DOCSLIB.ORG

Lll the Middle East

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Lll the Middle East ffil;' ,i' ll ' ,. {' { lll ,l,l * ,i ,l -l GEORGE LENCZOWSKI / University of Califurnia at Berkeley , ll ll I i I ALSO BY GEORGE LENCZOWSKI I The Middle East Iran under the Pahlavis (Editor) Mtddle East Oil in a Revolutionary Age I Oll and State in the Middle East I Thc Political Awakening in the Middle East (Editor) I I in World Affairs Elites in the Middle East (Editor) Polltical I I the West in lran Russla and i Sovlat Advances in the Middle East 1 Interests in the Middle Easr (Editor) Unlted States I FOURTH EDITION I I CORNELL UNIVERSITY PRESS ITHACA AND LONDON i',:, y51r rill ',',' ' l DSea-,9 * l*4t, lqq,6 bopyright'@ 1952,1956,1962, 1980 by Cornell University TO B. L. AND J All rlghts reserved. Except for brief quotations in a review, this book, or parts thereof, must not be re- Produood in any form without permission in writing from the publisher. For information address Cornell Unlvcrsity Press, 124 Roberts Place, Ithaca, New York 14850. hbllchcd in the,United Kingdom by Cornell University Press Ltd., 2-4 Brook Strcet, Iondon WIY 1AA. Flilt cdltion 1952 troond odition 1956 Thlrd odttion 1962 Fouih sdltlon'1980 t.' Inimrtional Standald Book Number (cloth) 0-8014-1273-0 Inb4tiltonat Standard Book Number (paper) 0-8014-9872-4 IJbruy of Congress Catalog Card Number 7g-t715g Filnbd in the Unitea Shteb of America Llhrartans: Library of congress cataloging information appears on the last page of the book. 368 THE MIDDLE EAIT IiI WORI.D AFFA,TN r,rinANoN 369 the already surcharged atmospherc prcvuiring umong their folowcrs, ing tension wirh the resurt_ the militury sense) justified their position by the necessity of l-rbanon's keeping on between the latteiand tt. ciririion eremints il;;. The christians friendly considered, for example., p.u_blic displays "i terms with the surrounding Arab world, which, they claimed, the one-sided of Nasser,s portraits in Moslem com_ munities as an insulr to the idea pro-Western and anti-Cairo policy of President Chamoun had made impossible. By of rcbanese independence ;"J;; some reacted to such provocations occasions the same token, the predominantly Moslem leaders of the insurrection disclaimed an in a viorent manner. These feuds and tensions were exclusively Moslem character for their rebellion by pointing to their few Christian rrbanese n"*,pupl.r, some or which i:::d;H:1#r:n" were subsidized by allies. The ideological creavage had the In political terms this rebel coalition was opposed, in the first place, by the effect of rendering the traditional struggle power among the poriticians for government and those deputies in the recently elected parliament which supported more acute than ever before. Beginning central issue with lg57 the it. These in turn were backed by the Phalanges Libanaises (Kataeb), an overwhelm- in this struggre was president chamoun,s second reerected for a ingly Christian-Maronite party dedicated to the preservation term in 1958' To achieve this the constitution ",,bit#;;; of Lebanese integrity wouto rraveiuo,o u" amended by a two-thirds vote of the and independence, and reinforced by the militant members of the P.P.S., whose parliament. en"ior. to attain his goal, hesitate Chamoun did not hatred of Nasserism pushed them into collaboration with lrbanese nationalists. The to use his influence to secure a soiia majority in the parriamentary erections of May-June 1957. As a result, government, however, was gravely handicapped by its inability to count on the full .".tuin t.uaitionar non-christian leaders pan_ Arab sympathies, such-as yafi, of support of the army. Although a majority of army officers were Christian, including Abdurlah saeb saram, una elected' ru.uiirmblat were not its commanding general, Fuad Chehab, the rank and file were heterogeneous Deprived of a legal pratform rrorn *rri.t a t ,i"i. ffirrionr, these men inevitably tumed toward ,r-r::1, ,""ting "ri"" group which might easily split along ideological and confessional lines if exposed to *: through extralegal means to reassert their role in kbanon's politicar rre. rne great strains. Consequently, the army played a rather passive role, contenting itself between chamoun and the pan- Arab opposition gained in intensity "orni"t with the protection of government buildings and certain military objects, but rarely *t iyriu merged with Egypt into Arab Republic. pro-Nasser maniiestati*r'in"n the united attempting an offensive. trbanon gre* in number and vio_ lence' resulting in bodily clashes u"t*""n g-ups This brings us to the military aspect of the rebellion. lnsurgents had barricaded of different orientation as well in intemperate editoriars in the as themselves in the Moslem quarter of Beirut, the Basta, under the leadership of press.-r;?" rate spring the tension proportions had reached former Premier Saeb Salam, who, strangely enough, was enjoying without hindrance and only a spart *us ,e"a"aio piovoke lil:"r"* a major conflagra- the facilities of the government-controlled telephone system. The second major rebel stronghold was in Tripoli, where the scion of the local feudal family, Rashid The Lebanese Civil War Karamah, reigned supreme. The third was in the Shuf mountain district, where such a spark was provided Jumblat's Druzes had taken the warpath. Furthermore, large portions of lrbanon in w-hen, on May 8, 195g, unknown killed assassins shot and the the themselves Nassib Metni, editor of. Ar-Teirgroj,-lr*rpaper south and east, along the Syrian border, found under rebel latery known for ken Pan-Arabism and previously its outspo_ control. io".iih"i with communist symparhies. pan- Arabists immediatery blamed The rebels were enjoying the active support of the newly formed United Arab I-euanese *t'guli*!, while launching on President Chamoun premier strong attacks Republic, which from its Syrian province was supplying them with arms, muni- and su-i for-torerating terrorism and auetting acts of tions, money, and some personnel. Furthermore, several [rbanese border ports against their political opponents."rlil} ny rrruy l2 antigovernment riots reached the proportions of an armed insurrection. poriticalry were shelled and attacked by military raiding parties from Syria. Throughout the the rebers formed themselves into the so-calred Nationar Front, major part of the rebellion the govemment forces controlled merely 18 kilometers a toor" comprising those sunni Ieaders who had lost^parriamerrrry "outition Mosrem out of Lebanon's 324:kilometer boundary with Syria.s The rest was under rebel ,"u,r-in 7957, the Druze faction Jumblat, the Moslem folrowers of Kamar control and open to easy penetration from the Syrian side. Mule-pack trains of rri".rriJr-*r-ah of rripoli, trr" tutort"* organization Najjada headed youtr, military equipment made regular inroads into l.ebanon through these long stretches by the raaicJpan-erabist Adnan Hakim, Moslem faction of Ahmed the shia of unprotected border. essaa of siJoiiunotr,er loser in ttre variety of pro-Nasser tgsz erections), a In view of the army's passive role; much of the brunt of defense against'the elements in the Bekaa varey *a ott"i p.i, and last, but not rr,. country, rebels had to'be borne by armed volunteer groups. Not infrequently the latter were least, certain christian Jr*rr, opposing president "i latter incruded chamoun. The organized and led by the members of the P.P.S., whose superiororganization and the influentiar cran.9iri"i.;ry"1 of zgrrlrtn represented ii;h". lrbanon, experience (especially true of Syrian refugee army officers affiliated with the party) by their kinsman Rene Muawad. Furtherinore, twists i" the ironicar placed of history, the patriarch or trre naturally them in a position of military leadership. It was such a heavily rvraroiite chu*h, paur Md;;hi,";;; gave implicit blessing to the insurgertr, his lurgrivL.ru*, oru personar fcud president chamoun. chrisrians with tFor particilating i, ir,r'rvuiioiar Front (though a dotailed ncoount of tho civil war, rioc Fnhlm l, Quhain, Crisis in Lehanon (Washington, D.C., not ovorry active in t96l). J/v rEE MIDoLE IT.TqriE-w€RtD AFFAIng LtiuANoN .l7l "hnrrle" sherrrr,n. i;lf,;;*,X'flij,fl'il1n:*l: I.1l'- ,l successruny sropperr poritica,ryJ; clott tlirectccl frottt the nerve-ccnler in Cairo. With an eye to preventing t'urther ;;l::il#'il'fi J,l:,f il: J aprt:nrl ol' Pun-Arab revolutiorr (with its anti-western implications), the United some extent T,l,i:ll,:TTlJHtl*}:":i{ it courd be exprainecr us a sirrrprc Staterr clccided to send military fbrces to lrbanon with the immediate task of Chamoun-a of revenge against president man virified rn trre' .p<lricy del'crrtlirrg the latter's sovereignty and independence. In a special statement presi- intelrigence-for t*-Ir"o pr.r, u, un'-ffi, of British his hards-on d*r;il; sl"l rlettl lliscnhttwer declared that this action was undertaken at the explicit request of the dissenters ryri"y w# alT* harboring of and plotters from Syria. frU.'r" "#' llte governnrent of [rbanon. The first contingent of 3,600 American marines landed to be punisheo ro, itrLuron to the A.ub itt Be irut on July 15, followed by further units qf the army. American troops took no directed against Arab unity "uur"?ni";,'Jfl:::f,::,iliff:;ff1#:: u"a riu"ruiion. o;"" this punishm"ii*ul'irni"ted, nclion in the conflict: they merely stayed, distributed on the beaches and at the rest remained uncertain- the u3',.*Tu,, ,u.go one tlill)ort. But their very presence constituted an important factor in the situation. incorporate 1,r might suspect Nasser,s desire Lebanon into the u.A.R.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The WLCU History
    History of the R W o n rld nio Le ral U NG banese Cultu O UN Ass GC- ociated with the D A ccr -UN edited at ECOSOC World Lebanese Cultural Union 1959 - 2020 Dr Natalio Chidiac Havana -Cuba 1959 uJanuary 31st 1959: Dr Natalio Chidiac founded The Federation of Intercontinental Lebanese Entities (FIEL) in Havana, Cuba. It brought under its umbrella Lebanese entities from the Americas only. The origin of FIEL and WLCU The Lebanese Cabinet August 29th 1959: The Lebanese Cabinet decided at its meeting, to lay the ground for a “conference” that connects all the Lebanese living abroad. 1st FIEL Congress - 1960 u January 31st 1960: 1st FIEL Congress was held in Mexico City and founded the World Lebanese Union (WLU), an organization that embraces Lebanese entities from both inside and outside the Americas. Regions such as Australia and Africa would also be involved. A Lebanese presidential decree - 1960 u March 1st 1960: A Lebanese presidential decree number 3423 was issued creating a permanent central committee headed by the Lebanese Foreign Minister, its mission was to plan a Diaspora conference aiming to adopt a permanent “official institution” for the Lebanese emigrants worldwide. The 1st WLU Congress – Beirut 1960 u September 15th 1960: The 1st WLU Congress was held at the UNESCO Palace in Beirut, Lebanon. The World Lebanese Union is adopted as the sole official representative of the Lebanese Diaspora. The Congress was inaugurated by the Lebanese President of the Republic Fouad Chehab, the Prime Minister Saeb Salam and the Foreign Minister Philip Takla. The World Lebanese Union according to its first constitution, selected an executive office, headed temporarily by the Foreign Minister to oversee the Union until the future elections of a World President and World Council.
    [Show full text]
  • Revisiting the Path of Lebanon Over the Past 100 Years
    REVISITING THE PATH OF LEBANON OVER THE PAST 100 YEARS Analysis of Different Constitutional Aspects of the State REVISITING THE PATH OF LEBANON OVER THE PAST 100 YEARS This book is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution - Non Commercia - Share Alike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0). Please be notified that the book has been released under a Creative Commons license to allow optimal accessibility while preserving attribution to the contributors and the editor’s work, as long as it is not used for commercial purposes. We would like to provide equal opportunities for anyone who wants to disseminate, write and search on the topic. You can share and adapt the content by remixing, transforming, building and redistributing the material in any medium or format as long as you attribute it and properly credit the authors under the same license as the original. For more information, a copy of this license is available at URL: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by- nc-sa/4.0/ REVISITING THE PATH OF For more information, a copy of this license is available at URL: https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ LEBANON OVER THE PAST 100 YEARS Analysis of Different Constitutional Aspects of the State REVISITING THE PATH OF LEBANON OVER THE PAST 100 YEARS Notre Dame University-Louaize NDU Press© First published: 2020, Lebanon ISBN 978-614-475-009-4 Zouk, Kesrwan, P.O.Box 72 Cover design: Department of Creative Design www.ndu.edu.lb | [email protected] P.O. Box: 72, Zouk, Keserwan Phone: +961 9 208 994/6 REVISITING THE PATH OF LEBANON OVER THE PAST 100 YEARS – ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT CONSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS OF THE STATE ©2020Notre Dame University - Louaize (NDU) and Rule of Law Programme Middle East and North Africa, Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung e.V.
    [Show full text]
  • Lebanon 2020
    LEBANON 2020 LEBANON BESHARA EL-KHOURY Banna & Sayrawan Bldg., Bank Audi sal Beshara El-Khoury Street. Tel: (961-1) 664093. Fax: (961-1) 664096. Member of the Association of Banks in Lebanon Capital: LBP 992,879,819,050 BLISS (as at December 2020) Kanater Bldg., Bliss Street. Consolidated shareholders’ equity: Tel: (961-1) 361793. Fax: (961-1) 361796. LBP 4,448,419,828,889 (as at December 2020) GEFINOR C.R. 11347 Beirut Gefinor Center, Clemenceau Street. List of Banks No. 56 Tel: (961-1) 743400. Fax: (961-1) 743412. HEADQUARTERS HAMRA Bank Audi Plaza, Bab Idriss. Mroueh Bldg., Hamra Street. P.O. Box 11-2560 Beirut - Lebanon Tel: (961-1) 341491. Fax: (961-1) 344680. Tel: (961-1) 994000. Fax: (961-1) 990555. Customer helpline: (961-1) 212120. JNAH Swift: AUDBLBBX. Tahseen Khayat Bldg., Khalil Moutran Street. [email protected] bankaudigroup.com Tel: (961-1) 844870. Fax: (961-1) 844875. BRANCHES MAZRAA Wakf El-Roum Bldg., Saeb Salam Blvd. CORPORATE BRANCHES Tel: (961-1) 305612. ASHRAFIEH – MAIN BRANCH Fax: (961-1) 316873, 300451. SOFIL Center, Charles Malek Avenue. Tel: (961-1) 200250. MOUSSEITBEH Fax: (961-1) 200724, 339092. Makassed Commercial Center, Mar Elias Street. BAB IDRISS Tel: (961-1) 818277. Fax: (961-1) 303084. Bank Audi Plaza, Omar Daouk Street. Tel: (961-1) 977588. SELIM SALAM Fax: (961-1) 999410, 971502. Sharkawi Bldg., Selim Salam Avenue. Tel: (961-1) 318824. Fax: (961-1) 318657. VERDUN Verdun 2000 Center, Rashid Karameh Avenue. SERAIL Tel: (961-1) 805805. Bank Audi Plaza, Omar Daouk Street. Fax: (961-1) 865635, 861885. Tel: (961-1) 952515.
    [Show full text]
  • Green Book Cover Rev5
    THE GREEN BUSINESS HANDBOOK Green Actors and Green Marketing DIRECTORY Contact details for companies listed here are in the general directory listing in the last part of this handbook GREEN NGOS FOR BUSINESSES Jozour Loubnan Tree planting campaigns AFDC Tree planting campaigns LibanPack Green packaging design Beeatoona E-cycling all electronic Lebanese Green Building Council equipment Green building certification (ARZ) Cedars for Care Operation Big Blue Association Disposable and biodegradable Seashore cleaning campaigns cutlery TERRE Liban Craft Recycling paper and plastics Recycling paper Recycled notebooks and paper Horsh Ehden Reserve Vamos Todos Eco-tourism activities Eco-tourism activities 133 THE GREEN BUSINESS HANDBOOK Green Actors and Green Marketing CHECKLIST – GREEN MARKETING ❏ Use green material in product packaging and production ❏ Use green methods in product promotion and advertisement ❏ Use online methods to buy and sell products and services ❏ Use online methods to conduct corporate meetings ❏ Brand the product indicating its green attributes (biodegradable, saved trees, recyclable) ❏ Engage the customer in providing feedback on green products and services ❏ Obtain credible certification and make it visible. ❏ Make information readily available about the green initiative. ❏ Provide accurate, understandable information (Use ‘Recyclable Plastic’ instead of ‘Environmentally Friendly’) ❏ Report sustainability to employees, clients, and stakeholders transparently. ❏ Ensure that customer questions and remarks on the product’s
    [Show full text]
  • These Terrorist-Like Statements Were Coupled with Open Threats to Some Arab States, Including Egypt. Moreover, the Israeli Parli
    These terrorist-like statements were coupled with over. What they did, and what they are still doing in open threats to some Arab States, including Egypt. Gaza, in Sinai, in the Golan heights, on the west bank Moreover, the Israeli Parliament adopted a resolution, of Jordan and in the city of Suez, among others, on 5 June, containing threats of reprisals against some bears witness to Israel’s cruelty and terrorism. Let the Arab States. It stipulates that Israel would take action world come and see the cities that once were known against such States “in the exercise of its ‘right’ of for their prosperity and happiness and are now but self-defence”! These threats are designed partly to ruins after the havoc made by the Zionist madness has cover up, for domestic reasons, the complete failure left its mark everywhere in these territories. The re- of the assumptions on which the Israeli policy is based. sponsibility for the deteriorating situation in the Middle They also unveil their clear intention to commit fur- East lies squarely upon Israel and its arrogant and ir- ther aggression against the Arab States in the area, responsible policies and practices, and we categoricalIy in violation of the United Nations Charter. reject all the false allegations uttered by the Israeli Past experience has shown that such “reprisals” officials against Egypt. are executed against women and children (as in the I cannot but underline the clear responsibility of case of Bahr El Bakar in Egypt), against innocent Israel as a result of these official pronouncements and workers and civilians (as in the case of Abu Zaabal in the grave consequences of any action that Israel might Egypt) or against international civil aviation (as in the undertake.
    [Show full text]
  • The Middle East
    GEORGE LEN CZOWSKI / Universiry of California at Berkeley ALSO BY GEORGE LENCZOWSKI The Middle East Iran under the Pahlavis (Editor) Middle East Oil in a Revolutionary Age Oil and State in the Middle East The Politicql Awakening in the Middle East (Editor) in World Affairs Political Elites in the Middle East (Editor) Russia and the West in lran Soviet Advances in the Middle East United Stqtes Interests in the Middle Ecsl (Editor) FOURTH EDITION CORNELL UNIVERSITY PRESS ITHACA AND LONDON t., , rh ,* DSoa-,8 L*4b t q"kb B AND J L. Copyright O 1952, 1956,1962,1980 by Cornell University TO All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations in a review, this book, or parts thereof, must not be re- produced in any form without permission in writing from the publisher. For information address Cornell University Press, 124 Roberts Place, Ithaca, New York 14850. Published in the United Kingdom by Comell University Press Ltd., 2-4 Brook Street, london WIY 1AA. First edition 1952 Second edition 1956 Third edition 1962 Fourth edition 1980 International Standard Book Number (cloth) 0-8014-1273-0 Intemational Standard Book Number (paper) 0-8014-9872-4 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 79-17059 Printed in the United States of America Librarians: Library ofCongress cataloging information appears on the last page ofthe book, ,i ".-'T|!'EFFr'- 368 THE MTDDLE EA!T tN wonLD AFrAtt! TEBANON 369 the already surcharged atmosphert prcvailing among their followcrt, with the result- the military sensc) justificd thelr porllion by the necessity of Lcbanon's keeping on ing tension between the latter and thc Christian elements of Lcbanon.
    [Show full text]
  • Curios Collections & Maingateamerican University of Beirut Quarterly Magazine
    Summer 2010 Vol. VIII, No. 4 No. VIII, Vol. 2010 Summer Curios& Collections MainGateAmerican University of Beirut Quarterly Magazine Departments: Letters 2 Inside the Gate Views from Campus The Reluctant “Starchitect”: Rem Koolhaas on campus; graduation 2010; 4 R+D: poisonous commutes. Reviews 16 Beyond Bliss Street Legends and Legacies Background check on Daniel Bliss and Marquand House. 50 MainGate Connections The Fabric of Life: Widad Irani Kawar’s collection catalogues the intricacy of 52 traditional Palestinian embroidery. Alumni Profile The Sign of Success: Former investment banker and architect, 54 current novelist and screenwriter Raymond Khoury (BArch ’83) is, as one close friend puts it, an “all-arounder.” Reflections Open Door—Open Minds: Speaking with Maroun Kisirwani (BA ’59, MA ’64) 57 Alumni Happenings 61 Class Notes 65 In Memoriam 72 MainGate is published quarterly in Production American University of Beirut Cover Beirut by the American University Office of Communications of Beirut for distribution to alumni, Office of Communications Terra cotta male figurines Randa Zaiter former faculty, friends, and PO Box 11–0236 (II millennium BC), AUB supporters worldwide. Riad El Solh 1107 2020 Archaeological Museum Photography Beirut, Lebanon AUB Jafet Library Archives Editor Tel: 961-1-353228 Mazen Jannoun Inside Front Cover Ada H. Porter Fax: 961-1-363234 Hasan Nisr Photo by M.O. Williams Director of Communications Nishan Simonian New York Office 3 Dag Hammarskjold Plaza Responsible Director Table of Contents 8th Floor Nabil Dajani
    [Show full text]
  • The Crisis in Lebanon: a Test of Consociational Theory
    THE CRISIS IN LEBANON: A TEST OF CONSOCIATIONAL THEORY BY ROBERT G. CHALOUHI A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE COUNCIL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 1978 Copyright 1978 by Robert G. Chalouhi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my thanks to the members of my committee, especially to my adviser, Dr. Keith Legg, to whom I am deeply indebted for his invaluable assistance and guidance. This work is dedicated to my parents, brother, sister and families for continued encouragement and support and great confidence in me; to my parents-in-law for their kindness and concern; and especially to my wife Janie for her patient and skillful typing of this manuscript and for her much- needed energy and enthusiasm. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS iii LIST OF TABLES vii ABSTRACT ix CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 1 Applicability of the Model 5 Problems of System Change 8 Assumption of Subcultural Isolation and Uniformity 11 The Consociational Model Applied to Lebanon 12 Notes 22 CHAPTER II THE BEGINNINGS OF CONSOCIATIONALISM: LEBANON IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE. 25 The Phoenicians 27 The Birth of Islam 29 The Crusaders 31 The Ottoman Empire 33 Bashir II and the Role of External Powers 38 The Qaim Maqamiya 41 The Mutasarrif iyah: Confessional Representation Institutionalized. 4 6 The French Mandate, 1918-1943: The Consolidation of Consociational Principles 52 Notes 63 CHAPTER III: THE OPERATION OF THE LEBANESE POLITICAL SYSTEM 72 Confessionalism and Proportionality: Nominal Actors and Formal Rules . 72 The National Pact 79 The Formal Institutions 82 Political Clientelism: "Real" Actors and Informal Rules The Politics of Preferment and Patronage 92 Notes 95 CHAPTER IV: CONSOCIATIONALISM PUT TO THE TEST: LEBANON IN THE FIFTIES AND SIXTIES.
    [Show full text]
  • Lebanon's Legacy of Political Violence
    LEBANON Lebanon’s Legacy of Political Violence A Mapping of Serious Violations of International Human Rights and Humanitarian Law in Lebanon, 1975–2008 September 2013 International Center Lebanon’s Legacy of Political Violence for Transitional Justice Acknowledgments The Lebanon Mapping Team comprised Lynn Maalouf, senior researcher at the Memory Interdisciplinary Research Unit of the Center for the Study of the Modern Arab World (CEMAM); Luc Coté, expert on mapping projects and fact-finding commissions; Théo Boudruche, international human rights and humanitarian law consultant; and researchers Wajih Abi Azar, Hassan Abbas, Samar Abou Zeid, Nassib Khoury, Romy Nasr, and Tarek Zeineddine. The team would like to thank the committee members who reviewed the report on behalf of the university: Christophe Varin, CEMAM director, who led the process of setting up and coordinating the committee’s work; Annie Tabet, professor of sociology; Carla Eddé, head of the history and international relations department; Liliane Kfoury, head of UIR; and Marie-Claude Najm, professor of law and political science. The team extends its special thanks to Dima de Clerck, who generously shared the results of her fieldwork from her PhD thesis, “Mémoires en conflit dans le Liban d’après-guerre: le cas des druzes et des chrétiens du Sud du Mont-Liban.” The team further owes its warm gratitude to the ICTJ Beirut office team, particularly Carmen Abou Hassoun Jaoudé, Head of the Lebanon Program. ICTJ thanks the European Union for their support which made this project possible. International Center for Transitional Justice The International Center for Transitional Justice (ICTJ) works to redress and prevent the most severe violations of human rights by confronting legacies of mass abuse.
    [Show full text]
  • Beirut 2 Electoral District
    The 2018 Lebanese Parliamentary Elections: What Do the Numbers Say? Beirut 2 Electoral Report District JAN 2021 Georgia Dagher Beirut 2 Founded in 1989, the Lebanese Center for Policy Studies is a Beirut-based independent, non-partisan think tank whose mission is to produce and advocate policies that improve good governance in fields such as oil and gas, economic development, public finance, and decentralization. This report is published in partnership with HIVOS through the Women Empowered for Leadership (WE4L) programme, funded by the Netherlands Foreign Ministry FLOW fund. Copyright © 2020. The Lebanese Center for Policy Studies Designed by Polypod Executed by Zéna Khairallah Sadat Tower, Tenth Flour P.O.B 55-215, Leon Street, Ras Beirut, Lebanon T+ +961 1 79 93 01 F: +961 1 79 93 02 [email protected] www.lcps-lebanon.org The 2018 Lebanese Parliamentary Elections: What Do the Numbers Say? Beirut 2 Electoral District Georgia Dagher Georgia Dagher is a researcher at the Lebanese Center for Policy Studies. Her research focuses on parliamentary representation, namely electoral behavior and electoral reform. She has also previously contributed to LCPS’s work on international donors conferences and reform programs. She holds a degree in Politics and Quantitative Methods from the University of Edinburgh. The author would like to thank Sami Atallah, Daniel Garrote Sanchez, Ayman Makarem, and Micheline Tobia for their contribution to this report. 2 LCPS Report Executive Summary In the Lebanese parliamentary elections of 2018, the electoral district of Beirut 2 saw one of the lowest participation rates across the country. Nevertheless, there were significant variations across confessional groups: Muslim communities were significantly more likely to vote compared to their Christian counterparts.
    [Show full text]
  • National Pact of 1943
    PAPERS ON LEBANON ---- ---- - ------- .~ --- Centre for Lebanese Studies ---- -- --- -- --- - -- -- - 59 Observatary Street. Oxford OX26EP. Tel: 0865-58465 Papers on Lebanon 12 The Comnlunal Pact of National Identities: The Making and Politics of the 1943 National Pact October 1991 ----- - ----- --. --_--- -- - Centre for Lebanese Studies =-: =-: - -- 59 Observatory Street, Oxford OX2 6EP. Tel: 0865-58465 @ Farid el-Khazen 1991 Published by the Centre for Lebanese Studies, Oxford ISBN 1 870552 20 2 ISSN 0269 - 8919 Typeset on a Monotype Lasercomp at Oxford University Computing Service Printed in Great Britain by Oxonian Rewley Press Ltd. THE COMMUNAL PACT OF NATIONAL IDENTITIES: THE MAKING AND POLITICS OF THE 1943 NATIONAL PACT * Farid el-Khazen t Since the outbreak of war in 1975, Lebanon has been the subject of a plethora of writing reflecting the divisive issues that have marked conflict. This contrasts with the dearth of writing on the period that immediately preceded the war, namely, the late 1960s and early I~~OS, which would have helped explain the process of disintegration that opened the country to almost all the destabilising forces that have swept the Middle East in the last three or four decades. The same can be said about another period, namely pre- independence Lebanon under the French mandate, beginning in the early 1920s with the establishment of the modern Lebanese state. Aside from the proclamation of the Constitution in 1926, the most important development that occurred in the next two decades was Lebanon's independence, achieved by the mid-1940s. The National Pact of 1943 (al-Mithaq al-Watani) was the new label that came to symbolise post-independence confessional politics, thereby crowning the process of change that occurred during the mandate both within Lebanon and in its regional order.
    [Show full text]
  • Construction of Lebanese Sovereignty Brock Dahl St. Antony
    The Lebanese­Palestinian Conflict in 1973: The Social (De)Construction of Lebanese Sovereignty Brock Dahl St. Antony’s College Trinity Term 2006 Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of Degree Masters of Philosophy in Oriental Studies/Modern Middle Eastern Studies Faculty of Oriental Studies University of Oxford For my family, whose support means everything Acknowledgements: A deep expression of gratitude is owed to my supervisor, Dr. Eugene Rogan, who traveled with me through recent Lebanese history to settle, finally, on the meaning of May. Thank you also to Cecil Hourani, Nadim Shehadi, and Melad Stephan, for whose friendship and help I am indescribably grateful. ii Special Note on Citations: This thesis follows the guidance of the National Archives, College Park, Maryland in citing archival information. It provides as much information as was available in the cited document. The format is as follows: [Type of document], [page], [names of sender and recipient or title of document], [date], [folder title], [box number], [series title], [collection title], [location]. Subsequent citations possess the document type, page number, and if necessary, date. Where the citation refers to the first, or only page in the document, the page number has not been indicated. For the sake of simplifying repeated elements of citation, the following abbreviations have been used. i. FCO for Foreign and Commonwealth Office ii. Kew for National Archives, Kew, London iii. NARII for National Archives, College Park, Maryland. iv. NPMS for Nixon Presidential
    [Show full text]