RAP PUBLICATION 2014/26
ASIA-PACIFIC FISHERY COMMISSION (APFIC)
Regional overview of aquaculture trends in the Asia-Pacific Region 2014
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80 000 China
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0 5 0 0 5 5 5 6 65 7 75 80 85 90 9 00 9 9 9 9 9 9 0 1 19 19 1 1 1 19 1 19 1 2 viii RAP PUBLICATION 2014/26
ASIA-PACIFIC FISHERY COMMISSION (APFIC)
Regional overview of aquaculture trends in the Asia-Pacific Region 2014
Prepared by the Secretariat of the Asia-Pacific Fishery Commission
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS REGIONAL OFFICE FOR ASIA AND THE PACIFIC Bangkok, 2014
i The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned.
The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO.
ISBN 978-92-5-108675-9
© FAO 2014
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Citation: Asia-Pacific Fishery Commission. 2014. Regional overview of aquaculture trends in the Asia-Pacific Region 2014, RAP Publication 2014/26, 45 p. ii Foreword
This biennial review of aquaculture production in the Asia-Pacific region has been produced by the Asia-Pacific Fishery Commission (APFIC) Secretariat as part of its function to inform member countries of the status and trends in the fishery and aquaculture sectors of the region.
The Asia-Pacific region is the world leader in total aquaculture production, producing 58.5 million tonnes of aquaculture products in 2012, representing more than 89 percent of total global aquaculture production in that year (excluding aquatic plants). This production comprised more than 225 species and species groups in 2012.
It is clear that, more than any other region, the review of aquaculture production by species, commodity group, country and subregion is important to understand trends in aquaculture development and the distribution of this production.
The regional overview is prepared for member countries and other stakeholders to provide easy access to the complex and diverse aquaculture production of the Asia-Pacific region.
Hiroyuki Konuma Assistant Director-General and Regional Representative FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific
iii iv Contents
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Foreword ...... iii Introduction ...... 1 Aquaculture Trends in Asia and the Pacific Region ...... 2 Trends in South Asia...... 4 Trends in Southeast Asia ...... 6 Trends in the People’s Republic of China ...... 8 Trends in the Other Asia subregion ...... 11 Trends in Oceania...... 13 Freshwater Carnivorous Finfish with High Input Requirements...... 15 Eels (Order Anguilliformes and Synbranchiformes) ...... 15 Perch-like fish (Family Percichthyidae) ...... 16 Snakeheads (Family Channidae) ...... 16 Salmonids (Family Salmonidae) farmed in freshwater ...... 16 Other high value freshwater finfish ...... 16 Freshwater Finfish with Low Input Requirements ...... 18 Carps and barbs (Family Cyprinidae) ...... 19 Catfish (Order Siluriformes) ...... 21 Tilapia (Genus Oreochromis)...... 22 Freshwater fish nei ...... 22 Gourami (Family Osphronemidae) ...... 23 Milkfish (Genus Chanos) ...... 23 Other low value freshwater finfish ...... 23 Marine and Brackish Water Finfish Species ...... 24 Milkfish (Genus Chanos) ...... 24 Japanese Seabass and Barramundi (Family Centropomidae and Percichthyidae) ...... 25 Jacks (Family Carangidae) ...... 25 Seabream and porgies (Family Sparidae) ...... 25 Flatfish (Genus Psetta and Paralichthys) ...... 25 Groupers (Subfamily Epinephelinae)...... 26 Tilapia cultured in marine environments (Genus Oreochromis) ...... 26 Salmonids cultured in brackish water and marine environments (Genus Salmo and Oncorhynchus) ...... 26 Cobia (Family Rachycentridae) ...... 26 Mullets (Genus Mugil and Liza) ...... 27 Snappers (Family Lutjanidae) ...... 27 Other marine finfish ...... 27 Crustaceans ...... 28 Whiteleg Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)...... 29 Giant Tiger Prawn (Penaeus monodon) ...... 29 Other shrimp and prawn Species (Family Caridea) ...... 30 Freshwater prawns (Genus Macrobrachium) ...... 30
v Contents (continued)
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Crabs (Infra-order Brachyura) ...... 31 Freshwater crayfish and crawfish (Procambarus and Cherax spp.) ...... 31 Lobsters (Panulirus spp.) ...... 31 Molluscs ...... 32 Low value molluscs...... 32 High Value Molluscs species ...... 33 Aquatic Plants ...... 34 Seaweed for food purposes ...... 34 Seaweeds for biopolymers ...... 34 Annex – Data tables ...... 35 South Asia – Aquaculture production by major group (2010 to 2012) ...... 37 Southeast Asia – Aquaculture production by major group (2010 to 2012) ...... 37 China – Aquaculture production by major group (2010 to 2012) ...... 38 Other Asia – Aquaculture production by major group (2010 to 2012) ...... 38 Oceania – Aquaculture production by major group (2010 to 2012)...... 39 Freshwater carnivorous finfish (2002 to 2012)...... 39 Freshwater omnivorous and herbivorous finfish (2002 to 2012)...... 40 Marine finfish (2002 to 2012)...... 40 Crustaceans by major group (2002 to 2012) ...... 41 Marine and brackishwater shrimp and prawns (2002 to 2012) ...... 41 Freshwater crustaceans (2002 to 2012) ...... 42 Low value molluscs (2005 to 2012) ...... 43 High value molluscs (2002 to 2012) ...... 43 Aquatic plants by country (2002 to 2012) ...... 44 Aquatic plants by species (2002 to 2012) ...... 45
vi Introduction
The Asia-Pacific region is the world leader in total aquaculture production. In 2012 the region produced 58.5 million tonnes of aquaculture products (excluding aquatic plants), accounting for 89 percent of the global aquaculture production of 66.7 million tonnes. More than any other region, the review of aquaculture production by species, commodity group, country and subregion is important to understand the trends in aquaculture development.
The Asia-Pacific region reports a staggering list of 225 cultured species at family or species level indicating the diversity of the aquaculture sector in the region:
● 33 molluscs ● 18 aquatic plants ● 129 finfish ● 31 crustaceans (crabs, shrimp prawns, lobsters, crayfish) ● 2 amphibians (frogs) ● 2 reptiles (turtles) ● 10 other invertebrates (jellyfish, sea urchins, sea cucumber)
This review of aquaculture status and trends covers the states, entities and areas of Asia and the Pacific region that report aquaculture statistics to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), and which are within the area of competence of the Asia-Pacific Fishery Commission (APFIC). It is based on the data provided in the FAO FishStaJ database1.
For the aquaculture overview of the Asia-Pacific, the countries comprising the subregions are divided as follows:
South Asia Bangladesh (the People’s Republic of), Bhutan (the Kingdom of), India (the Republic of), Maldives (the Republic of), Nepal (Federal Democratic Republic of), Pakistan (Islamic Republic of) and Sri Lanka (the Democratic Socialist Republic of).
Southeast Asia Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia (the Kingdom of), Indonesia (the Republic of), Lao PDR (People’s Democratic Republic), Malaysia, Myanmar (the Union of), Philippines (the Republic of the), Singapore (the Republic of), Thailand (the Kingdom of), Timor-Leste (the Democratic Republic of) and Viet Nam (the Socialist Republic of).
China China (People’s Republic of), Hong Kong SAR (Special Administrative Region of China), Macao SAR (Special Administrative Region of China) and Taiwan Province of China.
Other Asia Japan, Kazakhstan (the Republic of), Korea DPR (Democratic People’s Republic of), Mongolia, Korea RO (Republic of), Tajikistan (the Republic of) and Uzbekistan (the Republic of).
Oceania American Samoa, Australia, the Cook Islands, Fiji Islands (the Republic of the), French Polynesia, Guam, Kiribati (the Republic of), the Marshall Islands, the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM), Nauru (the Republic of), New Caledonia, New Zealand, Niue (the Republic of), Norfolk Island, Northern Mariana Islands (the Commonwealth of the), Palau (the Republic of), Papua New Guinea (PNG), Pitcairn Island, Samoa (the Independent State of), Solomon Islands, Tokelau, Tonga (the Kingdom of), Tuvalu, Vanuatu (the Republic of), and Wallis and Futuna Islands.
1 http://www.fao.org/fishery/topic/166235/en
1 Aquaculture Trends in Asia and the Pacific Region
Global aquaculture production has grown steadily, with an average growth rate of 4.5 percent per year between 2002 and 2012. This has accelerated to 5.0 percent per year over the last five years.
In terms of value, the Asia-Pacific region contributed USD108.34 billion, with an average annual growth of 6.4 percent per year from 2002 to 2012. This equated to 79 percent of the total global aquaculture value, generating USD138 billion in 2012.
Box 1: Top Asia-Pacific aquaculture producing countries in 2012
By weight: Seven Asia-Pacific states are found in the global top ten states in terms of aquaculture production in 2012: China (1), India (2), Viet Nam (3), Indonesia (4), Bangladesh (5), Thailand (7) and Myanmar (10). By value: Similarly, Asia-Pacific states hold seven of the top ten positions: China (1), India (2), Indonesia (3), Viet Nam (5), Japan (7), Bangladesh (8) and Thailand (9).
Representing such a large majority of global production, both in terms of quantity and in terms of value, it is no surprise that most of the top aquaculture producing states are located in the Asia-Pacific region (Box 1). In Figure 1 the trends in global aquaculture production by volume are given from the period 2002 to 2012. The figures exclude aquatic plants.
70 000 Rest of world 60 000 Asia-Pacific w/o China China 50 000
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Figure 1: Trends in global aquaculture production (volume) 2002 to 2012, excluding aquatic plants
2 The top ten countries in terms of quantity and value are listed in Table 1 (2012 data).
Table 1: Top ten global aquaculture producer states in 2012, by quantity and value (excluding aquatic plant production)
By Quantity By Value Tonnes US$ Country Country (Thousand) (Million) China 41 111 China 66 224 India 4 209 India 9 248 Viet Nam 3 086 Indonesia 6 725 Indonesia 3 085 Chile 5 993 Bangladesh 1 726 Viet Nam 5 807 Norway 1 321 Norway 5 166 Thailand 1 234 Japan 4 223 Chile 1 071 Bangladesh 3 911 Egypt 1 018 Thailand 3 316 Myanmar 885 Egypt 2 010 Rest of world 38 360 Rest of world 25 330 Total 97 101 Total 137 953
3 Trends in South Asia The increase in total production quantity in South Asia, (excluding aquatic plants) from 2002 to 2012 can be seen in Figure 2. In 2012 the total production was 6,121,709 tonnes and valued at USD13 488 936. This is an increase of 28.75 percent in terms of value and 16.15 percent in terms of volume.
The total increase in production from 2002 to 2012 was 16.15 percent in terms of volume and 28.75 percent in terms of value.
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Figure 2: Trends in aquaculture production in South Asia by major species groups (excluding aquatic plants)
The top 15 species produced in the South Asian subregion are given in Table 2. Freshwater and diadromous fish species strongly dominate production in this subregion with 90.2 percent of the total. Although only contributing 2.4 percent of total production by volume, it is interesting to note that marine fish production increased by 160 percent from 2010 to 2012.
In 2012, freshwater and diadromous fish, accounted for about 90 percent of total aquaculture production in South Asia in 2012. This subregion also produces crustaceans, marine fish, and molluscs, and this is increasing. Table 2 shows the top species with the Indian carps dominating the list. Catla (Catla catla) production was preeminent, although production decreased slightly between 2010 and 2012.
In freshwater fish production, fish from lower trophic levels, such as the omnivorous and herbivorous Indian carps, dominated. India alone produced 2,458,788 tonnes in 2012. In Bangladesh the most popular species produced is Rohu (Labeo rohita) with a total production of 295 575 tonnes and in Nepal and Pakistan the most popular species in 2012 were silver carp (Hypopthalmichthys molitrix) and Rohu (Labeo rohita), respectively with productions of 11 452 and 43 212 tonnes.
4 There is also substantial production of other carps and barbs in the region, including mrigal carp (Cirrhinus mrigala) (356 875 tonnes) mostly from India and Bangladesh. The production of grass carp has more than doubled from 77 863 tonnes in 2010 to 167 263 tonnes in 2012.
Table 2: Top 15 species by volume (tonnes) in South Asia comparing 2010 and 2012
Cultured species 2010 2012 Catla 2 924 694 2 705 068 Rohu labeo 579 354 970 445 Mrigal carp 265 180 356 875 Freshwater fishes nei 212 292 355 623 Silver carp 359 338 339 317 Striped catfish 125 724 259 637 Giant tiger prawn 46 634 192 995 Grass carp 77 863 167 263 Marine fishes nei 92 518 147 384 Whiteleg shrimp 0 136 300 Tilapias nei 25 673 125 537 Common carp 237 807 71 328 Giant river prawn 30 681 45 242 Silver barb 11 837 43 085 Cyprinids nei 14 732 42 659
The most cultured crustacean is the giant tiger prawn (Penaeus monodon) but it is noteworthy that production of whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) has increased from no production in 2010 to 136,300 tonnes in 2012. This increase is mainly due to greater cost-efficiency in culture technology, particularly in India. Compared to other countries in the Asia-Pacific region, South Asia has not experienced serious problems with acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease, sometimes known as early mortality syndrome (EMS/AHPND). Total crustacean production was 225 756 tonnes in 2010 increasing to 440 736 tonnes in 2012.
The top three species produced in Sri Lanka in 2012 were: giant tiger prawn, (3 310 tonnes), tilapia (1 825 tonnes) of and Common carp (1 371 tonnes).
Mollusc production in the South Asian region is low, with a total production of 12 911 tonnes, valued at USD29 million in 2012. The two main species produced are green mussel (Perna viridis) produced in India and Indian backwater oyster (Crassostrea madrasensis), produced mainly in India, with a smaller production in Sri Lanka.
The marine fish cultured in the subregion, mostly in India and Bangladesh, are not defined and are classed as marine fish nei (“not elsewhere identified”). There was a decrease in production in 2010, but there was a recovery between 2010 and 2012 from 92 518 to 147 384 tonnes, mainly due to an increase in India from 18 693 to 84 164 tonnes.
5 Trends in Southeast Asia Compared to other subregions in Asia-Pacific, aquaculture production in Southeast Asia is highly diversified with a large number of species cultured in fresh, brackish and marine environments. Total production in terms of quantity (excluding aquatic plants) from 2002 to 2012, can be seen in Figure 3.
In 2012 the total production was 9 544 216 tonnes, valued at USD20 436 824. This is an increase of 13.10 percent in terms of volume and 23.93 percent in value from 2010 to 2012. Between 2002 and 2012 the increase was 176.6 percent in volume and 244.40 percent in value.
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Figure 3: Trends in aquaculture production in Southeast Asia by major species groups (excluding aquatic plants)
In Table 3 the top 15 species produced in the Southeast Asian subregion are presented. Pangasius (Pangasius sp.) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) are the two dominant species with whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), milkfish (Chanos chanos) and giant tiger prawn (P. monodon), the next three most popular species produced.
It is interesting to see that despite the serious problems many Southeast Asian countries have experienced with early mortality syndrome (EMS)/acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND), the total production in the subregion of whiteleg shrimp and giant tiger prawn has not gone down. There will probably be a drop in production in 2013/2014 as Thailand and Malaysia, in particular, continue to experience problems with the disease. EMS/AHPND was first reported in southern China in 2010 and subsequently in Viet Nam, Thailand, and Malaysia.
EMS/AHPND disease typically affects shrimp postlarvae within 20–30 days after stocking and frequently causes up to 100 percent mortality. The causative agent of EMS/AHPND has been reported to be a bacterium; a pathogenic Vibrio belonging to the Harveyi clade, presumably Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and the disease continues to be very costly both at farm and national level in countries where the disease is present.
6 Table 3: Top 15 species by volume (tonnes) in Southeast Asia, comparing 2010 and 2012
Cultured species 2010 2012 Pangas catfishes nei 1 306 838 1 631 108 Nile tilapia 808 646 1 053 379 Whiteleg shrimp 977 408 1 003 161 Milkfish 772 817 871 329 Giant tiger prawn 576 180 591 590 Rohu labeo 553 879 585 101 T. shaped catfishes nei 328 398 521 688 Common carp 427 542 512 023 Cyprinids nei 491 314 474 504 Marine molluscs nei 165 000 390 000 Tilapias nei 236 303 279 245 Freshwater fishes nei 342 694 253 402 Green mussel 199 598 136 916 Blood cockle 154 336 111 284 Silver barb 90 462 110 315
Total production of freshwater and diadromous finfish production in the subregion, was 6 937 558 tonnes worth USD11.58 billion in 2012. The growth in both volume and value from 2010 to 2012 was high, respectively 34.1 and 16.5 percent with an increase in volume of 225.23 percent between 2002 and 2012.
The top 3 producing countries of freshwater and diadromous fish are: Indonesia (2 606 580 tonnes), Viet Nam (2 091 200 tonnes) and Myanmar (824 317 tonnes). Most of the freshwater and diadromous fish species are low value species, some for export but mostly for local consumption.
The Pangasius catfish (Pangasius hypophthalmus and P. bocourti), mostly produced in Viet Nam, have the largest production at 1,621,108 tonnes in 2012. This is followed by Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), produced mainly in Indonesia, Thailand and Philippines, at 1,053,379 tonnes in 2012. Both species are important in terms of export and are, globally, two of the most traded species.
Crustacean production in Southeast Asia is mainly focused around shrimp and prawn production, with the two most prominent species being whiteleg shrimp and giant tiger prawns. There is also considerable production of other species e.g. tropical spiny lobster, orange mud crab and swamp and swimming crabs. Total production in 2012 was 1,712,997 tonnes worth USD7.62 billion. The countries with the highest production of crustaceans in Southeast Asia were: Thailand (623 660 tonnes), Viet Nam (513 100 tonnes), Indonesia (387 698 tonnes), Philippines (72 822 tonnes) and Myanmar (58 981 tonnes).
Marine finfish production totalled 143,575 tonnes worth USD557,156 000 in 2012. The biggest producers were Indonesia (72,905 tonnes), Viet Nam (51,000 tonnes), Malaysia (13,369 tonnes) and Thailand (2 848 tonnes).
Of the 47 species of marine finfish cultured in Southeast Asia, the most cultured were eastern pomfred (53,313 tonnes), marine fish nei (51,685 tonnes), groupers nei (14,882 tonnes) and mullets nei (6 566 tonnes).
7 Trends in the People’s Republic of China China, has, by far, the world’s largest and most diverse aquaculture production. The total volume and value of aquaculture in China in 2012 was estimated at 41 459 361 tonnes with a value of USD67.5 billion. Growth since 2010 has been 11.90 percent, and over a ten year period (2002 to 2012) 69.39 percent. In Figure 4 the trend in production from 2002 to 2012 can be seen.
50 000 000 Others Aquatic Animals Nei Crustaceans Freshwater Diadrom Fish Marine Fish 40 000 000 Molluscs
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Figure 4: Trends in aquaculture production in China by major species groups (excluding aquatic plants)
In Table 4, the top 15 species by volume for 2010 and 2012 are presented, showing a steady increase in all the species. The Chinese carps dominate the top 15, but oysters nei and Japanese carpet shell are also high on the list.
Freshwater and diadromous finfish species, especially the Chinese carps are the most important to aquaculture in China. The carp produced are mainly for domestic consumption and are of crucial importance in both rural and urban areas of China to supply a good and fairly cheap source of protein for the Chinese people.
Total production within this group amounted to 23.5 million tonnes worth USD33.5 billion in 2012, up from 20.1 million tonnes worth USD29.8 billion in 2010.
China cultured 35 different species of freshwater and diadromous finfish in 2012, of which carps and barbs are the most important group, although other groups including Tilapia sp. and Pangasius sp. are also significant.
8 Table 4: Top 15 species by volume (tonnes) in China comparing 2010 and 2012
Cultured species 2010 2012 Grass carp 4 224 696 4 783 371 Cupped oysters nei 3 642 829 3 948 817 Japanese carpet shell 3 539 051 3 735 613 Silver carp 3 607 592 3 687 781 Common carp 2 539 323 2 897 679 Bighead carp 2 552 598 2 852 978 Crucian carp 2 216 886 2 450 981 Whiteleg shrimp 1 231 249 1 466 559 Scallops nei 1 407 467 1 419 956 Nile tilapia 999 187 1 164 999 Freshwater fishes nei 630 196 951 808 Marine molluscs nei 470 915 897 188 Sea mussels nei 702 157 764 395 Constricted tagelus 714 434 720 466 Chinese mitten crab 593 313 714 380
Production in China is unevenly distributed between the provinces. In Table 5 the top five provinces in China in terms of aquaculture production (volume) for marine and freshwater aquaculture are listed. For freshwater aquaculture the top five provinces account for 85.52 percent of China’s total production, and for marine/brackish water aquaculture the figure is 64 percent. There are several other countries in the Asia-Pacific region, where there are this type of large difference and diversification at the national level (e.g. India, Thailand, Indonesia).
Molluscs were the next highest group culture in China, with a total production of 12.5 million tonnes in 2012, more than 25 percent of China’s total aquaculture production. This amounted to 80 percent of total world mollusc production, underlining the importance of China in global mollusc production. Most of the mollusc production in China is done in brackish and marine environments, where 14 out of 19 total species are cultured.
Crustaceans were the third most cultured group in China, with a total production of 3.6 million tonnes in 2012. The top crustacean species are whiteleg shrimp (1 466 559 tonnes), Chinese mitten crab (714 380 tonnes), red swamp crawfish (554 821 tonnes), oriental river prawn (237 431 tonnes) and giant river prawn (131 472 tonnes). Most crustacean production in China is conducted in freshwater, where 9 out of 16 total species are cultured. There is also a large production of crustaceans in the marine environment, where 11 species are cultured. Interestingly, whiteleg shrimp are cultured equally in fresh and marine/brackish waters.
9 Table 5: The top five producing provinces in China divided into freshwater aquaculture and marine/brackish water culture environment (Bureau of Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture. 2013. Chinese Fishery Statistical Yearbook 2013. China Agricultural Press, Beijing 145 pp.).
Province Tonnes Province Tonnes Shandong 4 362 443 Hubei 3 676 396 Fujian 3 326 595 Guangdong 3 440 941 Guangdong 2 757 362 Jiangsu 3 118 368 Ciaoniing 2 635 627 Hunan 2 109 424 Guangxi 977 307 Jiangxi 2 105 141 Total 16 483 105 Total 26 445 448
Compared with other species, there is relatively low production of marine finfish in China. However, compared with other regions, production is still huge, with a total production in 2012 of 1 068 519 tonnes worth USD2.6 billion.
The largest marine finfish group/species is marine fish nei with a production in 2012 of 318 726 tonnes. It is difficult to compare data in these nei classes as authorities sometimes reclassify species.
Other important marine finfish species are higher value carnivorous species and include: Japanese seabass (Lateolabrax japonicus) with a production of 125 836 tonnes, pompanos nei (112 000 tonnes), grouper nei (95 217 tonnes) and the large yellow croaker (Larimichthys croceus), an omnivorous species, with a production of 95 118 tonnes.
10 Trends in the Other Asia subregion In 2012 the Other Asia subregion had an annual aquaculture production (excluding aquatic plants) of 1 188 952 tonnes with a value of USD5.68 billion. This is under 5 percent of the total global aquaculture production. The development of the subregion’s aquaculture production from 2002 to 2012 can be seen in Figure 5. Compared to other subregions in Asia-Pacific, the increase over the last decade has been quite low. Production was quite stable between 2002 and 2010, with a slight decline from 2010 to 2012 of about 6.0 percent in terms of volume and a slight increase in terms of value at 4.3 percent.
4 000 000 Others Aquatic Animals Nei Crustaceans 3 500 000 Freshwater Diadrom Fish Marine Fish Molluscs 3 000 000
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Figure 5: Trends in aquaculture production in “Other Asian” by major species groups (excluding aquatic plants)
The largest producing country in the subregion is Japan, with a production of 633 067 tonnes valued at USD4.22 billion. The Republic of Korea had the second largest production, 484 404 tonnes valued at USD1.4 billion. Both Japan and the Republic of Korea concentrate on production of higher value species.
The third major producer in the subregion is the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea which produced 64 050 tonnes worth USD49.6 million in 2012. In Table 6 a list of the most produced species in the subregion are listed.
Table 6 shows that this subregion has a comparatively large production of molluscs and marine finfish. In 2012 the total production of molluscs was 779 602 tonnes and the total production of marine finfish 316 954 tonnes (including pelagic, demersal and marine fish nei). The production of molluscs in the subregion is mostly high value species e.g. Pacific cupped oyster (Crassostrea gigas) and Yesso scallop (Patinopecten Yessoensis).
11 Table 6: Top 15 species by volume (tonnes) in Other Asia comparing 2010 and 2012
Cultured species 2010 2012 Japanese amberjack 1 344 023 1 580 648 Japanese eel 605 135 644 979 Silver seabream 633 268 609 135 Pacific cupped oyster 530 781 528 848 Yesso scallop 395 218 508 391 Bastard halibut 490 519 449 272 Abalones nei 197 708 213 237 Korean rockfish 170 940 132 923 Pearl oyster shells nei 112 473 121 056 Kuruma prawn 96 692 103 767 Ayu sweetfish 95 634 95 836 Tiger pufferfish 97 020 91 938 Rainbow trout 60 749 64 047 Trouts nei 53 982 60 344 Coho (= Silver) salmon 77 386 56 112
The top cultured species is the Pacific cupped oyster, cultured mainly in the Republic of Korea and Japan. With a production of 445 972 tonnes in 2012, it is slightly down from 2010.
The Yesso scallop is popular in Japan, with a total production for the subregion of about 185 006 tonnes in 2012. The Korean mussel (Mytilus coruscus) was produced exclusively in the Republic of Korea with 61 310 tonnes in 2012, a decline from the 2010 figures.
The culture of marine finfish in the subregion is an important activity generating more than 70 percent of the subregions value in 2012. The main production of marine finfish is by Japan and the Republic of Korea. There are 21 species of marine finfish cultured in the subregion and, as can be seen in Table 6, the Japanese amberjack (Seriola quinqueradiata), is by far the most popular.
There were a total of 18 freshwater and diadromous freshwater finfish species cultured in the subregion, mostly comprising high value carnivorous species together with a few lower value carp species. The most important species cultured in 2012 was the Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica), produced in Japan and the Republic of Korea.
Crustacean production in the subregion is low. Total production amounted to just 4 434 tonnes worth USD146 million in 2012. The principle crustacean species farmed is the whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), which was only introduced into the Republic of Korea in 2006, but has experienced high growth since then. The only other important species cultured is the kuruma prawn (Penaeus japonicus), which is cultured in Japan.
12 Trends in Oceania Oceania’s total aquaculture production amounted to 186 759 tonnes worth USD1.2 billion in 2012. There has been a slight decrease in production from 2010 to 2012, 0.53 percent in volume, but over the last ten years (2002 to 2012) there was an average yearly growth of 4.43 percent. Oceania’s production is dominated by the production of high value molluscs together with freshwater and diadromous fish. The development of production from 2002 to 2012 can be seen in Figure 6.
200 000 Aquatic Animals Nei Others Crustaceans Freshwater Diadrom Fish
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Figure 6: Trends in aquaculture production in Oceania by major species groups (excluding aquatic plants)
The biggest producers by far in 2012 were New Zealand (100 161 tonnes) and Australia (80 004 tonnes). Third in the subregion is French Polynesia with a production of 2 654 tonnes in 2012. In Table 7 the top species produced are listed.
The majority of the culture in the Oceania subregion is of molluscs with a significant production of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) (43 785 tonnes in 2012). Total mollusc production in 2012 was 107 537 tonnes with a value of USD305 million.
Eighty percent of mollusc production in Oceania is the New Zealand mussel (Perna canaliculus) cultured in New Zealand.
Other major mollusc species cultured in the subregion, including the Pacific cupped oyster (Crassostrea gigas), are produced mostly in Australia and New Zealand.
13 Table 7: Top 15 species by volume (tonnes) in Oceania comparing 2010 and 2012
Cultured species 2010 2012 New Zealand mussel 95 168 86 447 Atlantic salmon 31 807 43 785 Flat and cupped oysters nei 14 931 15 745 Chinook (= Spring = King) salmon 12 905 12 397 Barramundi (= Giant seaperch) 3 638 4 498 Penaeus shrimps nei 5 280 3 941 Australian mussel 3 465 3 404 Aquatic invertebrates nei 1 852 2 834 Blacklip pearl oyster 2 129 2 559 Southern bluefin tuna 3 324 2 486 Blue shrimp 1 195 1 714 Marine fishes nei 4 291 1 665 Nile tilapia 1 275 1 526 Pacific cupped oyster 2 503 1 236 Blacklip abalone 1 985 605
There were only 6 species of marine finfish cultured in Oceania with the Atlantic salmon being the most important. All of this production was from Tasmania in Australia, where some large and very modern salmon farms operate. Second was chinook (spring or king) salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) with a production of 12 397 tonnes, and thirdly Barramundi or the giant seaperch (Lates calcarifer) with 4 498 tonnes grown in 2012.
There is some production of freshwater and diadromous finfish species. Freshwater fish make up less than 2 percent of the aquaculture production in Oceania, and only 8 species of freshwater/ diadromous fish were cultured in 2012. These included Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), Freshwater fish nei, common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and silver perch (Bidyanus bidyanus).
14 Freshwater Carnivorous Finfish with High Input Requirements
Freshwater carnivorous finfish are generally defined as the group of high value freshwater fish that require a high level of protein input due to their carnivorous nature. Also included here, because they are cultured in freshwater, are species that are basically marine or brackish water species e.g. pomfred, some salmonids and eels. In Figure 7 the total production for the region of eels, perch-like fish, snakeheads, freshwater salmonids and knifefish/gobies can be seen.
2 000 000 Salmonids 1 800 000 Others Snakeheads 1 600 000 Perch-like fishes 1 400 000 Eels 1 200 000 1 000 000
Tonnes 800 000 600 000 400 000 200 000 0 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Year
Figure 7: Changes in freshwater carnivorous fish species production from 2002 to 2012 in Asia and the Pacific region
The culture of this group of high value freshwater fish in the Asia and the Pacific region has been increasingly fairly constantly over the past decade, with a growth rate of 17 percent per year between 2002 to 2012, reaching a total production of 1 758 479 tonnes in 2012. From 2010 to 2012 there was an increase in all five groups. The increase in these species correlates to the general rise in living standards across the region, with growing middle class affluence fuelling demand for higher value species. Eels (Order Anguilliformes and Synbranchiformes) The production of eels in the Asia and the Pacific region in 2012 was 557 407 tonnes, which is an annual growth of 11 percent since 2002 when production was 200 804 tonnes (Figure 7). Production is dominated by two species, the Asian swamp eel (Monopterus albus) and Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica). The main producer is China, with 533 430 tonnes, almost 96 percent of the total production in the region. The other countries in the region that produce eels are Japan, Indonesia, Republic of Korea, Singapore, Thailand and Cambodia which produce smaller quantities through aquaculture.
It should be noted that the accurate reporting of eel production with respect to the actual species produced is now of considerable importance with regard to the CITES listing. The APFIC region should see a significant decline in Anguilla anguilla production (in principle to zero) from Asian countries that lie outside of its natural range and therefore cannot import elvers from Europe. This has mean that considerable attention has turned to the sourcing of glass eels/elvers from within the Asia region from countries such as Myanmar and Indonesia and elsewhere.
15 Perch-like fish (Family Percichthyidae) The total production of this group was 541 870 tonnes in 2012. This is an annual increase of 17 percent a year between 2002 and 2012. The group include Barramundi (Lates calcarifer), also called the giant seaperch, Mandarin fish (Siniperca chuatsi), largemouth black bass (Micropterus salmoides), silver perch (Bidyanus bibyanus), golden perch (Macquaria ambigua), European perch (Perca fluviatilis), Murray cod (Maccullochella peelii), Waigieu seaperch (Psammoperca waigiensis) and other seabreams. The largemouth black bass and the Mandarin fish are by far the dominant species with production of 243 196 and 281 502 tonnes respectively; both species are solely produced in China. There is a smaller, but increasing, production of Barramundi in Taiwan Province of China with 16 821 tonnes in 2012. Snakeheads (Family Channidae) The snakeheads are the third largest group of the freshwater carnivorous finfish requiring high feed input. The total production in 2012 was 506 036 tonnes, which is an annual increase of 29 percent since 2002 when the total production was 39 427 tonnes. In 2012 China produced 480 594 tonnes of snakehead, with Bangladesh, Indonesia, Thailand and Cambodia also contributing. The species are mostly unclassified snakeheads with smaller amounts of Indonesian snakeheads and striped snakeheads among others. China has recently started to report snakehead production separately (as with other species). Due to changes in how the snakeheads are reported in the statistics, it is difficult to identify a trend for the group, although it is clear that the group as a whole is seeing strong growth. It is also worth noting that the snakehead species are mainly produced for local and sometimes regional markets, but rarely exported outside the region. Salmonids (Family Salmonidae) farmed in freshwater The Salmonids are farmed in both fresh and marine waters, but this section only describes production and trends for freshwater culture. The freshwater production of salmonid species in the region was stable between 2003 to 2011 but then had a slight jump in 2012 with a production of 41 995 tonnes, an increase of around 19 percent in one year. This was mainly due to increased production of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in China and increased production of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in New Zealand. Other countries in the region produce valuable salmonids, particularly rainbow trout in Japan and the Republic of Korea. It is also interesting to note, small, but increasing production from some of the more mountainous states e.g. Nepal, Republic of Korea, Kazakhstan, and Tajikistan.
This rise in the volume of production of rainbow trout in China has grown at 9 percent per year since it was first reported in 2003, making it the predominant freshwater salmonid in the region. Other high value freshwater finfish Other high value fish species being produced in the region in freshwater include knifefish, gobies, sturgeons nei (Acipenseridae spp.), eastern pomfred (Schuettea scalaripinnis) and puffers nei (Tetraodontidae spp.). With a total production in 2012 of 111 173 tonnes, there is considerable production of this diverse group, which are mostly produced for regional markets. The two dominant species are eastern pomfred and sturgeons nei. The eastern pomfred, which is produced in Indonesia, reached a production of 53 314 tonnes in 2012, up from 14 625 tonnes in 2011. The sturgeons nei are mainly produced in China (55 184 tonnes in 2012) and in Viet Nam with a smaller but increasing production of 1 200 tonnes in 2012. The production of marble goby (Oxyeleotris marmorata), produced in Indonesia, Singapore and Malaysia, had a total production of 939 tonnes in 2012. In Bangladesh there is a niche production of Bronze featherback (Notopterus notopterus) of 533 tonnes in 2012. The bronze featherback is originally from the Tonle Sap river and lake system, but is also used for aquaculture in Bangladesh.
16 With slow growth rates and carnivorous diets as well as the requirement for moving or well-aerated water, culture of these species is comparatively costly. There has been an increased focus on intensification of the aquaculture sector in the region, but given the high levels of input required for these carnivorous species it is important that responsible intensification, especially for the carnivorous species, should also include increased efficiency.
With increasing demand for resources in the region and globally it is important for the sector to think about utilization of resources e.g. good water quality, feed, suitability and quality of land.
17 Freshwater Finfish with Low Input Requirements
Freshwater omnivorous and herbivorous fish are an important food for many countries in Asia and the Pacific region. Traditional pond culture still remains the dominant production system for finfish species and due to the herbivorous nature of many of the species in this group, the requirement for inputs is lower than for the carnivorous species.
More than 80 percent of the total production is from aquaculture ponds. These are often extensive systems that integrate agriculture and aquaculture systems (IAA-farming) and hence are linked with other agriculture activities in order to capitalize on their by-products. The main motivations for practicing IAA-farming are increased income and food for home consumption from the available farm resources while reducing environmental impacts. One example of IAA-farming systems are the VAC-systems. The VAC-systems are a combination of horticulture, aquaculture, and livestock keeping within the same system. VAC comes from the Vietnamese words for garden (Vuon), pond (Ao) and livestock quarters (Chuong). The aquaculture part of the VAC-system often produces various carp species and was developed as a food security strategy for rural areas of Viet Nam. The advantage of the system is that it recirculates nutrients among the three subsystems providing both an economically and environmentally sustainable system. The VAC-systems are typically small-scale and family operated, and on average, occupy 0.5 ha of land with the aquaculture pond usually no bigger than 1 500 m2. The systems culture many of the main carp species including Rohu (Labeo rohita), silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), Mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigala), grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio).
In general, the culture of this group of low value herbivorous and omnivorous freshwater fish in the Asia and the Pacific region has been growing more slowly than carnivorous freshwater finfish over the past decade, with a growth rate of 6 percent per year between 2000 and 2012. However it is important to note that this type of aquaculture is still the backbone of aquaculture production in Asia and the Pacific, especially for poorer rural farmers. These traditional systems are often neglected in both research and development as well as in policy development.
The production from individual operation of such systems may be small and sometimes it might not be captured in the national statistics, as the products are often both grown and traded in the local community. However, the large number of these ponds and the aggregated production and value to the households engaged in the activity is probably very significant. Studies and analyses of the real impact of these systems and their contribution to income generation and nutrition in rural areas should be undertaken to better understand and appreciate the contribution from these systems.
The production of this group increased nearly 10 percent from 2011 to 2012, with a production of 33 177 037 tonnes, accounting for more than 95 percent of the freshwater fish production in the Asia-Pacific region. This group is divided into 7 groups, namely carps and barbs, catfish, tilapia, freshwater fish nei, Gourami, milkfish and others. The total production for each of the groups can be seen in Figure 8.
Whilst most countries in the Asia-Pacific region have some production from this group, the main producers are China and India with the Chinese and Indian carp species. Production in Viet Nam grew at an impressive 18 percent in terms of volume between 2002 and 2012. Most of the increase in production in recent years has come from Viet Nam and India.
18 40 000 Others Mullets 35 000 Milkfish Gouramis Freshwater fish nei 30 000 Tilapia Catfish 25 000 Carps and Barbs
20 000
15 000 Tonnes (x 1 000) Tonnes
10 000
5 000
0 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Year
Figure 8: Changes in freshwater low input fish species production from 2002 to 2012 in Asia and the Pacific region
Carps and barbs (Family Cyprinidae) The majority of aquaculture production both globally and in the region is from production of carps and barbs. One could argue that carps and barbs are the backbone of the aquaculture industry with these species providing both nutrition and income to many people in the region. Carp and barb production is particularly important in the most populous states, China, India and Bangladesh. Production is nearly entirely consumed domestically with only a very few high value species being traded within the region.
The total production of carps and barbs from Asia and the Pacific region in 2012 was 24 068 000 tonnes (Figure 8).
The top six cultured finfish species in the Asia-Pacific region are carps from freshwater production. These are: grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), silver carp (Hypopthalmichthys molitrix), Catla (Catla catla), common carp (Cyprinus carpio), bighead carp (Hypopthalmichthys nobilis) and crucian carp (Carassius carassius), with a further five Roho labeo (Labeo rohita), wuchang bream (Megalobrama amblycephala), cyprinids nei (Cyprinidae), black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus) and mrigal carp (Cirrhinus mrigala).
In 2012 the total production of grass carp was a staggering 4 977 694 tonnes. The grass carp is mainly produced in China (4 781 698 tonnes), but there is production in Bangladesh (17 661), Bhutan (36 tonnes), Cambodia (190 tonnes), Hong Kong SAR (492 tonnes), India (123 240 tonnes), Lao PDR (6 500 tonnes), Malaysia (3 029 tonnes), Myanmar (16 484 tonnes), Nepal (2 375 tonnes), Pakistan (23 950 tonnes), Sri Lanka (1 tonne), Taiwan Province of China (1 181 tonnes), Tajikistan (57 tonnes) and Uzbekistan (800 tonnes). The production of silver carp is also massive with total production in the region in 2012 of 3 871 941 tonnes. The carp species with the highest rate of growth currently is the Catla, the production of which has been growing at just under 20 percent per year in terms of volume from 2002 to 2012.
19 Common carp is the most widely cultured species in the region with 19 countries having reported culturing this species. The other most widely cultured species are grass and silver carps (12 countries each), bighead carp (10 countries), Roho and mrigal (9 countries each), and Catla with 8 countries.
Production of all of the species in this group is generally increasing, except for mrigal carp, which has been decreasing at 4 percent per year from 2002 to 2012). The rate of growth since 2002 for all the important carp species has started to show signs of slowing down. This might be linked to the increasing trend of some of the higher value species in both this group and also in the carnivorous freshwater fish group. Slower growth, or even stagnation, might be due to lower profit margins for the farmers and shrinking markets for the traditional carp and barb species.
There is not much international trade of carp and barb species as they are largely consumed locally. There is some trade between India, Nepal and Bangladesh with Myanmar recently developing exports of carp to neighbouring Bangladesh and the Middle East.
China is the main producer and consumer of carps. About 70 percent of the production is in China with total production in 2012 of more than 17 million tonnes. This comprises bighead carp, black carp, common carp, crucian carp, grass carp, mud carp and silver carp. Outside of China the increase in production of carps and barbs is due to the rapid growth rates in India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Viet Nam, and Pakistan.
In India it is the group of Indian major carps that dominate production with Catla (2 458 788 tonnes), Roho (627 662 tonnes), and Mrigal (165 782 tonnes), but also a large production of grass carp (123 240 tonnes), and silver carp (123 240 tonnes). Catla production in India has increased from 424 381 tonnes in 2002 to 2.5 million tonnes in 2012. It is interesting to note that the production of common carp was 186 454 tonnes in 2010, but there was no reported production between 2011 and 2012 (similarly no production is reported between 2004 and 2009).
The importance of carps to Indian aquaculture is clear as this equates to 77 percent by volume and 83 percent by value of India’s total aquaculture production.
It should also be noted that there are huge geographical differences in production, as well as consumption. These do not always match e.g. in the case of India, where Andhra Pradesh is a massive producer of freshwater fish, but levels of fish consumption indicated from household surveys remains relatively low compared to adjoining states.
Bangladesh produced more than 1 million tonnes of carps and barbs in 2012. Indian carps dominate the production with Rohu (295 575 tonnes), Catla (222 859 tonnes), and Mrigal (161 443 tonnes) being the main species. There is also a large production of silver carp (180 625 tonnes) common carp (64 769 tonnes) and silver barb (43 085 tonnes). Most of the aquaculture systems in Bangladesh are extensive polyculture systems.
Myanmar produced 746 761 tonnes of carps and barbs in 2012. The main species in Myanmar by far, is the Rohu labeo (Labeo rohita) with a total production of 576 971 tonnes, or more than 77 percent of carps and barbs production in 2012. Carp production in Myanmar is a rapidly growing activity and as noted above there is a developing trade of carps to Bangladesh and India. Myanmar is increasingly interested to diversify its aquaculture production away from rohu.
Viet Nam produced 550 000 tonnes of carps and barbs in 2012. There has been a slight decline from 2011 where production was 640 000 tonnes. All of the production is reported as cyprinids nei and common carp. This however covers a wide variation of different carp species being cultured especially in the Northern parts of Viet Nam, where both polyculture and monoculture systems of carp aquaculture are practiced.
20 Indonesia produced 422 232 tonnes of carps and barbs in 2012, mostly Common carp, which had a production of 374 366 tonnes in 2012 or 89 percent of the total carp and barb production. There is also a smaller production of gudgeons, Hoven’s carp, nilem carp and silver barb.
Pakistan produced 139 743 tonnes of carps and barbs in 2012. From 2000 to 2010 there was a very high growth rate of 27 percent per year in terms of volume but from 2010 to 2012 there has been no increase. Most of this production comprised Rohu (43 212 tonnes), silver carp (23 950 tonnes), mrigal carp (24 206 tonnes) and grass carp (23 950 tonnes), all grown in extensive polyculture ponds.
Lao PDR produced 75 600 tonnes of carp and barb in 2012. What is interesting in Lao PDR is to see the trend towards a large number of different species. Lao PDR Production consists of bighead carp (8 500 tonnes), Catla (6 500 tonnes), common carp (7 500 tonnes), grass carp (6 500 tonnes), isok barb (5 200 tonnes), mrigal carp (6 000 tonnes), mud carp (4 000 tonnes), Rohu (6 900 tonnes), silver barb (8 000 tonnes), silver carp (10 400 tonnes) and small mud carp (6 100 tonnes). Production of carp and barb is important for Lao PDR making up 75 percent by volume of total aquaculture production, although there is increasing commercial culture of tilapia in cages. Catfish (Order Siluriformes) The total volume of catfish produced in the Asia and the Pacific region in 2012 was 3 395 321 tonnes, making it the second most cultured group of freshwater fish requiring low input after the carps and the barbs. The top five producing states in the region and in the world are Viet Nam, China, Indonesia, Bangladesh, Thailand and Malaysia. This group includes the pangas catfish (Pangasius spp.), Clarias spp., Mystus spp., Silurid spp., Pelteobagrus spp. and some introduced species e.g. channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus).
In 2002 the total production was only 266 747 tonnes so the increase in production has been spectacular with an increase of more than 25 percent per year since 2002.
The biggest producer of catfish is Viet Nam, which has seen a dramatic increase in the production of tra (Pangasianodon hypopthalmus) and basa (Pangasius bocourti), the two main catfish species cultured there. Production has increased from 135 000 tonnes in 2002 to 1.26 million tonnes in 2012. Exports to the European Union (EU) increased, but in recent years has seen a decline due to increasing availability or sourcing of other white fish meats (e.g. North Atlantic cod) and due to bad press in the European media. The Viet Nam Association of Seafood Exporters (VASEP) estimates that Viet Nam accounts for about 40 percent of the total European (27 countries) frozen freshwater fillets market. The years 2012 to 2014 saw an increase in exports to the Russian Federation, in an attempt to diversify markets. Besides the production from Viet Nam there are smaller volumes being produced in Malaysia (18 389 tonnes), Indonesia (340 000 tonnes), and Cambodia (26 800 tonnes).
The second largest group of catfish reported is the Clarias Spp. group, including hybrid catfish, torpedo-shaped catfish, Hong Kong SAR and Philippine catfish. The total production of Clarias sp. in the region amounted to nearly 500 000 tonnes in 2012.
The American Channel catfish has also been imported into China, which now reports a production of 0.2 million tonnes in 2010. Since its first importation in 2002, production has grown very rapidly by 280 percent per year in terms of volume and 230 percent per year in terms of value between 2003 and 2010. Much of this production is reportedly exported to the USA, although there is now also some domestic consumption in China.
The other main species of catfish produced in the region is the Amur catfish (Silurus asotus) produced mainly in China, with some production in the Republic of Korea. China produced 408 750 tonnes in 2012.
21 Tilapia (Genus Oreochromis) Tilapia production in the Asia and the Pacific region has increased steadily over the past two decades and is the third most important cultured finfish species in this group after carps/barbs and catfish. In 2012 the total production of freshwater cultured Tilapia was 3 044 460 tonnes up from 2 448 830 million tonnes in 2010.
There is a small percentage (less than 2 percent) produced in environments other than freshwater.
Tilapia are together with the Pangassid catfish, one of the most internationally traded freshwater finfish species. The increase in production is driven by demand from an international market more than a domestic market, although Tilapia has also gained in popularity in the region. Being a more commercial product, the culture is more regulated and intensive than, for example carp species. To supply global value chains it is important to have traceability and standardization of size, feeds and output from production systems. Quality control and food safety issues are also crucial.
In 2012, China produced 1 552 999 tonnes of tilapia with a production of 1 165 000 tonnes of Nile tilapia and a smaller production of Blue tilapia (388 000 tonnes). This is 51 percent of the total Tilapia production in the region. Most of the Chinese production is in the Southern provinces of Guangdong and on the island of Hainan. Indonesia is also a large producer of Nile tilapia (660 929 tonnes in 2012), as well as some Mozambique tilapia (17 799 tonnes in 2012). In 2012 The Philippines produced 246 002 tonnes of Nile tilapia and Thailand had a production of 153 311tonnes.
The main species is the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), followed by Mozambique tilapia and some hybrid species. The production of Tilapia has increased 24 percent between 2010 and 2012, mainly because of increased production in Indonesia, Viet Nam, China and Bangladesh.
Tilapia hybrids between the blue (Oreochromis aureus) and Nile tilapia have been reported by China since 2007, and current production is already greater than 0.3 million tonnes. This production rate has grown at 7 percent per year between 2010 and 2012, and is expected to continue in 2013. Freshwater fish nei It is difficult to define a real trend in the freshwater fish nei as reporting details have changed over time. The total volume of freshwater fish nei reported in 2012 was 1 531 051 tonnes, a significant amount.
The major producer of the fish reported as “freshwater fish nei” is China, which reported 949 871 tonnes in 2012. As species reporting develops and improves this category should become smaller.
India also reports a large quantity as “freshwater fish nei”. The production in 2012 was 306 009 tonnes. There is a large variation in the numbers reported year by year in this category, so there is, again, no clear trend. It may well be comprised largely of Pangasius spp. catfish, which are otherwise unreported in India.
Viet Nam reported 170 000 tonnes of nei production in 2012, up from 58 600 tonnes in 2010, but down from 556 500 tonnes reported in 2007. There is so much variation in this group that it is difficult to see any pattern. There is sometimes a correlation with some of the main identified species (e.g. if the nei goes down, you would see the reported Pangasius production increase in Viet Nam), but it is not easy to determine the actual reason.
The less nei reported, the easier it will be to manage the sector, so an effort to minimize the nei reporting should be made.
22 Gourami (Family Osphronemidae) The total production of gouramis in the Asia and the Pacific region was 163 741 tonnes in 2012, an increase of 53 percent since 2010 and with a growth rate of about 12 percent per year in terms of volume between 2002 and 2012. The main reasons for this large increase is a jump in production of climbing perch in Bangladesh, from 7 125 tonnes in 2010 to 31 143 tonnes in 2012, and from Indonesia with an increase of Giant gourami production from 56 889 tonnes in 2010 to 84 681 tonnes in 2012.
The main species produced are giant gourami (Osphoronemus gourami) (88 647 tonnes in 2012), Snakeskin gourami (Trichopodus pectoralis) (41 671 tonnes in 2012), climbing perch (Anabas testudineus) (33 212 tonnes), kissing gourami (Helostoma temminckii) (201 tonnes) and gouramis nei (10 tonnes in 2012) Gouramis are mainly produced in Indonesia (85 631 tonnes in 2012), Thailand (38 378 tonnes in 2012), Bangladesh (31 143 tonnes in 2012), with smaller quantities originating in Cambodia (8 400 tonnes in 2012) and Philippines (189 tonnes in 2012). Milkfish (Genus Chanos) Most of the milkfish cultured in the region is grown in brackish and marine environments and will be reported in the marine and brackish section. The small portion of milkfish that is grown in freshwater amounted to 70 843 tonnes in 2012. The main countries are the Philippines with 41 524 tonnes in 2012, followed by Taiwan Province of China (29 302 tonnes in 2012) and Sri Lanka (17 tonnes in 2012). Other low value freshwater finfish The total production of other low value freshwater finfish was 453 998 tonnes in 2012. Some of the species in this group, for example the mullets (order Mugiliformes), are mostly produced in marine and brackish waters, but there is some limited production in freshwater. The total production of mullet (Mugil cephalus) in the region amounted to 1 306 tonnes in 2012. Mullet is one of the species only consumed locally and not exported at all. Pacus and pirapatinga (Collossoma spp. and Piaractus spp.) are species originally from Latin American and are often not reported in the region. There was a total reported production of 106 157 tonnes in 2012 up from 102 019 tonnes in 2010. Production is focused in China, Viet Nam and Myanmar.
23 Marine and Brackish Water Finfish Species
Total production of cultured marine and brackishwater fish species in the Asia and the Pacific region increased to 2 556 553 tonnes in 2012. Most of the species produced in marine and brackish water are species requiring high feed inputs, as they are carnivorous species. There is a notable exception of the milkfish which is a herbivorous species, produced mainly in the Philippines. One of the main challenges with production of marine and brackish water species is the high cost associated with feed. Most of the feed is based on usage of low value fish from capture fisheries, and concerns are often raised, especially among environmental NGO’s, about the sustainability of “feeding fish to fish”. There are, however, several on-going initiatives working to reduce the dependence on low-value fish from capture fisheries and, for example, use fish waste from the processing plants and/or alternative sources of protein (e.g. plant based). In Figure 9 the distribution and trend of the marine and brackish finfish is shown.
2 500 000 Groupers Others Halibut and Turbot Seabream and porgies 2 000 000 Jacks Barramundi and seabass Marine Fishes nei Milkfish 1 500 000 Tonnes 1 000 000
500 000
0 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Year
Figure 9: Changes in freshwater carnivorous fish species production from 2002 to 2012 in Asia and the Pacific region
Milkfish (Genus Chanos) Milkfish (Chanos chanos) is by volume the most popular marine fish cultured in the Asia and the Pacific region, comprising over 30 percent of the total production of all marine fish species cultured. In 2012 the total production of milkfish from marine and brackish waters was 872 184 tonnes.
When talking about milkfish it is necessary to mention the Philippines. They are traditionally the largest producers of milkfish, but in recent years Indonesia has taken the lead as the biggest producer. In 2012 Indonesia produced 482 930 tonnes and the Philippines produced 345 205 tonnes. Nearly all the Indonesian production comes from brackishwater ponds, with only small quantities from marine cages. The Philippines have produced milkfish for generations and they are typically produced in brackishwater ponds. These systems are fed with either pellets or low value fish and are part of the general trend of intensification of mariculture in the Philippines. It is interesting to
24 see a huge increase in production from Taiwan Province of China from 20 380 tonnes in 2010 up to 42 296 tonnes in 2012. Milkfish is also increasingly popular on the Pacific Islands and the production trend here is increasing. Japanese Seabass and Barramundi (Family Centropomidae and Percichthyidae) The Japanese seabass and the Barramundi (Lates calcarifer) are two very important groups of carnivorous marine/brackishwater finfish cultured in the Asia and the Pacific region, with a total production of 185 073 tonnes in 2012.
China produced 125 836 tonnes of Japanese seabass (Lateolabrax japonicus) in 2012. Malaysia is quickly increasing production of Barramundi, producing 20 089 tonnes in 2012. Thailand also produces significant quantities of Barramundi (17 146 tonnes in 2012), but this is quite variable between successive years. Jacks (Family Carangidae) The total production of Jacks, a very important group of marine fish for the Asia and the Pacific region, was 177 909 tonnes in 2012. The majority of this production is in Japan where 160 215 tonnes of Japanese amberjack (Seriola quinqueradiata) were produced in 2012. Production is up from 158 960 tonnes in 2010 to 177 909 in 2012, a significant increase in the region. The jacks are cultured in marine cages with only a very small portion cultured in brackish ponds.
Japanese culture of amberjack is the leader within this family, with production of 138 936 tonnes in 2012, a growth rate of just 1 percent per year, although slightly down on 2008 production.
There are also a number of other species including golden trevally, white trevally and greater amberjack cultured. Seabream and porgies (Family Sparidae) In 2012 there was a total production of seabream and porgies of 115 300 tonnes. This is one of the few groups that are declining in production, especially in Japan where production of Blackhead seabream (Acanthopagrus schlegeli) has fallen since 2010.
Besides the blackhead seabream, there are two other important species in this group namely the silver seabream (Pagrus auratus), porgies and seabreams nei (Sparidae spp.). Seabream and porgie production only occurs in Japan, China and Republic of Korea. The silver seabream is produced in both Japan (56 653 tonnes in 2012), the Republic of Korea (2 870 tonnes in 2012) and Taiwan Province of China (27 tonnes in 2012).
The Porgies are mainly produced in China which reached a total production in 2012 of 52 328 tonnes. Flatfish (Genus Psetta and Paralichthys) Production of flatfish in the Asia and the Pacific region is limited to two species namely bastard halibut (Paralichthys olivaceus) and turbot (Psetta maxima).
In 2012 total production was 106 496, which, since 2005, has been quite stable, with bastard halibut produced in Japan (3 125 tonnes) and the Republic of Korea, (39 371 tonnes), with China producing 64 000 tonnes of Turbot, all figures being from 2012.
25 Groupers (Subfamily Epinephelinae) The groupers are a fairly diverse group with a number of different species produced. Total production in 2012 was 118 039 tonnes, an increase of 46 percent since 2010. The major producers include China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand and the Philippines.
In 2010, production of eight different individual grouper species was reported, however the bulk of the production (110 151 tonnes in 2012) was reported as groupers nei, especially from China, Taiwan Province of China, Thailand and Indonesia.
Since grouper are particularly difficult to culture, full-cycle culture of most grouper species is not yet possible, although several important advances have been made in recent years. Tilapia cultured in marine environments (Genus Oreochromis) Tilapias are cultured in both fresh and brackish marine environments but are mainly a freshwater species that can tolerate saltwater. In 2012 the total production in marine/brackish environments was 64 947 tonnes. The main species are Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus), as well as a large number of tilapias nei.
The leading countries in the region are Indonesia (34 134 tonnes of Nile tilapia and 4 968 tonnes of Mozambique tilapia in 2012) and Philippines (10 786 tonnes of Tilapia nei and 3 741 tonnes of Nile tilapia in 2012).
Some of this production of tilapias has come from polyculture of tilapias with shrimp in an effort to reduce mortalities resulting from the IMNV virus affecting Indonesian shrimp farms since 2006. There has also been research and good results with producing shrimp and tilapia in polyculture to reduce the risk of EMS in shrimp. The tilapia appear to be able to change water chemistry through a probiotic action and perhaps consume infected shrimp before they can pass on the virus or the bacteria to their neighbours.
In addition, Taiwan Province of China produced 9 696 tonnes of tilapias nei, in brackishwater in 2012. Salmonids cultured in brackish water and marine environments (Genus Salmo and Oncorhynchus) The total production of the marine and brackish production of salmonids was 64 707 in 2012. This production was mainly in Australia and New Zealand with some also in Japan. Japan has gone from farming 116 tonnes of Coho salmon (Oncorhrynchus kisutch) in 2011 to 9 728 tonnes in 2012.
In Australia it is the farming of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), in the Southern parts of the country that contribute the 43 785 tonnes produced in 2012. In New Zealand 11 194 tonnes of Chinook salmon (Oncorhrynchus tshawytscha) was produced in 2012. Cobia (Family Rachycentridae) The total production of Cobia (Rachycentron canadum) in 2012 was 41 399 tonnes. After a few years of rapid growth there seems to be a flattening out of the production in the region.
In 2012 China was the lead country with 37,210 tonnes, Viet Nam second with and estimated 2 000 tonnes, followed by Taiwan Province of China and Singapore with 1 384 and 1 tonne respectively.
26 Mullets (Genus Mugil and Liza) The main species of mullets cultured in the region are the flathead grey mullet (Mugil cephalus), the squaretail mullet (Liza vaigiensis) and other mullets nei. In 2012 the total production of mullets from marine and brackish waters amounted to 13 890 tonnes, with an annual growth rate of 3 percent between 2002 and 2012. All of this production came from brackish and marine waters in Indonesia (6 547 tonnes), Republic of Korea (5 839 tonnes), Taiwan Province of China (1,206 tonnes) and Singapore (299 tonnes). Snappers (Family Lutjanidae) Total production from this group in the region totalled 7 283 tonnes in 2012, down 8 226 tonnes in 2010, mainly due to reduced production of John’s snapper in Malaysia (which was down nearly 500 tonnes to 2 057 tonnes in 2012). The main species of snappers produced in the region in 2012 included the mangrove red snapper (Lutjanus argentimaculatus) from Malaysia, Hong Kong SAR and Singapore, John’s snapper (Lutjanus johnii) from Malaysia and Singapore, Russell’s snapper (Lutjanus russelli) from Hong Kong SAR and other snappers nei in small quantities from Cambodia, Brunei Darussalam, Hong Kong SAR, Singapore and the Philippines. Other marine finfish Total production from this group in the region totalled 106 620 tonnes in 2012 with the main species including righteye flounders nei, tiger pufferfish, Japanese jack mackerel and river eels nei.
Two other marine finfish are from the family Larimichthys and Sciaenops, popularly called croakers and drums, are also included in this group. This group of fish is of interest because of the large reported production from China.
Despite China’s has decrease in reporting the amount of nei fish, other countries especially Bangladesh, Indonesia and India have increased this nei production. Since individual species are not reported, trends cannot be determined, beyond the observation that this is a growth area in these three countries.
27 Crustaceans
Crustaceans, especially the shrimp species whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) and the giant tiger prawn (Penaeus monodon), have generated considerable profit for the region and have the highest unit value of any aquaculture group. In 2012 total production of crustaceans in the region was 5.78 million tonnes, with China the largest single country producer with nearly 3.6 million tonnes or 62 percent of the total.
In recent years Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Syndrome (AHPNS), also known as Early Mortality Syndrome (EMS) has devastated production in several countries in the region.
Although there are many other crustacean species cultured in the Asia-Pacific region, the predominant commercial species are penaeid shrimp: whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), giant tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon), together with Penaeus nei. The development of crustacean production in the region can be seen in Figure 10.
7 000 000 Freshwater crayfish Other shrimp Crab 6 000 000 Penaeus nei Freshwater prawn 5 000 000 Lobster Giant tiger prawn Whiteleg shrimp 4 000 000
Tonnes 3 000 000
2 000 000
1 000 000
0 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Year
Figure 10: Changes in crustacean species production from 2002 to 2012 in Asia and the Pacific region
While some countries have experienced challenges and reduced production, other countries have seen an opportunity and begun large-scale production of shrimp. Among the most notable is India, which increased production of whiteleg shrimp from non-reported in 2010 up to 136 300 tonnes in 2012. Indonesia has also increased their production significantly from 170 969 tonnes in 2009 to 238 663 tonnes in 2012. The increase in these countries has covered some of the loss that has been seen in countries affected by AHPNS.
As can be seen in Figure 10, crustacean aquaculture production in 2012 was dominated by penaeid shrimp. This comprised: whiteleg shrimp (850 074 tonnes) and giant tiger prawns (104 862 tonnes) followed by Penaeus nei (104 862). The major penaeid shrimp producing countries in 2012 were: China (1 730 567 tonnes), Thailand (599 126 tonnes), Viet Nam (480 000 tonnes), Indonesia (354 974 tonnes) and India (268 200 tonnes).
28 Whiteleg Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) Despite disease problems, whiteleg shrimp production in Asia and the Pacific region has increased from 2.2 million tonnes in 2010 to more than 2.6 million tonnes in 2012. Since 2003/2004 there has been a shift away from production of giant tiger prawn towards whiteleg shrimp. This is mainly due to the perceived beneficial characteristics of whiteleg shrimp over the native giant tiger prawn. These characteristics include: Specific Pathogen Free (SPF) stocks, the ability to intensify production, easier domestication and better tolerance to low salinity.
Through this potential for increase in productivity per unit area and a more efficient use of feed, farmers hope to achieve higher profitability. China, Thailand and Indonesia were the leading producers in 2012 with 1 453 241 tonnes, 580 948 tonnes and 238 663 tonnes, respectively. Notably India has increased production from nothing in 2010 to 136 300 tonnes in 2012 when culture of this exotic species was permitted. Viet Nam, another main producer, registered 130 000 tonnes in 2012, similar to the 2010 production of 136 700 tonnes. Production in China is carried out in both freshwater and brackish water, with about 50 percent coming from each.
Thailand remained relatively disease-free until 2012, when the country’s shrimp production was crippled by Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Syndrome (AHPNS). AHPNS has been the main reason for the fall in production from around 600 000 tonnes in 2010 to, an estimated, 200 000 tonnes in 2014.
In Viet Nam, whiteleg shrimp has been produced since 2002/2003. AHPNS has also hit in Viet Nam, but the country’s production has recovered somewhat from the disease, although it is still present in several places in the country.
Other countries that produced whiteleg shrimp in 2012, but at smaller volumes, are Malaysia (47 992 tonnes), Taiwan Province of China (13 318 tonnes), the Republic of Korea (2 784 tonnes) and Philippines (5 558 tonnes). The three island states Vanuatu, Northern Mariana Islands and Guam all have a small production of less than 20 tonnes, each. Giant Tiger Prawn (Penaeus monodon) The total production of Giant tiger prawn in the Asia-Pacific region in 2012 was 850 074 tonnes and is, after the whiteleg shrimp, the most important crustacean cultured there. There is no clear trend in production over the last ten years as it has fluctuated over the years. However, there has been an increase over the last two years of more than 12 percent a year from 680 370 tonnes in 2010 up to 850 074 tonnes in 2012. This increase is mainly due to a large increase in India where production in 2010 was zero, and in 2012 the production was up to 126 900 tonnes. It should be noted that India the year before (2009) produced 90 080 tonnes, and that the zero in 2010 could be explained by an increase in Penaeus nei by 100 714 tonnes.
The top five producing countries in 2012 were Viet Nam (350 000 tonnes), India (131 900 tonnes), Indonesia (116 311 tonnes), China (64 554 tonnes) and Bangladesh (57 785 tonnes). Viet Nam is by far the largest producer of this species with 41 percent of the regions’ production. AHPNS is also a problem for the giant tiger prawn industry, although, it would appear, to a lesser extent than for whiteleg shrimp.
There has been a shift in production of giant tiger prawns to whiteleg shrimp, which is well illustrated by how the industry has developed in Thailand where production of P. monodon was 200 574 tonnes in 2002, and then steadily declined to 17 782 tonnes in 2012. In the same period whiteleg shrimp production has increased from 60 000 tonnes in 2002, to 580 948 tonnes in 2012. Similar trends have been seen across the region over the past ten years.
29 Besides the top five producing countries there are many other countries in the region producing giant tiger prawn, namely: Myanmar (52 693 tonnes), Philippines (48 197 tonnes), and Thailand (17 782 tonnes). The Republic of Fiji, Brunei Darussalam and Papua New Guinea also produce smaller volumes. Other shrimp and prawn Species (Family Caridea) Other shrimp species produced include: Penaeid shrimp nei, kuruma prawn (Penaeus japonicas), fleshy prawn (Penaeus chinensis), banana prawn (Penaeus merguiensis), Indian white prawn (Penaeus indicus), speckled shrimp (Metapenaeus monoceros), and blue shrimp (Penaeus stylirostris). The total production of these species was 234 316 tonnes in 2012. Most of these shrimp species are regionally traded, but are rarely traded outside the region.
In 2012 the kuruma prawn was only produced in China (49 409 tonnes) and in Japan (1 596 tonnes). Since 2007 the production has been stable and seen little change. There has been no production in Australia, Singapore and the Republic of Korea for more than ten years.
The fleshy prawn is produced in China (41 213 tonnes) and in the Republic of Korea (35 tonnes). There has been a decline in the production of this species since 2002, when China produced more than 160 000 tonnes and the Republic of Korea produced 1 403 tonnes. The reduction in production is likely due to the introduction of the whiteleg shrimp.
The banana prawn was, in 2012, mainly produced in Indonesia (13 128 tonnes), Malaysia (1 000 tonnes), the Philippines (1 879 tonnes) and a small amount in Thailand (259 tonnes). Viet Nam used to have a considerable production until 2009, at around 40 000 tonnes, but no production has been reported there since.
Other penaeid species cultured around the region in 2012 included: the Indian white prawn (Penaeus indicus), produced mainly in Bangladesh and India at 4 381 and 1 300 tonnes respectively, speckled shrimp (Metapenaeus monoceros) produced in Bangladesh at 13 144 tonnes, (an increase of more than a 100 percent since 2010), and the blue shrimp (Penaeus stylirostris) produced in New Caledonia and French Polynesia at 1 643 and 71 tonnes in 2012 respectively. Freshwater prawns (Genus Macrobrachium) The total production of freshwater prawns in the Asia-Pacific region in 2012 was 513 005 tonnes. The two main species are the oriental river prawn (Macrobrachium nipponense) and the giant river prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii). The oriental river prawn is cultured only in China (237 431 tonnes) whereas the giant river prawn is cultured more widely in some 12 countries in the region. The top five producers of giant river prawn in 2012 were, China (124 713 tonnes), Bangladesh (45 162 tonnes), Thailand (23 913 tonnes), Viet Nam (9 600 tonnes) and Taiwan Province of China (6 759 tonnes).
Besides the main two, there are a few other species cultured in the region, namely monsoon river prawns (Macrobrachium malcolmsonii), river prawns nei and freshwater prawns and shrimp nei. In Bangladesh and China there were 4 472 and 20 942 tonnes of freshwater prawns and shrimp nei reported in 2012. The monsoon river prawns are only reported from Pakistan (136 tonnes) in 2012, and India, which used to have a considerable production with 4 100 tonnes in 2007, but has not reported any production since.
River prawns nei have only been reported in India with production of 30 426 tonnes in 2012. India began reporting river prawns nei in 2010 and have remained at a constant level of around 30 000 tonnes. It should be noted that the reported production of giant river prawn from India stopped at the same time as river prawns nei started being reported.
30 It is not easy to intensify production of freshwater prawns because of their territorial habits and divergent growth rates. Thus the development of this sector has been quite slow and, in some states production has even shrunk, as attention and resources have been diverted to brackish or freshwater shrimp production. Export markets for freshwater prawns are much smaller and less developed, mainly because consumers in general are less familiar with these species than with brackishwater shrimp. The head-to-tail ratio in these species is also not favourable for markets where the heads of the shrimp are not consumed. Crabs (Infra-order Brachyura) There are a number of other decapod crustaceans produced in the region and, for a better overview, the group is divided into crab, freshwater crayfish & crawfish and lobster. The crabs include the families Eriocheir spp., Scylla spp., Brachyura spp. and Portunus spp.
The total production in the Asia and the Pacific region was 1 004 231 tonnes in 2012, which is an increase of 18 percent since 2010 (847 350 tonnes).
The Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) is by far the most important crab species produced in the region with a total of 714 380 tonnes in 2012 or 71 percent of total crab production in the region. Production is mostly in China with a very small amount produced in in Republic of Korea (12 tonnes). The Indo-Pacific swamp crab (Scylla serrata) is a distant second in importance with production still mainly in China, but it is also produced in many other countries in smaller volumes. China, produced 128 983 tonnes in 2012. The other major producers are Philippines (16 360 tonnes), Indonesia (14 163 tonnes) and Viet Nam (13 000 tonnes). There are a number of countries with production of less than 200 tonnes, namely: Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Singapore, Sri Lanka and Thailand.
Other crab species cultured in the region include: Blue swimming crab (Brachyura sp.), marine crabsnei, orange mud crab (Scylla olivacea), and swimming crab nei.
The production of orange mud crab is done exclusively in Myanmar with production in 2012 of 1 733 tonnes, which has been increasing for the last five years. Swimming crab nei is only reported in China and was a considerable 99 580 tonnes in 2012. Blue swimming crab is produced in Singapore (19 tonnes) and in Taiwan Province of China (1 tonne). Freshwater crayfish and crawfish (Procambarus and Cherax spp.) The freshwater crayfish and crawfish (Procambarus and Cherax spp.) are a small group of species but the production has gone up in recent years, due to increased production in China of the red swamp crawfish (Procambarus clarkii) with a total production of 554 821 tonnes in 2012. The other crayfish species cultured around the region in 2012 were: yabby crayfish (Cherax destructor), produced in Australia (41 tonnes) and in Indonesia (34 tonnes), and the red claw crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus) solely produced in Australia (41 tonnes). Lobsters (Panulirus spp.) The third group are the lobsters (Panulirus spp. and Thenus spp.), which have small production volumes but high value. In 2012 the total production of lobster in the region was 2 035 tonnes with the main species cultured being the tropical spiny lobster (Panulirus spp.) produced in Indonesia (488 tonnes), Philippines (38 tonnes) and Viet Nam (1 500 tonnes). There is also a small production of the mud spiny lobster (Panulirus polyphagus) in Singapore (9 tonnes).
31 Molluscs
Mollusc culture is split into low and high value, with low-value species normally produced in extensive cultured systems (e.g. seeded blood cockle mudflats, mussel and oyster stake culture) and high-value species produced in intensive systems (fed systems, and, possibly, recirculation).
In 2012 the total production of all molluscs in the Asia-Pacific region was an impressive 14.05 million tonnes, an increase from 2010 when production was just less than 13 million tonnes. In 2002 production of molluscs was 9.96 million tonnes with a steady increase of more than 4 percent per year since. Low value molluscs The low value molluscs which are cultured for human consumption were, in 2012, just over half of the total production in the region with a volume of 7.76 million tonnes. There are a number of different species, including Japanese carpet shell, constricted tagelus, blood cockle, green mussel, sea snails, Chinese mystery snails, swan mussel, Japanese hard clam, Korean mussel, and pen shells nei. In 2012, 5.56 million tonnes of these species were produced and the production from 2002 to 2012 can be seen in Figure 11.
In 2012 the most important low value mollusc species in the region, the Japanese carpet shell (Ruditapes philippinarum), was produced mainly in China (3 735 484 tonnes) with some production in the Republic of Korea (12 623 tonnes). Production of the constricted tagelus (Sinovacula constricta) in China has remained constant over the last 5 years, with a total of 720 466 tonnes in 2012. The blood cockle (Anadara granosa) is produced mostly in China (278 058 tonnes), but is also popular in Thailand (71 450 tonnes) and Malaysia (38 934 tonnes) and to a lesser content also in the Republic of Korea (2 232 tonnes) and Cambodia (900 tonnes). The green mussel (Perna viridis) is grown mainly in Thailand and the Philippines (107 000 tonnes and 25 660 tonnes respectively).
6 000 000 Pen shells nei Korean mussel Japanese hard clam 5 000 000 Swan mussel Chinese mystery snail Sea snails 4 000 000 Green mussel Blood cockle Japanese carpet shell 3 000 000 Tonnes
2 000 000
1 000 000
0 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Year
Figure 11: Changes in low value molluscs’ species production from 2002 to 2012 in Asia-Pacific region
32 High Value Molluscs species There is a trend in mollusc culture towards higher value species produced in more intensive systems in suitable locations. High value species include mussels (produced in high input systems), oysters, scallops and abalone. The changes in total production between 2002 and 2012 can be seen in Figure 12.
Total production for this group was 6 268 379 tonnes in 2012. Growth in production has been slow over the last ten years with a 4.5 percent rise between 2010 and 2012.
The most produced high value mollusc species cultured in the region is cupped oysters nei (Crassostrea spp.), with a total production of 3 976 021 tonnes, produced mainly in China, with some production in Thailand.
Other popular high value mollusc species include scallops nei (Pectinidae spp.), grown only in China (1 419 956 tonnes), the Pacific cupped oyster (Crassostrea gigas) with a total production of 474 641 tonnes in 2012, mainly produced in Japan, with less production from China and the Republic of Korea.
The Yesso scallop (Patinopecten Yessoensis) is also popular in Japan (185 006 tonnes in 2012) and the New Zealand mussel (Perna canaliculus) in New Zealand (86 447 tonnes).
One species showing higher growth rates is abalone nei (Haliotis spp.), produced mostly in China and the Republic of Korea at 97 443 tonnes in 2012.
7 000 000 Australian mussel Slipper cupped oyster 6 000 000 Abalones nei New Zealand mussel 5 000 000 Yesso scallop Pacific cupped oyster Scallops nei 4 000 000
Tonnes 3 000 000
2 000 000
1 000 000
0 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Year
Figure 12: Changes in high value molluscs’ species production from 2002 to 2012 in the Asia-Pacific region
33 Aquatic Plants
In 2012 the total production of aquatic plants in the Asia-Pacific region was 23 603 456 tonnes, up from 18 854 716 tonnes in 2010. Production has been growing steadily from 10 408 350 tonnes in 2002 and the region produces over 99 percent of the total world production. Most of the production is from brackish and marine environments with only around 1 percent from freshwater aquaculture systems. Most of the freshwater production is production of Spirulina sp. (80 050 tonnes) produced in China.
In this report the aquaculture of aquatic plants are divided into two groups, the first group consisting of seaweeds of temperate waters that are traditionally used for food purposes and are mainly produced in East Asia. The second group consists of tropical species mainly processed as a source of commercially valuable biopolymers (carrageenan, agar) that are used for various food and non-food purposes and are produced in Southeast Asia. Seaweed for food purposes The total production of seaweed for food purposes reached 12 548 952 tonnes in 2012, with China the largest producer with 10 652 020 tonnes. The most important aquatic plant species cultured for food is the Japanese kelp (Laminaria japonica), produced mainly in China with a production of 4 895 030 tonnes in 2012. There is also some production in Japan and the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea with 34 147 tonnes and 444 300 tonnes, respectively, in 2012.
Other important species include: aquatic plants nei which are produced mainly in China, at 2 793 340 tonnes. In Japan the most produced species are laver (nori) with a total production of 341 580 tonnes in 2012.
Other aquatic plants cultured for food in the region included bright green nori (Enteromorpha clathrata), green laver (Monostroma nitidum), caulerpa seaweeds (Caulerpa spp.), fragile codium (Codium fragile) (1 394 tonnes) and Haematococcus pluvialis (150 tonnes). Seaweeds for biopolymers The total production of seaweed used for biopolymers was 8 685 945 tonnes in 2012, with Indonesia producing more than 6.5 million tonnes or more than 75 percent of the total in the region. The most important aquatic plant species cultured for use as biopolymers is Eucheuma sp., which is produced mainly in Indonesia at 5 738 688 tonnes in 2012. Other important species include: elkhorn sea moss (Kappaphycus alvarezii), produced mainly in Philippines (1 608 401 tonnes) and Malaysia (331 490 tonnes) in 2012. The species warty gracilaria (Gracilaria verrucosa) is produced solely in China, at 1 967 780 tonnes in 2012.
The Graciliaria seaweeds nei (Gracilaria spp.) are mainly produced in Indonesia and Viet Nam and Spiny Eucheuma (Eucheuma denticulatum), produced mostly in Philippines and Malaysia, are also important species.
Other aquatic plants cultured for biopolymers in the region included brown seaweeds (Phaophyceae), Fusiform sargassum (Sargassum fusiforme) and Japanese isinglass (Gelidium amansii).
34 Annex – Data tables
35 36 12 991 16 348 16 348 16 000 19 662 15 857 58 079 48 449 17 251
35 206 66 142 191 159 153 99 122 166 205
656 1 176 5 676 5 748 1 954 2 522 4 706 6 922 4 242 4 503 4 525
1 600 2 800 4 052 5 402 11 561 10 046 19 195 19 886 18 018 14 017 12 911
4 003 4 030 4 787 4 514 3 799 3 975 4 904 33 386 31 273 36 501 36 754
32 026 36 745 47 493 55 049 117 413 84 422 227 710 175 618 92 518 113 098 147 384
30 268 33 506 32 215 33 694 47 129 46 564 73 670 60 854 131 164 151 668 143 575
213 682 219 471 249 603 274 236 266 577 229 558 192 327 216 961 225 756 409 752 440 736
712 389 885 157 1 022 847 1 178 617 1 355 728 1 416 214 1 516 088 1 558 558 1 680 777 1 754 988 1 712 997 476 332 496 725 539 676 566 846 552 744 636 845 662 855 718 655 815 847 882 799 916 457
570 203 570 721 620 773 598 382 557 030 575 392 572 166 596 279 579 372 483 880 696 080
2 814 801 3 007 724 3 512 920 3 622 086 3 830 097 3 898 911 4 587 082 4 616 065 4 934 315 4 844 680 5 520 473
1 165 458 1 283 589 1 693 166 2 337 233 2 741 715 3 351 915 3 959 651 4 877 658 5 960 943 7 459 176 8 833 915
1 656 801 1 975 798 2 458 906 2 867 285 3 258 440 3 766 048 4 421 391 4 716 640 5 139 211 5 499 193 6 021 100
South Asia 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Aquatic plants Aquatic Crustaceans Diadromous fish Diadromous Freshwater fish Freshwater Marine fish Molluscs Total 3 062 800 3 268 122 3 819 810 3 962 663 4 227 793 4 225 618 5 031 173 5 035 551 5 274 971 5 386 215 6 126 233
Southeast Asia 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Aquatic plants Aquatic Crustaceans Diadromous fish Diadromous Freshwater fish Freshwater Marine fish Misc. aquatic animal aquatic Misc. products Miscellaneous aquatic animals Molluscs Total 4 615 454 5 249 526 6 385 361 7 602 919 8 532 933 9 812 953 11 230 387 12 577 887 14 396 666 16 316 655 18 378 131
South Asia – Aquaculture production by major group (2010 to 2012) production major group (2010 to by – Aquaculture South Asia
Southeast Asia – Aquaculture production by major group (2010 to 2012) (2010 to major group production by Southeast Asia – Aquaculture
37 26 26 30 30 5 175 4 589 3 398 3 124 2 315 2 558
32 32 29 29 27 27 24 22 21 20 20
3 197 4 164 4 322 3 239 3 439 3 028 3 522 3 576 4 391 4 471 4 434
55 992 58 978 59 936 60 046 62 329 67 240 59 430 63 184 61 066 46 257 48 069 23 188 20 983 21 863 17 825 17 163 16 046 17 887 18 880 22 122 22 167 20 993
31 912 21 583 24 732 25 178 21 957 20 269 19 386 27 999 25 917 20 455 18 880
308 483 337 110 317 715 337 054 334 949 344 945 345 941 358 504 311 080 302 369 316 954
769 571 836 835 820 782 807 330 875 693 993 074 826 271 857 597 840 715 739 631 779 602
1 499 804 1 374 054 1 475 792 1 573 191 1 699 957 1 751 217 1 821 661 1 759 385 1 778 768 1 786 320 1 907 380
989 332 1 522 805 1 713 513 1 865 785 2 104 652 2 613 305 2 735 623 2 994 326 3 214 916 3 308 408 3 614 041 254 518 294 319 291 343 288 838 317 889 362 466 352 521 365 270 377 126 391 530 433 730
520 999 488 018 541 595 606 359 652 219 724 336 777 453 825 762 833 269 993 424 1 068 519
150 839 305 852 346 289 395 771 397 635 481 587 590 658 669 075 754 561 719 868 804 738
7 737 328 8 592 564 9 383 461 9 497 029 9 508 352 9 762 135 9 940 764 10 500 288 11 097 158 11 554 438 12 835 556
8 525 554 8 852 848 9 193 173 9 582 189 10 027 620 10 224 948 10 413 486 10 851 608 11 441 476 11 905 605 12 448 905
14 034 884 13 975 846 14 804 176 15 690 634 16 671 167 17 328 631 18 189 366 19 365 121 20 427 543 21 620 236 23 086 870
China 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006Other Asia 2007 2008 2009 2002 2010 2003 2011 2004 2012 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Aquatic plants Aquatic plants Aquatic Crustaceans Crustaceans Diadromous fish Diadromous fish Diadromous Freshwater fish Freshwater fish Freshwater Marine fish Marine fishes Misc. aquatic Misc. animal aquatic Misc. animal products products Misc. aquatic Misc. animals aquatic Misc. animals Molluscs Molluscs
Total 2 692 179 2 653 739 2 725 171 2 823 892 3 015 514 3 195 846 3 094 122 3 089 147 3 044 080 2 921 690 3 096 332 Total 32 213 454 34 032 278 36 273 576 37 926 635 39 679 564 41 502 583 43 004 460 45 574 848 48 149 173 50 495 823 54 294 917
China – Aquaculture production by major group (2010 to 2012) (2010 to production major group by China – Aquaculture 2012) (2010 to major group production by Other Asia – Aquaculture
38 1 116 1 892 1 550 1 852 3 536 2 834
o 2012)
144 10 143 9 891 16 197 30 764 37 902 33 863 42 872 71 378 61 447 111 173
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
5 104 4 604 6 524 8 790 11 717 2 842 3 483 7 628 13 605 13 040 22 080 5 993 5 712 6 304 6 089 6 190 5 544 5 495 6 157 6 769 5 821 5 891
1 367 2 601 2 573 3 657 4 232 3 829 1 864 2 543 2 768 2 572 2 868 4 017 2 416 4 561 2 249 3 647 2 139 6 606 7 290 7 615 6 014 4 161
1 285 1 954 1 849 2 900 2 420 2 210 1 903 1 866 2 145 2 868 2 574
39 427 92 780 49 939 93 752 308 571 367 511 344 799 384 649 403 868 469 306 506 036 24 560 21 921 23 318 26 446 31 037 37 650 38 428 45 391 48 474 53 777 60 899 19 292 28 551 29 147 29 557 28 540 32 302 32 966 31 979 31 008 34 154 41 995
92 149 93 267 102 669 113 025 115 647 120 656 120 739 110 933 118 140 120 788 107 538
200 804 308 555 332 672 348 343 395 497 460 944 466 218 501 165 536 449 540 845 557 407 115 396 242 374 267 896 295 568 320 392 376 636 403 776 426 693 452 479 495 883 541 870
Oceania 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006Eels 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Aquatic plants Aquatic fishes Perch-like Crustaceans Snakeheads Diadromous fish Diadromous Others Freshwater fish Freshwater Salmonids Marine fish Misc. aquatic animal aquatic Misc. products Misc. aquatic animals aquatic Misc. Molluscs Total 375 063 782 403 889 545 983 417 1 083 764 1 275 295 1 281 622 1 387 357 1 495 182 1 601 635 1 758 479
Total 134 475 132 475 147 798 163 156 174 890 175 986 180 409 183 359 201 368 208 416 208 844
Oceania – Aquaculture production by major group (2010 to 2012) (2010 to major group production by – Aquaculture Oceania finfish (2002 t carnivorous Freshwater
39 o 2012)
11322111111 9 156 172 198 220 247 277 317 345 384 453
55 67 59 52 61 67 63 58 58 68 71
267 603 776 1 013 1 286 1 756 2 283 3 300 2 634 2 876 3 395
772 1 586 1 802 1 991 2 193 2 578 2 592 2 806 3 023 3 237 3 553
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 20082002 2009 2003 2010 2004 2011 2005 2012 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
1 019 1 144 1 341 1 506 1 678 1 947 2 083 2 300 2 449 2 722 3 044 2 400 1 185 1 262 1 309 1 489 1 465 1 247 857 1 003 1 270 1 531
2 395 18 614 18 399 20 379 22 548 29 853 25 974 33 271 40 508 40 340 41 399
2 226 3 179 4 342 3 900 4 774 4 712 7 301 7 640 8 226 9 015 7 283
13 980 14 663 15 884 16 693 17 487 17 826 19 516 21 019 22 057 22 697 24 068
24 875 96 927 97 787 106 471 112 483 130 585 133 061 145 855 160 525 180 267 185 073
78 936 134 354 133 505 128 029 129 071 135 814 119 847 124 963 123 007 124 327 115 300 29 569 45 473 57 382 94 666 88 465 95 763 105 596 119 328 104 902 108 280 106 496
22 306 49 330 55 008 60 787 62 779 75 430 78 448 74 598 81 096 94 642 118 039 52 555 55 034 44 631 45 902 54 275 46 488 50 834 48 662 60 535 84 282 64 947 29 368 29 216 31 279 37 009 40 477 48 303 47 626 58 055 58 853 48 676 64 707
18 993 16 472 16 569 18 460 19 374 12 826 15 727 16 216 16 357 12 981 13 890
472 723 485 441 514 707 542 884 524 056 600 499 612 864 660 227 750 476 823 644 872 184 540 685 219 096 238 260 277 644 375 407 320 782 540 471 470 510 355 213 514 141 522 311
166 538 171 256 164 708 173 855 169 668 175 959 178 899 178 092 158 960 163 615 177 909
185 839 227 640 226 300 228 294 229 510 241 601 249 481 258 385 216 575 238 481 267 016
o 2012)
Carps and BarbsCarps Milkfish Catfish nei Marine Fishes Tilapia and seabass Barramundi Jacks Freshwater fish nei Freshwater Seabream and porgies Gouramis Halibut and Turbot Halibut and Milkfish Others Mullets Groupers Others Marine tilapia Salmonids Cobia Mullets Snappers
Total 18 503 19 405 21 299 22 764 24 416 25 887 28 062 30 658 31 570 33 255 36 116
Total 1 627 008 1 552 032 1 602 877 1 738 280 1 832 887 1 918 615 2 166 128 2 195 802 2 135 234 2 442 692 2 556 553
Freshwater omnivorous and herbivorous finfish (2002 t and herbivorous omnivorous Freshwater Marine finfish (2002 t
40 … … … … … … … 11 500 5 297 17 777 13 144
13 21 24 24 27 68 1 088 1 408 1 602 1 793 2 026
237 222 230 1 536 1 145 754 671 349 269 286 280 245 350 226 609 267 140 261 192 87 104 52
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
2 322 39 162 41 562 37 922 46 308 51 725 49 393 52 301 56 598 52 767 51 101
57 112 85 705 97 727 109 856 102 545 113 333 124 656 72 870 176 454 89 420 104 855
65 343 80 166 77 598 70 115 79 034 63 448 43 716 64 624 19 821 14 002 16 266
22 608 23 477 20 710 14 500 14 798 16 215 33 334 28 921 40 493 26 400 10 415 14 829 14 560 15 218 11 100 10 380 17 200 20 600 18 536 841 3 564 5 681
252 919 701 540 998 440 1 303 355 1 688 169 1 925 245 1 861 946 1 962 631 2 211 362 2 562 338 2 608 804 548 330 750 337 813 221 877 356 915 589 1 218 781 1 319 915 1 507 564 1 638 366 1 610 510 1 782 390 623 315 715 565 699 695 657 320 631 411 584 329 711 200 765 339 680 065 790 682 849 752 171 886 167 178 178 730 195 956 198 156 231 013 240 747 246 505 254 320 270 036 289 874
162 789 56 326 50 006 45 048 45 738 42 720 42 682 44 469 45 339 41 662 41 248
1 202 190 1 717 795 2 001 714 2 251 602 2 619 895 2 815 190 2 888 646 3 021 741 3 236 631 3 599 017 3 701 598
Crustacean groupCrustacean 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Shrimps prawns Whiteleg shrimp Whiteleg Freshwater crustaceans Freshwater Giant tiger prawn Crabs sea-spiders Crabs Penaeus shrimps nei Penaeus Lobsters spiny-rock lobsters spiny-rock Lobsters Kuruma prawn Kuruma Fleshy prawn Fleshy Banana prawn Total 1 922 419 2 635 331 2 993 689 3 324 938 3 733 667 4 265 052 4 450 401 4 777 218 5 130 919 5 481 357 5 775 889 Speckled shrimp Metapenaeus shrimps nei Indian white prawn Greasyback shrimp Greasyback Natantian decapodsNatantian nei
Total 1 202 190 1 717 795 2 001 714 2 251 602 2 619 895 2 815 190 2 888 646 3 021 741 3 236 631 3 599 017 3 701 598
Crustaceans by major group (2002 to 2012) (2002 to major group by Crustaceans 2012) (2002 to shrimp and prawns Marine and brackishwater
41 – 2 43 … … 22 4 14 21 2 7
… 44 570 54 436 76 166 112 620 265 479 364 619 479 374 563 281 486 319 554 821
… ... … … … … … … 33 414 21 833 30 426 … 51 212 24 538 46 316 20 191 40 859 13 096 20 839 21 524 18 389 25 414 …2272453 9384 0394 100…………136 0394 9384 …2272453
58 68 68 77 64 89 80 76 77 88 63 75 375 91 99 105 100 67 68 57 52 41
172 121 114 120 91 110 93 71 66 42 83
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
86 496 169 131 183 961 177 312 180 471 192 397 205 010 209 401 225 645 230 248 237 431
294 061 317 955 358 941 378 376 409 802 489 479 518 367 574 252 593 318 649 259 714 392
167 468 166 676 190 784 194 952 188 206 226 146 218 579 223 470 200 963 204 279 219 577
Chinese mitten crab Red swamp crawfish Red swamp Oriental river prawn river Oriental Giant river prawn Giant river River prawns nei prawns River Freshwater prawns shrimps nei prawns Freshwater Monsoon river prawn Monsoon river Yabby crayfish Yabby Marron crayfish Marron Red claw crayfish Red claw Sawtooth caridina
Total 548 330 750 337 813 221 877 356 915 589 1 218 781 1 319 915 1 507 564 1 638 366 1 610 510 1 782 390
Freshwater crustaceans (2002 to 2012) (2002 to crustaceans Freshwater
42 76 021
483 731 474 641 119 028 185 006
5 83 771 83 5 443 97
… 136 336 177 137 208 471 218 003 258 688 224 967 203 795 207 838 203 266 214 346 … 35 178 4 867 8 081 15 680 12 095 11 155 15 369 30 955 30 126 15 061
… 56 467 56 766 63 621 77 746 84 176 93 629 99 080 110 422 105 254 111 736 … 70 053 73 294 74 418 79 564 84 470 89 392 88 984 95 328 90 765 92 347
o 2012)
o 2012)
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 20102002 2011 2003 2012 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
2 789 2 727 2 628 2 900 3 189 3 208 3 259 3 372 3 465 3 115 3 404
30 716 31 684 26 382 23 513 48 294 35 836 52 261 51 884 60 325 59 771 62 969 13 201 15 785 20 409 43 953 81 617 98 121 67 442 55 035 54 440 70 416 61 310
78 000 78 000 85 000 95 000 97 000 99 500 100 100 89 850 95 168 101 311 86 447
12 570 14 510 15 915 16 495 16 838 20 508 20 175 19 931 22 525 21 462 20 648
556 957 588 652 591 813 624 409 593 771 667 058 742 084 683 806 714 434 744 794 720 466 368 057 419 144 427 718 385 273 392 691 413 173 419 299 427 205 465 871 404 896 391 574
309 704 287 138 287 905 302 866 266 335 260 293 252 813 243 590 214 150 162 840 145 298
819 972 786 113 796 518 906 022 1 004 555 1 165 311 1 137 039 1 276 770 1 407 467 1 306 124 1 419 956
2 027 494 2 256 739 2 476 789 2 516 963 2 654 332 2 976 317 3 074 846 3 210 504 3 562 481 3 639 188 3 748 236
431 092 494 030 501 265 505 347 526 254 560 747 487 385 485 407 507 275 271 997 258 362 215 376 203 567 212 386 247 802 226 128 257 243 220 102
3 189 040 3 239 249 3 312 884 3 371 092 3 427 885 3 540 167 3 371 331 3 532 114 3 671 731 3 765 313 3 9
2 410 2 960 11 076 16 023 18 645 22 039 30 542 38 816 48 99 62
Japanese carpet shell Japanese nei oysters Cupped Constricted tagelus Constricted Blood cockle Korean mussel Korean Sea snails Pen shells nei Pen Green mussel Green Chinese mystery snail Chinese mystery Swan mussel Swan Scallops nei Japanese hard clam Japanese Pacific cupped oyster Pacific Yesso scallop Yesso New Zealand mussel New Zealand Abalones nei Slipper cupped oyster
Australian mussel Australian
Total 3 306 129 3 897 176 4 143 080 4 251 568 4 428 033 4 890 227 5 027 888 5 079 252 5 516 244 5 511 316 5 563 343
Low value molluscs (2005 t value Low molluscs (2002 t High value
43 … .… … … … 370 1 000 1 500 1 500 1 500 1 500 ………… ……36150262292400 ………… …………… 123
656 1 176 5 676 5 748 1 954 2 522 4 706 6 922 4 242 4 502 4 502
3 650 7 800 16 840 18 000 6 810 … … … … … …
18 871 25 000 30 948 40 000 60 000 80 000 111 298 138 857 207 892 239 450 331 490 25 000 30 000 30 000 30 000 36 000 38 000 35 700 33 600 35 000 206 900 234 600
16 799 12 250 9 164 2 438 5 949 9 390 6 879 4 383 4 888 4 883 3 496
223 080 231 900 410 570 910 636 1 170 000 1 728 475 2 145 061 2 963 556 3 915 017 5 170 201 6 514 854 894 857 988 889 1 204 808 1 338 597 1 468 905 1 505 070 1 666 556 1 739 995 1 801 272 1 840 833 1 751 071 497 557 452 054 547 108 621 154 765 595 792 953 921 024 858 659 901 672 992 283 1 022 326
557 952 477 705 484 389 507 742 490 062 513 964 456 337 456 426 432 796 349 737 440 754
7 720 529 8 580 314 9 374 297 9 494 591 9 502 403 9 752 745 9 933 885 10 495 905 11 092 270 11 549 555 12 832 060
9 958 951 10 807 088 12 113 800 12 968 906 13 507 678 14 423 489 15 282 482 16 699 953 18 396 811 20 360 137 23 137 076
Country 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 China Indonesia Philippines Republic of Korea
Japan Malaysia Viet Nam India Taiwan Province Taiwan of China Timor-Leste Myanmar Sri Lanka Cambodia
Totals
Aquatic plants by country (2002 to 2012) country by plants Aquatic
44 … 75 936 115 214 85 573 115 718 136 260 87 480 79 490 78 210 111 310 112 260 … 16 483 35 889 48 479 51 432 66 920 62 320 70 890 96 910 72 820 80 050
… 434 2 2 870 5 546 10 494 10 550 12 540 10 600 11 150 9 100 8 900
… 867 1 006 875 2 623 1 000 1 200 1 200 1 200 … 4 120
… … … 1 597 165 158 1 186 1 796 1 394 1 005 855
…………100100100150150200200
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
9 291 1 355 11 514 814 682 684 8 003 5 903 4 531 6 085 6 002
16 775 454 642 786 880 864 572 930 089 1 003 892 1 151 321 1 257 903 1 152 108 1 518 455 1 971 258
36 643 41 015 42 995 75 383 157 423 282 204 245 649 207 776 552 606 682 611 827 305
83 922 82 329 87 302 101 972 79 762 103 105 108 664 118 079 133 583 136 183 137 603
11 016 33 661 22 814 30 058 21 125 20 909 17 701 19 533 21 133 25 880 14 378
10 790 4 163 4 252 4 309 5 444 5 177 4 288 3 881 4 309 5 145 3 928
216 730 293 713 500 392 977 575 1 157 435 1 572 864 2 005 831 2 859 088 3 465 196 4 602 713 5 836 068
295 948 1 769 177 2 245 276 2 439 712 2 115 354 1 765 616 1 756 195 1 694 540 1 537 339 1 754 504 2 139 477
818 029 927 558 1 144 821 1 272 266 1 444 228 1 477 925 1 667 163 1 761 654 1 873 749 2 098 825 2 129 414
587 750 636 914 708 863 703 093 805 261 904 170 814 660 1 074 750 1 072 350 1 027 450 1 123 290
646 050 540 931 587 490 584 190 585 242 606 741 562 783 554 064 564 234 608 791 691 425
3 763 745 3 660 176 3 574 527 3 926 447 3 947 549 4 168 760 4 320 913 4 486 405 4 702 583 4 812 901 5 237 778
3 462 262 2 265 734 2 241 695 1 846 445 2 077 552 2 296 454 2 454 485 2 492 251 3 124 076 2 886 159 2 812 765
Eucheuma seaweeds nei seaweeds Japanese kelp Japanese Aquatic plants Aquatic nei Wakame Elkhorn sea moss Warty gracilaria Nori nei Gracilaria seaweeds Laver (Nori) Laver Spiny eucheuma Fusiform sargassum Spirulina nei Brown seaweeds Bright green nori Green laver Green Japanese isinglass Caulerpa seaweeds Fragile codium Fragile Haematococcus pluvialis
Total 9 958 951 10 807 088 12 113 800 12 968 906 13 507 678 14 423 489 15 282 482 16 699 953 18 396 811 20 360 137 23 137 076
Aquatic plants by species (2002 to 2012) species (2002 to by plants Aquatic
45 ASIA-PACIFIC FISHERY COMMISSION FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific 39 Phra Athit Road, Bangkok, Thailand www.apfic.org