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A Family Gathering at Rhamnous? Who's Who on the Nemesis Base

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A Family Gathering at Rhamnous? Who's Who on the Nemesis Base A FAMILY GATHERING AT RHAMNOUS? WHO'S WHO ON THE NEMESIS BASE (PLATES 27 AND 28) For Marina T HE DATE of the introductionof the cultof Nemesisat Rhamnoushas notbeen deter- mined with any degree of certainty,but the associationof the goddess with the Athe- nian victoryat Marathon, made by ancient literarysources, has led some scholarsto suggest that the cult was founded, or at least expanded, in the aftermath of the Persian Wars.1 I An earlier version of this article was submitted as a school paper to the American School of Classical Studies at Athens in 1989. Later versions were presentedorally in 1990 at the AmericanAcademy in Rome, the CanadianAcademic Centre in Rome, and the annual meeting of the ArchaeologicalInstitute of Americain San Francisco. I am grateful to the Fulbright Foundation and the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley, whose support allowed me to undertakepreliminary research for this paper in Athens; to the Luther Replogle Foundation whose generosity allowed me to continue my work as Oscar T. Broneer Fellow in Classical Archaeologyat the AmericanAcademy in Rome;to John Camp who introducedme to the problemsof the Rhamnous base; and to Christina Traitoraki for her kind assistancein the early stages of the preparationof this paper. I have profited greatly from the insights, suggestions, and criticisms of M. Bell, J. Boardman,D. Clay, A. S. Delivorrias, C. M. Edwards, E. S. Gruen, E. Harrison, D. C. Kurtz, M. Mar- vin, M. M. Miles, J. Neils, M. C. J. Putnam, B. S. Ridgway, A. F. Stewart, B. A. Stewart, and J. M. Tillot- son, all of whom I thank warmly for their help and encouragement.They do not, of course, necessarilyagree with the views presentedhere, nor should they be held responsiblefor any of my errors. Permissionto repro- duce photographsand plans has been kindly providedby B. Petrakos,H. Kyrieleis,the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, and the Nationalmuseum, Stockholm. Works frequently cited are abbreviatedas follows: Delivorrias = A. Delivorrias, <<Au0to-,uutES' Kat 7rapavayvc%-eLs-?, Hopos, 2, 1984, pp. 83-102 Kallipolitis = V. G. Kallipolitis,<<H Ba'aoi ToV ayaApyaTos,Ts Pap.ovclas- NLEo-,qs%,'ApX'E4 1978 (1980), pp. 1-90 Kjellberg = E. Kjellberg,Studien zu den attischenReliefs, Uppsala 1926 Petrakos 1981 = B. Petracos, 'La base de la Nemesis d'Agoracrite(rapport preliminaire)," BCH 105, 1981, pp. 227-253 Petrakos1986 = V. Petrakos,<FIIpo,8),uara Tqs Ba/a-s ToVayacXuaTos- Tqs Nqe4o-ecos%,in Archaische und klassischegriechische Plastik (Akten des internationalenKolloquiums von 22.-25. April 1985 in Athen), II, Klassischegriechische Plastik, H. Kyrieleis, ed., Mainz am Rhein 1986,pp.89-107 Picard = C. Picard, Manuel d'arche'ologiegrecque. La Sculpture,Paris 1935-1966 Robertson = M. Robertson,A History of GreekArt, Cambridge 1975 Numbers in the text in bold face refer to figures carvedon the base as numberedin Petrakos 1986. Nemesis and her cult: RE XVI, ii, 1935, s.v. Nemesis [H. Herter], cols. 2338-2380, esp. cols. 2346- 2352; more recently, F. W. Hamdorf, GriechischeKultpersonificationen der vorhellenistischenZeit, Mainz 1964, pp. 35-36, 96-97 and H. A. Shapiro, Personificationsand AbstractConcepts in GreekArt and Liter- ature to the End of the Fifth CenturyB.C., diss. PrincetonUniversity 1976, pp. 83-86, 152-155. Sanctuary at Rhamnous:J. Travlos, Bildlexicon zur Topographiedes antiken Attika, Tiibingen 1988, pp. 388-390; M. M. Miles, 'A Reconstructionof the Temple of Nemesis at Rhamnous,"Hesperia 58, 1989, pp. 131-249; and B. Petrakos, <<OavaO-Ka4' ToV Pa,.wovr osv 1813-1987?, 'Apx'E4 1987 (1989), pp. 265-298. Ancient literary sources which associate Nemesis with Marathon include Pausanias 1.33.2-3; Aelius Aristides 12 (p. 203 Dindorf); and Anth. Pal. 16.221, 222, 263. American School of Classical Studies at Athens is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve, and extend access to Hesperia ® www.jstor.org 108 KENNETH DEAN SHAPIRO LAPATIN Inscribed accounts from the sanctuary demonstratethat the cult was flourishing by the middleof the 5th centuryB.C., and recentanalysis of the physical remainsof both the Classi- cal Temple of Nemesis and the sculpturedbase of its cult statue suggest that the sanctuary was the objectof considerableattention in the years ca. 430-420.2 Fragments of the cult statue and its sculptured base, now identified as the work of Agorakritosof Paros and his workshop, have been known for well over a century, but de- spite the description of Pausanias (1.33.2-3, 7-8), their composition has, until recently, remained the subject of considerablescholarly debate.3 The painstaking physical recon- struction of both these 5th-century originals from hundreds of fragments by Georgios Despinis and Basileios Petrakos, however, has clarified their appearance and added significantlyto our understandingof Greek sculptureof the Classical period. The rectangular statue base consisted of three elements: an ornately-carvedsocle of white Pentelic marble;a central die of two pentelic blocks;and a crowning course of dark Eleusinian limestone into which the cult statue was set.4 The physical integrationof both the sculptured-relieffragments and recentlyrecovered unsculptured pieces of the centraldie indicates that the base was decoratedon three sides with widely spaced figures carved in high relief. These figures were arranged symmetricallywith two pairs of males flanking four females on the front of the base and three males and a horse on each of the two shorter sides (Fig. 1); the back was left blank.5 The 14 human figures, traces of which are evident from fragments, break lines, and comparativesymmetry, are at variance with the 12 apparently named by Pausanias, who saw the base in the mid-2nd century after Christ: VVV 8' #81q tLELMLo7Toa C7TL TCw) 8aOpCOTOV aya1XaTO/ EfYTLVdLpyao-l'va, TO-OV CT TO o-a.Js 'rrpo XtA%rasxEXc'vn yLao-rNvNE'I.Lc-LV pur/Tpa EivaL XEyOVO-LV~'EAXXvcs, Abav be E7TLOXELVairj KaL OpAfaL 'arcpa xaKL OVTOLKaL 7raVTEs KaTa TaVTa EXEvs La KaLov Tvvbapcwv EivaL VO(ALLCOVGTL.TavTa aK7)KO(S%cFLtLaSa 7TE7TOL)KV EXc'vv e Abasv &yo- /lev7)v 7rapaT7)V N4LEO-LV, 7TE7TOL7Ke8f Tvvbapeov Tr KaLTOVs wravasc KaL avbpa 5Vv 'LflT( 7rapEo-T7)KoTaTa ca ovo,uamE(YTL 8fG IAya1C`LVWVKzaL Meve'Xaosv KaL IVtpposVo 'AXLye'S, 7rpWTos oVros! EpMLorv rr'vEX'evqv yvvaLKa Xa/% v 'Opcorr/ b tLa To e T7)V,ur7)epa ' TOAXf.L)f.a7rap arq, 7rapa.ELvar7)s1 TEes a7rav EpULO'v7savTo? KaLTECOVO)S1 7raWdba. r b C7TL 2 Accounts:R. Meiggs and D. M. Lewis, A Selection of Greek Historical Inscriptions to the End of the Fifth CenturyB.C., Oxford 1969, no. 53, pp. 144-146. Temple: Miles, op. cit., pp. 221-227. Base: Petrakos 1986, p. 107. The cult statue itself was dated ca. 430 B.C. by Georgios Despinis (TvMoPoXe'0T? royXA 0V Epyov ToV AyopaKpt'rov, Athens 1971). The differencebetween this date and that ascribedto the base, both determinedon grounds of style, may, in part, be attributedto the differencesbetween the master'slarge-scale work carvedin the round and the smaller reliefs presumablycarved by his workshop.In the discussionfollow- ing Petrakos'paper, moreover,Despinis expresseda willingness to downdatethe statue to the 420's (Petrakos 1986, p. 107). Of course, Pliny (NH 36.17) would have us believe that it was decided to erect the statue in Rhamnousonly after it (a model?) was rejectedby the Athenians.Thus the statue (or its design) would indeed antedatethe base. 3 For the attributionof the cult statue to Agorakritosrather than to Pheidias (both are attestedby ancient sources along with a Diodotos) and for previous bibliographysee Despinis, op. cit. For good pictures of in- dividual fragmentsof the base and previousbibliography see Kallipolitis and Petrakos 1986. 4 Petrakos 1981: socle, pp. 246-248; central die, pp. 229-243; crown, pp. 243-245; over-all dimensionsof central die = 2.38/2.41 x 1.664 x 0.50 m., p. 231. Petrakos 1986, German abstract,p. 231, Greek abstract,pp. 245-246, fig. 8. 4 5 67 910 11 2 23c1 3 12a 1 FIG. 1. The base of the statue of Nemesis at Rhamnous (after Petrakos 1986, fig. 8, p. 106 and pl. 112:3) 110 KENNETH DEAN SHAPIROLAPATIN Tr4 BacpcpKal Kal vEavMaS fTLV-TE0TPOS- E TovTOVSaXXo pAfv "E7rXosX, KaXovpJEVOs 77Kov-a , \, ovoEV,v A, aIiEXfovs, u x o ta V% oelvE ,,, fEtasL 1, O, JLVOS,ap' 7sr 7TTO ovoya 74 0cp. 1.33.7-8 [Rocha-Pereira,Leipzig 1973] Now I shall describewhat is fashionedon the base of the statue, having made so long an intro- ductionfor the sake of clarity. The Greeks say that Nemesis was the motherof Helen, but Leda suckledand raised her. The Greeks and everybodyelse considerthe father of Helen to be Zeus and not Tyndareos. Having heard this, Pheidias has representedHelen being led by Leda to Nemesis, and he has representedTyndareos and his children and a man standing by with a horse, named Hippeus. Also present are Agamemnon and Menelaos and Pyrrhos, the son of Achilles, who first took Hermione, the daughterof Helen, to wife. Orestesis omittedbecause of his crime against his mother, but Hermione stayed by him through everythingand bore him a child. Next upon the base is one called Epochosand anotheryouth; I heard nothing about them except that they are brothersof Oinoe, from whom the deme has its name. (author'stranslation) The battered state of the fragments, which survived an intentional and very thorough destruction of the base in Late Antiquity, makes it difficult to identify the figures as recon- structed with any degree of certainty,6 but a well-known neo-Attic relief from Rome now in Stockholm (P1. 27:a)7 can help identify the figures on the front of the Rhamnous base (Fig. 2). The Stockholm relief reproduces the four figures of the left half of the front of the base to scale in their original order: A bearded male wearing a himation looks toward the center of the relief.
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