Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek, His Images and Draughtsmen
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Antony Van Leeuwenhoek, the Father of Microscope
Turkish Journal of Biochemistry – Türk Biyokimya Dergisi 2016; 41(1): 58–62 Education Sector Letter to the Editor – 93585 Emine Elif Vatanoğlu-Lutz*, Ahmet Doğan Ataman Medicine in philately: Antony Van Leeuwenhoek, the father of microscope Pullardaki tıp: Antony Van Leeuwenhoek, mikroskobun kaşifi DOI 10.1515/tjb-2016-0010 only one lens to look at blood, insects and many other Received September 16, 2015; accepted December 1, 2015 objects. He was first to describe cells and bacteria, seen through his very small microscopes with, for his time, The origin of the word microscope comes from two Greek extremely good lenses (Figure 1) [3]. words, “uikpos,” small and “okottew,” view. It has been After van Leeuwenhoek’s contribution,there were big known for over 2000 years that glass bends light. In the steps in the world of microscopes. Several technical inno- 2nd century BC, Claudius Ptolemy described a stick appear- vations made microscopes better and easier to handle, ing to bend in a pool of water, and accurately recorded the which led to microscopy becoming more and more popular angles to within half a degree. He then very accurately among scientists. An important discovery was that lenses calculated the refraction constant of water. During the combining two types of glass could reduce the chromatic 1st century,around year 100, glass had been invented and effect, with its disturbing halos resulting from differences the Romans were looking through the glass and testing in refraction of light (Figure 2) [4]. it. They experimented with different shapes of clear glass In 1830, Joseph Jackson Lister reduced the problem and one of their samples was thick in the middle and thin with spherical aberration by showing that several weak on the edges [1]. -
Scientific Annual Report 2019
Scientific Annual Report 2019 Scientific Annual Report 2019 Contents 2 Introduction 14 Board members Director of Research 18 Group leaders 18 Neil Aaronson 37 Kees Jalink 56 Hein te Riele 19 Reuven Agami 38 Jos Jonkers 57 Lonneke van de Poll 20 Leila Akkari 39 Marleen Kok 58 Winette van der Graaf 21 Regina Beets-Tan 40 Pia Kvistborg and Olga Husson 22 Roderick Beijersbergen 41 Tineke Lenstra 60 Uulke van der Heide 23 Jos Beijnen 42 Sabine Linn 61 Michiel van der Heijden 24 André Bergman 43 René Medema 62 Wim van Harten 25 René Bernards 44 Gerrit Meijer and 63 Flora van Leeuwen and 26 Christian Blank Remond Fijneman Matti Rookus 27 Eveline Bleiker 46 Daniel Peeper 65 Fred van Leeuwen 28 Gerben Borst 47 Anastassis Perrakis 66 Maarten van Lohuizen 29 Thijn Brummelkamp 48 Benjamin Rowland 67 Jacco van Rheenen 30 Karin de Visser 49 Sanne Schagen 68 Bas van Steensel 31 Elzo de Wit 50 Alfred Schinkel 69 Olaf van Tellingen 32 William Faller 51 Marjanka Schmidt 70 Emile Voest 33 John Haanen 52 Ton Schumacher 71 Jelle Wesseling 34 Hugo Horlings 53 Titia Sixma 72 Lodewyk Wessels 35 Heinz Jacobs 54 Jan-Jakob Sonke 73 Lotje Zuur 36 Jacqueline Jacobs 55 Arnoud Sonnenberg 74 Wilbert Zwart 78 Division of 84 Division of 90 Division of Diagnostic Oncology Medical Oncology Surgical Oncology 96 Division of 102 Division of 110 Technology Radiation Oncology Pharmacology Transfer Office and Biometrics 112 Research Facilities 126 Education in 134 Clinical Oncology trials 164 Invited 166 Research 194 Personnel speakers projects index Netherlands Cancer Institute Plesmanlaan 121 1066 CX Amsterdam The Netherlands www.nki.nl Scientific Annual Report 2019 Introduction It is my pleasure to present the 2019 Scientific Annual Report of the Netherlands Cancer Institute. -
On the Development of Spinoza's Account of Human Religion
Intermountain West Journal of Religious Studies Volume 5 Number 1 Spring 2014 Article 4 2014 On the Development of Spinoza’s Account of Human Religion James Simkins University of Pittsburgh Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/imwjournal Recommended Citation Simkins, James "On the Development of Spinoza’s Account of Human Religion." Intermountain West Journal of Religious Studies 5, no. 1 (2014). https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/imwjournal/ vol5/iss1/4 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Intermountain West Journal of Religious Studies by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 52 James Simkins: On the Development of Spinoza’s Account of Human Religion JAMES SIMKINS graduated with philosophy, history, and history and philosophy of science majors from the University of Pittsburgh in 2013. He is currently taking an indefinite amount of time off to explore himself and contemplate whether or not to pursue graduate study. His academic interests include Spinoza, epistemology, and history from below. IMW Journal of Religious Studies Vol. 5:1 53 ‡ On the Development of Spinoza’s Account of Human Religion ‡ In his philosophical and political writings, Benedict Spinoza (1632-1677) develops an account of human religion, which represents a unique theoretical orientation in the early modern period.1 This position is implicit in many of Spinoza’s philosophical arguments in the Treatise on the Emendation of the Intellect, the Short Treatise, and Ethics.2 However, it is most carefully developed in his Tractatus Theologico-Politicus (hereafter TTP).3 What makes Spinoza’s position unique is the fact that he rejects a traditional conception of religion on naturalistic grounds, while refusing to dismiss all religion as an entirely anthropological phenomenon. -
Biology of the Corpus Luteum
PERIODICUM BIOLOGORUM UDC 57:61 VOL. 113, No 1, 43–49, 2011 CODEN PDBIAD ISSN 0031-5362 Review Biology of the Corpus luteum Abstract JELENA TOMAC \UR\ICA CEKINOVI] Corpus luteum (CL) is a small, transient endocrine gland formed fol- JURICA ARAPOVI] lowing ovulation from the secretory cells of the ovarian follicles. The main function of CL is the production of progesterone, a hormone which regu- Department of Histology and Embryology lates various reproductive functions. Progesterone plays a key role in the reg- Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka B. Branchetta 20, Rijeka, Croatia ulation of the length of estrous cycle and in the implantation of the blastocysts. Preovulatory surge of luteinizing hormone (LH) is crucial for Correspondence: the luteinization of follicular cells and CL maintenance, but there are also Jelena Tomac other factors which support the CL development and its functioning. In the Department of Histology and Embryology Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka absence of pregnancy, CL will cease to produce progesterone and induce it- B. Branchetta 20, Rijeka, Croatia self degradation known as luteolysis. This review is designed to provide a E-mail: [email protected] short overview of the events during the life span of corpus luteum (CL) and to make an insight in the synthesis and secretion of its main product – pro- Key words: Ovary, Corpus Luteum, gesterone. The major biologic mechanisms involved in CL development, Progesterone, Luteinization, Luteolysis function, and regression will also be discussed. INTRODUCTION orpus luteum (CL) is a transient endocrine gland, established by Cresidual follicular wall cells (granulosa and theca cells) following ovulation. -
The Legacy of Reinier De Graaf
A Portrait in History The Legacy of Reinier De Graaf Venita Jay, MD, FRCPC n the second half of the 17th century, a young Dutch I physician and anatomist left a lasting legacy in medi- cine. Reinier (also spelled Regner and Regnier) de Graaf (1641±1673), in a short but extremely productive life, made remarkable contributions to medicine. He unraveled the mysteries of the human reproductive system, and his name remains irrevocably associated with the ovarian fol- licle. De Graaf was born in Schoonhaven, Holland. After studying in Utrecht, Holland, De Graaf started at the fa- mous Leiden University. As a student, De Graaf helped Johannes van Horne in the preparation of anatomical spec- imens. He became known for using a syringe to inject liquids and wax into blood vessels. At Leiden, he also studied under the legendary Franciscus Sylvius. De Graaf became a pioneer in the study of the pancreas and its secretions. In 1664, De Graaf published his work, De Succi Pancreatici Natura et Usu Exercitatio Anatomica Med- ica, which discussed his work on pancreatic juices, saliva, and bile. In this work, he described the method of col- lecting pancreatic secretions through a temporary pancre- atic ®stula by introducing a cannula into the pancreatic duct in a live dog. De Graaf also used an arti®cial biliary ®stula to collect bile. In 1665, De Graaf went to France and continued his anatomical research on the pancreas. In July of 1665, he received his doctorate in medicine with honors from the University of Angers, France. De Graaf then returned to the Netherlands, where it was anticipated that he would succeed Sylvius at Leiden University. -
CMF Fraternity English 2020.Indd
Claretian Fraternity News Bulletin for Families and Associates, Province of Bangalore, Vol. 10, 2020 May the Joy and Peace of Christmas be with you all through the New Year. Wishing you a season of blessings from God. Merry Christmasand Prosp erous New Year2021 MESSAGE FROM THE DELEGATE SUPERIOR n 24th October 2020 we celebrated the 150th death The year 2020 is also remarkable O anniversary of our Founder St. Antony Mary Claret. for the Indian Claretians in a very Eighty years after his death Pope Pius XII proclaimed him a special way as our Congregation saint in 1950, formally recognizing that he heroically practiced is completing fi fty years of its the Christian virtues and presenting him to the universal existence and ministry in our Church as an example to follow. Fr. Claret founded religious Country. It was in 1970 that the Congregations of men and women, whose members are fi rst Claretian community was now at the service of the Word of God in over sixty countries. established in a small village in These missionaries give testimony to the Gospel values in Kerala called Kuravilangad, and the past fi fty years have brought different ways, namely through direct preaching of the Word to us immeasurable divine blessings. The small community of God, social and charitable activities in favour of the poor, started with three priests, fi ve novices and a small batch of educational ministry, pastoral service in the local Churches minor seminarians have grown today to a community of over etc. The life of St. Claret has motivated so many young men 550 priests and a good number of seminarians at different that the Claretian Congregation has given to the Church nearly stages of their formation, grouped under fi ve Major Organisms, three hundred martyrs, consisting of priests, lay brothers and namely three full-fl edged Provinces and two independent seminarians, during the Spanish civil war. -
Menasseh Ben Israel and His World Brill's Studies in Intellectual History
MENASSEH BEN ISRAEL AND HIS WORLD BRILL'S STUDIES IN INTELLECTUAL HISTORY General Editor AJ. VANDERJAGT, University of Groningen Editorial Board M. COLISH, Oberlin College J.I. ISRAEL, University College, London J.D. NORTH, University of Groningen R.H. POPKIN, Washington University, St. Louis-UCLA VOLUME 15 MENASSEH BEN ISRAEL AND HIS WORLD EDITED BY YOSEF KAPLAN, HENRY MECHOULAN AND RICHARD H. POPKIN ^o fr-hw'* -A EJ. BRILL LEIDEN • NEW YORK • K0BENHAVN • KÖLN 1989 Published with financial support from the Dr. C. Louise Thijssen- Schoutestichting. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Menasseh Ben Israel and his world / edited by Yosef Kaplan, Henry Méchoulan and Richard H. Popkin. p. cm. -- (Brill's studies in intellectual history, ISSN 0920-8607 ; v. 15) Includes index. ISBN 9004091149 1. Menasseh ben Israel, 1604-1657. 2. Rabbis-Netherlands- -Amsterdam-Biography. 3. Amsterdam (Netherlands)-Biography. 4. Sephardim--Netherlands--Amsterdam--History--17th century. 5. Judaism--Netherlands--Amsterdam--History--17th century. I. Kaplan, Yosef. II. Popkin, Richard Henry, 1923- BM755.M25M46 1989 296'.092-dc20 89-7265 [B] CIP ISSN 0920-8607 ISBN 90 04 09114 9 © Copyright 1989 by E.J. Brill, The Netherlands All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or translated in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm, microfiche or any other means without written permission from the publisher PRINTED IN THE NETHERLANDS BY E.J. BRILI, CONTENTS Introduction, Richard H. Popkin vu A Generation of Progress in the Historical Study of Dutch Sephardic Jewry, Yosef Kaplan 1 The Jewish Dimension of the Scottish Apocalypse: Climate, Cove- nant and World Renewal, Arthur H. -
Introduction to Bacteriology and Bacterial Structure/Function
INTRODUCTION TO BACTERIOLOGY AND BACTERIAL STRUCTURE/FUNCTION LEARNING OBJECTIVES To describe historical landmarks of medical microbiology To describe Koch’s Postulates To describe the characteristic structures and chemical nature of cellular constituents that distinguish eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells To describe chemical, structural, and functional components of the bacterial cytoplasmic and outer membranes, cell wall and surface appendages To name the general structures, and polymers that make up bacterial cell walls To explain the differences between gram negative and gram positive cells To describe the chemical composition, function and serological classification as H antigen of bacterial flagella and how they differ from flagella of eucaryotic cells To describe the chemical composition and function of pili To explain the unique chemical composition of bacterial spores To list medically relevant bacteria that form spores To explain the function of spores in terms of chemical and heat resistance To describe characteristics of different types of membrane transport To describe the exact cellular location and serological classification as O antigen of Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) To explain how the structure of LPS confers antigenic specificity and toxicity To describe the exact cellular location of Lipid A To explain the term endotoxin in terms of its chemical composition and location in bacterial cells INTRODUCTION TO BACTERIOLOGY 1. Two main threads in the history of bacteriology: 1) the natural history of bacteria and 2) the contagious nature of infectious diseases, were united in the latter half of the 19th century. During that period many of the bacteria that cause human disease were identified and characterized. 2. Individual bacteria were first observed microscopically by Antony van Leeuwenhoek at the end of the 17th century. -
Tragic Downfall of Antony in Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra
Bilecik Şeyh Edebali Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi Makale Geliş (Submitted) Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University Journal of Social Sciences Institute Makale Kabul (Accepted) 24.08.2019 DOİ: 10.33905/bseusbed.610180 05.12.2019 Tragic Downfall of Antony in Shakespeare’s Antony and Cleopatra Abdullah KODAL1 Abstract Although there have been lots of debates about the reason of downfall of the great Roman general Antony, there is exactly one forefront reason in his destruction, it is Cleopatra herself. Her subversive power over Antony together with her manipulative and seductive power leads to the gradual breakdown of the male protagonist Antony and his destruction at the end. Thus, to understand all aspects of his downfall as one of the triumvirs of the great Roman Empire, we have to know exactly, who Cleopatra is and the role she played in Antony’s downfall as a woman. Shakespeare’s Cleopatra even today regarded by some as the source of beauty and by some as the source of manipulation but the common point for most people; it would not be possible to describe her within the limited definitions of woman in patriarchal society and one would need more than these, at least, for Cleopatra. Regarding the different approaches and criticisms about the downfall of the protagonist Antony, my aim in this article is to show how Cleopatra as an outstanding female model in ancient ages led to the downfall of the male protagonist of Shakespeare’s play the great Roman general Antony by using her special feminine characteristic features such as her beauty, her tempting words and speeches and also her seductive wiles against patriarchal assumptions that leads her to being condemned as a femme fatale. -
Electron Microscopy and the Investigation of New Infectious Diseases
Review Electron microscopy and the investigation of new infectious diseases Alan Curry@) Objectives: To review and assess the role of electron microscopy in the investigation of new infectious diseases. Design: To design a screening strategy to maximize the likelihood of detecting new or emerging pathogens in clinical samples. Results: Electron microscopy remains a useful method of investigating some viral infections (infantile gastroenteritis, virus-induced outbreaks of gastroenteritis and skin lesions) using the negative staining technique. In addition, it remains an essential technique for the investigation of new and emerging parasitic protozoan infections in the immunocompromised patients from resin-embedded tissue biopsies. Electron microscopy can also have a useful role in the investigation of certain bacterial infections. Conclusions: Electron microscopy still has much to contribute to the investigation of new and emerging pathogens, and should be perceived as capable of producing different, but equally relevant, information compared to other investigative techniques. It is the application of a combined investigative approach using several different techniques that will further our understanding of new infectious diseases. Int J Infect Dis 2003; 7: 251-258 INTRODUCTION at individually by a skilled microscopist have con- The electron microscope was developed just before tributed to the decline of electron microscopy. Against World War II in several countries, but particularly in this background, the inevitable question must be Germany.l The dramatic increase in resolution available asked-does electron microscopy still have a useful in comparison with light microscopy promised to role to play in the investigation of emerging or new revolutionize many aspects of cell biology, virology, infectious diseases? bacteriology, mycology and protozoan parasitology. -
Gdzie Zginął „Antek Rozpylacz”
68 MIEJSCA Z HISTorią Gdzie zginął „Antek Rozpylacz” Katarzyna Dzierzbicka W Alejach Jerozolimskich w Warszawie, tuż obok sklepu „Vitkac”, wisi czarna tablica upamiętniająca „Antka Rozpylacza”. Wyryty na niej napis jest jednak mylący. Antoni Godlewski zginął około 300 metrów dalej. Miał 21 lat i nie był studentem medycyny. ntoni Szczęsny Godlew- rzony w 1944 roku. Szkoła Powszechna ski urodził się w Warsza- Towarzystwa Ziemi Mazowieckiej to wie 11 stycznia 1923 roku. dziś Gimnazjum i Liceum im. Narcy- Był synem Franciszka zy Żmichowskiej. W 1937 roku ojciec AGodlewskiego – wysokiego urzędni- przeniósł Antoniego do Zakładu Nauko- ka państwowego II RP, w latach 1927– wo-Wychowawczego Ojców Jezuitów –1933 wicewojewody nowogródzkiego, w Chyrowie koło Przemyśla, dziś leżą- 1934–1937 wicewojewody warszaw- cym na terenie Ukrainy. Askiego i 1937–1939 starosty powiatu warszawskiego. Po powrocie z Nowo- Łowca snajperów gródka Franciszek i Aniela Godlew- W czasie okupacji Antoni Godlew- Dzierzbicka Katarzyna Fot. scy wraz z synem ponownie zamiesz- ski studiował na Tajnej Politechnice kali w Warszawie, w al. Przyjaciół 3a. Warszawskiej. Omyłkowa informacja W 1942 roku rodzina została wyrzucona z tablicy pamiątkowej o studiach me- plutonowy podchorąży batalionu „So- z mieszkania przez Niemców. Państwo dycznych wzięła się najprawdopodob- kół”. Jego wspomnienia, jak również Godlewscy przenieśli się na ul. Mar- relacje pozostałych cytowanych prze- szałkowską 91 m. 19. Budynek ten zo- ze mnie kolegów „Antka Rozpylacza” stał zniszczony w czasie wojny. Dziś z czasów II wojny światowej, zostały w jego miejscu stoi biurowiec. Zbu- utrwalone na taśmach Archiwum Hi- dowane pod koniec lat trzydziestych storii Mówionej Muzeum Powstania XX wieku kamienice w al. Przyjaciół Warszawskiego. przetrwały za to wojenną zawieruchę. -
Van Leeuwenhoek's Microscopes
46 Chapter 4 Chapter 4 Van Leeuwenhoek’s Microscopes While I am writing this letter, I have 8 or 10 magnifying glasses lying about, which have been mounted in silver by me; and although I never received any instruction in working in any metal with a hammer or a file, still I mount my glasses, and my tools have been fitted in such a way that master goldsmiths say that they cannot emulate me. In a letter comparing his ability to see sperm with the results claimed by Nicolaas Hartsoeker (see chapter 6), Antoni van Leeuwenhoek wrote to the Royal Society about how well he made his simple microscopes. It is frequently said that he invented the microscope, but this is not true. He improved the single-lens microscope enormously, but the manufacture and use of magnify- ing lenses began much earlier. The First Microscopes: A Brief History Magnifying lenses of one type or another have been in use for thousands of years. The oldest known lenses – made of polished crystals, usually quartz – date from 700 BC and were found in the Assyrian empire, and later in Egypt, Greece and Babylon. The Greek comic playwright Aristophanes (446–386 BC) wrote that burning glasses for the starting of fires were on sale in the shops of Athens. It is believed that the necessary magnification for the delicate work of cutting precious stones in antiquity was done using glass flasks filled with water. The Roman Stoic philosopher, Seneca (± 4 BC–65 AD), wrote that small letters, however small and unclear they may be, became large and clear when viewed through a glass bowl filled with water.