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Brill's Companion to Cicero BRILL’S COMPANION TO CICERO This page intentionally left blank May.vw.c 30-07-2002 10:22 Pagina 3 BRILL’S COMPANION TO CICERO Oratory and Rhetoric EDITED BY JAMES M. MAY BRILL LEIDEN • BOSTON • KÖLN 2002 May.vw.c 30-07-2002 10:22 Pagina 4 The illumination on the cover of this book is from a fifteenth-century edition of Cicero’s orationes (Florence, Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, MS Plut. 48.8, c. 2r). Reproduced with permission from the Ministero per i Beni e le Attività Culturali. This book is printed on acid-free paper Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Brill´s companion to Cicero : oratory and rhetoric / edited by James M. May p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 9004121471 1Cicero, Marcus Tullius. Speeches. 2. Speeches, addresses, etc., Latin—History and criticism. 3. Rome—History—Republic, 265-30 B.C.—Sources. 4.Cicero, Marcus Tullius. Rhetorical works. 5. Rhetoric, Ancient. I. May, James M. PA6285 .B75 2002 875’.01—dc21 2002066555 Die Deutsche Bibliothek - CIP-Einheitsaufnahme Brill’s companion to Cicero : oratory and rhetoric / ed. by James M. May. – Leiden ; Boston ; Köln : Brill, 2002 ISBN 90-04-12147-1 ISBN 90 04 12147 1 © Copyright 2002 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Brill provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910 Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. printed in the netherlands MAY_f1_v-xiii 7/11/02 7:13 PM Page v v For Joseph and Michael This page intentionally left blank MAY_f1_v-xiii 7/11/02 7:13 PM Page vii vii CONTENTS Preface ........................................................................................ ix List of Contributors .................................................................... xi 1. Cicero: His Life and Career .............................................. 1 James M. May 2. Rhetorical Education in Cicero’s Youth .......................... 23 Anthony Corbeill 3. Ciceronian Oratory in Context .......................................... 49 James M. May 4. Cicero’s Early Speeches ...................................................... 71 Ann Vasaly 5. Cicero’s Consular Speeches ................................................ 113 Robert W. Cape, Jr. 6. The Post Reditum Speeches .................................................. 159 Andrew M. Riggsby 7. Ciceronian Invective ............................................................ 197 Anthony Corbeill 8. Cicero’s Caesarian Orations .............................................. 219 Harold C. Gotoff 9. The Philippics ........................................................................ 273 Jon Hall 10. The Lost and Fragmentary Orations ................................ 305 Jane W. Crawford 11. The Intellectual Background of Cicero’s Rhetorical Works ................................................................ 331 Jakob Wisse 12. De Oratore: Rhetoric, Philosophy, and the Making of the Ideal Orator .............................................. 375 Jakob Wisse MAY_f1_v-xiii 7/11/02 7:13 PM Page viii viii 13. Brutus: The History of Roman Eloquence ........................ 401 Emanuele Narducci (Translated by the Editor) 14. Orator and the Definition of the Ideal Orator .................. 427 Emanuele Narducci (Translated by the Editor) 15. Cicero’s Partitiones Oratoriae and Topica: Rhetorical Philosophy and Philosophical Rhetoric .............................. 445 Robert N. Gaines 16. Cicero’s Oratorical and Rhetorical Legacy ...................... 481 George A. Kennedy 17. A Survey of Selected Recent Work on Cicero’s Rhetorica and Speeches ...................................................... 503 Christopher P. Craig Bibliography ................................................................................ 533 Christopher P. Craig General Index ............................................................................ 601 Index Locorum .......................................................................... 622 MAY_f1_v-xiii 7/11/02 7:13 PM Page ix ix PREFACE At the beginning of a new century (and a new millennium), the name, the accomplishments, the works of Marcus Tullius Cicero still endure. Even a cursory reading of Professor Kennedy’s essay on Cicero’s oratorical and rhetorical legacy (see Chapter 16), or a glance at the impressive bibliography assembled by Professor Craig (Chapters 17 and 18), will confirm that Cicero’s writings, despite periods when his popularity may have waned, have continued to be of great inter- est to many people throughout the ages and into the present. In addition to the scholars and the experts who have written and are writing about him, yet another generation of Latin students follows in the footsteps of countless other generations who have studied his speeches and his other works as models of elegant Latin prose and effective verbal persuasion. Indeed, there are legitimate reasons for such abiding interest. It is true that Cicero’s extant corpus is huge in comparison to that of most other authors whose works survive from antiquity; his letters, speeches, and rhetorical and philosophi- cal treatises stand as veritable mines of information about one of the most interesting and intriguing periods in all of Roman history. There are, however, many other prolific ancient authors whose volumes sit collecting dust on the shelves of our libraries. The fact remains that Cicero was, to put it simply, very good at what he did: his talent at persuading an audience has been matched by few orators in his- tory, and his mastery of prose style and expression, in spite of crit- icism from ‘Atticists’ both ancient and modern, stands nearly unrivaled. Even those who are forced to rely on translations of Ciceronian prose have come to appreciate these accomplishments. The authors of the essays in this volume offer their work as a companion to the study of Cicero’s oratory and rhetoric, for both students and experts in the field. We hope that it will become a vade mecum of sorts: for the neophyte, a starting point; for the vet- eran, a place for renewing the dialogue (both old and new) about issues concerning Ciceronian oratory and rhetoric; for all, a site of engagement at various levels with Ciceronian scholarship and bibli- ography. Although the volume is arranged along roughly chrono- logical lines, some of the authors choose to take a thematic approach MAY_f1_v-xiii 7/11/02 7:13 PM Page x x to their topics. The reader should not, therefore, expect every aspect of every speech of Cicero’s to be analyzed and commented upon, though the vast majority of the extant corpus is, in some shape or form, treated in these pages. In my role as editor, I have avoided imposing any stringent set of requirements on the authors or any sort of artificial uniformity on their contributions, nor have I attempted to reconcile disagreements on particular issues that exist between contributors, which occasionally (and inevitably) crop up in the course of their essays. If perfect consistency of approach and absolute agree- ment on issues had been the goal, it would have been better (and certainly necessary) for one person to pen the entire volume. It is my conviction that the strength of this companion resides in the individual, often very original approach to sundry topics by an array of impressive contributors, all of whom have spent large portions of their careers concentrating upon the oratorical and rhetorical oeuvre of Cicero. I owe a debt of gratitude to many people. First, to the staff of E. J. Brill, in particular to Julian Deahl, Michiel Klein-Swormink, and Irene van Rossum: Julian invited me, then convinced me, to undertake this project; Michiel and Irene have seen it through to a successful completion. I thank them especially for their support, their kindness, and their great patience during its composition and pro- duction. Sylvia Carullo, with characteristic generosity, offered her time and expertise in assisting me with difficult points in the trans- lation of Professor Narducci’s essays. Donna May and Jennifer Bothun provided invaluable help in preparing both the manuscript and the computer files. My colleagues in the Department of Classics at St. Olaf College have, as always, been gracious in countless ways. Finally and most importantly, I am deeply indebted to my fellow contrib- utors, who share a love of Cicero and his works and have, conse- quently, been willing to give of their valuable time and expertise by composing an essay (or essays) for this volume. Among them, Christopher Craig must be singled out for his sage counsel, his invalu- able editorial assistance, and his constant encouragement, from the beginning of this project through its completion. James M. May St. Olaf College March 2002 MAY_f1_v-xiii 7/11/02 7:13 PM Page xi xi LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Robert W. Cape, Jr. is Associate Professor of Classics at Austin College. He has published articles on Cicero, Roman historiogra- phy, Roman rhetoric, women in antiquity, Cypriote religion, and the history of prudence. He is currently finishing an edition of Cicero’s Catilinarian speeches with commentary and a book on the social function of oratory at Rome. Anthony Corbeill is Associate
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