were suspected to have major impacts on gene flow between individuals and populations. This was confirmed by the study of genetic diversity and structuration of populations using microsatellite markers. Populations of S. montana were organised in two large groups, the ultramafic mountains of the west coast and the Great South (two other particular populations were recorded at the Island of Pins and at Col d’Amoss). Populations of S. coccinea were very different from each other even on a small geographical range (<2km), enlightening an absence of gene flow between them. Therefore S. coccinea has a narrow distribution because of its inability to disperse and of its narrow ecological niche. These observations will lead to more efficient management programs, the common species being used in restoration programs where genetic groups will have to be taken in account. The narrow endemic species will need sufficient conservation attention as it is distributed in few populations in a valley heavily impacted by mining activities.! Keywords: narrow endemic species, Scaevola, conservation, MaxEnt, reproduction biology, population
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