HIRUNDO 2012
Villas and Vicinitas: The Social, Economic and Political Role of Roman Republican Villas
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Illi enim faciebant ad fructum rationem, hi faciunt ad libidines indomitas´ HIRUNDO 2012 KDYHDVODUJHDQGKDQGVRPHDGZHOOLQJDVSRVVLEOH DQGWKH\YLHZLWKWKHµIDUPKRXVHV¶RI 0HWHOOXVDQG/XFXOOXVZKLFKWKH\KDYHEXLOWWRWKHJUHDWGDPDJHRIWKHVWDWH´ Here, he GHVFULEHVWZRFRQWHPSRUDULHVZKRVHYLOODVZHUHLQIDPRXVIRUWKHLUVSOHQGRUDQGOX[XU\ 7KRXJK&LFHURKLPVHOIRZQHGVHYHUDOSURSHUWLHVKHLVMXVWDVZLOOLQJWRFULWLFL]H YLOODFXOWXUHHVSHFLDOO\IRUKLVRZQDGYDQWDJHLQFRXUW,QWKHpro Caelio, he claims that KLV DFFXVHUV WKH LQIDPRXV &ORGLD ³7KH DFFXVHUV WDON WR XV DERXW OXVWV DQG ORYHV DQG DGXOWHULHVDQG%DLDHDQGGRLQJVRQWKHVHDVKRUHDQGEDQTXHWVDQGUHYHOVDQGVRQJV DQGPXVLFSDUWLHVDQGZDWHUSDUWLHV”±LQWKLVOLVW%DLDHWKHORFDWLRQRI&ORGLD¶VYLOODLV FRQQHFWHGZLWKRWKHUVLJQVRIH[FHVVOX[XU\DQGQHIDULRXVDFWLYLWLHV+RZHYHUZKHQ GLVFXVVLQJKLVRZQYLOODV&LFHURWDNHVDQRSSRVLWHDSSURDFK)DUIURPEHLQJORFDWLRQVRI ODYLVKSDUWLHV&LFHURGHVFULEHVKLVYLOODVDVKLVKDYHQVIURPWKHEXVWOHRIWKHFLW\ZKHUH KHFDQJRWRHVFDSHDQGHQMR\KLVOLWHUDU\SXUVXLWV,QGHHGPDQ\RIKLVSKLORVRSKLFDO DQG ORQJHU ZRUNV ZHUH FRPSRVHG DW KLV YLOODV +RZHYHU &LFHUR RFFDVLRQDOO\ LPSOLHV WKDW KLV FRXQWU\ HVWDWHV DOVR VHUYHG D VRFLDO IXQFWLRQ ZKLFK XQGRXEWHGO\ KHOSHG to solidify his role in the vicinitas DQG KLV UHODWLRQVKLSV ZLWK KLV ,WDOLDQ QHLJKERUV &LFHUR¶VTusculum DisputationsSUHVHQWVDQLG\OOLFYLHZRIYLOODFXOWXUH±WKHYLOOD DVDUHPRWHVHWWLQJSHUIHFWIRUORQJZDONVDQGSKLORVRSKLFDOGLVFXVVLRQVDPRQJ5RPDQ DULVWRFUDWV&LFHURGHVFULEHVKRZKHDQGKLVIULHQGVODEHOHG0DQG$VSHQWWKHGD\LQ SKLORVRSKLFDO GLVFXVVLRQ WR ZKLFK FXVWRP , ZDV EURXJKWWRFRQIRUPE\P\IULHQGVDWP\7XVFXOXP DQG DFFRUGLQJO\ RXU OHLVXUH WLPH ZDV VSHQW LQ WKLV PDQQHU $QG WKHUHIRUH DV \HVWHUGD\ EHIRUH QRRQ ZH DSSOLHG RXUVHOYHV WR VSHDNLQJ DQG LQ WKH DIWHUQRRQ ZHQW GRZQ LQWRWKH$FDGHP\WKHGLVFXVVLRQVZKLFKZHUHKHOGWKHUH, KDYHDFTXDLQWHG\RXZLWK 16 Varro RR “nunc contra villam urbanam quam maximam ac politissimam habeant dant RSHUDPDFFXP0HWHOOLDF/XFXOOLYLOOLVSHVVLPRSXEOLFRDHGL¿FDWLVFHUWDQW´ 17 Cic. 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Lucullus ferebatur, quasi commodissime UHVSRQGLVVHWFXPHVVHWRELHFWDPDJQL¿FHQWLDYLOODH7XVFXODQDHGXRVHKDEHUHYLFLQRVVXSHULRUHP HTXLWHP5RPDQXPLQIHULRUHPOLEHUWLQXP TXRUXPFXPHVVHQWPDJQL¿FDHYLOODHFRQFHGLVLEL oportere quod iis qui inferioris ordinis essent liceret. Non vides Luculle a te id ipsum natum ut illi cuperent quibus id si tu non faceres non liceret?); VHHDOVR0DU]DQR 847KLVLVHPSKDVL]HGE\WKHVWDWHPHQWLQWKHCommentariolum petitionis, ZKLFKLVDSSDUHQWO\DG GUHVVHGWR&LFHURKLPVHOIDVZHOODVKLVRZQUHIHUHQFHVWRKLPVHOIDVDnovus homo. 855REHUW-Rowland, &LFHUR¶V1HFHVVDULLThe Classical Journal 867KHUHDUHRWKHUVFDWWHUHGUHIHUHQFHVZKLFKJURXSvicini ZLWKRWKHU5RPDQUHODWLRQVKLSVpro Caecina³an tuus colonus aut vicinus aut cliens aut libertus” (or whether it was one of your ODERXUHUVRUQHLJKERXUVRUFOLHQWVRUIUHHGPHQ pro Caecina ³si alieni ac mercennarii, non si tuus procurator quam si vicinus aut libertus tuus, non si coactis hominibus quam si voluntariis.´ It LVQRZRUVHLI\RXUDJHQWGLGLWWKDQLI\RXUQHLJKERURU\RXUIUHHGPDQZDVWKHSHUVRQ QRULILWZDV WKHZRUNRIPHQFROOHFWHGWRJHWKHURQSXUSRVHWKDQLILWZDVWKHGHHGRIPHQZKRRIIHUHGWKHP VHOYHVYROXQWDULO\ pro Roscio Amerino ³4XDVLYHURPLKLGLI¿FLOHVLWTXDPYLVPXOWRVQRPLQDWLP proferre, ne longius abeam, vel tribulis vel vicinos meos qui suos liberos” ($VLILWZHUHDKDUGPDW WHUIRUPHWREULQJIRUZDUGHYHUVRPDQ\E\QDPHRIP\RZQWULEHRUP\RZQQHLJKERXUV Parrish Wright Villas and Vicinitas IRU WKLV JURXSLQJ )RU H[DPSOH LQ KLV DGGUHVV WR WKH FLWL]HQV RI 5RPH XSRQ KLV UHWXUQ IURPH[LOH&LFHURGHVFULEHV³WKHGHOLJKWVZKLFK,KDYHOHDUQWWRDSSUHFLDWHEHWWHU´WKHVH being “amicitiae, consuetudines, vicinitates, clientelae, ludi denique et dies festi.” ,W LV LQWHUHVWLQJ WR QRWH WKH GLIIHUHQW ZRUGV &LFHUR XVHV HDFK RI ZKLFK FRUUHVSRQGV WR DGLIIHUHQWUHODWLRQVKLSRUSXUVXLW IULHQGVKLSLQWLPDWHIULHQGVQHLJKERUVFOLHQWVJDPHV DQG IHVWLYDO GD\V 7KHVH DUH DOO GLVWLQFW W\SHV RI UHODWLRQVKLSV \HW ZH NQRZ WKDW WKHUH DUHVRPHRYHUODSVEHWZHHQWKHGXWLHVRIamici and clientelaeLQWHUPVRIJLYLQJSROLWLFDO VXSSRUWDQGRQHFRXOGDVVXPHWKDWWKHW\SHRIIULHQGVKLSGLFWDWHGE\amicusFRXOGH[WHQG RXWVLGH RI WKH SROLWLFDO VSKHUH DQG EH PRUH VLPLODU WR D consuetudines.7KHUHIRUH LW LV QRWVXSULVLQJWKDWVRPHRIWKHGXWLHVRIDvicinus seem similar to an amicus RUDFOLHQW 7KHUHLVDQRWKHUVLPLODUJURXSLQJLQWKHPro Cluentio, ZKHQ&LFHURGHPDQGVWKDW WKHMXU\³6DYH$XOXV&OXHQWLXVUHWXUQKLPVDIHWRKLVWRZQJLYHKLPEDFNWRKLVIULHQGV QHLJKERUVJXHVWIULHQGVZKR\RXVHH>KHUH@ZLWKHQWKXVLDVP´ Instead of clientela¸ in this SDVVDJHZHKDYHvicini JURXSHGZLWKamici and hospites, RUJXHVWIULHQGV7KHSUHVHQFH RI ,WDOLDQ ³JXHVWIULHQGV´ DW ZKRVH KRXVHV 5RPDQV ZRXOG VWD\ RQ WUDYHOV DQG YLVLWV LV DWWHVWHGLQRXUOLWHUDU\VRXUFHV %XWDJDLQDvicinus is not a hospis.+RZHYHULIZHYLHZ vicinus DVDVSHFL¿FW\SHRI5RPDQUHODWLRQVKLS&LFHURLVFRYHULQJDOOW\SHVRIUHODWLRQVKLS ZKLFK&OXHQWLXVFRXOGKDYHDQGSHUKDSVGLIIHUHQWLDWLQJVRFLDOOHYHOV$Qamicus would EHDVRFLDOHTXDODvicinus DFORVHHTXDOVLQFHWKH\ZRXOGEHDEOHWRRZQSURSHUW\LQ the same neighborhoods, and then a hospis, ZKRZRXOGOLNHO\EHVLPSO\DZHDOWK\ORFDO 7KLV SDVVDJH DOVR KLJKOLJKWV RQH RI WKH UROHV RI vicini: SURYLGLQJ VXSSRUW IRU SROLWLFDO DQG OHJDO LVVXHV &OXHQWLXV¶ amici, vicini and hospitii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ed. Pop. 88&LF Clu conservate A. Cluentium, restituite incolumem municipio; amicis, vicinis, hospitibus quorum studia videtis reddite 89/LY 90 &LF. Pro Clu. age vero, vicinorum quantum studium, quam incredibilis benivolentia, quanta cura est! non illi in libellis laudationem decretam miserunt, sed homines honestissimos, quos HIRUNDO 2012 1RW RQO\ KDYH &OXHQWLXV¶ FRXQWU\PHQ FRPH WR GHIHQG KLP EXW WKHVH DUH QR common rusticani, DFFRUGLQJ WR &LFHUR WKH\ DUH PHQ ZKR ³quos nossemus omnes.” /RFDO DULVWRFUDWV KDYH FRPH RXW RI D QHLJKERUO\ FRQQHFWLRQ DOO WKH ZD\ WR 5RPH LQ RUGHU WR GHIHQG $XOXV &OXHQWLXV $GGLWLRQDOO\ DV WKH SDVVDJH FRQWLQXHV WR VD\ WKHVH DUH QRW MXVW PHQ RI /DULQXP EXW DOVR $SXOLD /XFHULD DQG DOO RI 6DPQLXP DJDLQ LQGLFDWHG WKH ZLGH QHWZRUN RI DULVWRFUDWLF FRQQHFWLRQV DQG GHSHQGHQWV ZKR &OXHQWLXV FRXOG FDOO XSRQ WR FRPH DQG VXSSRUW KLP DW KLV WULDO 7KLV VHUYHV WZR UKHWRULFDO SXUSRVHV IRU &LFHUR VLQFH &OXHQWLXV¶ QHLJKERUV DQG FRXQWU\PHQ FDQ QRW RQO\ DWWHVW WR KLV LQQRFHQFH EXW DOVR KLV FKDUDFW+RZHYHU WKH pro Cluentio also demonstrates that there are limits to the ¿GHV owed to vicini. &LFHUR WHOOV XV WKDW WKH VDPH * )DEULFLXV EURXJKWWRP\KRXVHDGHSXWDWLRQRI$ODWULDQV IRUKHNQHZWKDW,ZDVDQHLJKERU RIWKHLUVDQGRQLQWLPDWHWHUPVZLWKPRVWRIWKHP$QGDOWKRXJKWKHLURSLQLRQ RI)DEULFLXVZDVZKDWLWFRXOGQRWKHOSEHLQJVWLOOEHFDXVHKHZDVWKHLUIHOORZ WRZQVPDQWKH\IHOWWKDWWKH\RZHGLWWRWKHLUVHOIUHVSHFWWRGRZKDWWKH\FRXOG IRU KLV GHIHQFH $FFRUGLQJO\ WKH\ DVNHG PH WR GHIHQG KLP DQG XQGHUWDNH 6FDPDQGHU¶VFDVHLQYROYLQJDOVRDVLWGLGKLVSDWURQ¶VOLDELOLW\WRFRQYLFWLRQ, then, being unable to refuse anything to these, my good and honourable friends, DQGKDYLQJQRPRUHLGHDWKDQWKHDFWXDOSHRSOHZKRVRXJKWWRSODFHLWLQP\ KDQGVWKDWWKHFDVHZDVVRVHULRXVRUVRZHOOHVWDEOLVKHGSURPLVHGWKHPDOOWKH\ wanted nossemus omnes, huc frequentis adesse et hunc praesentis laudare voluerunt. adsunt Ferentan, homines nobilissimi, Marrucini item pari dignitate; Teano Apulo atque Luceria equites Romanos, homines honestissimos, laudatores videtis; Boviano totoque ex Samnio cum laudationes honestis simae missae sunt, tum homines amplissimi nobilissimique venerunt. iam qui in agro Larinati prae GLDTXLQHJRWLDTXLUHVSHFXDULDVKDEHQWKRQHVWLKRPLQHVHWVXPPRVSOHQGRUHSUDHGLWLGLI¿FLOH dictu est quam sint solliciti, quam laborent. non multi mihi ab uno sic diligi videntur ut hic ab his universis.) 91&LFClu.³hic tum C. Fabricius, is de quo ante dixi, qui liberto damnato sibi illud impendere periculum videret, quod mihi cum Aletrinatibus vicinitatem et cum plerisque eorum magnum usum esse sciebat, frequentis eos ad me domum adduxit. qui quamquam de homine sic ut necesse erat existimabant, tamen quod erat ex eodem municipio, suae dignitatis esse arbitra bantur eum quibus rebus possent defendere, idque a me ut facerem et ut causam Scamandri sus ciperem petebant, in qua causa patroni omne periculum continebatur. ego, qui neque illis talibus viris ac tam amantibus mei rem possem ullam negare neque illud crimen tantum ac tam manifestum esse arbitrarer, sicut ne illi ipsi quidem qui mihi tum illam causam commendabant arbitrabantur, pollicitus eis sum me omnia quae vellent esse facturum Parrish Wright Villas and Vicinitas ,QWKLVSDVVDJH&LFHURKDVWRH[SODLQZK\KHRQFHGHIHQGHG6FDPDQGHUDQDOO\ RI2SSLDQLFXVZKRKHLVFXUUHQWO\DUJXLQJDJDLQVWLQWKHpro Cluentio. )DEULFLXVDQGWKH GHSXWDWLRQ RI$ODWULDQV ZHUH &LFHUR¶V QHLJKERUV VLQFH$ODWULXP ZDV QH[W WR$USLQXP &LFHUR¶VKRPHWRZQDQGZKHUHKHKDGSURSHUW\%HFDXVHRIKLVQHLJKERUO\GXW\&LFHUR FRXOGQRWRULJLQDOO\UHIXVHWRKHOS)DEULFLXVHVSHFLDOO\VLQFHKHKLPVHOIZDVVXSSRUWHG E\&LFHUR¶VQHLJKERUV+RZHYHULQWKHFXUUHQWWULDOWKHPro Cluentio, )DEULFLXVZDVQRW DEOH WR EULQJ ³WR PH P\ QHLJKERXUV DQG IULHQGV WKH FLWL]HQV RI$ODWULQXP EXW KH ZDV QRWDEOHKLPVHOIDQ\ORQJHUWRHPSOR\WKHPDVPHQHDJHULQKLVGHIHQVHRUDVZLWQHVVHV WRKLVFKDUDFWHU´ 2EYLRXVO\IRUUKHWRULFDOHIIHFW&LFHURLVHPSKDVL]LQJWKDW)DEULFLXV GLG QRW KDYH WKH SROLWLFDO VXSSRUW IURP WKRVH ZKR LW ZRXOG EH DVVXPHG ZRXOG VXSSRUW KLPKLVQHLJKERUVDQGIULHQGVDQGWKHUHIRUHFRXOGQRWXVHWKDWUHODWLRQVKLSWRGHPDQG WKH VXSSRUW RI &LFHUR DJDLQ %RWK RI WKHVH SDVVDJHV LQGLFDWH WKDW 5RPDQ QHLJKERUV FRXOG DQG VKRXOG EH SROLWLFDO DOOLHV DQG FRPH WR HDFK RWKHU¶V OHJDO DLG LI QHFHVVDU\ 7KHUROHRIDQHLJKERULQJLYLQJOHJDOVXSSRUWLVDOVRSUHVHQWLQDSDVVDJHIURP&DWR¶V de agri cultura, LQZKLFKKHSURYLGHVDGYLFHIRU5RPDQVUHJDUGLQJWKHLUFRXQWU\HVWDWHV %H D JRRG QHLJKERU DQG GR QRW OHW \RXU SHRSOH >familiam@ FRPPLW RIIHQFHV ,I \RX DUH SRSXODU LQ WKH QHLJKERUKRRG LW ZLOO EH HDVLHU IRU \RX WR VHOO \RXU SURGXFHHDVLHUWROHWRXW\RXUZRUNHDVLHUWRVHFXUHH[WUDKDQGV,I\RXEXLOG WKHQHLJKERUVZLOOKHOS\RXZLWKWKHLUZRUNWKHLUWHDPVDQGWKHLUPDWHULDOV LI WURXEOHFRPHVXSRQ\RXZKLFK*RGIRUELGWKH\ZLOOEHJODGWRVWDQGE\\RX &DWRKLWVXSRQPDQ\DVSHFWVRIvicinitasZKLFK&LFHURDOVRGHVFULEHV%HLQJDJRRGQHLJKERU QRWRQO\UHVXOWVLQKDYLQJDJRRGUHSXWDWLRQEXW&DWRLPSOLHVWKDWQHLJKERUVZRXOGZRUN WRJHWKHUDQGKHOSHDFKRWKHURXWLQVXFKSURMHFWVDVVHOOLQJVXUSOXVSURGXFHRUODUJHVFDOH EXLOGLQJSURMHFWV7KLVLVORJLFDOEDVHGRQWKHGHVFULSWLRQRIDQLQWHUDFWLYHODQGVFDSHRI 92 &LFClu.³hic tum Fabricius non modo ad me meos vicinos et amicos Aletrinatis non adduxit sed ipse eis neque defensoribus uti postea neque laudatoribus potuit. rem enim integram hominis non alieni quamvis suspiciosam defendere humanitatis esse putabamus, iudicatam labefac tare conari impudentiae.” 93+RZHYHU&LFHURXVHVWKLVDUJXPHQWagainst &QDHXV3RVWXPLXVLVKLVRQHRIWKHDFFXVHUVRI 0XUHQDEXWDFWXDOO\VKRXOGKDYHEHHQGHIHQGLQJKLPVLQFHKHZDV³DQROGQHLJKERXUDQGLQWLPDWH IULHQGRIKLVRZQ´(accusat paternus amicus, C. Postumus, vetus, ut ait ipse, vicinus ac neces sarius, qui necessitudinis causas compluris protulit, simultatis nullam commemorare potuit pro Mureno 94&DWRAgr. ³Vicinis bonus esto; familiam ne siveris peccare. 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